Diferencia entre revisiones de «Indice Ritos funerarios en vasconia/en»
De Atlas Etnográfico de Vasconia
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Línea 4: | Línea 4: | ||
=== [[Presagios_relacionados_con_animales|Animal-related omens]] === | === [[Presagios_relacionados_con_animales|Animal-related omens]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Aullido_del_perro._Txakurraren_oihua_zakurraren_uhuria|Dog howling]] | |
− | + | *[[Canto_del_gallo._Oilarra_kukurruka|Rooster crowing]] | |
− | + | *[[Comportamiento_del_ganado_y_de_los_gatos|Behaviour of livestock and cats]] | |
− | + | *[[Canto_o_presencia_de_aves_nocturnas._Le_cri_de_la_chouette|Singing or presence of night birds. ''Le cri de la chouette'']] | |
− | + | *[[Presencia_de_cuervos_y_otras_aves._Belak_pikak_karraskari|Presence of crows and other birds]] | |
− | + | *[[Presencia_de_insectos._Euli_baltzak|Presence of insects]] | |
=== [[Presagios_relacionados_con_hechos_y_acontecimientos|Omens related with facts and events]] === | === [[Presagios_relacionados_con_hechos_y_acontecimientos|Omens related with facts and events]] === | ||
− | + | *[[El_sonido_de_las_campanas._Kanpaiotsak|Bells ringing]] | |
− | + | *[[Pagar_medir_o_pesar_lo_justo|Paying, measuring or weighing just enough]] | |
− | + | *[[Ruidos_y_otras_coincidencias|Noises and other coincidences]] | |
− | + | *[[Presagios_derivados_del_acto_de_morir._Hilaren_begi_irekiak|Omens resulting from the act of dying]] | |
  |   | ||
Línea 31: | Línea 31: | ||
=== [[La_agonia._Hiltamua|Death throes]] === | === [[La_agonia._Hiltamua|Death throes]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Denominaciones32|Names]] | |
− | + | *[[Signos_fisicos_de_agonia|Physical signs of death throes]] | |
− | + | *[[El_toque_de_agonia._Agonia-kanpaia_agoniako_zeinua|Death tolls]] | |
− | + | *[[Asistencia_al_agonizante|Caring for the person in their dying moments ]] | |
**Care and attention | **Care and attention | ||
Línea 44: | Línea 44: | ||
**Contemporary changes | **Contemporary changes | ||
− | + | *[[Rezos_durante_la_agonia._Agoniako_otoitzak|Prayers during the death throes]] | |
− | + | *[[Otras_practicas_religiosas._Agoniako_kandela|Other religious practices]] | |
− | + | *[[Causas_de_la_prolongacion_de_la_agonia|Causes for the death throes dragging on]] | |
**Feuds and grievances | **Feuds and grievances | ||
**Possessed by spirits | **Possessed by spirits | ||
− | + | *[[Remedios_contra_la_prolongacion_de_la_agonia|Remedies to stop the death throes dragging on]] | |
**''Meza enkomendadua'' | **''Meza enkomendadua'' | ||
Línea 61: | Línea 61: | ||
=== [[La_muerte._Heriotza|The death]] === | === [[La_muerte._Heriotza|The death]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Denominaciones33|Names]] | |
− | + | *[[Causas_fisicas_de_la_muerte|Physical causes of death]] | |
− | + | *[[Causas_prodigiosas_de_la_muerte|Extraordinary causes of death]] | |
**Spells | **Spells | ||
Línea 71: | Línea 71: | ||
**Death spirits | **Death spirits | ||
− | + | *[[Sustitucion_de_la_muerte|Replacing death]] | |
  |   | ||
Línea 82: | Línea 82: | ||
=== [[La_recepcion_de_los_Ultimos_Sacramentos._Eleizakoak|Receiving the Last Sacraments]] === | === [[La_recepcion_de_los_Ultimos_Sacramentos._Eleizakoak|Receiving the Last Sacraments]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Avisos_al_cura_y_al_medico|Notifying the priest and doctor]] | |
− | + | *[[Acondicionamiento_de_la_habitacion_del_enfermo|Preparing the room of the sick person]] | |
**Home altar | **Home altar | ||
**Decorating the house | **Decorating the house | ||
− | + | *[[El_Viatico._Gure_Jauna|Viaticum]] | |
**Viaticum in the Northern Basque Country (lying within France) | **Viaticum in the Northern Basque Country (lying within France) | ||
Línea 97: | Línea 97: | ||
**Viaticum in Alava | **Viaticum in Alava | ||
− | + | *[[La_Extremauncion._Oleadura|Extreme Unction]] | |
=== [[Apendice_1_Derniers_Sacrements_Azken_Sakramendia_a_Mendive_(BN)|Appendix 1: Derniers Sacrements a Mendive (BN)]] === | === [[Apendice_1_Derniers_Sacrements_Azken_Sakramendia_a_Mendive_(BN)|Appendix 1: Derniers Sacrements a Mendive (BN)]] === | ||
Línea 110: | Línea 110: | ||
=== [[Señales_de_salvacion_o_condenacion|Signs of salvation or damnation]] === | === [[Señales_de_salvacion_o_condenacion|Signs of salvation or damnation]] === | ||
− | + | *[[El_semblante_del_cadaver|The countenance of the corpse]] | |
− | + | *[[Signos_de_la_naturaleza|Signs of nature]] | |
− | + | *[[Dificultades_para_sacar_el_ataud_de_la_casa|Problems when removing the coffin from the house]] | |
− | + | *[[Los_cuerpos_incorruptos|Incorrupt bodies]] | |
=== [[Practicas_para_asegurar_la_salvacion|Practices to ensure salvation]] === | === [[Practicas_para_asegurar_la_salvacion|Practices to ensure salvation]] === | ||
Línea 125: | Línea 125: | ||
=== [[Signos_de_duelo_de_la_casa_mortuoria|Signs of mourning of the bereaved household]] === | === [[Signos_de_duelo_de_la_casa_mortuoria|Signs of mourning of the bereaved household]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Ocultacion_de_los_espejos|Concealing the mirrors]] | |
− | + | *[[Ocultacion_de_otros_enseres|Concealing other belongings]] | |
− | + | *[[Cubrimiento_de_las_paredes|Covering the walls]] | |
− | + | *[[Cierre_de_ventanas|Closing windows]] | |
− | + | *[[Signos_de_duelo_en_el_exterior_de_la_casa|Signs of mourning outside the house]] | |
=== [[Intervencion_de_los_vecinos_durante_el_duelo|Role of the neighbours during the mourning period]] === | === [[Intervencion_de_los_vecinos_durante_el_duelo|Role of the neighbours during the mourning period]] === | ||
− | + | *[[La_vecindad_y_los_vecinos_en_relacion_con_la_casa_mortuoria|The neighbourhood and neighbours with regard to the bereaved household]] | |
**Organisation of the neighbourhood hierarchy | **Organisation of the neighbourhood hierarchy | ||
Línea 143: | Línea 143: | ||
**Reconciliation and friendship between neighbours | **Reconciliation and friendship between neighbours | ||
− | + | *[[Ayudas_prestadas_por_los_vecinos|Help provided by the neighbours]] | |
**Household chores and tasks | **Household chores and tasks | ||
Línea 158: | Línea 158: | ||
=== [[Avisos._Hil-mezuak|Notifications]] === | === [[Avisos._Hil-mezuak|Notifications]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Destinatarios_de_la_notificacion|Recipients of the notification]] | |
− | + | *[[Avisadores_del_fallecimiento|Death announcers]] | |
Relatives and neighbours | Relatives and neighbours | ||
Línea 168: | Línea 168: | ||
Messengers and ''auroros'' choirs | Messengers and ''auroros'' choirs | ||
− | + | *[[Transiciones_contemporaneas_Avisos|Contemporary transitions]] | |
=== [[Los_toques_de_campana._Hil-kanpaiak_hil-zeinuak|Bell ringing]] === | === [[Los_toques_de_campana._Hil-kanpaiak_hil-zeinuak|Bell ringing]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Denominaciones35|Names]] | |
− | + | *[[Momento_del_toque_a_muerto|Time of the death knell]] | |
− | + | *[[Persona_encargada_de_tocar_las_campanas|Person in charge of ringing the bells]] | |
− | + | *[[El_lenguaje_de_los_tañidos|The language of the tolling of the bells]] | |
**Religious status and sex differences | **Religious status and sex differences | ||
Línea 184: | Línea 184: | ||
**Social categories | **Social categories | ||
− | + | *[[Vigencia_de_los_toques_a_muerto|Validity of the death knells]] | |
− | + | *[[Toques_a_muerto_en_ermitas|Death knells in chapels]] | |
− | + | *[[Toques_de_entierro|Burial bell tolls]] | |
=== [[Las_esquelas|Death notices]] === | === [[Las_esquelas|Death notices]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Esquelas_de_periodicos|Newspaper death notices]] | |
− | + | *[[Esquelas_de_la_calle|Street death notices]] | |
− | + | *[[Antiguedad_de_las_esquelas|Antiquity of the death notices]] | |
− | + | *[[Esquela_radiofonica|Radio death notices]] | |
=== [[Los_recordatorios|Memorials]] === | === [[Los_recordatorios|Memorials]] === | ||
Línea 204: | Línea 204: | ||
=== [[Anuncio_de_la_muerte_a_los_animales_domesticos|Telling domesticated animals of the death]] === | === [[Anuncio_de_la_muerte_a_los_animales_domesticos|Telling domesticated animals of the death]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Aviso_a_las_abejas._Erletxuak_erletxuak|Telling the bees]] | |
**Survival of the beehive | **Survival of the beehive | ||
Línea 213: | Línea 213: | ||
**Signs of mourning | **Signs of mourning | ||
− | + | *[[Aviso_a_los_animales_del_establo|Telling the barn animals]] | |
  |   | ||
Línea 222: | Línea 222: | ||
=== [[Lavado_y_amortajamiento|ashing and shrouding]] === | === [[Lavado_y_amortajamiento|ashing and shrouding]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Modos_de_lavar_el_cadaver._Gorpu-garbitzea|Ways of washing the corpse]] | |
− | + | *[[Adecentamiento_del_cuerpo_muerto|Cleansing the corpse]] | |
− | + | *[[Disposicion_de_manos_y_pies|Arranging the hands and feet]] | |
− | + | *[[La_sal_sobre_el_cadaver|Salt on the corpse]] | |
− | + | *[[La_mortaja_y_sus_tipos|The shroud and its types]] | |
**Cloth shroud | **Cloth shroud | ||
Línea 238: | Línea 238: | ||
=== [[Objetos_que_acompañan_al_cadaver|Objects that accompany the corpse]] === | === [[Objetos_que_acompañan_al_cadaver|Objects that accompany the corpse]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Simbolos_piadosos|Pious symbols]] | |
− | + | *[[Bulas_de_difuntos._Hilen_buldak|Death indulgences]] | |
− | + | *[[Objetos_profanos|Secular objects]] | |
=== [[Quema_de_hierbas|Burning herbs]] === | === [[Quema_de_hierbas|Burning herbs]] === | ||
Línea 251: | Línea 251: | ||
=== [[El_velatorio|The wake]] === | === [[El_velatorio|The wake]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Vigilia_diurna|Daytime vigil]] | |
− | + | *[[Rezo_del_rosario_al_anochecer|Reciting the Rosary at dusk]] | |
− | + | *[[La_vigilia_nocturna._Hilbeilagaba|Night-time vigil]] | |
**Names | **Names | ||
Línea 263: | Línea 263: | ||
**Meals during the wake | **Meals during the wake | ||
− | + | *[[Vigencia_del_velatorio|Validity of the wake]] | |
=== [[La_estancia_mortuoria|The room with the deceased]] === | === [[La_estancia_mortuoria|The room with the deceased]] === | ||
− | + | *[[La_cruz|Cross]] | |
− | + | *[[La_luz._Argia_lagun|Light]] | |
− | + | *[[Agua_bendita1|Holy water]] | |
=== [[Disposicion_del_cadaver|Laying out the corpse]] === | === [[Disposicion_del_cadaver|Laying out the corpse]] === | ||
− | + | *[[El_cadaver_en_el_lecho_mortuorio|The corpse on the death bed]] | |
− | + | *[[El_cadaver_en_la_estancia_principal|The corpse in the main room]] | |
− | + | *[[En_la_camara_mortuoria._Hil-ohea|In the death chamber]] | |
=== [[El_ataud._Hilkutxa|The coffin]] === | === [[El_ataud._Hilkutxa|The coffin]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Denominaciones36|Names]] | |
− | + | *[[La_fabricacion_del_ataud|Making the coffin]] | |
− | + | *[[Clases_y_tipos_de_ataudes|Classes and types of coffins]] | |
− | + | *[[Funciones_del_carpintero|Duties of the carpenter]] | |
=== [[Andas_y_angarillas._Andak_eta_kolportak|Trolleys and stretchers]] === | === [[Andas_y_angarillas._Andak_eta_kolportak|Trolleys and stretchers]] === | ||
Línea 302: | Línea 302: | ||
=== [[Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_localidades_de_poblacion_dispersa|Corpse ways in localities with a scattered population]] === | === [[Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_localidades_de_poblacion_dispersa|Corpse ways in localities with a scattered population]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Vasconia_peninsular._Andabideak|Southern Basque Country]] | |
− | + | *[[Vasconia_continental._Eleizbideak|Northern Basque Country]] | |
=== [[Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_villas_con_poblacion_rural|Corpse ways in charter towns with a rural population]] === | === [[Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_villas_con_poblacion_rural|Corpse ways in charter towns with a rural population]] === | ||
Línea 321: | Línea 321: | ||
=== [[Los_anderos._Hil-ohezaleak|The bearers]] === | === [[Los_anderos._Hil-ohezaleak|The bearers]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Denominaciones38|Names]] | |
− | + | *[[Anderos_vecinos|Neighbours as bearers]] | |
**Northern Basque Country | **Northern Basque Country | ||
**Southern Basque Country | **Southern Basque Country | ||
− | + | *[[Anderos_mozos_en_Alava|Youth bearers in Álava]] | |
− | + | *[[Anderos_vecinos_y_familiares|Relatives and neighbours as bearers]] | |
− | + | *[[Anderos_familiares_y_amigos|Friends and relatives as bearers]] | |
− | + | *[[Anderos_designados_por_el_moribundo|Bearers nominated by the dying person]] | |
− | + | *[[Orientacion_del_cadaver|Orientation of the corpse]] | |
− | + | *[[Evolucion_en_las_formas_de_transportar_el_cadaver|Developments in the ways to transport the corpse]] | |
− | + | *[[Turnos_en_la_conduccion|Taking turns in bearing the corpse]] | |
=== [[El_levantamiento_del_cadaver._Gorputz_altxatzea|Removal of the corpse]] === | === [[El_levantamiento_del_cadaver._Gorputz_altxatzea|Removal of the corpse]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Vasconia_peninsular|Southern Basque Country]] | |
− | + | *[[Vasconia_continental1|Northern Basque Country]] | |
− | + | *[[Casas_de_acogida._Gorpuetxeak|Hospitality house]] | |
− | + | *[[Casa_matriz_o_del_patron|Mother house or of the patron saint]] | |
  |   | ||
Línea 357: | Línea 357: | ||
=== [[La_composicion_del_cortejo_funebre|Composition of the funeral cortege]] === | === [[La_composicion_del_cortejo_funebre|Composition of the funeral cortege]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Denominaciones39|Names]] | |
− | + | *[[Encabezamiento_de_la_comitiva._Kurutzeketaria|Head of the procession]] | |
− | + | *[[El_cortejo_funebre_en_Alava|The funeral cortege in Alava]] | |
− | + | *[[El_cortejo_funebre_en_Bizkaia|The funeral cortege in Bizkaia]] | |
− | + | *[[El_cortejo_funebre_en_Gipuzkoa|The funeral cortege in Gipuzkoa]] | |
− | + | *[[El_cortejo_funebre_en_Navarra|The funeral cortege in Navarra]] | |
− | + | *[[El_cortejo_funebre_en_Vasconia_continental|The funeral cortege in the Northern Basque Country]] | |
=== [[Cofradias_y_Asociaciones_en_el_cortejo|Brotherhoods and Associations in the cortege]] === | === [[Cofradias_y_Asociaciones_en_el_cortejo|Brotherhoods and Associations in the cortege]] === | ||
Línea 381: | Línea 381: | ||
=== [[Entierro_de_niño|A child's burial]] === | === [[Entierro_de_niño|A child's burial]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Denominaciones40|Names]] | |
− | + | *[[Vasconia_continental4|Northern Basque Country]] | |
− | + | *[[Vasconia_peninsular1|Southern Basque Country]] | |
− | + | *[[Los_padrinos_en_el_entierro_de_niño|The godparents at a child's burial]] | |
=== [[Entierro_de_joven|A youth's burial]] === | === [[Entierro_de_joven|A youth's burial]] === | ||
Línea 393: | Línea 393: | ||
=== [[Las_plañideras._Erostariak|The mourners]] === | === [[Las_plañideras._Erostariak|The mourners]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Documentacion_historica|Historical documentation]] | |
− | + | *[[Fuentes_etnograficas|Ethnographic sources]] | |
− | + | *[[Lloros_y_lamentos|Crying and wailing]] | |
  |   | ||
Línea 404: | Línea 404: | ||
=== [[Indumentaria_antigua_de_duelo|Old mourning attire]] === | === [[Indumentaria_antigua_de_duelo|Old mourning attire]] === | ||
− | + | *[[La_capa._Kapa_handia|The cape]] | |
− | + | *[[El_manton._Mantua|The shawl]] | |
=== [[Indumentaria_tradicional_de_los_hombres|Traditional men's attire]] === | === [[Indumentaria_tradicional_de_los_hombres|Traditional men's attire]] === | ||
Línea 421: | Línea 421: | ||
=== [[La_portadora_de_la_ofrenda._Denominaciones|The bearer of the offering. Names]] === | === [[La_portadora_de_la_ofrenda._Denominaciones|The bearer of the offering. Names]] === | ||
− | + | *[[La_ofrendera_de_pan._Aurrogia|The bread offering]] | |
− | + | *[[La_ofrendera_de_luces._Ezkoanderea|The light offering]] | |
=== [[Antiguas_ofrendas_de_animales_en_el_cortejo|Cortege animal offerings in the past]] === | === [[Antiguas_ofrendas_de_animales_en_el_cortejo|Cortege animal offerings in the past]] === | ||
Línea 429: | Línea 429: | ||
=== [[Ramos_y_coronas_de_flores_en_el_cortejo_funebre|Floral wreaths and flowers in the funeral cortege]] === | === [[Ramos_y_coronas_de_flores_en_el_cortejo_funebre|Floral wreaths and flowers in the funeral cortege]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Las_flores_a_principios_de_siglo|Flowers at the start of the century]] | |
− | + | *[[Flores_y_coronas_artificiales|Artificial wreaths and flowers]] | |
− | + | *[[Coronas_y_cruces_artesanales|Homemade crosses and wreaths]] | |
− | + | *[[Generalizacion_de_ramos_y_coronas|Prevalence of flowers and wreaths]] | |
− | + | *[[Significaciones_atribuidas|Attributed meanings]] | |
− | + | *[[Emplazamiento_en_el_cortejo|Position in the cortege]] | |
  |   | ||
Línea 446: | Línea 446: | ||
=== [[El_cadaver_durante_las_exequias|The corpse during the obsequies]] === | === [[El_cadaver_durante_las_exequias|The corpse during the obsequies]] === | ||
− | + | *[[El_feretro_en_el_portico|The coffin in the gateway]] | |
− | + | *[[Inhumacion_previa_al_funeral|Burial prior to the funeral service]] | |
− | + | *[[El_catafalco_o_tumbano|The catafalque or burial mound]] | |
− | + | *[[El_funeral_de_cuerpo_presente|The funeral with the body present]] | |
=== [[Disposicion_del_duelo_familiar_en_la_iglesia|Arrangement of the family mourners in the church]] === | === [[Disposicion_del_duelo_familiar_en_la_iglesia|Arrangement of the family mourners in the church]] === | ||
− | + | *[[El_duelo_masculino._Luto-bankua|Male mourners]] | |
− | + | *[[El_duelo_femenino._Jarlekua|Family mourners]] | |
− | + | *[[El_duelo_familiar_en_la_actualidad|Family mourners today]] | |
=== [[La_misa_del_funeral._Hileta-meza|The funeral mass]] === | === [[La_misa_del_funeral._Hileta-meza|The funeral mass]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Denominaciones41|Names]] | |
− | + | *[[Clases_de_funerales|Types of funeral]] | |
− | + | *[[Satiras_a_las_clases_de_funeral|Satires on the types of funeral]] | |
− | + | *[[La_categoria_social_del_funeral|The social standing of the funeral]] | |
− | + | *[[Misa_de_entierro_y_misas_de_honras|Burial mass and Funeral rites]] | |
− | + | *[[Misas_de_«a_tiempo»|«A tiempo» masses (concelebrated by different priests)]] | |
− | + | *[[Funerales_de_parvulos._Aingeru-meza|Infant funerals]] | |
=== [[Apendice_Las_exequias_segun_el_Ritual_Romano|Appendix: Obsequies according to the Roman Ritual]] === | === [[Apendice_Las_exequias_segun_el_Ritual_Romano|Appendix: Obsequies according to the Roman Ritual]] === | ||
Línea 485: | Línea 485: | ||
=== [[Novenario._Bederatziurrena|Novena]] === | === [[Novenario._Bederatziurrena|Novena]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Denominaciones42|Names]] | |
− | + | *[[El_novenario_en_los_años_veinte|The novena in the Twenties]] | |
− | + | *[[Perduracion_y_transformacion_del_novenario|Persistence and transformation of the novena]] | |
− | + | *[[El_novenario_en_el_Pais_Vasco_continental|The novena in the Northern Basque Country]] | |
− | + | *[[Rezo_del_rosario_durante_el_novenario|Reciting the rosary during the novena]] | |
=== [[Honras._Ondrak|Funeral rites]] === | === [[Honras._Ondrak|Funeral rites]] === | ||
Línea 501: | Línea 501: | ||
=== [[Misa_de_aniversario._Urteburuko_meza|Anniversary Mass]] === | === [[Misa_de_aniversario._Urteburuko_meza|Anniversary Mass]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Denominaciones43|Names]] | |
− | + | *[[Pais_Vasco_peninsular|Southern Basque Country]] | |
− | + | *[[Pais_Vasco_continental1|Northern Basque Country]] | |
=== [[Ofrendas_de_misas._Meza-sariak|Mass offerings]] === | === [[Ofrendas_de_misas._Meza-sariak|Mass offerings]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Denominaciones44|Names]] | |
− | + | *[[Pais_Vasco_continental2|Northern Basque Country]] | |
− | + | *[[Pais_Vasco_peninsular1|Southern Basque Country]] | |
− | + | *[[Misas_gregorianas._San_Gregorioren_mezak|Gregorian masses]] | |
=== [[Apendice_Gastos_de_entierro|Appendix: Burial costs]] === | === [[Apendice_Gastos_de_entierro|Appendix: Burial costs]] === | ||
Línea 526: | Línea 526: | ||
=== [[Vigencia_de_las_sepulturas_simbolicas|Validity of the symbolic graves]] === | === [[Vigencia_de_las_sepulturas_simbolicas|Validity of the symbolic graves]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Sepultura_domestica|Household grave]] | |
− | + | *[[Sepultura_colectiva|Collective grave]] | |
− | + | *[[Supresion_de_las_sepulturas|Abolition of the graves]] | |
=== [[Ajuar_de_la_sepultura|Burial goods]] === | === [[Ajuar_de_la_sepultura|Burial goods]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Paño_o_mantel._Zamaua|Cloth or tablecloth]] | |
− | + | *[[Soportes_de_las_luces|Light holders]] | |
**Woodcutter | **Woodcutter | ||
Línea 543: | Línea 543: | ||
**Candlestick | **Candlestick | ||
− | + | *[[Ezkoa._Cerilla|Match]] | |
− | + | *[[Adornos_de_las_velas|Candle decorations]] | |
− | + | *[[Elaboracion_artesanal_de_velas_y_cerillas|Making candles and matches by hand]] | |
− | + | *[[Cesto_de_ofrendas._Ezkozarea|Hamper of offerings]] | |
− | + | *[[Reclinatorio._Kadira|Kneeler]] | |
− | + | *[[Custodia_de_los_enseres|Custody of the belongings]] | |
=== [[Activacion_de_la_sepultura._Ezkoen_piztea|Activation of the grave]] === | === [[Activacion_de_la_sepultura._Ezkoen_piztea|Activation of the grave]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Primacia_de_la_dueña_de_la_casa|Primacy of the lady of the house]] | |
− | + | *[[Participacion_de_la_serora|Sister's involvement]] | |
− | + | *[[Funciones_de_la_serora_el_dia_de_las_exequias|Duties of the sister on the day of the obsequies]] | |
=== [[Toma_de_posesion_de_la_sepultura._Sepultura_hartzea|Taking possession of the grave]] === | === [[Toma_de_posesion_de_la_sepultura._Sepultura_hartzea|Taking possession of the grave]] === | ||
Línea 572: | Línea 572: | ||
=== [[Ofrenda_de_luces._Argi_egitea/en|Light offering]] === | === [[Ofrenda_de_luces._Argi_egitea/en|Light offering]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Creencias|Beliefs]] | |
− | + | *[[Ofrenda_de_luces_en_las_exequias|Light offering at the obsequies]] | |
**Gipuzkoa | **Gipuzkoa | ||
Línea 582: | Línea 582: | ||
**Northern Basque Country | **Northern Basque Country | ||
− | + | *[[Ofrendas_de_luces_en_el_periodo_de_luto|Light offerings during the mourning period]] | |
**Gipuzkoa | **Gipuzkoa | ||
Línea 592: | Línea 592: | ||
=== [[Ofrenda_de_panes._Ofrenda-ogia|Bread offering]] === | === [[Ofrenda_de_panes._Ofrenda-ogia|Bread offering]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Extension_y_vigencia_de_la_ofrenda_de_pan|Extent and validity of the bread offering]] | |
− | + | *[[Tipos_de_pan_numero_y_peso|Types of bread, number and weight]] | |
− | + | *[[Denominaciones46|Names]] | |
− | + | *[[Oferentes_y_recipendiarios|Offerings and recipients]] | |
− | + | *[[Rito_de_ofrenda_en_las_exequias|Offering ritual at the obsequies ]] | |
− | + | *[[Ofrenda_de_pan_en_el_novenario|Bread offering at the novena]] | |
− | + | *[[Ofrendas_durante_el_año_de_luto|Offerings during the year of mourning]] | |
− | + | *[[Ofrendas_en_la_misa_de_aniversario|Offerings at the anniversary mass]] | |
− | + | *[[Ofrendas_en_dias_señalados|Offerings on certain days]] | |
==== [[Reparto_del_pan_de_ofrenda|Distribution of the offering bread]] ==== | ==== [[Reparto_del_pan_de_ofrenda|Distribution of the offering bread]] ==== | ||
Línea 614: | Línea 614: | ||
=== [[Ofrendas_de_dinero_en_la_sepultura._Errespontsuak|Money offerings at the grave]] === | === [[Ofrendas_de_dinero_en_la_sepultura._Errespontsuak|Money offerings at the grave]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Denominaciones47|Names]] | |
− | + | *[[Los_responsos_del_dia_del_entierro|The responsories of the day of the burial]] | |
− | + | *[[Responsos_en_el_periodo_de_luto|Responsories during the period of mourning]] | |
**On feast days | **On feast days | ||
**Ordinary days | **Ordinary days | ||
− | + | *[[Responsos_en_determinados_dias_del_año|Responsories on certain days of the year]] | |
− | + | *[[Evolucion_del_estipendio_de_los_responsos|Evolution of the stipend of the responsories]] | |
=== [[Antiguas_ofrendas_de_animales|Animal offerings in the past]] === | === [[Antiguas_ofrendas_de_animales|Animal offerings in the past]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Fuentes_historicas|Historical sources]] | |
− | + | *[[Fuentes_etnograficas1|Ethnographic sources]] | |
  |   | ||
Línea 638: | Línea 638: | ||
=== [[La_asistencia_al_sepelio|Attending the burial act]] === | === [[La_asistencia_al_sepelio|Attending the burial act]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Asistentes_de_oficio|Ex officio attendees]] | |
− | + | *[[Ausencia_de_las_mujeres|Women not attending]] | |
− | + | *[[Presencia_del_duelo_tras_el_sepelio|Bereavement after the burial]] | |
− | + | *[[Cortejo_hasta_el_limes|Cortege to the ''limes'']] | |
− | + | *[[Cortejo_directo_al_cementerio|Direct cortege to the cemetery]] | |
− | + | *[[Comitiva_numerosa|Large procession]] | |
− | + | *[[El_sepelio_hoy|The burial today]] | |
=== [[Ritos_en_el_cementerio|Rituals in the cemetery]] === | === [[Ritos_en_el_cementerio|Rituals in the cemetery]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Rescate_de_simbolos_religiosos|Retrieval of religious symbols]] | |
− | + | *[[Arrojar_un_puñado_de_tierra|Throwing a handful of earth]] | |
=== [[La_inhumacion._Lurra_ematea|The Interment]] === | === [[La_inhumacion._Lurra_ematea|The Interment]] === | ||
Línea 662: | Línea 662: | ||
=== [[Orientacion_de_la_tumba|Orientation of the tomb]] === | === [[Orientacion_de_la_tumba|Orientation of the tomb]] === | ||
− | + | *[[En_la_iglesia_y_en_su_entorno|In the church and in its surroundings]] | |
− | + | *[[En_el_cementerio|In the cemetery]] | |
**Orientation with respect to the Sun | **Orientation with respect to the Sun | ||
Línea 676: | Línea 676: | ||
=== [[Regreso_del_cortejo_a_la_casa_mortuoria|Return of the cortege to the house of the deceased]] === | === [[Regreso_del_cortejo_a_la_casa_mortuoria|Return of the cortege to the house of the deceased]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Vasconia_continental5|Northern Basque Country]] | |
− | + | *[[Vasconia_peninsular2|Southern Basque Country]] | |
=== [[Agapes_y_refrigerios_a_los_asistentes|Feast and refreshments for the attendees]] === | === [[Agapes_y_refrigerios_a_los_asistentes|Feast and refreshments for the attendees]] === | ||
− | + | *[[La_«caridad»_en_Alava|The «goodwill» in Alava]] | |
− | + | *[[Karidadea_en_Gipuzkoa|''Karidadea'' in Gipuzkoa]] | |
− | + | *[[Otros_refrigerios|Other refreshments]] | |
=== [[Obsequios_a_los_participantes_en_las_exequias|Gifts to the participants in the obsequies]] === | === [[Obsequios_a_los_participantes_en_las_exequias|Gifts to the participants in the obsequies]] === | ||
− | + | *[[A_los_sacerdotes|To the priests]] | |
− | + | *[[A_los_portadores_del_feretro|To the coffin bearers]] | |
− | + | *[[A_los_niños|To children]] | |
− | + | *[[A_los_auroros|To the auroros choirs]] | |
− | + | *[[Limosnas_a_los_pobres|Alms to the poor]] | |
=== [[La_comida_de_entierro._Entierro-bazkaria|The burial meal]] === | === [[La_comida_de_entierro._Entierro-bazkaria|The burial meal]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Denominaciones48|Names]] | |
− | + | *[[Lugar_de_la_comida|Place of the meal]] | |
**At the house of the deceased | **At the house of the deceased | ||
Línea 710: | Línea 710: | ||
**Preparing the room and the meal | **Preparing the room and the meal | ||
− | + | *[[Comensales|Diners]] | |
**Relatives | **Relatives | ||
Línea 719: | Línea 719: | ||
**Prayers | **Prayers | ||
− | + | *[[Composicion_de_la_comida|Composition of the meal]] | |
− | + | *[[La_comida_de_entierro_en_diversas_localidades|The burial meal at different places]] | |
**Beskoitze (L) | **Beskoitze (L) | ||
Línea 737: | Línea 737: | ||
**Salvatierra (A) | **Salvatierra (A) | ||
− | + | *[[Comidas_de_honras_y_aniversarios|Anniversary and funeral rites meals]] | |
− | + | *[[Valoraciones_actuales|Current valuations]] | |
=== [[Apendice_Antiguas_restricciones_legales_sobre_banquetes_funebres|Appendix: Some legal restrictions about funeral feasts]] === | === [[Apendice_Antiguas_restricciones_legales_sobre_banquetes_funebres|Appendix: Some legal restrictions about funeral feasts]] === | ||
Línea 752: | Línea 752: | ||
=== [[Restricciones_durante_el_luto|Restrictions during the mourning period]] === | === [[Restricciones_durante_el_luto|Restrictions during the mourning period]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Asistencia_a_bailes_y_fiestas|Attending dances and parties]] | |
− | + | *[[Presencia_en_bares_y_establecimientos_publicos|Presence in bars and public establishments]] | |
− | + | *[[Celebraciones_domesticas|Household celebrations]] | |
− | + | *[[Actividades_ruidosas|Noisy activities]] | |
=== [[El_luto_en_la_indumentaria._Doluko_arropa|Mourning apparel]] === | === [[El_luto_en_la_indumentaria._Doluko_arropa|Mourning apparel]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Luto_de_las_mujeres|Women's mourning apparel]] | |
**Mourning veil | **Mourning veil | ||
Línea 770: | Línea 770: | ||
**''Kaputxina'' | **''Kaputxina'' | ||
− | + | *[[Luto_de_los_hombres|Men's mourning apparel]] | |
**''Kapa'' | **''Kapa'' | ||
**''Kapa ttipia'' and ''taulerra'' | **''Kapa ttipia'' and ''taulerra'' | ||
− | + | *[[Luto_de_los_niños|Children's mourning apparel]] | |
− | + | *[[Lutos_menos_rigurosos|Less rigorous mourning]] | |
− | + | *[[Teñido_casero_de_prendas_para_el_luto|Home dying of garments for the mourning]] | |
=== [[Marcas_de_duelo_en_el_exterior_de_la_casa|Signs of mourning on the outside of the house]] === | === [[Marcas_de_duelo_en_el_exterior_de_la_casa|Signs of mourning on the outside of the house]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Colgaduras|Drapery]] | |
− | + | *[[Ocultacion_de_los_escudos|Concealing the coats-of-arms]] | |
=== [[Extension_del_duelo_a_los_animales_domesticos|Extending the mourning to the domesticated animals]] === | === [[Extension_del_duelo_a_los_animales_domesticos|Extending the mourning to the domesticated animals]] === | ||
Línea 798: | Línea 798: | ||
=== [[1_de_noviembre._Festividad_de_Todos_los_Santos._Domuru_Santu|1 November All Saints' Day]] === | === [[1_de_noviembre._Festividad_de_Todos_los_Santos._Domuru_Santu|1 November All Saints' Day]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Ofrendas_en_la_iglesia|Offerings at the church]] | |
− | + | *[[Asistencia_al_cementerio|Visiting the cemetery]] | |
**Southern Basque Country | **Southern Basque Country | ||
Línea 807: | Línea 807: | ||
=== [[2_de_noviembre._Conmemoracion_de_los_Fieles_Difuntos_o_Dia_de_las_Animas._Arimen_eguna|2 November Commemoration of the Faithful Departed or All Souls' Day]] === | === [[2_de_noviembre._Conmemoracion_de_los_Fieles_Difuntos_o_Dia_de_las_Animas._Arimen_eguna|2 November Commemoration of the Faithful Departed or All Souls' Day]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Ofrendas_en_la_iglesia1|Offerings at the church]] | |
− | + | *[[Visitas_al_cementerio|Visits to the cemetery]] | |
− | + | *[[Novenario_por_las_Animas_del_Purgatorio|Novena for the Spirits in Purgatory]] | |
− | + | *[[Reparto_de_las_ofrendas_a_los_niños|Distribution of the offerings to children]] | |
− | + | *[[Indulgencias_por_los_difuntos|Indulgences for the deceased]] | |
=== [[Conmemoraciones_de_difuntos_a_lo_largo_del_año|Commemoration of the dead during the year]] === | === [[Conmemoraciones_de_difuntos_a_lo_largo_del_año|Commemoration of the dead during the year]] === | ||
Línea 838: | Línea 838: | ||
=== [[Cofradias_vecinales_en_Bizkaia|Neighbourhood brotherhoods in Bizkaia]] === | === [[Cofradias_vecinales_en_Bizkaia|Neighbourhood brotherhoods in Bizkaia]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Cofradia_de_San_Miguel_de_Alzusta_en_Zeanuri|Brotherhood of San Miguel de Alzusta in Zeanuri]] | |
− | + | *[[Cofradia_de_San_Adrian_de_Argiñeta_en_Elorrio|Brotherhood of San Adrián de Argiñeta in Elorrio]] | |
=== [[Cofradia_de_la_Trinidad_de_Sanguesa_(Navarra)|Brotherhood of the Sangüesa Trinity (Navarra)]] === | === [[Cofradia_de_la_Trinidad_de_Sanguesa_(Navarra)|Brotherhood of the Sangüesa Trinity (Navarra)]] === | ||
Línea 850: | Línea 850: | ||
=== [[Apendice|Appendix]] === | === [[Apendice|Appendix]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Estatutos_de_la_Hermandad_de_la_Santa_Vera_Cruz_del_lugar_de_Villanueva_de_Valdegovia|Charter of the Brotherhood of the Holy True Cross of the village of Villanueva de Valdegovía]] | |
− | + | *[[Libro_de_la_Cofradia_del_Sto._Rosario_de_este_pueblo_de_S._Roman|Book of the Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary of this town of S. Román]] | |
− | + | *[[Regla_y_Estatutos_de_la_Cofradia_de_Animas._Llodio|Rules and Charter of the Brotherhood of Spirits. Llodio]] | |
− | + | *[[Statuts_ou_Reglements_des_Confreres_de_la_Confrerie_de_Saint-Blaise_du_quartier_d_Amots_en_la_Paroisse_de_St-Pe_du_14_fevrier_1779|Statuts ou Règlements des Confrères de la Confrérie de Saint-Blaise du quartier d'Amots, en la Paroisse de St-Pé, du 14 fevrier 1779]] | |
− | + | *[[Reglamento_reformado_de_la_Cofradia_de_la_Natividad_de_Nuestra_Señora_de_los_Reverendos_Sacerdotes_del_Valle_de_Aramayona_Provincia_de_Alava_Diocesis_de_Vitoria|Reformed Rules of the Brotherhood of the Nativity of Our Lady of the Reverend Priests of Aramayona Valley, Province of Alava, Diocese of Vitoria]] | |
− | + | *[[Hermandad_de_Difuntos_«Bakartasuna»_(La_Soledad)._Zeanuri|«Bakartasuna» Brotherhood of the Dead (Solitude). Zeanuri]] | |
− | + | *[[Reglamento_de_la_Hermandad_de_la_VeraCruz_fundada_el_año_de_1882_en_Alonsotegui|Rules of the Brotherhood of the True Cross, founded in Alonsótegui in 1882]] | |
  |   | ||
Línea 877: | Línea 877: | ||
=== [[El_cementerio._Hilerria|The cemetery]] === | === [[El_cementerio._Hilerria|The cemetery]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Denominaciones50|Names]] | |
− | + | *[[Ubicacion_del_cementerio|Location of the cemetery]] | |
**Next to the place of worship | **Next to the place of worship | ||
Línea 885: | Línea 885: | ||
**Cemeteries in the outskirts | **Cemeteries in the outskirts | ||
− | + | *[[Distribucion_del_espacio_del_cementerio|Distribution of the cemetery area]] | |
− | + | *[[Derecho_de_inhumacion_en_la_sepultura|Right of internment in the grave]] | |
− | + | *[[Modos_de_enterramiento|Burial methods]] | |
**The burial mound | **The burial mound | ||
Línea 896: | Línea 896: | ||
**The crypt | **The crypt | ||
− | + | *[[Cabecera_de_la_tumba|Headstone]] | |
**Crosses | **Crosses | ||
**Stelae | **Stelae | ||
− | + | *[[Tierra_no_bendecida|Unconsecrated ground]] | |
**Limbo | **Limbo | ||
Línea 915: | Línea 915: | ||
=== [[Modos_de_aparicion_de_las_animas|Types of spirit apparitions]] === | === [[Modos_de_aparicion_de_las_animas|Types of spirit apparitions]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Sonidos_y_ruidos_extraños._Herotsegileak|Sounds and strong noises]] | |
− | + | *[[Luces_y_resplandores._Argi-egileak|Lights and glows]] | |
− | + | *[[Sombras._Gerixetiak|Shadows]] | |
− | + | *[[Olores._Arimen_usaina|Smells]] | |
− | + | *[[Forma_corporea|Bodily form]] | |
− | + | *[[Otras_formas_de_aparicion|Other types of apparition]] | |
=== [[Tiempos_de_aparicion|Apparition times]] === | === [[Tiempos_de_aparicion|Apparition times]] === | ||
Línea 931: | Línea 931: | ||
=== [[Escenarios_de_aparicion|Apparition scenarios]] === | === [[Escenarios_de_aparicion|Apparition scenarios]] === | ||
− | + | *[[La_casa_y_el_fuego_del_hogar|The house and outside the home]] | |
− | + | *[[Caminos_y_encrucijadas|Paths and crossroads]] | |
− | + | *[[Moradas_de_animas|Spirit abodes]] | |
=== [[Testigos_de_las_apariciones|Witnesses of the apparitions]] === | === [[Testigos_de_las_apariciones|Witnesses of the apparitions]] === | ||
Línea 941: | Línea 941: | ||
=== [[Comportamientos_ante_apariciones|Reaction to the apparitions]] === | === [[Comportamientos_ante_apariciones|Reaction to the apparitions]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Prevenciones|Preventions]] | |
− | + | *[[Normas_y_formulas_dialogadas._Zer_arrangura_duk?|Dialogues and rules]] | |
− | + | *[[Cautelas_y_acreditaciones._Atzamarren_erreunea|Precautions and accreditations]] | |
− | + | *[[Modos_de_ahuyentar|Ways of driving them away]] | |
− | + | *[[Peticiones_de_las_animas|Petitions to the spirits]] | |
**Masses | **Masses | ||
Línea 958: | Línea 958: | ||
=== [[Presentimientos_y_temores_a_apariciones|Premonitions and fear of apparitions]] === | === [[Presentimientos_y_temores_a_apariciones|Premonitions and fear of apparitions]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Prohibicion_de_dar_vueltas_al_cementerio|Ban on going round and round the cemetery]] | |
− | + | *[[Miedo_a_lugares_de_enterramiento|Fear of burial places]] | |
=== [[Practicas_asociadas_a_las_creencias_en_las_animas|Practices associated with beliefs in spirits]] === | === [[Practicas_asociadas_a_las_creencias_en_las_animas|Practices associated with beliefs in spirits]] === | ||
Línea 966: | Línea 966: | ||
=== [[Narraciones_de_aparecidos_tradicionalizadas|Traditionalised ghost stories]] === | === [[Narraciones_de_aparecidos_tradicionalizadas|Traditionalised ghost stories]] === | ||
− | + | *[[El_cura-cazador_errante._Abade-txakurrak|The travelling ghost hunger-priest]] | |
− | + | *[[El_cura_a_falta_de_una_misa._Gauerdiko_meza|The priest one mass away]] | |
− | + | *[[Sirvienta_por_deudora._Zorrak_pagatu_arte_neskato|Debtor servant girl]] | |
=== [[Apendice_Relatos_de_aparecidos|Appendix: Ghost stories]] === | === [[Apendice_Relatos_de_aparecidos|Appendix: Ghost stories]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Herotsegilea._Anima_tonante|Thundering spirit]] | |
− | + | *[[Argi-egilea._Anima_luminosa|Shining spirit]] | |
− | + | *[[Atzamarren_erreunea._Huella_de_fuego|Fire footprint]] | |
− | + | *[[Txarri-elia._La_piara_de_cerdos|The swine herd]] | |
− | + | *[[Zazpi_estatuz_ez_ondoratu._Alejarse_siete_estadios|Moving away in seven stages]] | |
− | + | *[[Mallabiko_abadea._El_cura-cazador_errante|The travelling ghost hunger-priest]] | |
− | + | *[[Gauerdiko_meza._El_cura_a_falta_de_una_misa|The priest one mass away]] | |
− | + | *[[Zorrak_pagatu_arte_neskato._Sirvienta_por_deudora|Debtor servant girl]] | |
− | + | *[[Arima_herratua_(ame_errante)_qui_ecrit_sur_un_papier_un|''Arima herratua'' (âme errante) qui écrit sur un papier nu]] | |
− | + | *[[Arima_korotik_gora_joan._Aparicion_en_iglesia|Apparition in church]] | |
− | + | *[[Kuadrilea_kantaren-kantaren._Grupo_de_animas_junto_al_cementerio|Group of spirits next to the cemetery]] | |
− | + | *[[Gaitzerua_eta_ezkoa._La_candela_bajo_el_celemin|The lamp under the bushel]] | |
  |   | ||
Revisión del 10:20 21 feb 2019
Contenido de esta página
- 1 I. OMENS OF DEATH
- 2 II. DEATH THROES AND DEATH
- 3 III. VIATICUM AND EXTREME UNCTION
- 4 IV. BELIEFS ABOUT THE SOUL'S DESTINY
- 5 V. HOUSEHOLD MOURNING AND HELP FROM NEIGHBOURS
- 6 VI. COMMUNICATING THE DEATH
- 7 VII. SHROUD
- 8 VIII. THE WAKE. GAUBELA
- 9 IX. CORPSE WAYS
- 9.1 Names
- 9.2 Corpse ways in localities with a scattered population
- 9.3 Corpse ways in charter towns with a rural population
- 9.4 Corpse ways in localities with a concentrated population
- 9.5 The paths of the parish cross and the Viaticum
- 9.6 Upkeep of the corpse ways
- 9.7 Legal significance of the corpse ways
- 10 X. TAKING THE CORPSE TO THE CHURCH
- 11 XI. THE FUNERAL CORTEGE
- 12 XII. ATTIRE IN THE FUNERAL CORTEGE
- 13 XIII. OFFERING BEARERS IN THE CORTEGE
- 14 XIV. OBSEQUIES
- 15 XV. OBSEQUIAL DAYS
- 16 XVI. GRAVES IN CHURCHES. PITS
- 17 XVII. OFFERINGS AND SUFFRAGES AT THE GRAVE
- 18 XVIII. ACT OF BURIAL
- 19 XIX. RETURNING TO THE HOUSE OF THE DECEASED AND FUNERAL FEAST
- 20 XX. THE MOURNING
- 21 XXI. COMMEMORATION OF THE DEAD
- 22 XXII. ASSOCIATIONS AROUND DEATH
- 22.1 General characteristics of the religious brotherhoods
- 22.2 Brotherhood of the True Cross
- 22.3 Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary
- 22.4 Brotherhood of the Spirits
- 22.5 Religious brotherhoods under other names (San Blas, San Nicolás, Fishermen and Seafarers Santiago Apóstol, San Francisco Javier, San Roque, San Sebastián, Santa Ana, San José, Blessed Sacrament, Santa Fe, Antorchas, Our Lady of the Grottoes)
- 22.6 Brotherhoods linked to shrines
- 22.7 Neighbourhood brotherhoods in Bizkaia
- 22.8 Brotherhood of the Sangüesa Trinity (Navarra)
- 22.9 Brotherhood of the Aramayona Priests (Alava)
- 22.10 Brotherhoods and Funeral Mutual Associations
- 22.11 Appendix
- 23 XXIII. BURIAL PLACES AND METHODS
- 24 XXIV. GHOSTS AND WANDERING SPIRITS
- 24.1 Beliefs about ghosts
- 24.2 Types of spirit apparitions
- 24.3 Apparition times
- 24.4 Apparition scenarios
- 24.5 Witnesses of the apparitions
- 24.6 Reaction to the apparitions
- 24.7 Premonitions and fear of apparitions
- 24.8 Practices associated with beliefs in spirits
- 24.9 Traditionalised ghost stories
- 24.10 Appendix: Ghost stories
- 25 XXV. LES RITES FUNERAIRES EN PAYS BASQUE NORD OU IPARRALDE (SINTHESE)
I. OMENS OF DEATH
Animal-related omens
Omens related with facts and events
II. DEATH THROES AND DEATH
Death throes
- Care and attention
- Visiting the dying person
- Watching over the person in their dying moments
- Contemporary changes
- Feuds and grievances
- Possessed by spirits
- Meza enkomendadua
- Offering lights and fasts
- Facilitating the exiting of the soul
The death
- Spells
- Evil eye
- Death spirits
III. VIATICUM AND EXTREME UNCTION
Christian rites of the passage from life to death
Names
Receiving the Last Sacraments
- Home altar
- Decorating the house
- Viaticum in the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)
- Viaticum in Navarra
- Viaticum in Gipuzkoa
- Viaticum in Bizkaia
- Viaticum in Alava
Appendix 1: Derniers Sacrements a Mendive (BN)
Appendix 2: Administration of Viaticum and Extreme Unction according to the old Roman Ritual
IV. BELIEFS ABOUT THE SOUL'S DESTINY
Separation of the soul and body
Signs of salvation or damnation
Practices to ensure salvation
V. HOUSEHOLD MOURNING AND HELP FROM NEIGHBOURS
Signs of mourning of the bereaved household
Role of the neighbours during the mourning period
- Organisation of the neighbourhood hierarchy
- The first neighbour
- Reconciliation and friendship between neighbours
- Household chores and tasks
- Primacy of family support
- Customarily established help
The parish cross in the bereaved household
Appendix: Rôle des voisins durant le rite funéraire à Ossès/Ortzaize (BN)
VI. COMMUNICATING THE DEATH
Notifications
Relatives and neighbours The first settlers Youths Female announcers Messengers and auroros choirs
Bell ringing
- Religious status and sex differences
- Death knell for children
- Social categories
Death notices
Memorials
Telling domesticated animals of the death
- Survival of the beehive
- Producing more wax
- Requesting wax and avoiding the death of the bees
- The death of the owner
- The new owner
- Signs of mourning
VII. SHROUD
Death and act of closing the eyelids
ashing and shrouding
- Cloth shroud
- Religious habits
- Festive garments
Objects that accompany the corpse
Burning herbs
VIII. THE WAKE. GAUBELA
The wake
- Names
- The wake in the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)
- The wake in the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)
- Looking after the lamp
- Meals during the wake
The room with the deceased
Laying out the corpse
The coffin
Trolleys and stretchers
Burning the pallet
IX. CORPSE WAYS
Names
Corpse ways in localities with a scattered population
Corpse ways in charter towns with a rural population
Corpse ways in localities with a concentrated population
The paths of the parish cross and the Viaticum
Upkeep of the corpse ways
Legal significance of the corpse ways
X. TAKING THE CORPSE TO THE CHURCH
The bearers
- Northern Basque Country
- Southern Basque Country
Removal of the corpse
XI. THE FUNERAL CORTEGE
Composition of the funeral cortege
Brotherhoods and Associations in the cortege
Prayers and songs during the bearing of the corpse
Stops of the funeral cortege
The funeral cortege today
A child's burial
A youth's burial
The mourners
XII. ATTIRE IN THE FUNERAL CORTEGE
Old mourning attire
Traditional men's attire
Traditional women's attire
Attire of the relative and neighbours
Bereavement dress today
XIII. OFFERING BEARERS IN THE CORTEGE
The bearer of the offering. Names
Cortege animal offerings in the past
Floral wreaths and flowers in the funeral cortege
XIV. OBSEQUIES
The corpse during the obsequies
Arrangement of the family mourners in the church
The funeral mass
Appendix: Obsequies according to the Roman Ritual
XV. OBSEQUIAL DAYS
Novena
Funeral rites
Month's Mind
Anniversary Mass
Mass offerings
Appendix: Burial costs
XVI. GRAVES IN CHURCHES. PITS
Names
Validity of the symbolic graves
Burial goods
- Woodcutter
- Grave. Pit
- Argizaiola
- Candlestick
Activation of the grave
Taking possession of the grave
Length of the mourning at the grave
XVII. OFFERINGS AND SUFFRAGES AT THE GRAVE
Light offering
- Gipuzkoa
- Navarra
- Alava
- Bizkaia
- Northern Basque Country
- Gipuzkoa
- Navarra
- Alava
- Bizkaia
- Northern Basque Country
Bread offering
Distribution of the offering bread
Money offerings at the grave
- On feast days
- Ordinary days
Animal offerings in the past
XVIII. ACT OF BURIAL
Attending the burial act
Rituals in the cemetery
The Interment
Orientation of the tomb
- Orientation with respect to the Sun
- Orientation with respect to the church
- Orientation with respect to the floor plan of the cemetery
- Random distribution
XIX. RETURNING TO THE HOUSE OF THE DECEASED AND FUNERAL FEAST
Return of the cortege to the house of the deceased
Feast and refreshments for the attendees
Gifts to the participants in the obsequies
The burial meal
- At the house of the deceased
- In inns and taverns
- Preparing the room and the meal
- Relatives
- Neighbours
- Mezakoak
- Other guests
- Top table
- Prayers
- Beskoitze (L)
- Izpura (BN)
- Ezpeize-Ündüreiñe (Z)
- Basabüria (Haute Soule)
- Aria (N)
- Allo (N)
- Mezkiriz (N)
- Berastegi (G)
- Elosua (G)
- Abadiano (B)
- Zeanuri (B)
- Ribera Alta (A)
- Salvatierra (A)
Appendix: Some legal restrictions about funeral feasts
XX. THE MOURNING
Names
Duration of the mourning
Restrictions during the mourning period
Mourning apparel
- Mourning veil
- Mantalina
- Shawl
- Mantaleta
- Kaputxina
- Kapa
- Kapa ttipia and taulerra
Signs of mourning on the outside of the house
Extending the mourning to the domesticated animals
Other displays of mourning
Changes to the mourning
XXI. COMMEMORATION OF THE DEAD
1 November All Saints' Day
- Southern Basque Country
- Northern Basque Country
2 November Commemoration of the Faithful Departed or All Souls' Day
Commemoration of the dead during the year
Caring for the graves
XXII. ASSOCIATIONS AROUND DEATH
General characteristics of the religious brotherhoods
Brotherhood of the True Cross
Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary
Brotherhood of the Spirits
Religious brotherhoods under other names (San Blas, San Nicolás, Fishermen and Seafarers Santiago Apóstol, San Francisco Javier, San Roque, San Sebastián, Santa Ana, San José, Blessed Sacrament, Santa Fe, Antorchas, Our Lady of the Grottoes)
Brotherhoods linked to shrines
Neighbourhood brotherhoods in Bizkaia
Brotherhood of the Sangüesa Trinity (Navarra)
Brotherhood of the Aramayona Priests (Alava)
Brotherhoods and Funeral Mutual Associations
Appendix
XXIII. BURIAL PLACES AND METHODS
Internment on the homestead
Internment next to the church
Internment inside the church
Legal restrictions regarding burial in churches
The cemetery
- Next to the place of worship
- Cemeteries around chapels
- Cemeteries in the outskirts
- The burial mound
- Grave in the ground with flagstone
- The pantheon
- The crypt
- Crosses
- Stelae
- Limbo
- Area for people who have committed suicide and non-believers
- Specific cases
- Civil burials
XXIV. GHOSTS AND WANDERING SPIRITS
Beliefs about ghosts
Types of spirit apparitions
Apparition times
Apparition scenarios
Witnesses of the apparitions
Reaction to the apparitions
- Masses
- Prayers
- Settling debts
- Fulfilling promises
Premonitions and fear of apparitions
Practices associated with beliefs in spirits
Traditionalised ghost stories
Appendix: Ghost stories