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I. OMENS OF DEATH

Animal-related omens

Omens related with facts and events

II. DEATH THROES AND DEATH

Death throes

    • Care and attention
    • Visiting the dying person
    • Watching over the person in their dying moments
    • Contemporary changes
    • Feuds and grievances
    • Possessed by spirits
    • Meza enkomendadua
    • Offering lights and fasts
    • Facilitating the exiting of the soul

The death

    • Spells
    • Evil eye
    • Death spirits

III. VIATICUM AND EXTREME UNCTION

Christian rites of the passage from life to death

Names

Receiving the Last Sacraments

    • Home altar
    • Decorating the house
    • Viaticum in the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)
    • Viaticum in Navarra
    • Viaticum in Gipuzkoa
    • Viaticum in Bizkaia
    • Viaticum in Alava

Appendix 1: Derniers Sacrements a Mendive (BN)

Appendix 2: Administration of Viaticum and Extreme Unction according to the old Roman Ritual

IV. BELIEFS ABOUT THE SOUL'S DESTINY

Separation of the soul and body

Signs of salvation or damnation

Practices to ensure salvation

V. HOUSEHOLD MOURNING AND HELP FROM NEIGHBOURS

Signs of mourning of the bereaved household

Role of the neighbours during the mourning period

    • Organisation of the neighbourhood hierarchy
    • The first neighbour
    • Reconciliation and friendship between neighbours
    • Household chores and tasks
    • Primacy of family support
    • Customarily established help

The parish cross in the bereaved household

Appendix: Rôle des voisins durant le rite funéraire à Ossès/Ortzaize (BN)

VI. COMMUNICATING THE DEATH

Notifications

Relatives and neighbours The first settlers Youths Female announcers Messengers and auroros choirs

Bell ringing

    • Religious status and sex differences
    • Death knell for children
    • Social categories

Death notices

Memorials

Telling domesticated animals of the death

    • Survival of the beehive
    • Producing more wax
    • Requesting wax and avoiding the death of the bees
    • The death of the owner
    • The new owner
    • Signs of mourning

VII. SHROUD

Death and act of closing the eyelids

ashing and shrouding

    • Cloth shroud
    • Religious habits
    • Festive garments

Objects that accompany the corpse

Burning herbs

VIII. THE WAKE. GAUBELA

The wake

    • Names
    • The wake in the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)
    • The wake in the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)
    • Looking after the lamp
    • Meals during the wake

The room with the deceased

Laying out the corpse

The coffin

Trolleys and stretchers

Burning the pallet

IX. CORPSE WAYS

Names

Corpse ways in localities with a scattered population

Corpse ways in charter towns with a rural population

Corpse ways in localities with a concentrated population

The paths of the parish cross and the Viaticum

Upkeep of the corpse ways

Legal significance of the corpse ways

X. TAKING THE CORPSE TO THE CHURCH

The bearers

    • Northern Basque Country
    • Southern Basque Country

Removal of the corpse

XI. THE FUNERAL CORTEGE

Composition of the funeral cortege

Brotherhoods and Associations in the cortege

Prayers and songs during the bearing of the corpse

Stops of the funeral cortege

The funeral cortege today

A child's burial

A youth's burial

The mourners

XII. ATTIRE IN THE FUNERAL CORTEGE

Old mourning attire

Traditional men's attire

Traditional women's attire

Attire of the relative and neighbours

Bereavement dress today

XIII. OFFERING BEARERS IN THE CORTEGE

The bearer of the offering. Names

Cortege animal offerings in the past

Floral wreaths and flowers in the funeral cortege

XIV. OBSEQUIES

The corpse during the obsequies

Arrangement of the family mourners in the church

The funeral mass

Appendix: Obsequies according to the Roman Ritual

XV. OBSEQUIAL DAYS

Novena

Funeral rites

Month's Mind

Anniversary Mass

Mass offerings

Appendix: Burial costs

XVI. GRAVES IN CHURCHES. PITS

Names

Validity of the symbolic graves

Burial goods

    • Woodcutter
    • Grave. Pit
    • Argizaiola
    • Candlestick

Activation of the grave

Taking possession of the grave

Length of the mourning at the grave

XVII. OFFERINGS AND SUFFRAGES AT THE GRAVE

Light offering

    • Gipuzkoa
    • Navarra
    • Alava
    • Bizkaia
    • Northern Basque Country
    • Gipuzkoa
    • Navarra
    • Alava
    • Bizkaia
    • Northern Basque Country

Bread offering

Money offerings at the grave

    • On feast days
    • Ordinary days

Animal offerings in the past

XVIII. ACT OF BURIAL

Attending the burial act

Rituals in the cemetery

The Interment

Orientation of the tomb

    • Orientation with respect to the Sun
    • Orientation with respect to the church
    • Orientation with respect to the floor plan of the cemetery
    • Random distribution

XIX. RETURNING TO THE HOUSE OF THE DECEASED AND FUNERAL FEAST

Return of the cortege to the house of the deceased

Feast and refreshments for the attendees

Gifts to the participants in the obsequies

The burial meal

    • At the house of the deceased
    • In inns and taverns
    • Preparing the room and the meal
    • Relatives
    • Neighbours
    • Mezakoak
    • Other guests
    • Top table
    • Prayers
    • Beskoitze (L)
    • Izpura (BN)
    • Ezpeize-Ündüreiñe (Z)
    • Basabüria (Haute Soule)
    • Aria (N)
    • Allo (N)
    • Mezkiriz (N)
    • Berastegi (G)
    • Elosua (G)
    • Abadiano (B)
    • Zeanuri (B)
    • Ribera Alta (A)
    • Salvatierra (A)

Appendix: Some legal restrictions about funeral feasts

XX. THE MOURNING

Names

Duration of the mourning

Restrictions during the mourning period

Mourning apparel

    • Mourning veil
    • Mantalina
    • Shawl
    • Mantaleta
    • Kaputxina
    • Kapa
    • Kapa ttipia and taulerra

Signs of mourning on the outside of the house

Extending the mourning to the domesticated animals

Other displays of mourning

Changes to the mourning

XXI. COMMEMORATION OF THE DEAD

1 November All Saints' Day

    • Southern Basque Country
    • Northern Basque Country

2 November Commemoration of the Faithful Departed or All Souls' Day

Commemoration of the dead during the year

Caring for the graves

XXII. ASSOCIATIONS AROUND DEATH

General characteristics of the religious brotherhoods

Brotherhood of the True Cross

Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary

Brotherhood of the Spirits

Religious brotherhoods under other names (San Blas, San Nicolás, Fishermen and Seafarers Santiago Apóstol, San Francisco Javier, San Roque, San Sebastián, Santa Ana, San José, Blessed Sacrament, Santa Fe, Antorchas, Our Lady of the Grottoes)

Brotherhoods linked to shrines

Neighbourhood brotherhoods in Bizkaia

Brotherhood of the Sangüesa Trinity (Navarra)

Brotherhood of the Aramayona Priests (Alava)

Brotherhoods and Funeral Mutual Associations

Appendix

XXIII. BURIAL PLACES AND METHODS

Internment on the homestead

Internment next to the church

Internment inside the church

Legal restrictions regarding burial in churches

The cemetery

    • Next to the place of worship
    • Cemeteries around chapels
    • Cemeteries in the outskirts
    • The burial mound
    • Grave in the ground with flagstone
    • The pantheon
    • The crypt
    • Crosses
    • Stelae
    • Limbo
    • Area for people who have committed suicide and non-believers
    • Specific cases
    • Civil burials

XXIV. GHOSTS AND WANDERING SPIRITS

Beliefs about ghosts

Types of spirit apparitions

Tiempos de aparición

Escenarios de aparición

Testigos de las apariciones

Comportamientos ante apariciones

    • Misas
    • Oraciones
    • Satisfacción de deudas
    • Cumplimiento de promesas

Presentimientos y temores a apariciones

Prácticas asociadas a las creencias en las ánimas

Narraciones de aparecidos tradicionalizadas

Apéndice: Relatos de aparecidos

LES RITES FUNERAIRES EN PAYS BASQUE NORD OU IPARRALDE (SINTHESE)