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De Atlas Etnográfico de Vasconia
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HOUSE AND TERRITORY

I. SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY

Latitudinal settlement patterns

Historical and geographical factors

The Luzaide/Valcarlos (N) case

La barranca (N)

Dispersed settlements

Distant past

Historical background

Examples of dispersed settlements

Establishing new homesteads

Establishing new homesteads

Background

Examples of concentrated settlement

Growth of the current settlements

 

II. RELATIONSHIP OF THE HOUSE WITH THE SOIL, CLIMATE AND ACTIVITY

The house and its setting

Relationship of the house with the soil

    • Influence of the substrate
    • Presence of water in the subsoil
    • Use of the soil materials
    • Influence of the terrain

The relationship of the house with the climate

    • Walls, openings and orientation
    • The roof and adjoining buildings
    • The southern area with lower rainfall
    • Examples and current situation

The house and the activity of its dwellers

Agriculture

Commercial

Current adaptations

Appendix: Influence of the production on the types of homesteads

 

III. NAME, ORIENTATION AND LOCATION OF THE HOUSES

Definition of the house concept and names

Name of the house

Name, surname and nickname of the owner

Trade and activity of the owner

Place name

Neighbouring houses in concentrated settlement

Orientation of the house

East facing

South facing

Orientation in concentrated settlements

Houses and lands in mixed and disperse settlements

Location of houses in concentrated arrangements

Houses separated by party walls

Houses separated by yards

Houses separated by the threshing floor

Land adjoined to the house

The threshing floor

Market or vegetable garden

 

STRUCTURE OF THE HOUSE

IV. REGIONAL HOUSE MODELS

General points

Álava house models

The typical Rioja-Alavesa house (Moreda de Álava)

The typical La Llanada house

The typical Montaña Alavesa house (Bernedo)

The typical house in the charter town of Agurain

Bizkaia house models

The typical house of Las Encartaciones (Carranza Valley)

The typical Busturialdea house (Gautegiz-Arteaga)

The typical house of El Duranguesado (Abadiño)

The typical house of the Arratia Valley and Estribaciones del Gorbeia (Zeanuri)

The typical house of Durango old town

The typical house of the charter town of Gernika-Lumo

Gipuzkoa house models

The typical Goierri house (Ataun)

The typical Beasain house

The typical Zerain house

The Alto Deba house (Elosua)

The typical Bajo Deba house (Elgoibar)

The typical Urola Kosta house (Aia)

Navarre house models

The typical house of the Atlantic side of the watershed (Bera)

The typical Pyrenean house (Roncal Valley)

The typical Mid-Navarre house (Allo)

The typical arrabal or popular house (Viana)

The typical Valdorba house

The typical Ribera del Ebro house (Valtierra)

Cave houses (La Ribera)

Northern Basque Country house models

The typical Lapurdi house (Sara)

The typical Ainhoa house (L)

The typical Amikuze house (Huarte-Hiri-BN)

The typical Arberoa house (Donoztiri-BN)

The typical Heleta house (BN)

The typical Zuberoa house (Liginaga)

Fishermen's houses

Appendix: Secular transition of houses in the Northern Basque Country

 

V. ROOFING

Connecting the frontage and the roof

Types of roof

Roof pitch

    • Historical evolution of roofing in Roncesvalles (N)

Shape and number of slopes

    • The climate factor
    • Grouped houses
    • The shape of the dwelling
    • Relationship between the number of slopes and the status
    • Different reasons
    • Geographical distribution of the number of slopes

Appendix 1: Relationship between the roof and climate and economic aspects

Roofing materials

Timber frame

The roof tile

    • The origin of roof tiles
    • The curved tile
    • The flat tile

Wooden roof: shingles

Stone roof: slates

New materials

Roof structure

General points

Post-supported structures

Shear beam structures

Thatched and plaster vaults

Eaves

Ways out onto the roof. The chimney

Transformations

Appendix 2: Different slopes for houses with rectangular floor plan

Appendix 3: Chimney, fuel and climate

 

VI. FOUNDATIONS AND WALLS

Foundations

Foundations on hard substrates

Foundations on less solid substrates

Outside walls

Construction materials

    • Stone
    • Timber
    • Earth, brick, adobe and rammed earth

Walls with timber latticework

Masonry walls

Mortar

Construction of the walls

Plastering of the walls

Walls today

Caves

Timber internal structure

Widespread use of timber

Types of timber

Bench base

Structure

Inside walls and partitions

Floors

Floor in the entrance and stable

Floor in the dwelling

Stairs

Indoor stairs

Outdoor stairs

Urban dwelling stairs

Roofs

Plank roofs

Vault roofs

Origin of the construction materials

Stone

Lime and plaster

Timber

Roof tiles, bricks and adobe

New materials

 

VII. DOORS AND WINDOWS

Orientation of the house openings

Arrangement of the openings on the frontage

Openings

Main door

    • Álava
    • Bizkaia
    • Gipuzkoa
    • Navarre
    • Northern Basque Country

Windows

    • Álava
    • Bizkaia
    • Gipuzkoa
    • Navarre
    • Northern Basque Country

Balconies

Inside doors

Door and window closing mechanisms

Closing the main or entrance door

    • Bars
    • Latches
    • Other locks

Closing inside doors

Closing windows

Grilles

Recent transformations

 

VIII. INTERNAL LAYOUT OF THE HOUSE

General points

Rural houses

Bizkaia

    • Livestock homesteads. Encartaciones and Arratia-Orozko
    • Agricultural homesteads. Uribe, Busturialdea and Durangaldea

Gipuzkoa

    • Goierri
    • High and Mid-Deba
    • Mid-Oria
    • Donostia and Lower Bidasoa

Northern Basque Country

Álava

    • Surroundings of Gorbeia Mountain
    • West Álava
    • La Llanada
    • La Montaña
    • Rioja Alavesa

Navarre

    • Northern Sub-Pyrenean and Pyrenean area. La Montaña
    • Southern Sub-Pyrenean area. Mid zone.
    • Southern zone. La Ribera

Fishermen's dwellings

Urban dwellings

Modern houses

Appendix: Mansions. Palaces

 

IX. HOUSE DECORATION

General points

Outside walls. Frontage

Exposed stone and plastered frontages

Timber trusses

Elaborate decorations

Plant decorations

Roofing

Eaves

Doors and windows

Ironwork

Carvings on lintels

Decorative grilles

Coats-of-arms

Inscriptions

Interior decoration

 

HOME AND HOME FURNISHINGS

X. HEARTH, LIGHTING AND KITCHEN

Fireplace

Names

Location of the fireplace

    • Central fireplace
    • Side fireplace
    • Description

Fuel used in the fireplace

    • Most common fuels
    • Mediterranean side of the watershed

Lighting or rekindling the fire

    • The flint. New lighting systems
    • Rekindling fire
    • Initially stocking the fire

Types of firewood

Base and back of the stove

    • Cast-iron plate
    • Decorative motifs

Hearth

Chimney and vent

    • Low heat chimney
    • Energy-saving stove chimney
    • Cleaning the chimney

Bread oven

Oven location and type

    • Ovens in the kitchen or attached to the house
    • Exempted ovens

Oven construction materials

Use of the oven

House lighting

Old lighting systems

Oil lamp

Candles

Petrol lamp

Carbide lamp

Electric light

Kitchen

Hob

Energy-saving stove and subsequent transitions

The kitchen, the centre of family life

 

XI. HEARTH AND KITCHEN FURNITURE AND FIXTURES

Hearth utensils

Archetypical of two places

    • Beasain (G)
    • Sangüesa (N)

Names and description

    • Firedogs
    • Pincers
    • Tongs
    • Stove shovel
    • Trivet
    • Drum
    • Griddle
    • Spits
    • Ash shovel
    • Bellows
    • Boilers
    • Copper heater

Kitchen furniture

The armchair and other seating

Sink

Ash bucket

Pottery

Tables and other items

    • Tables
    • Troughs
    • Cans

Cupboards, cabinets and racks

    • Dressers
    • Plate rack
    • Kitchen rack

Pantries and their evolution

Kitchen furnishings

Decorating the fireplace

Items placed on the mantelpiece, on the hood or on the hearth

General points about the goods

Descriptions of the furnishings

    • Northern Basque Country
    • Bizkaia
    • Álava
    • Gipuzkoa
    • Navarre

Artisan production of the kitchen furniture

    • Domestic production
    • Non-domestic production

Transitions in the household furniture and fittings

 

XII. FURNITURE AND FIXTURES: LIVING ROOM, BEDROOMS AND PERSONAL HYGIENE

Living room or dining room fittings

Furniture

Religious images

Family photographs on display

Bedroom fittings

The bedroom as a room

General points

Beds

Trunks, chests of drawers and wardrobes

Occasional furniture

    • Wash stand and basin

Curtains and rugs

Religious images

    • Crucifix
    • Religious paintings or laminates
    • Photographs
    • Holy water font

Washing facilities and fittings

Outhouse or toilet

Washing facilities

Transitions of the bathroom and its fittings

Musical instruments. Radio, television and new technologies

Musical instruments

Radio, television and new technologies

 

XIII. CLEANING THE HOUSE, CLOTHES AND DISHES

Cleaning the house

Cleaning the house, thoroughly

    • Cleaning products and utensils
    • Daily and weekly cleaning
    • Spring-cleaning and cleaning on set dates
    • Insect extermination

Cleaning floors

    • Sweeping
    • Mopping and sandblasting
    • Waxing

Whitewashing and painting frontages and inside

Washing clothes

Washing clothes in the river or in the public washhouse

Laundresses or washerwomen

The laundry

    • Names
    • Transitions

Drying and ironing the clothes

Hanging out the clothes at home

Washing dishes

Washers and dishwashers

 

OUTBUILDINGS ADJOINING THE HOUSE

XIV. SPACES FOR FARMING WORK AND OUTBUILDINGS

Spaces at home for implements, products and livestock

Porch and carriage porch

Attic or loft

Stable

Outbuildings

General points

Stalls, pens, enclosures

Huts, cabins, haylofts

Shacks

Dung storage

Chicken house

Pigsty

Shelter for sheep

Beehives

Domestic animals that guard the house

Lakes and cellars

Wells

Field shelters and huts

Appendix 1: Field pens in Navarre

Appendix 2: Granaries

Appendix 3: Charcoal maker shacks

 

DOMESTIC BELIEFS AND RITES

XV. RITES AROUND THE HOUSEHOLD FIRE

The embers of the hearth

Lighting the hearth on set days

The Christmas log

New fire at Easter

Bringing a recently purchased animals into the house

 

XVI. SYMBOLS TO PROTECT THE HOUSE

Rites when starting to build the house

Rites when finishing the roof

Blessing the house

Rites against thunderstorms and lightning

An axe with the sharp edge pointing upwards to the thunderstorm

Stones against the thunderstorm

Sanjuan haritza, St John's oak

Burning herbs on St John's Day

Arantza zuria, hawthorn

Blessed bay leaves

Burning the blessed bay leaves

Eguzki-lorea, thistle flower

Religious rites to protect the house

Holy water

Blessed candles

Praying to Saint Barbara

Spells. Chimes

Religious symbols and images

Crosses

Sacred Heart plaques

 

FAMILY

XVII. FAMILY AND KINSHIP

Family. Kinship. Parentage

In Basque-speaking locations

    • Household
    • Family
    • Relatives

In Spanish-speaking locations

    • Family
    • Kinship
    • Parentage
    • Other relations

Extended family community

Names and degree of kinship

Basque categories

Spanish categories

Family names

Family name or surname

Most common first names

Way of referring to people

    • Nicknames

A married woman's surname

Names and forms of address between relatives

By children to parents

Between spouses

By parents to children

Forms of address

    • Formal you
    • Informal you
    • Colloquial use of informal you
    • Change of the form of address
    • Other forms of address. Lost souls

 

XVIII. FAMILY ASSETS AND THEIR TRANSFER

Family assets

Family assets concept

Safeguarding and indivisum of the family assets

Disposal of the core assets

Co-ownership of assets contributed to the marriage

Consent of the wife to dispose of assets

Transitions

Marital property agreements or settlements

Marital property agreements

Marital settlements

Transformations

Freedom to bequeath and blood line of inheritance in the charter system

Choice of heir

Cohabitation of young and older married couples

The heir and other children

Joint will

Wills in territory of the common law system

Hereditary system

Cohabitation of young and older married couples

The heir and other children

Situation of the surviving spouse

Intestate inheritance

The inheritance of natural children

Will of the childless uncle

Legacies to non-relatives

 

XIX. LIFE AND DUTIES OF THE SPOUSES

Communal life of the spouses

Communal life in the workplace

Communal life on official holidays

Seating arrangement of the wife at the table

Duties and occupations of the husband and the wife

Duties and occupations of the husband

Duties and occupations of the wife

Authority in the marital partnership

Nearly equal rights

How the husband is called by the wife

Marital rifts

    • Causes of the rifts or disagreements
    • Marital separations

Civility and etiquette

Social life of the spouses

Social life together

Relations of the married women

Relations of the married men

Current situation

Authority of parents over the children

Shared authority or nearly absolute authority

Transfer of the authority

Parental authority and emancipation

Showing respect to older people

Uncle-nephew relationship

Educating the children

Main role of women

Division of responsibilities between the parents

Setting up personal wherewithal

Role of the woman in the passing on of values and beliefs

Role of the man in passing on the cultural heritage

Adoption

Frequency and names

General points

Reasons

    • Replacing a dead child
    • Economic grounds or charitable reasons
    • Childless couples
    • Fostering

Adopting relatives

Changes in the family and to customs

Decline in farming activity

Assets and inheritance

Women working outside the home

Generation overlap and family structure

Relations between parents and children Parental authority

Rites of passage nowadays

Religious belief today

Oral tradition, education and school

Changes in customs

 

XX. RELATIONS WITH FAMILY AND RELATIVES

Relations with the family

Intervention of the parents of the spouses

    • Rifts

Treatment and care of the in-laws

Relations of the spouses with their families of origin

Gatherings of relatives

Calendar of festivities

Gatherings to mark rites of passage

    • Funeral ceremonies

Order of relatives at the ceremonies

Order of relatives at weddings

Order of relatives at baptisms. God-parents

Order of relatives in funeral cortèges

Signs of mourning and its length

Historical memories of the house and the family

Recollections of the ancestors

Memories of unusual houses in the neighbourhood

Legends relating to the house and its former dwellers

    • The oldest local house

Remembering the ancestors of the house

Obligations regarding one's ancestors

Family burial place

Anniversaries

Offerings

    • Bread offerings
    • Alms and offering light

Worshipping the family’s dead nowadays

Family memories

Photographs and diplomas

Clothes, crockery and belongings

Significant items and garments

    • Jewels

Funeral and religious items

 

XXI. FAMILY HONOUR

Honour of the house and of the family

Importance of the honour of the house and of the family

Solidarity between relatives

    • Agricultural jobs and urgent work
    • Misfortune, serious illness or death
    • Orphanhood
    • Financial help

Rich relatives and poor relatives

    • Providing help
    • Indifference

Relatives who emigrated

    • Returning to the family home

Observance and visits

Quarrels and reconciliation

    • Reasons for rifts
    • Consequences of the rifts
    • Settling the rifts
    • Grievances

Family Council

Effects of the kinship

Hospitality

    • Ordinary visits
    • Patron saint festivities and Christmas
    • Studies

Settling debts

Value of evidence between parents

Status of the elderly and ill

    • Transitions

Servants

    • Relations between masters and servants
    • Contracting servants

Maids

Contracting temporary workers

Contracting craftspeople

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