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The most widespread way of referring to domesticated animals and, more specifically, to the cattle, horses and mules in Basque speaking areas is ''abere.'' Studies link this term with the Latin ''habere'', in its sense of “property” or “possessions”, with many of its derivatives having the same meaning as head of large livestock or herd animal<ref>Manuel AGUD; Antonio TOVAR. “Materiales para un diccionario etimológico de la lengua vasca (I)” in ''Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca «Julio de Urquijo», ''XXII-1 (1988) pp. 282-283.</ref>. Many of the ways of calling those animals adopt that form (''abere''- or ''abre''-) or ''abel-,'' which comes from it. Forms near to the Spanish, such as ''ganadu'' and ''animaliak'', are also used to refer to livestock in general.
In keeping with other languages of our cultural environment, ''aberats'' means a rich or wealthy person, in other words, the holder of considerable possessions. And precisely another of the names for large herds of cattle and flocks of sheep in Basque - ''azienda ''comes from the Spanish word "''hacienda''" (in its sense of property or possessions)<ref>''Idem, Manuel AGUD; Antonio TOVAR. “Materiales para un diccionario etimológico de la lengua vasca (V)”…” in ''Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca «Julio de Urquijo», ''XXIII-2 (1989) pp. 516-517''</ref>. The term ''azienda larri, ''for the large livestock (cattle, horses and mules), and ''azienda xehe, ''for the small livestock (pigs, sheep and goats) comes from there<ref>Julio CARO BAROJA. ''Etnografía histórica de Navarra''. Tomo I. Pamplona, 1971, p. 270.</ref>. A similar classification is ''abere nagusi ''and ''abere txiki'', which refer to the large livestock<ref>The status that this type of large livestock had in the traditional realm seems to have produced linguistic phenomena of great semantic and historical import, as pointed out by Julio Caro Baroja: “A very characteristic feature of the Basque spoken in Salazar and El Roncal was the use of ''gende ''= people, to refer to different types of animals. Thus, ''abregende ''is horse livestock overall; ''ilagende'', sheep; ''bilagende'', goats; ''cherrigende'', pigs. This example is similar to what Virgil did when speaking about horses and use the Latin ''gens ''to express the idea of ''breed'' in general”. Ibidem, p. 270.</ref> and the small livestock, respectively.
The animals can also be named using a colour. ''Abelgorri ''(''abere gorri ''or ''azienda gorri'') usually refers to cattle. Parallel examples can be found in Spanish, such as the expression ''rust coloured cows ''(Améscoa, San Martín de Unx-N). The term ''abere beltz'' is widely used to refer to pigs.
The ways of naming each of the components of the species varies considerably both from zone to zone and according to the greater or lesser extent to which this type of livestock has become traditionally entrenched. Particularly noteworthy is the plethora of terms referring to the raising of sheep, cattle or pigs, which the expressions for keeping ducks or rabbits are very few and limited<ref>Along with other assets of the house or the community, such as the house itself, the land, wooded upland and mountains, the farmland, bread, wine, etc. the sheep and cattle, along with the dogs, donkey or cats are precisely the property most cited in studies on the corpuses of Basque everyday speech. See Patxi JUARISTI''. Ondasunekiko harremanak Justo Mokoroaren ''Repertorio de locuciones del habla popular vasca ''esaera bilduman''. Leioa, 1995, p. 122. Unpublished doctoral thesis.</ref>.
Wild animals, in contrast to the domesticated ones, are called ''piztiak'' in Basque, even though this term is also sometimes used expressively for stabled animals. Conversely, the word ''basabere'' can also allude to animals in the wild. In some areas of Bizkaia, domesticated animals in general are called ''patariak.'' This group of animals is called ''kabale''<ref>''Manuel AGUD; Antonio TOVAR. “Materiales para un diccionario etimológico de la lengua vasca (VI)”…” in ''Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca «Julio de Urquijo», ''XXVII-2 (1993) p. 647.''</ref> (which may come from the Béarnese ''cabale ''and, therefore, from the Latin ''capitale'') in the northern Basque Country (lying within France). As has previously been the case, this form can be used in expressions that indicate the lot of an owner.
== Names of the animals according to species, age and sex ==
{{DISPLAYTITLE: III. NAMES OF THE ANIMALS}} {{#bookTitle:Livestock Farming and Shepherding in the Basque Country|Ganaderia_y_pastoreo_en_vasconia/en}}