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Ingurune urbanoanWhen the death occurs in the urban environment, heriotza gertatzen denean, elementu batzuk daude hildakoaren tratamendua arintzekothere is a series of facilities that expedite the handling of the deceased. Ingurune horretanIn that regard, hileta-zerbitzuetako langileak izan dira eta dira gorpua erakusteko prestatzeaz arduratzen direnak, bai eta familiak ahaideak eta lagunak hartzeko izango duen espazioa undertakers are and have been in charge of preparing the corpse to be viewed and to prepare and facilitate the space (tanatorioafuneral parlour) egokitu eta eskaintzen dutenak erewhere the family will receive relatives and friends. Helburua da familia pasatzen ari den estualdia igarotzea, hiltzea modu aseptikoan kontrolatutako errealitate arrazional bihurtutaThe aim is to facilitate the difficult time affecting the family and turn the death into something rational and aseptically controlled.
Jarduera «normalizatu» horietan ez bezalaCompared to those “standardised” procedures, heriotza landa ingurunean gertatzen denean portaera tradizionalagoa da eta neurri handi batean industriaurreko gizarte bateko jokabideak errepikatzen dirawhen the death takes place in rural areas, inkesta hauen eta bibliografiaren bidez jaso dugunaren araberathe behaviour is more traditional and attitudes are perpetuated, to a great extent, that are more inherent to a pre-industrial society, which is what we have first and foremost recorded through the surveys and bibliography.
== Heriotza eta begiak ixteko ekintza Death and act of closing the eyelids ==
Familiako kide baten heriotza ohiko prozeduren bidez egiaztatu ondorenOnce the death of a relative has been established using the standard procedures, hau dawhich in the past were to pass a candle over the eyes, begien aurretik kandela bat pasatutapass a lit match under the nose, sudurzuloetan pospolo piztua sartutasee if the person was breathing by putting a mirror over their mouth or touching the feet, ahoaren aurrean ispilu bat jarrita arnasa hartzen duen ikusteko edo oinak ukituta, eskuarki ezkutuan dauden eta horrelako une larrietan efikazak izaten diren baliabide batzuetara jotzen daa series of resources come into play that are usually hidden and which prove to be effective in such critical moments as this.
Euskal gizarte tradizionalean, ia mekanikoki egiten dira egin beharrekoakThe steps are taken nearly mechanically in traditional Basque society after the death. Gaixo zena dagoeneko gorpu dela egiaztatzen da, eta aurrean daudenetako batekThe first thing is to check that the person is really dead and one of the people present, emakumea eskuarkiusually a woman, haren begiak ixten ditu «beste bati dei egin diezaion eragozteko»closes the eyes of the deceased “to stop them calling someone else”.
== Garbiketa eta meztitzea Washing and shrouding ==
Euskal gizarteanIn Basque society, it was the neighbours, ''auzokideak arduratu dira heriotza bat gertatzen zaion familia artatzeaz'', who would gather around the family when a death occurred. Gaur egun beren burua eskaintzen dute egoera horretan, baina herabekiNowadays, «errespetuz eta ez molestatzeko»neighbours reach out in such circumstances but tentatively “out of respect and not to get in the way”. Norbaiti presentzia eskatzen zaioneanWhen their presence is requested, inork ez du ezetz esatennobody refuses.
Eskuarki hila meztitzea emakumeen lana izan daIn general, the shrouding was the work of women. Lehen, emakume auzokideak gizonen baten edo auzoko beste emakume batzuen laguntza behar izaten zuen askotan gorpua mugitzeko eta egoki atontzekoThe nearest or first women neighbour would often require the help of a man or other female neighbour to move and prepare the corpse properly.
Gaur egun esan daiteke familiak osasun eta hileta arloetako profesionalengana jota arduratzen direla hilak meztitzeko lanezFamilies can now be said to entrust the shrouding to funeral or health professionals, eta auzokideek ez diotela uko egiten laguntzeari hala eskatzen baldin bazaiebut the neighbours will step up when their help is needed.
=== Gorpua garbitzeko moduak. Gorpu-garbitzea Ways of washing the corpse ===
Oro harIn general, gorpuaren garbiketa azalekoa izan da eta hala izaten jarraitzen duthe washing of the corpse was and continues to be cursory; hilzoriaren eraginak nabarmenen izandako gorputz atalak garbitzea da kontuait involves cleaning those parts of the body where the traces of the death throes are most noticeable: aurpegiaface, eskuak eta oinakhands and feet. Gorpua ez da osorik garbitzenThe corpse is only washed completely, urez eta xaboiz eskuarkiusually with soap and water, gaixotasun motaren ondorioz edo beste zerbaitengatik azken orduan gaixoa "zikindu" denean bainoin those cases where the dying person has “soiled” themselves at the end, ''libratzen danian'' (Azkaine-L).
Eskuarki eskuoihal edo zapi garbiak erabili izan dira garbiketarako. Lan hori zoruan egin ohi zenTowels or clean cloths, izara baten gainean''zapiak'', eta gizonek, bitartean, ohean ohol bat kokatzen zutenwere usually used to wash the body. This operation was normally performed on the floor, edo ohea desmuntatzenon a sheet, hil kapera ezartzeko beharrezkoa izanez gerowhile the men placed a board on the bed or dismantled the bedstead if needed in order to set up the open casket.
Hori guztiaAll of this, hila meztitzea bezalaalong with the shrouding, "bero-beroan" egin behar zen, bestela oso zaila bihurtzen zelakohad to be carried out “while warm” otherwise it was very difficult.
== Gorpuaren ondoko objektuak Objects that accompany the corpse ==
=== Sinbolo elizkoiak Pious symbols ===
Gorpuari apainketa pertsonaleko objektu guztiak kendu eta geroAfter the corpse has been stripped of any personal adornment, hil-jantzia arrosarioak osatzen duthe rosary is the final touch to the grave clothes, bular gainean gurutzatutako eskuak lotutaheld in the hands crossed on the chest, etaand, batzuetansometimes, gurutze batek ere baia cross. Nahiko zabaldua egon da emakumeei arrosarioa eta gizonezkoei gurutzea jartzeko ohitura. Oso ohitura zabaldua izan zen hildakoari bera bizi zela kide izan zeneko kongregazioko edo kofradiako eskapularioa edo domina jartzea ere. Ohikoenak izan dira Karmengo eskapularioa, Hirugarren Frantziskotar Ordenakoa, Andra Mariaren kongregazioko kideen domina eta Mariaren Alaben zintakThe general custom has been to put a rosary on women and a cross on men.
=== Hilen buldak ===A very widespread custom was to place on the body the scapular or medal of the congregation or brotherhood to which the deceased had belonged. The most frequent were the scapulars of El Carmen, of the Third Franciscan Order, the medals of the Marian congregants and the Daughters of Mary sashes.
Baskonia penintsularrean garrantzi erlijioso handia izan zuen beste garai batzuetan «Hilen bulda» zeritzonak; parrokia guztietan eskuratzen zen Gurutzadako Buldarekin batera<ref>Gurutzadako Bulda Aita Santuak emandako pribilegioa zen eta diru-sarreretarako emandako limosna baten bidez eskuratzen zen. Hartzen zuena hainbat grazia eta faboreren onuradun egiten zen. Horietako bat barauaren eta abstinentziaren lege orokorraren barkamena zegoen, bai eta barkamen osoaren aplikazioa ere hilez gero. Azken sumario horri herri hizkeran «hilen bulda» zeritzon.</ref>. Haren bidez, aplikatzen zitzaion hildakoaren arimaren aldeko barkamen osoa ematen zuen elizak. Horretarako, emaileak zortzi egun baino lehen egin behar zituen aitortza eta jaunartzea.=== Death indulgences ===
Bizkaian eta GipuzkoanIn the Southern Basque Country, hilaren familia izaten zen eskuarki bulden inprimakiak (sumarioak) parrokiatik hartu eta hilaren gelako mahai txiki baten gainean ezartzen zituena. Bulda horren bila jotzen zuten pertsonekthe “death indulgences”, hori baldin bazen haien borondatea which could be bought in all the parishes along with the Bull of the Crusade, bat hartu eta hilkutxaren gainean uzten zuten, erretiluan egokitzen zen dirua utzita, gero elizara sartuko zenawere of great religious importance in the past<ref>The Bull of the Crusade was a papal bull granted to the Kingdom of Spain in the 16th century. It was proclaimed annually in the parishes and was bought by means of alms given in proportion to income. The holder was the beneficiary of different graces and favours. These included being exempted from the general law of fasting and absence and the application of a plenary indulgence in case of death. The latter was known popularly as the “death indulgence”.</ref>. The Church thus granted a plenary indulgence for the soul of the decease for whom one was sought. Nafarroan, familiek parrokiako bulegoan eskuratzen zituzten hilen buldak, eta zuzenean ematen zizkioten hilkutxa ixteko ardura zutenei haren barruan kokatzekoThe person seeking the indulgence had to confess and commune within eight days.
=== Objektu profanoak ===In Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa, the family of the deceased generally collected the indulgence forms (summaries) from the parish and placed them on a table in the funeral room. The people who visited, if they wanted to, took one and placed it on the coffin and left the relevant amount of money on the tray that was then given to the church. In Navarre, the family bought the death indulgences from the parish office and gave them directly to the people in charge of closing the coffin to place them in it.
Aipatutako objektu erlijiosoez gain, hildakoa gaztea edo haur txikia baldin bazen, lorez apaintzen zen eskuan edo gorputzaren inguruan, eta kasu batzuetan koroa gisa buruan.=== Secular objects ===
== Belarrak erretzea ==Apart for the aforementioned religious objects, if the deceased was a young woman or a small child, the corpse was adorned with flowers, either in their hands, or arrange around the body or even as a garland on their head.
Belar usaintsuak erretzeko edo gela belar jakin batzuekin garbitzeko antzinako praktika hilotza hilaren etxean aurkeztearekin lotuta zegoen. Usain txarrik ez izateko azukrea erretzeko joera oso zabalduta zegoen, intsentsua baino merkeagoa zelako.== Burning herbs ==
The old practice of burning fragrant herbs or cleaning the room with certain herbs was related to the viewing of the corpse.
Burning sugar to avoid unpleasant smells was very common as it was cheaper than incense. {{DISPLAYTITLE: VII. HILA MEZTITZEASHROUD. HILAREN BEZTITZEA}} {{#bookTitle:Funeral Rites in the Basque Country|Ritos_funerarios_en_vasconia/en}}
