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Las características <div style="margin-left:0cm;"></div> <div style="margin-left:0cm;"></div> The sheepfolds that the shepherds set up with their flocks on the mountain were known by different names in the Basque Country: ''sel, gorta, saroi, sarobe or kaiolar.'' They are precisely in those spots where the livestock would instinctively find shelter. The shepherds chose those sheltered spots to build the hut as their dwelling, the shed or enclosure for their flock, the pens for milking and other outbuilding used while they were on the mountain. The characteristics of those establishments mainly depended on the type of shepherding and the activity of the shepherd. This chapter provides an overview of the constructions required to look after and raise the livestock away from the farmstead. The best way to do so will be to cover the mountain chains of the Basque Country and cursorily analyse the buildings and facilities that make up their sheepfolds. In our case, we will begin with the Carranza mountains in the westernmost part of Bizkaia and will initially travel from west to east along the whole mountain chain that is the watershed (Gorbea, Anboto, Aizkorri, Aralar) with the mountain ranges that run through Bizkaia (Aramotz, Oiz) and Gipuzkoa (Izarraitz, Ernio). We will then consider the Andia-Urbasa-Entzia ranges before addressing the pastoral establishments in the Navarran Pyrenees from the Baztan to Roncal valleys. After the leaving the Pyrenees, we will then travel down to the Bardenas Reales and describe the shelters found in the pens of Navarra Media. A further mountain line will take us from west to east across Álava from Sierra Salvada to Toloño and ending in the Sierra de estos establecimientos dependen principalmente del tipo Codés on the border with Navarra. We will end by returning to the northern slopes of the Pyrenees and will study the organisation of the mountain space in Lapurdi, Baja Navarra and Zuberoa from a rather different perspective. == Carranza mountains == === Cabins and huts === On the southern upland of the Carranza Valley (B) next to the Sierra de pastoreo y Ordunte grazing land, the shepherds’ cabins are small rectangular constructions around three metres long by two metres wide: their walls are made out of sandstone and the only opening is the entrance doorway. The gables support the beam that forms the top of the roof. Other beams, the girders, run parallel to the top one and with the rafters on top. Stone slabs are placed on top of this wooden framework and form the gable roof. The entrance doorway with stone or wood borders is in one of the gables and, sometimes, is in one of the side walls. The doorway was closed using a stone slab or, formerly, a door made out of ''bardanasca'', i.e., intertwined hazel sticks. There were no divisions inside the cabin. The hearth was in one of the corners and the rest of the area was used for the ''camareta'', where the shepherds would sleep and which was separated from the fire by a large piece of wood, the ''palanca'', which in turn was used for sitting in front of the flames. The ''camareta'' was usually made out of hazel sticks, around 5 cms apart, and placed on two parallel planks. Heather and short grass known locally as ''pelo ratón'' [mouse hair] were laid on top. They changed the grass every 20 days or so to try to control fleas; they would reap the grass using a ''dallo'', i.e., a scythe. ''Hojones'' or corn husks brought up from home would sometimes be put on top of the heather. Those stone cabins, which were mainly located on the higher ground of the Sierra de la actividad que realiza el pastorOrdunte mountains, were earlier shared by three or four shepherds; more recently, before them fell into disuse, only one shepherd would sleep in a cabin. They were abandoned in the mid 1960s which coincided with the wolf dying out. Another more basic type of cabin was built using poles and sods of earth. Two sloping wooden planks were stood on the ground and formed a triangle on each of the sides. They were joined by another horizontal plank that was the top of the roof. The gables were closed by walls made out of clods of turf and leaving a small gap as the door. The gable roof consisted of intertwined sticks known as ''bardanasca'' on which clods of turf with the grass pointing downwards would be placed. Some shepherds would finish the roof with a layer of ''cagolitas'' or sheep dung to make it better waterproofed. The pens were next to or nearby the cabins. They were enclosures mainly built out of stone, although they were also constructed using pallets or ''bardanasca. ''They were used to keep the flocks safe at night and to milk the ewes when they were still lactating on the mountain.
En este capítulo se ofrece una visión de conjunto de las construcciones requeridas para el cuidado y la explotación del ganado fuera del entorno domésticoThese constructions were even more haphazard in the north of the valley, on the spurs of Mount Armañón (865 metres). El mejor camino para lograr este objetivo será recorrer las cadenas montañosas de Vasconia y analizar someramente las edificaciones e instalaciones de que se componen sus majadasThere were built using hazel wood. Two forked poles were dug into the ground opposite each other and a third one then placed across them as the top of the roof. As many sloping poles as possible formed the sides; ''monchinos, ''a type of heather, were placed on them and then ''césperes, ''clods of turf with the grass facing downwards; and they were topped with a thin layer of earth.
En nuestro caso el recorrido se iniciará en los montes de Carranza en el extremo occidental de Bizkaia e irá primeramente de oeste a este por toda la cadena montañosa que marca la divisoria de aguas (Gorbea, Anboto, Aizkorri, Aralar) con las sierras que se adentran en Bizkaia (AramotzThree shepherds could sleep inside. The most comfortable place was in the centre, Oiz) y Gipuzkoa (Izarraitz, Ernio). Seguidamente nos detendremos en el complejo formado por Andia-Urbasa-Entzia para abordar luego los establecimientos pastoriles en el Pirineo Navarro desde el Valle de Baztan hasta el de Roncalas that person could even sit upright. Abandonando el Pirineo descenderemos hasta las Bardenas Reales describiendo los refugios que encontremos en las corralizas de la Navarra MediaThe shepherds on the side always had to be lying down as otherwise their heads hit the roofs and bits of earth and heather fell on them.
En una segunda línea montañosa recorreremos Álava de poniente a oriente desde Sierra Salvada hasta Toloño terminando en la Sierra de Codés en el límite con NavarraThe shepherds had to build these cabins every year as the structures did not withstand the harsh winter; they were often knocked over by the ''monchina'' cows. There were erected on the highest part of the mountain, on the peak or close to it, on the pasture land. At nightfall, each shepherd gathered his flock near to the cabin where it stayed all night; they did not enclose them in pens. Por último volveremos al Pirineo en su vertiente septentrional y desde una perspectiva algo distinta estudiaremos la organización del espacio de montaña en LapurdiWhen the shepherds woke up in the morning, Baja Navarra y Zuberoathe ewes had usually wandered off to graze.<div class="subindice">Apartados:=== [[Montes_de_Carranza|Montes de Carranza]] ====== [[Sierra_de_Gorbea1|Sierra de Gorbea]] ====== [[Sierras_de_Anboto_y_Aramotz|Sierras de Anboto y Aramotz]] ====== [[Monte_Oiz|Monte Oiz]] ====== [[Sierra_de_Aizkorri|Sierra de Aizkorri]] ====== [[Sierra_de_Izarraitz_y_Ernio|Sierra de Izarraitz y Ernio]] ====== [[Sierra_de_Aralar|Sierra de Aralar]] ====== [[Sierra_de_Urbasa|Sierra de Urbasa]] ====== [[Sierra_de_Andia|Sierra de Andia]] ====== [[Sierra_de_Entzia|Sierra de Entzia]] ====== [[Pirineo_navarro|Pirineo navarro]] ====== [[Navarra_Media_y_Bardenas|Navarra Media y Bardenas]] ====== [[Montes_de_Alava|Montes de Álava]] ====== [[Pais_Vasco_continental_La_organizacion_del_espacio_en_la_montaña|País Vasco continental: La organización del espacio en la montaña]] === </div>{{DISPLAYTITLE: XII. ESTABLECIMIENTOS PASTORILES DE MONTAÑAMOUNTAIN PASTORAL ESTABLISHMENTS}} {{#bookTitle:Ganadería y pastoreo en VasconiaLivestock Farming and Shepherding in the Basque Country |Ganaderia_y_pastoreo_en_vasconia/en}}
Texto reemplazado: «{{#bookTitle:Livestock Farming and Shepherding in the Basque Country|Casa_y_familia_en_vasconia/en}}» por «{{#bookTitle:Livestock Farming and Shepherding in the Basque Country | Ganaderia_y_pastoreo_en_vasconia/en}}»
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