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= LANDSCAPE =
== I. [[EL_PAISAJE_AGRARIO/en|THE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE]] ==
=== [[#Paisaje_agrario_de_Alava|Agricultural landscape of Álava]] ===
=== [[#Paisaje_agrario_de_Navarra|Agricultural landscape of NavarraNavarre]] ===
=== [[#Paisaje_agrario_de_Bizkaia|Agricultural landscape of Bizkaia]] ===
=== [[#Paisaje_agrario_de_Gipuzkoa|Agricultural landscape of Gipuzkoa]] ===
=== [[#Paysages_d_Iparralde_trois_regards|Landscapes of the Northern Basque Country (lying within France): three aspects]] ===
 
==== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea_de_Alava|Álava Mediterranean watershed]] ====
==== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea_de_Navarra|Navarra Navarre Mediterranean watershed]] ====
==== [[#Vertiente_atlantica|Atlantic watershed]] ====
 
== IV. [[PREPARACION_DE_LA_TIERRA_DE_CULTIVO/en|PREPARING PREPARATION OF THE CULTIVATED LAND]] ==
=== [[#Primera_roturacion_de_un_terreno|First ploughing of a piece of land]] ===
==== [[#Preparacion_de_tierras_en_barbecho|Preparing the fallow land]] ====
==== [[#Preparacion_de_las_tierras_de_cultivo|Preparing Preparation of the cultivated land]] ====
**The Mediterranean side of the watershed**The Atlantic side of the watershed
=== [[#El_abonado|Fertilising]] ===
***Growing tobacco in Gipuzkoa
***The seedbedsSeedbeds***The growersGrowers
***Growing tobacco in Navarra
**Álava Mediterranean watershed: reaping, hauling, threshing, tossing, storing grain and straw; harvesting today and baling
**Navarra Navarre Mediterranean watershed: reaping, hauling, threshing, tossing, storing grain and straw; harvesting today and baling
**Atlantic watershed: reaping, threshing, tossing; storage
**Harvesting cereal today
**Beans and pods
**Broad beans, ''baba''
**Peas
**Chickpeas and lentils
**Bizkaia
**Gipuzkoa
**NavarraNavarre
==== [[#Decadencia_de_los_molinos|Decline of the mills]] ====
==== [[#Los_componentes_de_un_molino_harinero|The components Components of a flour mill]] ====
==== [[#La_molienda_ehotzea|Milling]] ====
***Haystacks
=== [[#El_inicio_de_los_cambios|The start Start of the changes]] ===
=== [[#La_transformacion_de_los_años_1960|Changes in the 1960s]] ===
==== [[#Siega_mecanica|Mechanical harvesting]] ====
==== [[#Los_primeros_tractores|The first First tractors]] ====
==== [[#Enfardado|Baling]] ====
=== [[#Otros_forrajes|Other forage]] ===
==== [[#Area_atlantica|The Atlantic side of the watershed]] ====
==== [[#Area_mediterranea|The Mediterranean side of the watershed]] ====
 
== VIII. [[CULTIVO_DE_LINO_Y_CAÑAMO/en|GROWING CULTURE OF FLAX AND HEMP]] ==
=== [[#El_antiguo_cultivo_del_lino|The traditional Traditional flax crop of flax]] ===
=== [[#El_lino_en_el_paisaje_agrario|Flax in the farmed landscape]] ===
= FRUIT TREES. OLIVES AND VINES =
== IX. [[CULTIVO_DE_ARBOLES_FRUTALES/en|GROWING CULTURE OF FRUIT TREES]] ==
=== [[#Introduccion1|Introduction]] ===
=== [[#Cultivo_de_arboles_frutales|Growing Culture of fruit trees]] ===
==== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea1|Mediterranean watershed]] ====
 
== X. [[CULTIVO_DEL_OLIVO_Y_LA_VID/en|GROWING OLIVES CULTURE OF OLIVE TREES AND VINES]] ==
=== [[#El_olivo_olibondoa|The olivetree]] ===
==== [[#Zonas_olivareras|Olive-growing areas]] ====
***Pests
==== [[#Cultivo_de_la_vid_en_la_vertiente_atlantica._Txakolina|Vine growing on the Atlantic watershed. ''Txakolina'']] ====
**Traditional vine growing
 
== XI. [[PRODUCCION_DE_ACEITE_VINO_TXAKOLI_Y_SIDRA/en|PRODUCTION OF OIL, WINE, TXAKOLI TXAKOLIN AND CIDER]] ==
=== [[#Aceite_olioa|Oil]] ===
**Changes to the wines
**''Garapitero'' or wine duty collector
==== [[#Vendimia_actual_en_la_vertiente_mediterranea|The grape harvest today on the Mediterranean watershed]] ====
**Types of reds
==== [[#Otras_bebidas|Other beverages]] ====
=== [[#Txakoli|TxakoliTxakolin]] ===
==== [[#Vendimia_mahats-biltzea_mahats-batzea|Grape harvest]] ====
==== [[#El_arado_en_Vasconia_continental|The plough in the Northern Basque Country]] ====
**''Nabarra''**''Goldea''**''Goldenabarra''**''Adareta''**''Urdamuturra''**''Golde itzulkorra''
**Swivel plough
==== [[#El_arado_en_Vasconia_peninsular|The plough in the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)]] ====
**Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia
***Nabarra or knife to cut the ground
***''Exa''***''Golde txikia''. ''Golde nagusia'' or swivel plough
**Álava and NavarraNavarre
=== [[#Herramientas_para_romper_terrones|Tools to break up clods]] ===
=== [[#Aperos_para_desmenuzar_y_alisar_la_tierra|Implements to break up and smooth the soil]] ===
==== [[#Rastras._Zaranda|Rakes. ''Zaranda'']] ====
==== [[#Area_are_handia|Aerator, ''are handia'']] ====
==== [[#Arralda._Hesia._Trapa._Narria|''Arralda''. ''Hesia''. ''Trapa''. ''Narria''. Digging implements]] ====
==== [[#Alperra_rodillo|''Alperra'', roller]] ====
=== [[#Aperos_para_hacer_surcos|Implements to make furrows]] ===
=== [[#Arados_de_puas|Spike ploughs]] ===
==== [[#Itailak|''Itailak'']] ====
==== [[#Nabasaia._Lauhortza|''Nabasaia. Lauhortza'']] ====
==== [[#Tragaz|''Tragaz'']] ====
==== [[#Plane|''Plané'']] ====
==== [[#Makatza|''Makatza'']] ====
==== [[#Grada|Disk plough]] ====
**Names
**''Zoqueta'' hand protector
==== [[#Guadaña_dallo_sega_kodaina|Scythe]] ====
=== [[#Instrumentos_para_desbrozar|Clearing instruments]] ===
==== [[#Aihotza_podadera|''Aihotza'', pruning hook]] ====
==== [[#Rozon|Sickle]] ====
==== [[#Belagoia|''Belagoia'']] ====
=== [[#Instrumentos_para_trabajar_con_el_estiercol|Instruments to work with manure]] ===
=== [[#Instrumentos_para_desgranar_el_trigo_y_el_maiz|Instruments to thresh wheat and corn]] ===
==== [[#Mayal_trailua_txibita|''Mayal, trailua, txibita'']] ====
==== [[#Piedra_de_trillar_trigo_ogia_jotzeko_harria|Wheat threshing stones]] ====
**Wedge
==== [[#Sierra_zerra._Serrucho|Saw, ''zerra'' . Handsaw]] ====
**Mitre saw
**Felling trees using a mitre saw
**''Arpana''. Saw for timber
**Sawhorse
=== [[#Utiles_para_la_recogida_de_frutas|Utensils for harvesting fruit]] ===
==== [[#Vara_haga_kakoa|Pole, ''haga, kakoa'']] ====
==== [[#Pinzas|Pincers]] ====
==== [[#Transporte_a_hombros|Transporting on shoulders]] ====
**''Antzadila''. Very flexible green branchesVelorto.**''Kakola''**SheetsSábanos. ''Maniriak''
==== [[#Instrumentos_de_transporte|Transport instruments]] ====
**Baskets: ''saskia, zarea, zarana. Carpancho, cunacho'' , large baskets. Hampers and esparto grass baskets. ''Otarria, otzarea''
**Hand biers
**Handcart
=== [[#Introduccion2|Introduction]] ===
=== [[#El_cuerpo_humano_patron_de_medida|The human body, as a yardstick]] ===
=== [[#Medidas_de_longitud|Length measurements]] ===
 
== XV. [[TRANSPORTE_ANIMAL._EL_CARRO_GURDIA/en|ANIMAL TRANSPORT. THE CART, ''GURDIA'']] ==
=== [[#El_carro_gurdia._La_galera|The cart. The hay wagon]] ===
==== [[#Iparralde_Sara_Donoztiri_Uhartehiri_Garazi_Liginaga|Northern Basque Country: Sara, Donoztiri, Uhartehiri, Garazi, Liginaga]] ====
==== [[#Navarra_Bera_Urdiain_Amescoa_Aoiz_Valle_de_Arce_y_Oroz-Betelu_Viana_San_Martin_de_Unx_Obanos_Muez_y_Ugar_Valle_de_Roncal_Valtierra_Carcar|NavarraNavarre: Bera, Urdiain, Améscoa, Aoiz, Valle de Arce y and Oroz-Betelu, Viana, San Martín de Unx, Obanos, Muez y and Ugar, Valle de Roncal, Valtierra, Cárcar]] ====
==== [[#Alava_Valderejo_Bernedo_Moreda_Abezia_Apodaka_Treviño_y_La_Puebla_de_Arganzon_Berganzo_Pipaon_y_Ribera_Alta_Argandoña|Álava: Valderejo, Bernedo, Moreda, Abezia, Apodaka, Treviño y and La Puebla de Arganzón, Berganzo, Pipaón y and Ribera Alta, Argandoña]] ====
==== [[#Gipuzkoa_Berastegi_Beasain_Hondarribia_Elgoibar_Telleriarte_Zerain|Gipuzkoa: Berastegi, Beasain, Hondarribia, Elgoibar, Telleriarte, Zerain]] ====
==== [[#Bizkaia_Gautegiz_Arteaga_Abadiño_Amorebieta-Etxano_Bedarona_Urduliz_Valle_de_Carranza|Bizkaia: Gautegiz Arteaga, Abadiño, Amorebieta-Etxano, Bedarona, Urduliz, Valle de Carranza]] ====
=== [[#La_narria_lera|The rustic sled, ''lera'']] ===
==== [[#Iparralde|Northern Basque Country]] ====
==== [[#Navarra1|NavarraNavarre]] ====
==== [[#Alava1|Álava]] ====
 
== XVI. [[LA_MECANIZACION_DE_LA_AGRICULTURA/en|THE MECHANISATION OF AGRICULTURE]] ==
=== [[#Introduccion3|Introduction]] ===
=== [[#Propiedad_comunal_y_su_aprovechamiento|Communal property and its use]] ===
==== [[#Arrendamiento_de_comunales|Leasing commonsCommon property and its use]] ====
==== [[#Otros_usos_del_monte_comunal|Other uses of common upland]] ====
=== [[#Tierras_de_Misericordia_y_Arca_de_Misericordia|Tierras de Misericordia and Arca de Misericordia (ecclesiastic Ecclesiastic and secular wheat bank Secular Land and Wheat Bank in time Time of hardshipHardship)]] ===
=== [[#Propietarios_que_explotan_directamente_sus_tierras|Owners who directly farmed their land]] ===
=== [[#Situacion_hoy_dia|Situation today]] ===
=== [[#Imbricacion_de_propiedad_comunal_y_propiedad_privada|Overlapping of communal common and private property]] ===
==== [[#Tiempo_de_derrota|Time of ruin]] ====
==== [[#Proteccion_contra_los_pajaros._Espantapajaros_txorimaloa_txori-jabolea|Protecting against birds. Scarecrows]] ====
=== [[#Ritos_y_practicas_simbolicas_fuegos_solsticiales|Rites Symbolic customs and symbolic customsrites: solstice fires]] ===
==== [[#Practicas_en_torno_a_la_fiesta_de_san_Juan_Bautista|Customs around St. John the Baptist's Feast Day]] ====