127 728
ediciones
Cambios
sin resumen de edición
= LANDSCAPE =
== I. [[EL_PAISAJE_AGRARIO/en|THE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE]] ==
=== [[##Paisaje_agrario_de_Alava|Agricultural landscape of Álava]] ===
=== [[##Paisaje_agrario_de_Navarra|Agricultural landscape of NavarraNavarre]] ===
=== [[##Paisaje_agrario_de_Bizkaia|Agricultural landscape of Bizkaia]] ===
=== [[##Paisaje_agrario_de_Gipuzkoa|Agricultural landscape of Gipuzkoa]] ===
=== [[##Paysages_d_Iparralde_trois_regards|Landscapes of the Northern Basque Country (lying within France): three aspects]] ===&emspensp;
== II. [[TERRENOS_CULTIVADOS/en|FARMED LANDS]] ==
=== [[##Clases_calidad_y_cultivos_de_las_tierras|Land types, quality and crops]] ===
==== [[#Consideraciones_generales1|General points]] ====
==== [[#La_concentracion_parcelaria|Land consolidation]] ====
=== [[##Situacion_y_separacion_entre_heredades|Situation and separation between fields]] ===
==== [[#Cerramientos_de_muros_de_piedra._Itxiturak|Stone walls]] ====
==== [[##Heredades_predominantemente_abiertas|Predominantly open fields]] ====
==== [[##Cerramientos_actuales|Existing enclosures]] ====
==== [[#Amojonamiento._Mugarriak|Marking of boundaries]] ====
==== [[##Lindes_naturales|Natural boundaries]] ====
=== [[##Caminos_vecinales_auzobideak|Local roads]] ===
=== [[#Lugares_de_reunion._Areas_de_contactos_sociales|Meeting places. Social contact areas]] ===
=== [[##Apendice_Mojones_de_jurisdiccion_herri_arteko_mugarriak|Appendix: Jurisdiction boundary stones]] ===&emspensp;
= CROPS =
== III. [[DISTRIBUCION_Y_ROTACION_DE_CULTIVOS._CALENDARIO_AGRICOLA/en|CROP DISTRIBUTION AND ROTATION. FARMING YEAR]] ==
=== [[##Consideraciones_generales2|General points]] ===
==== [[##Dias_y_periodos_de_cultivo|Growth periods and days]] ====
==== [[##Influencia_de_la_luna|Influence of the moon]] ====
=== [[##Distribucion_de_los_cultivos_en_los_distintos_tipos_de_heredades|Crop distribution in the different types of fields]] ===
=== [[##Rotacion_de_cultivos|Crop rotation]] ===
=== [[##Calendario_agricola|Farming year]] ===
==== [[##Vertiente_mediterranea_de_Alava|Álava Mediterranean watershed]] ====
==== [[##Vertiente_mediterranea_de_Navarra|Navarra Navarre Mediterranean watershed]] ====
==== [[##Vertiente_atlantica|Atlantic watershed]] ====
==== [[##Ciclo_de_cada_cultivo|Cycle of each crop]] ====
=== [[##Las_semillas_haziak|Seeds]] ===
==== [[##Seleccion_de_semillas|Seed selectionSelecting the seeds]] ====
==== [[##Obtencion_y_conservacion_de_semillas|Obtaining and preserving seeds]] ====
==== [[##Preparacion_de_semillas_para_la_siembra|Preparing seeds for sowing]] ====
==== [[##Preparacion_de_semilleros_o_sementeras|Preparing seedbeds or sowings]] ====
=== [[##Apendice_Refranes_relacionados_con_la_agricultura._Esaerak|Appendix: Sayings to do with agriculture]] ===&emspensp;
== IV. [[PREPARACION_DE_LA_TIERRA_DE_CULTIVO/en|PREPARING PREPARATION OF THE CULTIVATED LAND]] ==
=== [[##Primera_roturacion_de_un_terreno|First ploughing of a piece of land]] ===
==== [[##Roturacion_de_monte_bajo_o_con_arbolado|Ploughing scrubland or woodland]] ====
==== [[##Roturacion_de_terrenos_de_pasto|Ploughing pastureland]] ====
==== [[##Tecnicas_modernas|Modern techniques]] ====
=== [[##La_tierra_de_labor|Arable land]] ===
==== [[##Preparacion_de_tierras_en_barbecho|Preparing the fallow land]] ====
==== [[##Preparacion_de_las_tierras_de_cultivo|Preparing Preparation of the cultivated land]] ====
**The Mediterranean side of the watershed**The Atlantic side of the watershed
=== [[##El_abonado|Fertilising]] ===
==== [[##Estiercol|Manure]] ====
**Mediterranean watershed
**Atlantic watershed
==== [[##Abonos_minerales_y_de_sintesis|Mineral and synthetic fertilisers]] ====
**Mediterranean watershed
**Atlantic watershed
==== [[##Compost_y_abonos_verdes|Compost and organic fertilisers]] ====
=== [[##El_uso_de_la_ceniza_errautsa|Use of ash]] ===
=== [[##El_encalado|Liming]] ===
==== [[##Produccion_de_cal._Kareharria|Lime production]] ====
==== [[##Uso_agricola_de_la_cal|Agricultural use of lime]] ====&emspensp;
== V. [[SIEMBRA_Y_CUIDADOS_DE_LOS_CULTIVOS/en|SOWING AND CARING FOR THE CROPS]] ==
=== [[##Siembra_y_plantacion_ereitea_eta_landatzea|Sowing and planting]] ===
=== [[##Diversidad_de_cultivos|Crop diversity]] ===
=== [[##Cultivos_para_consumo_humano|Crops for human consumption]] ===
==== [[##Cereales|Cereals]] ====
**Wheat
**Corn
==== [[##Legumbres_ortuariak|Pulses and beans]] ====
**Beans
**Chickpeas, lentils and ''aizkol''
==== [[##Hortalizas_subterraneas|Underground vegetables]] ====
**Roots: carrot, parsley and beetroot
***Garlic
==== [[##Hortalizas_aereas|Above ground vegetables]] ====
**Leaves
***Aubergines
==== [[##Plantas_medicinales|Medicinal plants]] ====
==== [[##Drogas|Drugs]] ====
**Tobacco
***Growing tobacco in Gipuzkoa
***The seedbedsSeedbeds***The growersGrowers
***Growing tobacco in Navarra
**Marihuana
=== [[##Cultivos_para_el_ganado|Crops for livestock]] ===
==== [[##Cereales2|Cereals]] ====
**Oats
**Corn
==== [[##Leguminosas|Legumes]] ====
==== [[##Menucias|Small fruit]] ====
==== [[##Hortalizas_forrajeras|Forage vegetables]] ====
**Turnips
=== [[#Cultivo_de_plantas_ornamentales|Ornamental plant crops]] ===
=== [[##Cuidados_de_los_cultivos|Caring for the crops]] ===
==== [[##Escarda_jorra|Weeding]] ====
**Cereals
==== [[#Riego|Irrigation]] ====
&emspensp;
== VI. [[RECOLECCION_DE_LOS_CULTIVOS_Y_CONSERVACION/en|CROP HARVESTING AND PRESERVATION]] ==
**Álava Mediterranean watershed: reaping, hauling, threshing, tossing, storing grain and straw; harvesting today and baling
**Navarra Navarre Mediterranean watershed: reaping, hauling, threshing, tossing, storing grain and straw; harvesting today and baling
**Atlantic watershed: reaping, threshing, tossing; storage
**Harvesting cereal today
**Beans and pods
**Broad beans, ''baba''
**Peas
**Chickpeas and lentils
**Leeks; onions and garlic
=== [[##Recoleccion_de_cultivos_para_el_ganado|Crops for livestock]] ===
==== [[#Hortalizas_forrajeras_rec_ganado|Forage vegetables]] ====
**Potatoes
=== [[#Conservacion|Storage and preservationStoring]] ===
=== [[##Molinos_harineros_errotak|Flour mills]] ===
==== [[#Introduccion|Introduction]] ====
**Bizkaia
**Gipuzkoa
**NavarraNavarre
==== [[##Decadencia_de_los_molinos|Decline of the mills]] ====
==== [[#Los_componentes_de_un_molino_harinero|The components Components of a flour mill]] ====
==== [[##La_molienda_ehotzea|Milling]] ====
==== [[#Calendario_del_molino|Milling year]] ====
==== [[#Molinos_vecinales_o_comunales|Communal and neighbourhood mills]] ====
&emspensp;
== VII. [[LA_HIERBA_Y_OTROS_FORRAJES/en|GRASS AND OTHER FORAGE]] ==
=== [[#La_hierba_en_la_cultura_tradicional|Grass in the traditional culture]] ===
==== [[##Creacion_y_mantenimiento_de_prados|Meadow creation and upkeep]] ====
**Enclosing, ploughing and cultivation
***Haystacks
=== [[##El_inicio_de_los_cambios|The start Start of the changes]] ===
=== [[##La_transformacion_de_los_años_1960|Changes in the 1960s]] ===
==== [[#Ensilado|Silage]] ====
==== [[#Siega_mecanica|Mechanical harvesting]] ====
==== [[#Los_primeros_tractores|The first First tractors]] ====
==== [[#Enfardado|Baling]] ====
=== [[#Mecanizacion_progresiva|Progressive mechanisation]] ===
==== [[##Mecanizacion_de_la_recoleccion_de_la_hierba|Mechanisation of grass harvesting]] ====
==== [[#Cambios_en_la_ganaderia_asociados_a_la_mecanizacion|Changes in livestock farming associated with mechanisation]] ====
=== [[#Otros_forrajes|Other forage]] ===
==== [[#Area_atlantica|The Atlantic side of the watershed]] ====
==== [[#Area_mediterranea|The Mediterranean side of the watershed]] ====&emspensp;
== VIII. [[CULTIVO_DE_LINO_Y_CAÑAMO/en|GROWING CULTURE OF FLAX AND HEMP]] ==
=== [[#El_antiguo_cultivo_del_lino|The traditional Traditional flax crop of flax]] ===
=== [[#El_lino_en_el_paisaje_agrario|Flax in the farmed landscape]] ===
==== [[#Arranque_y_ablandamiento_ateratzea_eta_beratzea|Pulling up and softening]] ====
==== [[##Desespigar_garramatu_azkarbaketa|Threshing flax seeds]] ====
==== [[#El_empozado_del_lino_lihoa_urtaratu|Soaking flax]] ====
==== [[#La_carda_txarrasketa|Teasing]] ====
=== [[##Hilado_harigintza|Spinning]] ===
==== [[#La_rueca._Goruetan|Spinning wheel]] ====
==== [[##El_huso_ardatza|Spindle]] ====
==== [[#Madejado_matazak_egitea|Skeining]] ====
=== [[#El_esparto|Esparto grass]] ===
&emspensp;
= FRUIT TREES. OLIVES AND VINES =
== IX. [[CULTIVO_DE_ARBOLES_FRUTALES/en|GROWING CULTURE OF FRUIT TREES]] ==
=== [[#Introduccion1|Introduction]] ===
=== [[#Cultivo_de_arboles_frutales|Growing Culture of fruit trees]] ===
==== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea1|Mediterranean watershed]] ====
=== [[#Injertado_txertatzea_eztitzea|Grafting]] ===
=== [[##Cuidados|Care]] ===
=== [[##Recoleccion_conservacion_y_aprovechamiento_de_la_fruta|Harvesting, storing and use of the fruit]] ===&emspensp;
== X. [[CULTIVO_DEL_OLIVO_Y_LA_VID/en|GROWING OLIVES CULTURE OF OLIVE TREES AND VINES]] ==
=== [[##El_olivo_olibondoa|The olivetree]] ===
==== [[##Zonas_olivareras|Olive-growing areas]] ====
==== [[##Plantacion|Planting]] ====
==== [[#Variedades_que_se_plantan|Varieties that are planted]] ====
***Summer
==== [[##Trasplante|Transplanting]] ====
=== [[##La_vid_mahatsondoa|Vines]] ===
==== [[#Antecedentes_historicos1|Historical background]] ====
***Pests
==== [[#Cultivo_de_la_vid_en_la_vertiente_atlantica._Txakolina|Vine growing on the Atlantic watershed. ''Txakolina'']] ====
**Traditional vine growing
**Trained vines
**Tasks to care for the vines
&emspensp;
== XI. [[PRODUCCION_DE_ACEITE_VINO_TXAKOLI_Y_SIDRA/en|PRODUCTION OF OIL, WINE, TXAKOLI TXAKOLIN AND CIDER]] ==
=== [[#Aceite_olioa|Oil]] ===
==== [[#Trujal_del_Reten_de_la_Iglesia|Retén de la Iglesia olive oil press]] ====
==== [[##Trujal_de_Tomas_Laguardia|Tomás Laguardia olive oil press]] ====
=== [[#Vino_ardoa|Wine]] ===
**Changes to the wines
**''Garapitero'' or wine duty collector
==== [[#Vendimia_actual_en_la_vertiente_mediterranea|The grape harvest today on the Mediterranean watershed]] ====
**Types of reds
==== [[#Otras_bebidas|Other beverages]] ====
=== [[#Txakoli|TxakoliTxakolin]] ===
==== [[##Vendimia_mahats-biltzea_mahats-batzea|Grape harvest]] ====
==== [[##Prensado_lagar_dolarea|Pressing: the wine press]] ====
==== [[##Transformaciones_contemporaneas|Contemporary changes]] ====
==== [[#Consejos_reguladores_y_denominaciones_de_origen._Jatorri_izenak|Regulatory boards and denominations of origin]] ====
=== [[#Sidra_sagardoa|Cider]] ===
==== [[##Antecedentes_historicos2|Historical background]] ====
==== [[#La_manzana_y_su_cultivo|Apples and their growing]] ====
**Bottling
==== [[##Alteraciones_de_la_sidra|Changes to the cider]] ====
**Acidity
==== [[#Manifestaciones_festivas_y_culturales_asociadas_a_la_sidra._Sagardotegiak|Cultural and festive events associated with cider]] ====
==== [[##Bebidas_derivadas_de_la_sidra|Drinks from cider]] ====
=== [[##Apendice_1_Regulacion_de_una_bodega_cooperativa|Appendix 1: Regulations of a cooperative winery]] ===
=== [[##Apendice_2_Fabricacion_de_toneles|Appendix 2: Barrel manufacturing]] ===&emspensp;
= FARM TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS =
=== [[#Aperos_para_trabajar_la_tierra|Implements for working the land]] ===
==== [[##Layas_laiak|Spades]] ====
==== [[##Azada_aitzurra_y_sus_clases|Hoes and their types]] ====
**Hay hooks
==== [[#El_arado_en_Vasconia_continental|The plough in the Northern Basque Country]] ====
**''Nabarra''**''Goldea''**''Goldenabarra''**''Adareta''**''Urdamuturra''**''Golde itzulkorra''
**Swivel plough
==== [[#El_arado_en_Vasconia_peninsular|The plough in the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)]] ====
**Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia
***Nabarra or knife to cut the ground
***''Exa''***''Golde txikia''. ''Golde nagusia'' or swivel plough
**Álava and NavarraNavarre
=== [[#Herramientas_para_romper_terrones|Tools to break up clods]] ===
=== [[##Aperos_para_desmenuzar_y_alisar_la_tierra|Implements to break up and smooth the soil]] ===
==== [[#Rastras._Zaranda|Rakes. ''Zaranda'']] ====
==== [[#Area_are_handia|Aerator, ''are handia'']] ====
==== [[##Arralda._Hesia._Trapa._Narria|''Arralda''. ''Hesia''. ''Trapa''. ''Narria''. Digging implements]] ====
==== [[#Alperra_rodillo|''Alperra'', roller]] ====
=== [[##Aperos_para_hacer_surcos|Implements to make furrows]] ===
==== [[#Cultivador|Cultivator]] ====
==== [[##Markoa_marcador|Markoa, marker]] ====
=== [[#Arados_de_puas|Spike ploughs]] ===
==== [[#Itailak|''Itailak'']] ====
==== [[#Nabasaia._Lauhortza|''Nabasaia. Lauhortza'']] ====
==== [[#Tragaz|''Tragaz'']] ====
==== [[##Plane|''Plané'']] ====
==== [[#Makatza|''Makatza'']] ====
==== [[##Grada|Disk plough]] ====
=== [[#Instrumentos_para_la_siega|Reaping instruments]] ===
**Names
**''Zoqueta'' hand protector
==== [[#Guadaña_dallo_sega_kodaina|Scythe]] ====
**Names
==== [[##Instrumentos_para_afilar_guadañas_y_hoces|Instruments to sharpen scythes and sickles]] ====
==== [[##Piedra_de_afilar._Zorrotzarria.|Sharpening stone]] ====
==== [[#Instrumentos_para_afilar_diversos_aperos_geztera|Instruments to sharpen different implements]] ====
=== [[#Instrumentos_para_la_recogida_de_la_mies_y_la_hierba|Instruments to collect crops and grass]] ===
==== [[##Horca_sardea|Pitchfork]] ====
==== [[##Horcon._Bieldo|Large pitchfork. Hayfork]] ====
==== [[#Horca_de_hierro|Iron pitchfork]] ====
==== [[##Horca_metalica_de_puas_curvas._Sarde-aitzurra|Metal pitchfork with curved spikes]] ====
==== [[##Arpa|Sacking]] ====
==== [[##Rastrillo_arrastelua_eskubera._Rastro|Small rake. Rake]] ====
==== [[##Enfardadora_manual|Manual baler]] ====
==== [[#Gancho._Makoa|Hook]] ====
=== [[#Instrumentos_para_desbrozar|Clearing instruments]] ===
==== [[##Aihotza_podadera|''Aihotza'', pruning hook]] ====
==== [[#Rozon|Sickle]] ====
==== [[##Belagoia|''Belagoia'']] ====
=== [[##Instrumentos_para_trabajar_con_el_estiercol|Instruments to work with manure]] ===
=== [[##Instrumentos_para_desgranar_el_trigo_y_el_maiz|Instruments to thresh wheat and corn]] ===
==== [[##Mayal_trailua_txibita|''Mayal, trailua, txibita'']] ====
==== [[#Piedra_de_trillar_trigo_ogia_jotzeko_harria|Wheat threshing stones]] ====
==== [[##Trillos|Threshers]] ====
=== [[##Instrumentos_para_aventar_el_trigo|Instruments for winnowing wheat]] ===
==== [[##Allegadera|Threshing board]] ====
==== [[##Pala_para_aventar|Winnowing blade]] ====
==== [[##Criba_cedazo_galbahea|Sieve, sifter]] ====
==== [[##Maquina_de_beldar|Winnowing fork machine]] ====
=== [[##Desgranadora_de_maiz._Artoa_jotzeko_astoa|Corn thresher]] ===
=== [[##Desgrane_de_leguminosas|Shelling legumes]] ===
=== [[##Instrumentos_para_cortar_madera|Instruments to cut wood]] ===
==== [[##Hacha_aizkora|Axe]] ====
**Double-bladed axe
**Wedge
==== [[##Sierra_zerra._Serrucho|Saw, ''zerra'' . Handsaw]] ====
**Mitre saw
**Felling trees using a mitre saw
**''Arpana''. Saw for timber
**Sawhorse
=== [[##Utiles_para_la_recogida_de_frutas|Utensils for harvesting fruit]] ===
==== [[##Vara_haga_kakoa|Pole, ''haga, kakoa'']] ====
==== [[##Pinzas|Pincers]] ====
=== [[##Utiles_para_trabajar_las_vides|Utensils for looking after the vines]] ===
==== [[##Rejon_herron|Iron bar with a sharp point, iron bar]] ====
==== [[##Podon._Tajamatas|Sickle. Gardening machete]] ====
==== [[##Gancho._Corquete|Hook. Billhook]] ====
==== [[##Tijeras_de_podar_y_de_vendimiar|Harvesting and pruning shears]] ====
=== [[##Utiles_de_transporte|Transport tools]] ===
==== [[##Transporte_a_hombros|Transporting on shoulders]] ====
**''Antzadila''. Very flexible green branchesVelorto.**''Kakola''**SheetsSábanos. ''Maniriak''
==== [[##Instrumentos_de_transporte|Transport instruments]] ====
**Baskets: ''saskia, zarea, zarana. Carpancho, cunacho'' , large baskets. Hampers and esparto grass baskets. ''Otarria, otzarea''
**Hand biers
**Handcart
=== [[##Apendice_Almadias|Appendix: Timber rafts]] ===&emspensp;
== XIII. [[UNIDADES_DE_MEDIDA/en|MEASUREMENTS MEASUREMENT UNITS]] ==
=== [[##Introduccion2|Introduction]] ===
=== [[##El_cuerpo_humano_patron_de_medida|The human body, as a yardstick]] ===
=== [[##Medidas_de_longitud|Length measurements]] ===
==== [[##Utensilios_de_medidas_de_longitud|Length measurement instruments]] ====
=== [[##Medidas_de_superficie|Surface measurements]] ===
=== [[##Medidas_ponderales|Weight measurements]] ===
==== [[##Utensilios_de_pesaje|Weighing instruments]] ====
=== [[##Medidas_de_capacidad_y_utensilios_para_aridos|Capacity measurements and instruments for aggregates]] ===
=== [[##Medidas_de_capacidad_para_liquidos|Capacity measurements for liquids]] ===
=== [[##Medidas_relacionadas_con_la_venta_de_madera_y_el_acarreo_de_hierba|Measurements related to the sale of timber and the grass transporting]] ===
=== [[##Transformaciones1|Changes]] ===
=== [[##Equivalencias|Equivalents]] ===&emspensp;
= WORKFORCE =
== XIV. [[MANO_DE_OBRA_Y_FUERZA_EMPLEADA_EN_LA_AGRICULTURA/en|WORKFORCE AND ANIMAL POWER USED IN AGRICULTURE]] ==
=== [[##Fuerza_humana|Human power]] ===
==== [[##El_trabajo_en_comun_de_la_familia|Shared work of the family]] ====
==== [[##Labores_mas_propias_del_hombre|More typical work of the men]] ====
==== [[##Participacion_de_la_mujer|Women's involvement]] ====
==== [[##Tareas_de_las_personas_mayores|Tasks of the elderly]] ====
==== [[##Criado_morroia|Paid help]] ====
==== [[##El_trabajo_infantil|Children's work]] ====
=== [[##Mutua_asistencia_vecinal|Neighbours helping each other]] ===
=== [[##Contratacion_de_obreros_temporales|Contracting temporary workers]] ===
==== [[##Ajuste_de_criado_jornalero_en_la_plaza_publica|Taking on day labourers in the public square]] ====
==== [[##Temporeros_jornaletorak|Casual workers]] ====
==== [[##Transiciones|Transitions]] ====
=== [[##Prendas_de_trabajo._Jnzkerak|Work garments]] ===
==== [[##Indumentaria_masculina|Men's clothing]] ====
==== [[##Indumentaria_femenina|Women's clothing]] ====
==== [[##Calzado|Footwear]] ====
=== [[##Fuerza_animal|Animal power]] ===
==== [[##Ganado_vacuno._Uztartu|Cattle]] ====
==== [[##Ganado_caballar1|Horses]] ====
==== [[##Ganado_asnal1|Donkeys and Asses]] ====
==== [[##Hoy_dia|Nowadays]] ====
=== [[##Apendice_Condiciones_de_trabajo_de_los_jornaleros_y_precio_de_los_jornales_en_siglos_pasados_en_Viana_(N)|Appendix: Work conditions of the day labourers and day's wages in past centuries in Viana (N)]] ===&emspensp;
== XV. [[TRANSPORTE_ANIMAL._EL_CARRO_GURDIA/en|ANIMAL TRANSPORT. THE CART, ''GURDIA'']] ==
=== [[##El_carro_gurdia._La_galera|The cart. The hay wagon]] ===
==== [[##Iparralde_Sara_Donoztiri_Uhartehiri_Garazi_Liginaga|Northern Basque Country: Sara, Donoztiri, Uhartehiri, Garazi, Liginaga]] ====
==== [[##Navarra_Bera_Urdiain_Amescoa_Aoiz_Valle_de_Arce_y_Oroz-Betelu_Viana_San_Martin_de_Unx_Obanos_Muez_y_Ugar_Valle_de_Roncal_Valtierra_Carcar|NavarraNavarre: Bera, Urdiain, Améscoa, Aoiz, Valle de Arce y and Oroz-Betelu, Viana, San Martín de Unx, Obanos, Muez y and Ugar, Valle de Roncal, Valtierra, Cárcar]] ====
==== [[##Alava_Valderejo_Bernedo_Moreda_Abezia_Apodaka_Treviño_y_La_Puebla_de_Arganzon_Berganzo_Pipaon_y_Ribera_Alta_Argandoña|Álava: Valderejo, Bernedo, Moreda, Abezia, Apodaka, Treviño y and La Puebla de Arganzón, Berganzo, Pipaón y and Ribera Alta, Argandoña]] ====
==== [[##Gipuzkoa_Berastegi_Beasain_Hondarribia_Elgoibar_Telleriarte_Zerain|Gipuzkoa: Berastegi, Beasain, Hondarribia, Elgoibar, Telleriarte, Zerain]] ====
==== [[##Bizkaia_Gautegiz_Arteaga_Abadiño_Amorebieta-Etxano_Bedarona_Urduliz_Valle_de_Carranza|Bizkaia: Gautegiz Arteaga, Abadiño, Amorebieta-Etxano, Bedarona, Urduliz, Valle de Carranza]] ====
=== [[##La_narria_lera|The dray, ''lera''rustic sled]] ===
==== [[##Iparralde|Northern Basque Country]] ====
==== [[##Navarra1|NavarraNavarre]] ====
==== [[##Alava1|Álava]] ====
==== [[##Gipuzkoa1|Gipuzkoa]] ====
==== [[##Bizkaia1|Bizkaia]] ====
=== [[##El_yugo_uztarria|The yoke]] ===
==== [[##Modo_de_uncir_los_bueyes|Way of yoking the oxen]] ====
==== [[##Complementos_del_yugo|Complements of the yoke]] ====
**Tethering
**Cart rope
==== [[##Yugos_de_las_caballerias|Horse yokes]] ====
==== [[##Arneses_y_aparejos_de_los_ganados_caballar_y_asnal|Horse and ass harnesses and implements]] ====
**Pack saddle, saddlecloth and blanket
**Draw reins
==== [[##Aparejos_de_transporte|Transport implements]] ====
**Hooks
**Saddlebags. ''Astotzarak''
**Other items
&emspensp;
== XVI. [[LA_MECANIZACION_DE_LA_AGRICULTURA/en|THE MECHANISATION OF AGRICULTURE]] ==
=== [[##Introduccion3|Introduction]] ===
=== [[##La_mecanizacion_en_una_localidad_alavesa|Mechanisation in a locality of Álava]] ===
==== [[##El_arado_y_su_evolucion|The plough and its evolution]] ====
==== [[##Industrializacion_de_los_aperos_de_labranza|Industrialisation of the farm implements]] ====
==== [[##La_aparicion_del_tractor|The appearance of the tractor]] ====
=== [[##Aperos_utilizados_durante_el_ciclo_agricola|Implements used during the farming year]] ===
==== [[##Preparacion_de_la_tierra|Preparing the land]] ====
==== [[##La_siembra|Sowing]] ====
==== [[##Mantenimiento_de_los_cultivos|Care of the crops]] ====
==== [[##La_cosecha|Harvesting]] ====
=== [[##Vertiente_mediterranea2|Mediterranean watershed]] ===
=== [[##Vertiente_atlantica2|Atlantic watershed]] ===
=== [[##La_mecanizacion_hoy_dia|Mechanisation today]] ===
==== [[##Vertiente_mediterranea3|Mediterranean watershed]] ====
==== [[##Vertiente_atlantica3|Atlantic watershed]] ====
=== [[##Maquinas_en_sociedad_y_de_propiedad_colectiva|Machines in society and collective property]] ===&emspensp;
= AGRICULTURAL TRADE AND LAND OWNERSHIP =
== XVII. [[APROVECHAMIENTO_PROPIO_Y_COMERCIO_AGRICOLA/en|OWN USE AND AGRICULTURAL TRADE]] ==
=== [[##Compra_de_semillas_y_plantas._Haziak_eta_landareak|Buying seeds and plants]] ===
==== [[##Hoy_dia1|Nowadays]] ====
=== [[##Compra_de_abonos._Ongarriak|Buying fertilisers]] ===
=== [[##Fabricacion_propia_de_aperos|Making one's own Manufacturing implements]] ===
=== [[##Compra_de_aperos|Buying implements]] ===
=== [[##Reparacion_de_aperos|Repairing implements]] ===
=== [[##Mercados_y_ferias_agricolas._Plaza._Azokak|Markets and agricultural fairs]] ===
=== [[##Venta_directa._Salmentak|Direct selling]] ===
=== [[##Ferias_extraordinarias._Feriak|Special fairs]] ===
=== [[##Servicios_prestados_por_vendedores_ambulantes|Services providers by peddlers]] ===
==== [[##Servicios_de_carniceria|Butchery services]] ====
=== [[##Ferias_ganaderas|Livestock fairs]] ===
=== [[##Preparacion_de_los_productos_contratos_y_condiciones_de_pago|Preparing products, contracts and terms of payment]] ===&emspensp;
== XVIII. [[REGIMEN_DE_PROPIEDAD._PROPIEDAD_COMUNAL_Y_PROPIEDAD_PRIVADA/en|OWNERSHIP SYSTEM. COMMUNAL PROPERTY AND PRIVATE PROPERTY]] ==
=== [[##Propiedad_comunal_y_su_aprovechamiento|Communal property and its use]] ===
==== [[##Arrendamiento_de_comunales|Leasing commonsCommon property and its use]] ====
==== [[##Otros_usos_del_monte_comunal|Other uses of common upland]] ====
=== [[##Tierras_de_Misericordia_y_Arca_de_Misericordia|Tierras de Misericordia and Arca de Misericordia (ecclesiastic Ecclesiastic and secular wheat bank Secular Land and Wheat Bank in time Time of hardshipHardship)]] ===
=== [[##Propietarios_que_explotan_directamente_sus_tierras|Owners who directly farmed their land]] ===
=== [[##Propietarios_que_explotan_mediante_inquilinos|Owners who farmed by means of tenants]] ===
==== [[##Precio_de_la_renta_y_su_fijacion|Price of the rent and how it was set]] ====
==== [[##Pago_en_especie_o_en_metalico|Payment in kind or in cash]] ====
**Terms of payment
**Payment times
=== [[##Situacion_hoy_dia|Situation today]] ===
=== [[##Imbricacion_de_propiedad_comunal_y_propiedad_privada|Overlapping of communal common and private property]] ===
==== [[##Tiempo_de_derrota|Time of ruin]] ====
==== [[##Arboles_de_propiedad_privada_en_terreno_comunal|Privately-owned trees on common land]] ====&emspensp;
= BELIEFS AND RITES =
== XIX. [[PRACTICAS_Y_RITOS_DE_PROTECCION_EN_LA_AGRICULTURA/en|PROTECTION CUSTOMS AND RITES IN AGRICULTURE]] ==
=== [[##Proteccion_de_los_sembrados_y_plantas|Protecting seedbeds and plants]] ===
==== [[##Proteccion_contra_plagas|Protecting against pests]] ====
==== [[##Proteccion_contra_jabalies_basurdeak_y_tejones_azkonarrak|Protecting against wild boars and badgers]] ====
==== [[##Proteccion_contra_los_conejos|Protecting against rabbits]] ====
==== [[##Proteccion_contra_los_pajaros._Espantapajaros_txorimaloa_txori-jabolea|Protecting against birds. Scarecrows]] ====
=== [[##Ritos_y_practicas_simbolicas_fuegos_solsticiales|Rites Symbolic customs and symbolic customsrites: solstice fires]] ===
==== [[##Practicas_en_torno_a_la_fiesta_de_san_Juan_Bautista|Customs around St. John the Baptist's Feast Day]] ====
==== [[##Antiguas_creencias_relacionadas_con_la_fertilidad_de_la_tierra|Old beliefs relating to the fertility of the earth]] ====
==== [[##Imagenes_de_santos_y_practicas_magicas|Saints' images and magic]] ====
==== [[##La_implantacion_de_El_mayo._Donilatxa|Erecting the maypole]] ====
=== [[##Bendicion_de_los_campos_y_las_semillas|Blessing the fields and seeds]] ===
==== [[##Bendicion_e_implantacion_de_cruces|Blessing and erecting crosses]] ====
==== [[##Ramos_bendecidos|Blessed branches]] ====
==== [[##Ritos_de_bendicion_de_los_campos|Rites to bless the fields]] ====
==== [[##Bendicion_de_semillas|Blessing seeds]] ====
=== [[##Toques_de_campanas_y_conjuros_contras_las_tormentas._Traslado_de_imagenes_de_santos|Bell-ringing and spells against storms. Moving the saint's images]] ===
==== [[##Toques_de_campanas|Bell-ringing]] ====
==== [[##Piedritas_recogidas_en_Pascua|Pebbles collected at Easter]] ====
==== [[##Conjuros_realizados_desde_la_iglesia_o_ermita._Konjuruak|Incantations from the church or chapel]] ====
==== [[##Invocaciones_a_santa_Barbara|Praying to Saint Barbara]] ====
==== [[##Imagenes_de_santos|Saints' images]] ====
=== [[##Rogativas_letaniak|Prayers]] ===
==== [[##Letanias_de_san_Marcos|St. Mark litanies]] ====
==== [[##Rogativas_de_la_Ascension_Asentzio_errogatibak|Ascension prayers]] ====
==== [[##Rogativas_ocasionales|Occasional prayers]] ====
==== [[##Rogativas_a_santuarios|Prayers at shrines]] ====
==== [[##Traslacion_procesional_de_imagenes|Moving images in processions]] ====
=== [[##Santos_protectores_de_las_cosechas|Saints protecting crops]] ===
==== [[##San_Gregorio_Ostiense|St. Gregory of Ostia]] ====
==== [[##San_Isidro_labrador|St. Isidore the Labourer]] ====
==== [[##San_Fausto_labrador|St. Faustus the Labourer]] ====
=== [[##Accion_de_gracias_por_las_cosechas|Harvest thanksgiving]] ==={{#bookTitle:Agriculture in the Basque Country | Agricultura_en_vasconia/en}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Table of contents}}