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Atlas Etnográfico
de Vasconia
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Temas
Alimentación Doméstica en Vasconia
Juegos Infantiles en Vasconia
Ritos Funerarios en Vasconia
Ritos del Nacimiento al Matrimonio en Vasconia
Ganadería y Pastoreo en Vasconia
Medicina Popular en Vasconia
Casa y Familia en Vasconia
Agricultura en Vasconia
Proyecto Etniker
José Miguel de Barandiaran
Proyecto Etniker
Grupos Etniker
Atlas Etnográfico de Vasconia
Digitalización del Atlas
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Preferencias
Grupo
AGONIA Y MUERTE. AGONIA ETA HERIOTZA
Agricultura en vasconia
AJUAR Y ARTESANIA PASTORIL
ALIMENTACION DEL GANADO ESTABULADO
Alimentacion domestica en vasconia
ALIMENTOS Y COMIDAS RITUALES
AMORTAJAMIENTO. HILAREN BEZTITZEA
APARECIDOS Y ANIMAS ERRANTES. ARIMA HERRATUAK
APROVECHAMIENTO PROPIO Y COMERCIO AGRICOLA
ASOCIACIONES EN TORNO A LA MUERTE
Atlas etnografico de vasconia
Aviso Legal
BAUTISMO. BATAIOA
BEBIDAS
Bibliografia Agricultura en vasconia
Bibliografia Alimentacion domestica en vasconia
Bibliografia Casa y familia en vasconia
Bibliografia Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Bibliografia Juegos infantiles en vasconia
Bibliografia Medicina popular en vasconia
Bibliografia Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Bibliografia Ritos funerarios en vasconia
CAMINOS MORTUORIOS. HILBIDEAK
CAPITULACIONES MATRIMONIALES
Casa y familia en vasconia
CIMIENTOS Y PAREDES
CLASES DE PASTORES
COMUNICACION DE LA MUERTE
CONGELACION INSOLACION AHOGAMIENTO Y CAIDA DE RAYOS
CONMEMORACION DE LOS DIFUNTOS
Consideraciones generales sobre la agricultura Agricultura en vasconia
Consideraciones sobre el juego infantil Juegos infantiles en vasconia
CONSUMO DE ANIMALES ACUATICOS
CONSUMO DE SETAS Y CARACOLES
CONSUMO Y CONSERVACION DE PRODUCTOS VEGETALES
Contacto
CREENCIAS RELACIONADAS CON EL NACIMIENTO
CREENCIAS SOBRE EL DESTINO DEL ALMA
CREENCIAS SOBRE LA CAUSA DE ALGUNAS ENFERMEDADES
CREENCIAS Y COSTUMBRES
CRIANZA DE ANIMALES
Cuestionario Agricultura en vasconia
Cuestionario Casa y familia en vasconia
Cuestionario Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Cuestionario Juegos infantiles en vasconia
Cuestionario Medicina popular en vasconia
Cuestionario Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Cuestionario Ritos funerarios en vasconia
CULTIVO DE ARBOLES FRUTALES
CULTIVO DE LINO Y CAÑAMO
CULTIVO DEL OLIVO Y LA VID
CURANDERISMO
DENOMINACION ORIENTACION Y SITURACION DE LAS CASAS
DENTICIONES. ENURESIS. PROBLEMAS DEL HABLA Y DE LOS NERVIOS
DIAS EXEQUIALES
Digitalizacion del atlas
DISTRIBUCION INTERNA DE LA CASA
DISTRIBUCION Y ROTACION DE CULTIVOS. CALENDARIO AGRICOLA
DOLENCIAS REUMATICAS Y LUMBAGO
DUELO DOMESTICO Y AYUDA VECINAL
Edicion digital Agricultura en vasconia
Edicion digital Alimentacion domestica en vasconia
Edicion digital Casa y familia en vasconia
Edicion digital Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Edicion digital Juegos infantiles en vasconia
Edicion digital Medicina popular en vasconia
Edicion digital Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Edicion digital Ritos funerarios en vasconia
EL BANQUETE DE BODAS. EZTEIAK
EL CORTEJO FUNEBRE. SEGIZIOA
EL ESQUILEO. ARDI-MOZTEA
EL GANADO DE MONTE
EL LUTO. DOLUA
EL ORDEÑO DE LAS OVEJAS. ARDI-JEIZTEA
EL PAISAJE AGRARIO
EL PERRO DE PASTOR. ARDI-TXAKURRA
EL POBLAMIENTO EN VASCONIA
EL VELATORIO. GAUBELA
ENFERMEDADES DE LOS OIDOS
ENFERMEDADES DE LOS OJOS
ENFERMEDADES INFANTILES
ENFERMEDADES RESPIRATORIAS
ENTRADA EN EL DOMICILIO CONYUGAL. ETXE-SARTZEA
EQUIPO MOBILIAR DEL HOGAR Y DE LA COCINA
EQUIPO MOBILIAR SALA DORMITORIOS Y ASEO
ESPACIOS PARA LABORES AGRICOLAS Y CONSTRUCCIONES COMPLEMENTARIAS
ESTABLECIMIENTOS PASTORILES DE MONTAÑA
ESTABLOS Y RECINTOS PARA LA CRIA DE ANIMALES
ESTOMAGO Y TRIPAS
EXEQUIAS. HILETAK
FAMILIA Y PARENTESCO
FERIAS GANADERAS Y COMPRAVENTA DE GANADO
FRACTURAS Y LUXACIONES
Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Grupos etniker
HERIDAS Y HEMORRAGIAS. EXTRACCION DE ESPINAS
HIGADO RIÑON Y OTRAS VISCERAS
HOGAR ALUMBRADO Y COCINA
HONOR DE LA FAMILIA
Indice Agricultura en vasconia
Indice Alimentacion domestica en vasconia
Indice Casa y familia en vasconia
Indice Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Indice Juegos infantiles en vasconia
Indice Medicina popular en vasconia
Indice Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Indice Ritos funerarios en vasconia
INDUMENTARIA DEL PASTOR
INFANCIA Y PUBERTAD
INFECCIONES Y ENFERMEDADES CONTAGIOSAS DE LA PIEL
INICIOS DE LA RELACION AMOROSA
Interes Agricultura en vasconia
Interes Alimentacion domestica en vasconia
Interes Casa y familia en vasconia
Interes Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Interes Juegos infantiles en vasconia
Interes Medicina popular en vasconia
Interes Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Interes Ritos funerarios en vasconia
Introduccion Agricultura en vasconia
Introduccion Casa y familia en vasconia
Introduccion Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Introduccion Medicina popular en vasconia
Introduccion Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Investigacion Agricultura en vasconia
Investigacion Alimentacion domestica en vasconia
Investigacion Casa y familia en vasconia
Investigacion Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Investigacion Juegos infantiles en vasconia
Investigacion Medicina popular en vasconia
Investigacion Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Investigacion Ritos funerarios en vasconia
Jose miguel de barandiaran
JUEGOS DE ADIVINAR. ACERTIJOS
JUEGOS DE BALANCEO
JUEGOS DE CARRERAS
JUEGOS DE ESCONDERSE
JUEGOS DE HABILIDAD
JUEGOS DE IMITACION ESCENIFICACION Y MIMICA
JUEGOS DE LANZAMIENTO
JUEGOS DE LENGUAJE
JUEGOS DE MANOS Y DEDOS
JUEGOS DE PASTORES
JUEGOS DE SALTO
JUEGOS DIVERSOS. EL COLECCIONISMO INFANTIL
Juegos infantiles en vasconia
JUEGOS ORGANIZADOS EN FIESTAS POPULARES
JUEGOS RITMICOS
JUEGOS Y CANCIONES PARA LA PRIMERA EDAD
JUVENTUD. GAZTAROA
LA ALIMENTACION EN IPARRALDE
LA BODA. EZKONTZA
LA CAZA DE ALIMAÑAS
LA CONDUCCION DEL CADAVER A LA IGLESIA
LA ELABORACION TRADICIONAL DEL PAN
LA FABRICACION DEL QUESO. GAZTAGINTZA
LA HIERBA Y OTROS FORRAJES
LA INDUMENTARIA EN EL CORTEJO FUNEBRE
LA LECHE Y SUS DERIVADOS
LA MECANIZACION DE LA AGRICULTURA
LA NATURALEZA COMO ESPACIO LUDICO
LA REPRODUCCION
LA SANGRE
LA SUBIDA CON EL REBAÑO AL MONTE
LAS ABEJAS. ERLEA
LAS SEPULTURAS EN LAS IGLESIAS. JARLEKUAK. FUESAS
LENGUAJE Y TRATO A LOS ANIMALES
LESIONES E IRRITACIONES DE LA PIEL
LIMPIEZA DE LA CASA ROPA Y VAJILLA
LOS JUGUETES. ARTESANIA INFANTIL
LOS RITOS FUNERARIOS EN IPARRALDE
LUGARES Y MODOS DE ENTERRAMIENTO
Main Page
MALES DE CABEZA
MALES DE DIENTES HAGINEKO MINA
MANO DE OBRA Y FUERZA EMPLEADA EN LA AGRICULTURA
MARCAS DE LA PIEL. PELO Y UÑAS
MARCAS DE PROPIEDAD
MATANZA DOMESTICA DE ANIMALES
MATANZA DOMESTICA DE ANIMALES 1
Medicina popular en vasconia
MOBILIARIO AGRICOLA TRADICIONAL
MODELOS COMARCALES DE CASAS
MORDEDURAS Y PICADURAS HOZKA
NACIMIENTO. JAIOTZA
NOMBRES DE LOS ANIMALES. ABEREEN IZENAK
NOVIAZGO
OFRENDA POSTNUPCIAL Y TORNABODA
OFRENDAS Y SUFRAGIOS EN LA SEPULTURA. ARGIAK OLATAK HILOTOITZAK
ORGANIZACION DE LA INGESTA OTORDUAK
ORNAMENTACION DE LA CASA
PASTOS COMUNALES
PATRIMONIO FAMILIAR Y SU TRANSMISION
PLEGARIAS EN LA MESA FAMILIAR
Política de privacidad
PORTADORES DE OFRENDAS EN EL CORTEJO
PRACTICAS Y RITOS DE PROTECCION EN LA AGRICULTURA
Preambulo Casa y familia en vasconia
Preambulo Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Preambulo Medicina popular en vasconia
Preambulo Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Preambulo Ritos funerarios en vasconia
Prefacio Agricultura en vasconia
PREPARACION DE LA TIERRA DE CULTIVO
PREPARACION DE LAS COMIDAS DOMESTICAS
PREPARACION Y CONSERVACION DE HUEVOS
PREPARATIVOS DE LA BODA. DEIUNE-ALDIA
PRESAGIOS DE MUERTE. HERIOTZAREN ZANTZUAK
Presentacion Agricultura en vasconia
Presentacion Alimentacion domestica en vasconia
Presentacion Casa y familia en vasconia
Presentacion Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Presentacion Juegos infantiles en vasconia
Presentacion Medicina popular en vasconia
Presentacion Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Presentacion Ritos funerarios en vasconia
PRIMERA INFANCIA. HAURTZAROA
PROCEDIMIENTOS DE SELECCION PREVIOS A LOS JUEGOS
PRODUCCION DE ACEITE VINO TXAKOLI Y SIDRA
Proemio Alimentacion domestica en vasconia
Prologo Agricultura en vasconia
PROTECCION CREENCIAL DEL GANADO
Proyecto etniker
Publicacion impresa Agricultura en vasconia
Publicacion impresa Alimentacion domestica en vasconia
Publicacion impresa Casa y familia en vasconia
Publicacion impresa Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Publicacion impresa Juegos infantiles en vasconia
Publicacion impresa Medicina popular en vasconia
Publicacion impresa Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Publicacion impresa Ritos funerarios en vasconia
PUERPERIO
PUERTAS Y VENTANAS
RAZAS DE ANIMALES
RECOLECCION DE LOS CULTIVOS Y CONSERVACION
REGIMEN DE PROPIEDAD. PROPIEDAD COMUNAL Y PROPIEDAD PRIVADA
REGRESO A LA CASA MORTUORIA Y AGAPES FUNERARIOS
RELACION DE LA CASA CON EL SUELO EL CLIMA Y LA ACTIVIDAD
RELACIONES CON LA FAMILIA Y LOS PARIENTES
REPRODUCCION Y CUIDADOS DE LOS ANIMALES
Resumen
Resumen Agricultura en vasconia
Resumen Alimentacion domestica en vasconia
Resumen Casa y familia en vasconia
Resumen Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Resumen Juegos infantiles en vasconia
Resumen Medicina popular en vasconia
Resumen Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Resumen Ritos funerarios en vasconia
Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
RITOS EN TORNO AL FUEGO DOMESTICO
Ritos funerarios en vasconia
SALUD Y MENTALIDAD POPULAR
SALUD Y RELIGION POPULAR
SEPELIO
SIEMBRA Y CUIDADOS DE LOS CULTIVOS
SIMBOLOS PROTECTORES DE LA CASA
SINTOMAS Y REMEDIOS GENERALES
SOLTERIA Y CELIBATO. CASAMIENTO DE VIUDOS Y VIEJOS
TABACO
TEJADO
TERRENOS CULTIVADOS
TRANSFORMACIONES OPERADAS DURANTE EL PRESENTE SIGLO EN EL REGIMEN ALIMENTARIO DOMESTICO
TRANSPORTE ANIMAL. EL CARRO GURDIA
TRASHUMANCIA Y TRANSTERMINANCIA
TRATOS NORMAS Y FORMULAS INFANTILES
UNIDADES DE MEDIDA
UNIONES LIBRES E HIJOS NATURALES
VIATICO Y EXTREMAUNCION. AZKEN SAKRAMENDUAK
VIDA Y FUNCIONES DE LOS ESPOSOS
Idioma
aa - Qafár af
ab - Аҧсшәа
ace - Acèh
ady - адыгабзэ
ady-cyrl - адыгабзэ
aeb - تونسي/Tûnsî
aeb-arab - تونسي
aeb-latn - Tûnsî
af - Afrikaans
ak - Akan
aln - Gegë
am - አማርኛ
an - aragonés
ang - Ænglisc
anp - अङ्गिका
ar - العربية
arc - ܐܪܡܝܐ
arn - mapudungun
arq - جازايرية
ary - Maġribi
arz - مصرى
as - অসমীয়া
ase - American sign language
ast - asturianu
av - авар
avk - Kotava
awa - अवधी
ay - Aymar aru
az - azərbaycanca
azb - تۆرکجه
ba - башҡортса
ban - Basa Bali
bar - Boarisch
bbc - Batak Toba
bbc-latn - Batak Toba
bcc - جهلسری بلوچی
bcl - Bikol Central
be - беларуская
be-tarask - беларуская (тарашкевіца)
bg - български
bgn - روچ کپتین بلوچی
bho - भोजपुरी
bi - Bislama
bjn - Bahasa Banjar
bm - bamanankan
bn - বাংলা
bo - བོད་ཡིག
bpy - বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী
bqi - بختیاری
br - brezhoneg
brh - Bráhuí
bs - bosanski
bto - Iriga Bicolano
bug - ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ
bxr - буряад
ca - català
cbk-zam - Chavacano de Zamboanga
cdo - Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
ce - нохчийн
ceb - Cebuano
ch - Chamoru
cho - Choctaw
chr - ᏣᎳᎩ
chy - Tsetsêhestâhese
ckb - کوردیی ناوەندی
co - corsu
cps - Capiceño
cr - Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ
crh - qırımtatarca
crh-cyrl - къырымтатарджа (Кирилл)
crh-latn - qırımtatarca (Latin)
cs - čeština
csb - kaszëbsczi
cu - словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ
cv - Чӑвашла
cy - Cymraeg
da - dansk
de - Deutsch
de-at - Österreichisches Deutsch
de-ch - Schweizer Hochdeutsch
de-formal - Deutsch (Sie-Form)
diq - Zazaki
dsb - dolnoserbski
dtp - Dusun Bundu-liwan
dty - डोटेली
dv - ދިވެހިބަސް
dz - ཇོང་ཁ
ee - eʋegbe
egl - Emiliàn
el - Ελληνικά
eml - emiliàn e rumagnòl
en - Inglés
en-ca - Canadian English
en-gb - British English
eo - Esperanto
es - Español
et - eesti
eu - Euskera
ext - estremeñu
fa - فارسی
ff - Fulfulde
fi - suomi
fit - meänkieli
fj - Na Vosa Vakaviti
fo - føroyskt
fr - Francés
frc - français cadien
frp - arpetan
frr - Nordfriisk
fur - furlan
fy - Frysk
ga - Gaeilge
gag - Gagauz
gan - 贛語
gan-hans - 赣语(简体)
gan-hant - 贛語(繁體)
gd - Gàidhlig
gl - galego
glk - گیلکی
gn - Avañe'ẽ
gom - गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni
gom-deva - गोंयची कोंकणी
gom-latn - Gõychi Konknni
got - 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺
grc - Ἀρχαία ἑλληνικὴ
gsw - Alemannisch
gu - ગુજરાતી
gv - Gaelg
ha - Hausa
hak - 客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
haw - Hawaiʻi
he - עברית
hi - हिन्दी
hif - Fiji Hindi
hif-latn - Fiji Hindi
hil - Ilonggo
ho - Hiri Motu
hr - hrvatski
hrx - Hunsrik
hsb - hornjoserbsce
ht - Kreyòl ayisyen
hu - magyar
hy - Հայերեն
hz - Otsiherero
ia - interlingua
id - Bahasa Indonesia
ie - Interlingue
ig - Igbo
ii - ꆇꉙ
ik - Iñupiak
ike-cans - ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ
ike-latn - inuktitut
ilo - Ilokano
inh - ГӀалгӀай
io - Ido
is - íslenska
it - italiano
iu - ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut
ja - 日本語
jam - Patois
jbo - la .lojban.
jut - jysk
jv - Basa Jawa
ka - ქართული
kaa - Qaraqalpaqsha
kab - Taqbaylit
kbd - Адыгэбзэ
kbd-cyrl - Адыгэбзэ
kg - Kongo
khw - کھوار
ki - Gĩkũyũ
kiu - Kırmancki
kj - Kwanyama
kk - қазақша
kk-arab - قازاقشا (تٴوتە)
kk-cn - قازاقشا (جۇنگو)
kk-cyrl - қазақша (кирил)
kk-kz - қазақша (Қазақстан)
kk-latn - qazaqşa (latın)
kk-tr - qazaqşa (Türkïya)
kl - kalaallisut
km - ភាសាខ្មែរ
kn - ಕನ್ನಡ
ko - 한국어
ko-kp - 한국어 (조선)
koi - Перем Коми
kr - Kanuri
krc - къарачай-малкъар
kri - Krio
krj - Kinaray-a
ks - कॉशुर / کٲشُر
ks-arab - کٲشُر
ks-deva - कॉशुर
ksh - Ripoarisch
ku - Kurdî
ku-arab - كوردي (عەرەبی)
ku-latn - Kurdî (latînî)
kv - коми
kw - kernowek
ky - Кыргызча
la - Latina
lad - Ladino
lb - Lëtzebuergesch
lbe - лакку
lez - лезги
lfn - Lingua Franca Nova
lg - Luganda
li - Limburgs
lij - Ligure
liv - Līvõ kēļ
lki - لەکی
lmo - lumbaart
ln - lingála
lo - ລາວ
loz - Silozi
lrc - لۊری شومالی
lt - lietuvių
ltg - latgaļu
lus - Mizo ţawng
luz - لئری دوٙمینی
lv - latviešu
lzh - 文言
lzz - Lazuri
mai - मैथिली
map-bms - Basa Banyumasan
mdf - мокшень
mg - Malagasy
mh - Ebon
mhr - олык марий
mi - Māori
min - Baso Minangkabau
mk - македонски
ml - മലയാളം
mn - монгол
mo - молдовеняскэ
mr - मराठी
mrj - кырык мары
ms - Bahasa Melayu
mt - Malti
mus - Mvskoke
mwl - Mirandés
my - မြန်မာဘာသာ
myv - эрзянь
mzn - مازِرونی
na - Dorerin Naoero
nah - Nāhuatl
nan - Bân-lâm-gú
nap - Napulitano
nb - norsk bokmål
nds - Plattdüütsch
nds-nl - Nedersaksies
ne - नेपाली
new - नेपाल भाषा
ng - Oshiwambo
niu - Niuē
nl - Nederlands
nl-informal - Nederlands (informeel)
nn - norsk nynorsk
nov - Novial
nrm - Nouormand
nso - Sesotho sa Leboa
nv - Diné bizaad
ny - Chi-Chewa
oc - occitan
olo - Livvinkarjala
om - Oromoo
or - ଓଡ଼ିଆ
os - Ирон
pa - ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
pag - Pangasinan
pam - Kapampangan
pap - Papiamentu
pcd - Picard
pdc - Deitsch
pdt - Plautdietsch
pfl - Pälzisch
pi - पालि
pih - Norfuk / Pitkern
pl - polski
pms - Piemontèis
pnb - پنجابی
pnt - Ποντιακά
prg - Prūsiskan
ps - پښتو
pt - português
pt-br - português do Brasil
qu - Runa Simi
qug - Runa shimi
rgn - Rumagnôl
rif - Tarifit
rm - rumantsch
rmy - Romani
rn - Kirundi
ro - română
roa-tara - tarandíne
ru - русский
rue - русиньскый
rup - armãneashti
ruq - Vlăheşte
ruq-cyrl - Влахесте
ruq-latn - Vlăheşte
rw - Kinyarwanda
sa - संस्कृतम्
sah - саха тыла
sat - Santali
sc - sardu
scn - sicilianu
sco - Scots
sd - سنڌي
sdc - Sassaresu
sdh - کوردی خوارگ
se - sámegiella
sei - Cmique Itom
ses - Koyraboro Senni
sg - Sängö
sgs - žemaitėška
sh - srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
shi - Tašlḥiyt/ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ
shi-latn - Tašlḥiyt
shi-tfng - ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ
shn - ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး
si - සිංහල
sk - slovenčina
sl - slovenščina
sli - Schläsch
sm - Gagana Samoa
sma - Åarjelsaemien
sn - chiShona
so - Soomaaliga
sq - shqip
sr - српски / srpski
sr-ec - српски (ћирилица)
sr-el - srpski (latinica)
srn - Sranantongo
ss - SiSwati
st - Sesotho
stq - Seeltersk
su - Basa Sunda
sv - svenska
sw - Kiswahili
szl - ślůnski
ta - தமிழ்
tcy - ತುಳು
te - తెలుగు
tet - tetun
tg - тоҷикӣ
tg-cyrl - тоҷикӣ
tg-latn - tojikī
th - ไทย
ti - ትግርኛ
tk - Türkmençe
tl - Tagalog
tly - толышә зывон
tn - Setswana
to - lea faka-Tonga
tokipona - Toki Pona
tpi - Tok Pisin
tr - Türkçe
tru - Ṫuroyo
ts - Xitsonga
tt - татарча/tatarça
tt-cyrl - татарча
tt-latn - tatarça
tum - chiTumbuka
tw - Twi
ty - reo tahiti
tyv - тыва дыл
tzm - ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
udm - удмурт
ug - ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
ug-arab - ئۇيغۇرچە
ug-latn - Uyghurche
uk - українська
ur - اردو
uz - oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
uz-cyrl - ўзбекча
uz-latn - oʻzbekcha
ve - Tshivenda
vec - vèneto
vep - vepsän kel’
vi - Tiếng Việt
vls - West-Vlams
vmf - Mainfränkisch
vo - Volapük
vot - Vaďďa
vro - Võro
wa - walon
war - Winaray
wo - Wolof
wuu - 吴语
xal - хальмг
xh - isiXhosa
xmf - მარგალური
yi - ייִדיש
yo - Yorùbá
yue - 粵語
za - Vahcuengh
zea - Zeêuws
zh - 中文
zh-cn - 中文(中国大陆)
zh-hans - 中文(简体)
zh-hant - 中文(繁體)
zh-hk - 中文(香港)
zh-mo - 中文(澳門)
zh-my - 中文(马来西亚)
zh-sg - 中文(新加坡)
zh-tw - 中文(台灣)
zu - isiZulu
qqq - Message documentation
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<languages></languages> Fruit was an important part of the diet at least for the older people surveyed. Most houses therefore had a good few fruit trees. A strategy was followed consisting of planting more species and having different varieties of each one, which guaranteed there would be sufficient fruit as that would make it difficult for bad weather to affect all the trees as they blossomed and ripened at different times and had different requirements. Pear, green fig, white fig and quince trees and currant bushes were the species typically grown in the vegetable gardens. Walnut trees were usually grown near to the homes, but not always in vegetable gardens, but rather on small plots of land. Some cherry trees were also planted in both areas. The apple trees were planted further away, in ''fields''<ref>Land used as grassland within enclosed arable land, usually in the part that was farthest from the homestead.</ref> on the ''llosas''<ref>Set of arable land and some also pasture land, small in area and belonging to the residents of a district, with a perimeter enclosure belonging to all of them.</ref> and in ''cierros''<ref>Common land enclosed by an individual in exchange for paying a fee to the local council, used as pasture in the majority of cases.</ref> y meadows that were usually away from the ''enclosed arable land.'' This did not mean that the odd apple tree was also grown near to the home. Many families often had at least an apple orchard, in other words, a plot or meadow “planted with apple trees”. The trees were planted along the edges in the fields and in the hollows or lower parts of the meadows and along the irrigation ditches. The vines must have been distributed in a similar way to the apple orchards to judge by the location of the plots whose names are related to that type of crop and to what the respondents remembered who continued to grow vines in the decades after the vineyards had been wiped out by phylloxera. Chestnut trees grew in the highest areas near to the uplands, where the meadows ended and the common land began. Those trees, particularly the ones that produced nuts, always had an owner even though they grew on land that was not "owned". This was not an unusual situation in the sense that many of the timber trees grown on common land had owners. The grafted chestnut trees, that were the ones that provided their prized nuts, usually grew in copses, grouped together by each owner. Many cherry trees also grew on that land and particularly in ''siebes'' or hedgerows; the majority were ungrafted, but despite being upland shrubs, they produced a very tasty fruit. When the people surveyed were asked about the reasons for this fruit tree distribution. They seemed to give greater importance to the proximity of the species whose fruits had to be picked frequently in order to be eaten than being able to prevent the fruit from being stolen. They said that stealing was not common as the majority of residents had plenty of fruit and bartering was a common practice between homes. This was a better use for perishable fruit as if it was only eaten by the members of the house, a great deal would end up rotting. If a neighbour picked a piece of fruit to eat it as they went along, that was not considered theft. At most, they would ask permission if the owner was nearby and they always received a "take what you want” type answer. The scrumping-foraging activity, sometimes considered to be theft, was restricted to gangs of boys and youths and they mainly went after cherries. Growing fruit trees has experienced many changing fortunes. In the territories of the area studied where land consolidation occurred, the number of fruit trees dropped considerably, as the custom was to plant them along the boundaries of the fields. When the plots were unified to create larger properties, one of the consequences was the trees would end up in the middle of them and were therefore felled. The progressive specialisation, on the Atlantic side of the watershed towards livestock farming and on the Mediterranean side towards cereal-growing, played a role in this shift away from fruit trees. As has already been indicated, when the apples trees were grown together in an apple orchard, only ewes were usually allowed to graze in that field. The grass was also sometimes used by green reaping. Cows were not usually let into the field while the trees were in leaf so that they did not damage them. That was even more the case when the trees were heavy with apples as there was the risk that the cows would choke on them and even die. If there was stubble grass still in the orchard in October and November, when the fruit had been collected and the leaves had fallen, the orchard would no longer being used for grazing “because they wouldn’t leave the branches alone”. The risk of chocking was even greater when the cows ate the apples from the trees, as an apple could more easily get stuck in the throat due to the position of the cow’s head than when they picked them up from the floor. If they ate too much fruit, for example, when the ground was ''rustrido'' or covered with windfalls, there was another risk: that the cows could get drunk where the apples fermented in their bellies as the result of the digestive microflora that those ruminants have. Cows would then behave strangely and in extreme cases, would fall to the ground and would not be able to get up again. They would get over the spree with no real after-effects except for an undesirable complication, which was that their milk production would be seriously impaired. Cows would easily become addicted to that fruit, so care was taken to avoid this complication during the apple season<ref>Tiller blades were kept at the homesteads for a long time after they were no longer used to plough the land precisely to try to save the lives of any choking cows. After the animal’s moth was opened, the two prods of the tiller blades were use to keep the mouth open and a person with a small hand and a slim arm could then try to move the jammed apple.</ref>. Specialisation also meant having less time to look after fruit trees. Thus, the trees that escaped felling after the land consolidation and the increase in the number of cows progressively aged without being looked after and without anyone planting new apple trees to replace the ones that died. These considerations were common to other areas. The reduction in the number of fruit trees was also due to the fact that there was less of a need for a family to grow their own fruit, as it began to be widely available at the market along with new fruit brought in from abroad. The situation has now changed dramatically due to the changes in eating habits as the result of the growing globalisation (trees now grown such as kiwis or persimmons are exotic). Many different types of fruit are now eaten and a wide variety of trees grown as the climate conditions allow. Fruit is eaten fresh, processed (as desserts, for example baked apples or compotes), preserved (in syrup, jams) or as fermented juices (cider, wine and derivatives). {{DISPLAYTITLE: IX. CULTURE OF FRUIT TREES}} {{#bookTitle:Agriculture in the Basque Country|Agricultura_en_vasconia/en}}