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Atlas Etnográfico
de Vasconia
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Temas
Alimentación Doméstica en Vasconia
Juegos Infantiles en Vasconia
Ritos Funerarios en Vasconia
Ritos del Nacimiento al Matrimonio en Vasconia
Ganadería y Pastoreo en Vasconia
Medicina Popular en Vasconia
Casa y Familia en Vasconia
Agricultura en Vasconia
Proyecto Etniker
José Miguel de Barandiaran
Proyecto Etniker
Grupos Etniker
Atlas Etnográfico de Vasconia
Digitalización del Atlas
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Preferencias
Grupo
AGONIA Y MUERTE. AGONIA ETA HERIOTZA
Agricultura en vasconia
AJUAR Y ARTESANIA PASTORIL
ALIMENTACION DEL GANADO ESTABULADO
Alimentacion domestica en vasconia
ALIMENTOS Y COMIDAS RITUALES
AMORTAJAMIENTO. HILAREN BEZTITZEA
APARECIDOS Y ANIMAS ERRANTES. ARIMA HERRATUAK
APROVECHAMIENTO PROPIO Y COMERCIO AGRICOLA
ASOCIACIONES EN TORNO A LA MUERTE
Atlas etnografico de vasconia
Aviso Legal
BAUTISMO. BATAIOA
BEBIDAS
Bibliografia Agricultura en vasconia
Bibliografia Alimentacion domestica en vasconia
Bibliografia Casa y familia en vasconia
Bibliografia Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Bibliografia Juegos infantiles en vasconia
Bibliografia Medicina popular en vasconia
Bibliografia Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Bibliografia Ritos funerarios en vasconia
CAMINOS MORTUORIOS. HILBIDEAK
CAPITULACIONES MATRIMONIALES
Casa y familia en vasconia
CIMIENTOS Y PAREDES
CLASES DE PASTORES
COMUNICACION DE LA MUERTE
CONGELACION INSOLACION AHOGAMIENTO Y CAIDA DE RAYOS
CONMEMORACION DE LOS DIFUNTOS
Consideraciones generales sobre la agricultura Agricultura en vasconia
Consideraciones sobre el juego infantil Juegos infantiles en vasconia
CONSUMO DE ANIMALES ACUATICOS
CONSUMO DE SETAS Y CARACOLES
CONSUMO Y CONSERVACION DE PRODUCTOS VEGETALES
Contacto
CREENCIAS RELACIONADAS CON EL NACIMIENTO
CREENCIAS SOBRE EL DESTINO DEL ALMA
CREENCIAS SOBRE LA CAUSA DE ALGUNAS ENFERMEDADES
CREENCIAS Y COSTUMBRES
CRIANZA DE ANIMALES
Cuestionario Agricultura en vasconia
Cuestionario Casa y familia en vasconia
Cuestionario Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Cuestionario Juegos infantiles en vasconia
Cuestionario Medicina popular en vasconia
Cuestionario Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Cuestionario Ritos funerarios en vasconia
CULTIVO DE ARBOLES FRUTALES
CULTIVO DE LINO Y CAÑAMO
CULTIVO DEL OLIVO Y LA VID
CURANDERISMO
DENOMINACION ORIENTACION Y SITURACION DE LAS CASAS
DENTICIONES. ENURESIS. PROBLEMAS DEL HABLA Y DE LOS NERVIOS
DIAS EXEQUIALES
Digitalizacion del atlas
DISTRIBUCION INTERNA DE LA CASA
DISTRIBUCION Y ROTACION DE CULTIVOS. CALENDARIO AGRICOLA
DOLENCIAS REUMATICAS Y LUMBAGO
DUELO DOMESTICO Y AYUDA VECINAL
Edicion digital Agricultura en vasconia
Edicion digital Alimentacion domestica en vasconia
Edicion digital Casa y familia en vasconia
Edicion digital Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Edicion digital Juegos infantiles en vasconia
Edicion digital Medicina popular en vasconia
Edicion digital Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Edicion digital Ritos funerarios en vasconia
EL BANQUETE DE BODAS. EZTEIAK
EL CORTEJO FUNEBRE. SEGIZIOA
EL ESQUILEO. ARDI-MOZTEA
EL GANADO DE MONTE
EL LUTO. DOLUA
EL ORDEÑO DE LAS OVEJAS. ARDI-JEIZTEA
EL PAISAJE AGRARIO
EL PERRO DE PASTOR. ARDI-TXAKURRA
EL POBLAMIENTO EN VASCONIA
EL VELATORIO. GAUBELA
ENFERMEDADES DE LOS OIDOS
ENFERMEDADES DE LOS OJOS
ENFERMEDADES INFANTILES
ENFERMEDADES RESPIRATORIAS
ENTRADA EN EL DOMICILIO CONYUGAL. ETXE-SARTZEA
EQUIPO MOBILIAR DEL HOGAR Y DE LA COCINA
EQUIPO MOBILIAR SALA DORMITORIOS Y ASEO
ESPACIOS PARA LABORES AGRICOLAS Y CONSTRUCCIONES COMPLEMENTARIAS
ESTABLECIMIENTOS PASTORILES DE MONTAÑA
ESTABLOS Y RECINTOS PARA LA CRIA DE ANIMALES
ESTOMAGO Y TRIPAS
EXEQUIAS. HILETAK
FAMILIA Y PARENTESCO
FERIAS GANADERAS Y COMPRAVENTA DE GANADO
FRACTURAS Y LUXACIONES
Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Grupos etniker
HERIDAS Y HEMORRAGIAS. EXTRACCION DE ESPINAS
HIGADO RIÑON Y OTRAS VISCERAS
HOGAR ALUMBRADO Y COCINA
HONOR DE LA FAMILIA
Indice Agricultura en vasconia
Indice Alimentacion domestica en vasconia
Indice Casa y familia en vasconia
Indice Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Indice Juegos infantiles en vasconia
Indice Medicina popular en vasconia
Indice Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Indice Ritos funerarios en vasconia
INDUMENTARIA DEL PASTOR
INFANCIA Y PUBERTAD
INFECCIONES Y ENFERMEDADES CONTAGIOSAS DE LA PIEL
INICIOS DE LA RELACION AMOROSA
Interes Agricultura en vasconia
Interes Alimentacion domestica en vasconia
Interes Casa y familia en vasconia
Interes Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Interes Juegos infantiles en vasconia
Interes Medicina popular en vasconia
Interes Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Interes Ritos funerarios en vasconia
Introduccion Agricultura en vasconia
Introduccion Casa y familia en vasconia
Introduccion Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Introduccion Medicina popular en vasconia
Introduccion Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Investigacion Agricultura en vasconia
Investigacion Alimentacion domestica en vasconia
Investigacion Casa y familia en vasconia
Investigacion Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Investigacion Juegos infantiles en vasconia
Investigacion Medicina popular en vasconia
Investigacion Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Investigacion Ritos funerarios en vasconia
Jose miguel de barandiaran
JUEGOS DE ADIVINAR. ACERTIJOS
JUEGOS DE BALANCEO
JUEGOS DE CARRERAS
JUEGOS DE ESCONDERSE
JUEGOS DE HABILIDAD
JUEGOS DE IMITACION ESCENIFICACION Y MIMICA
JUEGOS DE LANZAMIENTO
JUEGOS DE LENGUAJE
JUEGOS DE MANOS Y DEDOS
JUEGOS DE PASTORES
JUEGOS DE SALTO
JUEGOS DIVERSOS. EL COLECCIONISMO INFANTIL
Juegos infantiles en vasconia
JUEGOS ORGANIZADOS EN FIESTAS POPULARES
JUEGOS RITMICOS
JUEGOS Y CANCIONES PARA LA PRIMERA EDAD
JUVENTUD. GAZTAROA
LA ALIMENTACION EN IPARRALDE
LA BODA. EZKONTZA
LA CAZA DE ALIMAÑAS
LA CONDUCCION DEL CADAVER A LA IGLESIA
LA ELABORACION TRADICIONAL DEL PAN
LA FABRICACION DEL QUESO. GAZTAGINTZA
LA HIERBA Y OTROS FORRAJES
LA INDUMENTARIA EN EL CORTEJO FUNEBRE
LA LECHE Y SUS DERIVADOS
LA MECANIZACION DE LA AGRICULTURA
LA NATURALEZA COMO ESPACIO LUDICO
LA REPRODUCCION
LA SANGRE
LA SUBIDA CON EL REBAÑO AL MONTE
LAS ABEJAS. ERLEA
LAS SEPULTURAS EN LAS IGLESIAS. JARLEKUAK. FUESAS
LENGUAJE Y TRATO A LOS ANIMALES
LESIONES E IRRITACIONES DE LA PIEL
LIMPIEZA DE LA CASA ROPA Y VAJILLA
LOS JUGUETES. ARTESANIA INFANTIL
LOS RITOS FUNERARIOS EN IPARRALDE
LUGARES Y MODOS DE ENTERRAMIENTO
Main Page
MALES DE CABEZA
MALES DE DIENTES HAGINEKO MINA
MANO DE OBRA Y FUERZA EMPLEADA EN LA AGRICULTURA
MARCAS DE LA PIEL. PELO Y UÑAS
MARCAS DE PROPIEDAD
MATANZA DOMESTICA DE ANIMALES
MATANZA DOMESTICA DE ANIMALES 1
Medicina popular en vasconia
MOBILIARIO AGRICOLA TRADICIONAL
MODELOS COMARCALES DE CASAS
MORDEDURAS Y PICADURAS HOZKA
NACIMIENTO. JAIOTZA
NOMBRES DE LOS ANIMALES. ABEREEN IZENAK
NOVIAZGO
OFRENDA POSTNUPCIAL Y TORNABODA
OFRENDAS Y SUFRAGIOS EN LA SEPULTURA. ARGIAK OLATAK HILOTOITZAK
ORGANIZACION DE LA INGESTA OTORDUAK
ORNAMENTACION DE LA CASA
PASTOS COMUNALES
PATRIMONIO FAMILIAR Y SU TRANSMISION
PLEGARIAS EN LA MESA FAMILIAR
Política de privacidad
PORTADORES DE OFRENDAS EN EL CORTEJO
PRACTICAS Y RITOS DE PROTECCION EN LA AGRICULTURA
Preambulo Casa y familia en vasconia
Preambulo Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Preambulo Medicina popular en vasconia
Preambulo Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Preambulo Ritos funerarios en vasconia
Prefacio Agricultura en vasconia
PREPARACION DE LA TIERRA DE CULTIVO
PREPARACION DE LAS COMIDAS DOMESTICAS
PREPARACION Y CONSERVACION DE HUEVOS
PREPARATIVOS DE LA BODA. DEIUNE-ALDIA
PRESAGIOS DE MUERTE. HERIOTZAREN ZANTZUAK
Presentacion Agricultura en vasconia
Presentacion Alimentacion domestica en vasconia
Presentacion Casa y familia en vasconia
Presentacion Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Presentacion Juegos infantiles en vasconia
Presentacion Medicina popular en vasconia
Presentacion Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Presentacion Ritos funerarios en vasconia
PRIMERA INFANCIA. HAURTZAROA
PROCEDIMIENTOS DE SELECCION PREVIOS A LOS JUEGOS
PRODUCCION DE ACEITE VINO TXAKOLI Y SIDRA
Proemio Alimentacion domestica en vasconia
Prologo Agricultura en vasconia
PROTECCION CREENCIAL DEL GANADO
Proyecto etniker
Publicacion impresa Agricultura en vasconia
Publicacion impresa Alimentacion domestica en vasconia
Publicacion impresa Casa y familia en vasconia
Publicacion impresa Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Publicacion impresa Juegos infantiles en vasconia
Publicacion impresa Medicina popular en vasconia
Publicacion impresa Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Publicacion impresa Ritos funerarios en vasconia
PUERPERIO
PUERTAS Y VENTANAS
RAZAS DE ANIMALES
RECOLECCION DE LOS CULTIVOS Y CONSERVACION
REGIMEN DE PROPIEDAD. PROPIEDAD COMUNAL Y PROPIEDAD PRIVADA
REGRESO A LA CASA MORTUORIA Y AGAPES FUNERARIOS
RELACION DE LA CASA CON EL SUELO EL CLIMA Y LA ACTIVIDAD
RELACIONES CON LA FAMILIA Y LOS PARIENTES
REPRODUCCION Y CUIDADOS DE LOS ANIMALES
Resumen
Resumen Agricultura en vasconia
Resumen Alimentacion domestica en vasconia
Resumen Casa y familia en vasconia
Resumen Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia
Resumen Juegos infantiles en vasconia
Resumen Medicina popular en vasconia
Resumen Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
Resumen Ritos funerarios en vasconia
Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia
RITOS EN TORNO AL FUEGO DOMESTICO
Ritos funerarios en vasconia
SALUD Y MENTALIDAD POPULAR
SALUD Y RELIGION POPULAR
SEPELIO
SIEMBRA Y CUIDADOS DE LOS CULTIVOS
SIMBOLOS PROTECTORES DE LA CASA
SINTOMAS Y REMEDIOS GENERALES
SOLTERIA Y CELIBATO. CASAMIENTO DE VIUDOS Y VIEJOS
TABACO
TEJADO
TERRENOS CULTIVADOS
TRANSFORMACIONES OPERADAS DURANTE EL PRESENTE SIGLO EN EL REGIMEN ALIMENTARIO DOMESTICO
TRANSPORTE ANIMAL. EL CARRO GURDIA
TRASHUMANCIA Y TRANSTERMINANCIA
TRATOS NORMAS Y FORMULAS INFANTILES
UNIDADES DE MEDIDA
UNIONES LIBRES E HIJOS NATURALES
VIATICO Y EXTREMAUNCION. AZKEN SAKRAMENDUAK
VIDA Y FUNCIONES DE LOS ESPOSOS
Idioma
aa - Qafár af
ab - Аҧсшәа
ace - Acèh
ady - адыгабзэ
ady-cyrl - адыгабзэ
aeb - تونسي/Tûnsî
aeb-arab - تونسي
aeb-latn - Tûnsî
af - Afrikaans
ak - Akan
aln - Gegë
am - አማርኛ
an - aragonés
ang - Ænglisc
anp - अङ्गिका
ar - العربية
arc - ܐܪܡܝܐ
arn - mapudungun
arq - جازايرية
ary - Maġribi
arz - مصرى
as - অসমীয়া
ase - American sign language
ast - asturianu
av - авар
avk - Kotava
awa - अवधी
ay - Aymar aru
az - azərbaycanca
azb - تۆرکجه
ba - башҡортса
ban - Basa Bali
bar - Boarisch
bbc - Batak Toba
bbc-latn - Batak Toba
bcc - جهلسری بلوچی
bcl - Bikol Central
be - беларуская
be-tarask - беларуская (тарашкевіца)
bg - български
bgn - روچ کپتین بلوچی
bho - भोजपुरी
bi - Bislama
bjn - Bahasa Banjar
bm - bamanankan
bn - বাংলা
bo - བོད་ཡིག
bpy - বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী
bqi - بختیاری
br - brezhoneg
brh - Bráhuí
bs - bosanski
bto - Iriga Bicolano
bug - ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ
bxr - буряад
ca - català
cbk-zam - Chavacano de Zamboanga
cdo - Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
ce - нохчийн
ceb - Cebuano
ch - Chamoru
cho - Choctaw
chr - ᏣᎳᎩ
chy - Tsetsêhestâhese
ckb - کوردیی ناوەندی
co - corsu
cps - Capiceño
cr - Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ
crh - qırımtatarca
crh-cyrl - къырымтатарджа (Кирилл)
crh-latn - qırımtatarca (Latin)
cs - čeština
csb - kaszëbsczi
cu - словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ
cv - Чӑвашла
cy - Cymraeg
da - dansk
de - Deutsch
de-at - Österreichisches Deutsch
de-ch - Schweizer Hochdeutsch
de-formal - Deutsch (Sie-Form)
diq - Zazaki
dsb - dolnoserbski
dtp - Dusun Bundu-liwan
dty - डोटेली
dv - ދިވެހިބަސް
dz - ཇོང་ཁ
ee - eʋegbe
egl - Emiliàn
el - Ελληνικά
eml - emiliàn e rumagnòl
en - Inglés
en-ca - Canadian English
en-gb - British English
eo - Esperanto
es - Español
et - eesti
eu - Euskera
ext - estremeñu
fa - فارسی
ff - Fulfulde
fi - suomi
fit - meänkieli
fj - Na Vosa Vakaviti
fo - føroyskt
fr - Francés
frc - français cadien
frp - arpetan
frr - Nordfriisk
fur - furlan
fy - Frysk
ga - Gaeilge
gag - Gagauz
gan - 贛語
gan-hans - 赣语(简体)
gan-hant - 贛語(繁體)
gd - Gàidhlig
gl - galego
glk - گیلکی
gn - Avañe'ẽ
gom - गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni
gom-deva - गोंयची कोंकणी
gom-latn - Gõychi Konknni
got - 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺
grc - Ἀρχαία ἑλληνικὴ
gsw - Alemannisch
gu - ગુજરાતી
gv - Gaelg
ha - Hausa
hak - 客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
haw - Hawaiʻi
he - עברית
hi - हिन्दी
hif - Fiji Hindi
hif-latn - Fiji Hindi
hil - Ilonggo
ho - Hiri Motu
hr - hrvatski
hrx - Hunsrik
hsb - hornjoserbsce
ht - Kreyòl ayisyen
hu - magyar
hy - Հայերեն
hz - Otsiherero
ia - interlingua
id - Bahasa Indonesia
ie - Interlingue
ig - Igbo
ii - ꆇꉙ
ik - Iñupiak
ike-cans - ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ
ike-latn - inuktitut
ilo - Ilokano
inh - ГӀалгӀай
io - Ido
is - íslenska
it - italiano
iu - ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut
ja - 日本語
jam - Patois
jbo - la .lojban.
jut - jysk
jv - Basa Jawa
ka - ქართული
kaa - Qaraqalpaqsha
kab - Taqbaylit
kbd - Адыгэбзэ
kbd-cyrl - Адыгэбзэ
kg - Kongo
khw - کھوار
ki - Gĩkũyũ
kiu - Kırmancki
kj - Kwanyama
kk - қазақша
kk-arab - قازاقشا (تٴوتە)
kk-cn - قازاقشا (جۇنگو)
kk-cyrl - қазақша (кирил)
kk-kz - қазақша (Қазақстан)
kk-latn - qazaqşa (latın)
kk-tr - qazaqşa (Türkïya)
kl - kalaallisut
km - ភាសាខ្មែរ
kn - ಕನ್ನಡ
ko - 한국어
ko-kp - 한국어 (조선)
koi - Перем Коми
kr - Kanuri
krc - къарачай-малкъар
kri - Krio
krj - Kinaray-a
ks - कॉशुर / کٲشُر
ks-arab - کٲشُر
ks-deva - कॉशुर
ksh - Ripoarisch
ku - Kurdî
ku-arab - كوردي (عەرەبی)
ku-latn - Kurdî (latînî)
kv - коми
kw - kernowek
ky - Кыргызча
la - Latina
lad - Ladino
lb - Lëtzebuergesch
lbe - лакку
lez - лезги
lfn - Lingua Franca Nova
lg - Luganda
li - Limburgs
lij - Ligure
liv - Līvõ kēļ
lki - لەکی
lmo - lumbaart
ln - lingála
lo - ລາວ
loz - Silozi
lrc - لۊری شومالی
lt - lietuvių
ltg - latgaļu
lus - Mizo ţawng
luz - لئری دوٙمینی
lv - latviešu
lzh - 文言
lzz - Lazuri
mai - मैथिली
map-bms - Basa Banyumasan
mdf - мокшень
mg - Malagasy
mh - Ebon
mhr - олык марий
mi - Māori
min - Baso Minangkabau
mk - македонски
ml - മലയാളം
mn - монгол
mo - молдовеняскэ
mr - मराठी
mrj - кырык мары
ms - Bahasa Melayu
mt - Malti
mus - Mvskoke
mwl - Mirandés
my - မြန်မာဘာသာ
myv - эрзянь
mzn - مازِرونی
na - Dorerin Naoero
nah - Nāhuatl
nan - Bân-lâm-gú
nap - Napulitano
nb - norsk bokmål
nds - Plattdüütsch
nds-nl - Nedersaksies
ne - नेपाली
new - नेपाल भाषा
ng - Oshiwambo
niu - Niuē
nl - Nederlands
nl-informal - Nederlands (informeel)
nn - norsk nynorsk
nov - Novial
nrm - Nouormand
nso - Sesotho sa Leboa
nv - Diné bizaad
ny - Chi-Chewa
oc - occitan
olo - Livvinkarjala
om - Oromoo
or - ଓଡ଼ିଆ
os - Ирон
pa - ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
pag - Pangasinan
pam - Kapampangan
pap - Papiamentu
pcd - Picard
pdc - Deitsch
pdt - Plautdietsch
pfl - Pälzisch
pi - पालि
pih - Norfuk / Pitkern
pl - polski
pms - Piemontèis
pnb - پنجابی
pnt - Ποντιακά
prg - Prūsiskan
ps - پښتو
pt - português
pt-br - português do Brasil
qu - Runa Simi
qug - Runa shimi
rgn - Rumagnôl
rif - Tarifit
rm - rumantsch
rmy - Romani
rn - Kirundi
ro - română
roa-tara - tarandíne
ru - русский
rue - русиньскый
rup - armãneashti
ruq - Vlăheşte
ruq-cyrl - Влахесте
ruq-latn - Vlăheşte
rw - Kinyarwanda
sa - संस्कृतम्
sah - саха тыла
sat - Santali
sc - sardu
scn - sicilianu
sco - Scots
sd - سنڌي
sdc - Sassaresu
sdh - کوردی خوارگ
se - sámegiella
sei - Cmique Itom
ses - Koyraboro Senni
sg - Sängö
sgs - žemaitėška
sh - srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
shi - Tašlḥiyt/ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ
shi-latn - Tašlḥiyt
shi-tfng - ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ
shn - ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး
si - සිංහල
sk - slovenčina
sl - slovenščina
sli - Schläsch
sm - Gagana Samoa
sma - Åarjelsaemien
sn - chiShona
so - Soomaaliga
sq - shqip
sr - српски / srpski
sr-ec - српски (ћирилица)
sr-el - srpski (latinica)
srn - Sranantongo
ss - SiSwati
st - Sesotho
stq - Seeltersk
su - Basa Sunda
sv - svenska
sw - Kiswahili
szl - ślůnski
ta - தமிழ்
tcy - ತುಳು
te - తెలుగు
tet - tetun
tg - тоҷикӣ
tg-cyrl - тоҷикӣ
tg-latn - tojikī
th - ไทย
ti - ትግርኛ
tk - Türkmençe
tl - Tagalog
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_LABAYRU_HOME_ <languages /> {{DISPLAYTITLE: Ethnographic Atlas of the Basque Country}} ==[carousel]== === The Ethnographic Atlas of the Basque Country is an ethnographic research project intended to provide an overview of popular culture and lifestyles of the Basques throughout the 20th century up to the present day.=== ===[ganaderia|Ganadería|/atlas/cabecera/Arreoa-erakusten-Bidegoian-1957.jpg|Exhibition of the bridal trousseau. Bidegoian (G), 1957. Source: Ana Larrarte, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.]=== ===[ganaderia|Ganadería|/atlas/cabecera/Caserio-Zurutuza-Zeanuri-1925.jpg|Zurututza Farmhouse. Zeanuri (B), c. 1925. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: Felipe Manterola Collection.]=== ===[ganaderia|Ganadería|/atlas/cabecera/Carro-de-boda-y-comitiva-nupcial-camino-del-caserio-Izagirre-Bidegoian-1957.jpg|Trousseau escorted by wedding entourage on their way to Izagirre Farmhouse. Bidegoian (G), 1957. Source: Martín Photographic Studio.]=== ===[ganaderia|Ganadería|/atlas/cabecera/Segizioa-elizan-sartzen-Zerain-1965.jpg|Funeral procession entering church. Zerain (G), 1965. Source: Karmele Goñi, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.]=== ===[ganaderia|Ganadería|/atlas/cabecera/Calabazas-para-el-ganado-Lezama-1990.jpg|Pumpkins for the livestock. Lezama (B), 1990. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: José Ignacio García Muñoz.]=== ==[nav]== ===[casa|House and Family|/atlas/casa.png]=== ====[Casa_y_familia_en_vasconia/en]==== ===[alimentacion|Diet|/atlas/alimentacion.png]=== ====[Alimentacion_domestica_en_vasconia/en]==== ===[juegos|Children’s Games|/atlas/juegos.png]=== ====[Juegos_infantiles_en_vasconia/en]==== ===[medicina|Medicine|/atlas/medicina.png]=== ====[Medicina_popular_en_vasconia/en]==== ===[nacimiento|Birth|/atlas/nacimiento.png]=== ====[Ritos_del_nacimiento_al_matrimonio_en_vasconia/en]==== ===[ritos|Funeral Rites|/atlas/ritos.png]=== ====[Ritos_funerarios_en_vasconia/en]==== ===[ganaderia|Livestock Farming|/atlas/ganaderia.png]=== ====[Ganaderia_y_pastoreo_en_vasconia/en]==== ===[agricultura|Agriculture|/atlas/agricultura.png]=== ====[Agricultura_en_vasconia/en]==== ==[libros]== ===[casa|House and Family in the Basque Country|/atlas/casa.png|The traditional rural homestead over and above its architectural features: the inhabited house.]=== ====[Casa_y_familia_en_vasconia/en | House and Family in the Basque Country]==== ====[/atlas/casa/Abuela-con-los-nietos-Urduliz-2011.jpg|Grandmother and grandchildren. Urduliz (B), 2011. Source: Akaitze Kamiruaga, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|The traditional Basque family is noted for a type of clearly defined feminism, which can be seen from the application of the right of the first-born to inherit regardless of their sex, the common ownership of property brought to the marriage by the spouses, their equal standing in civil law, and the woman’s status as the head of the household in the domestic religious life, the cultural rites of the home, of the church and of the family burial ground.]==== ====[/atlas/casa/Colaboracion-del-matrimonio-en-el-trabajo-Zeanuri-1915.jpg|Mutual cooperation. Zeanuri (B), c. 1915. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: Felipe Manterola Collection.|The rural farmstead was an institution made up of the building, its land, its dwellings and by tradition, in other words, by that web of relations that closely links the current generation with past ones.|]==== ====[/atlas/casa/Muskildi-2011.jpg|Muskildi (Z), 2011. Source: Michel Duvert, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|“It has quite rightly been said, therefore, that any human settlement is the amalgamation of a little humanity, a little land and a little water.”|''J. M. Barandiaran'']==== ====[/atlas/casa/Sanjuan-haretxa-roble-de-San-Juan-Zeanuri-1980.jpg|St John’s bunches of branches and flowers. Zeanuri (B), 1980. Source: Ander Manterola, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Different types of rites, such as attaching the St. John’s branch, San Juan haretxa, to the doorposts, were performed around the St. John’s Day festivities.||]==== ====[/atlas/casa/Heredero-etxegaia-de-una-familia-de-Zeanuri-1920.jpg|Heir of the family. Zeanuri (B), c. 1920. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: Felipe Manterola Collection.|The widespread practice in the territories under charter law was for one of the children, either male or female, to continue with the family tradition of keeping up the farmstead and its belongings.||]==== ====[/atlas/casa/La-cocina-centro-de-la-vida-familiar-Andoain-1920.jpg|The kitchen, heart of the home. Andoain (G), c. 1920. Source: Aguirre Archive.|Gure etxean sua batzen, gure etxean aingeruak sartzen. <br />''Angels dance happily in a clean house.''||]==== ====[/atlas/casa/Fuego-bajo,-chapa-y-cocina-de-butano.-Ajuria-(B),-2011.jpg|Hearth, wood-burning stove and butane cooker. Neighbourhood of Aiuria (Muxika-B), 2011. Source: Segundo Oar-Arteta, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Etxe onak, txingar ona. <br />''A good fire in a good home.''||]==== ====[/atlas/casa/Caserio-Munekogoikoa-Barrio-Urigoiti-Orozko-1994.jpg|Munekogoikoa Farmhouse. Neighbourhood of Urigoiti (Orozko-B), 1994. Source: Edurne Romarate, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|The oldest farmsteads are those where the use of timber was pivotal, both for its internal and external structure.||]==== ====[/atlas/casa/Varias-generaciones-bajo-un-mismo-techo-Zeanuri-1910.jpg|Several generations under one roof. Zeanuri (B), c. 1910. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: Felipe Manterola Collection.|Etxe beteak atsegin, etxe hutsak bihotz min. <br />''When poverty comes in the door, love leaves through the window.''||]==== ====[/atlas/casa/Caserio-Zurutuza-Zeanuri-1925.jpg|Zurututza Farmhouse. Zeanuri (B), c. 1925. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: Felipe Manterola Collection.|Etxeko habeak, etxeko berri. <br />''A fool knows more in his own house than a wise man in another’s.''||]==== ====[/atlas/casa/Guisando-en-fogon-bajo-Apellaniz-1981.jpg|Cooking on the hearth. Apellániz (A), 1981. Source: López de Guereñu, Gerardo. “Apellániz. Pasado y presente de un pueblo alavés” in Ohitura 0, Vitoria-Gasteiz: Chartered Government of Álava, 1981.|The kitchen in the farmsteads was where people would usually gather together and was at the heart of family life.||]==== ====[/atlas/casa/Predominio-de-tejados-de-vertiente-unica-Artajona-2010.jpg|Predominance of mono-pitched roofs. Artajona (N), 2010. Source: Segundo Oar-Arteta, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|The roof was originally erected prior to the walls, foundations and other constructive elements of the house.||]==== ====[/atlas/casa/Fuego-bajo-Zeanuri-1980.jpg|Hearth. Zeanuri (B), 1980. Source: Ander Manterola, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Su bako etxea, gorputz odol bagea. <br />''A house without fire is like a body without blood.''||]==== ====[/atlas/casa/Familia-bereko-lau-belaunaldi-cuatro-generaciones-de-una-misma-familia-Ajangiz-1977.jpg|Four generations of the same family. Ajangiz (B), 1977. Source: Segundo Oar-Arteta, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|The family was the cornerstone of the farmstead, and the farmsteads along with the families provided coherence and structure to the neighbourhood and society.||]==== ====[/atlas/casa/Senar-emazte-zaharrak-eta-gazteak-matrimonios-mayor-y-joven-Areatza-principios-del-siglo-20.jpg|Old and young husband and wife. Areatza (B), beginning of the 20th century. Source: Rubén de Las Hayas’ private archive.|The aim was to ensure that the family wealth, taken to be the farmstead and its belongings, would be passed on in full or only slightly diminished, and improved if possible, from parents to their offspring.||]==== ===[alimentacion|Family Diet in the Basque Country|/atlas/alimentacion.png|Food and eating habits in the family, ritual meals, celebrations and lifestyles.]=== ====[Alimentacion_domestica_en_vasconia | Family Diet in the Basque Country]==== ====[/atlas/alimentacion/Odol-usten.jpg|Pig bleeding. Source: José Zufiaurre, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|''Odolosteak ordeaz.''<br /><br /> Neighbours and relatives are given black puddings and other pork cuts as a gift at pig slaughter time. It is an act of courtesy, an expression of the close bond shared with them, and part of an established exchange ritual.|]==== ====[/atlas/alimentacion/Erraria-hornada-de-pan-Caserio-Ariztimuno-Onati-1995.jpg|Bread baking. Ariztimuño Farmhouse. Oñati (G), 1955. Source: Antxon Aguirre, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Ogi erre berri, etxe galgarri. <br />''Soft bread at home, an unruly household.''|]==== ====[/atlas/alimentacion/Labartoa.jpg|Bushel of maize grain. Source: Ander Manterola, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Maize, introduced in the 17th century, and potatoes, in the 19th, would revolutionise the Basque diet.|]==== ====[/atlas/alimentacion/Dando-brillo-al-pan.jpg|Brushing the loaves for a shiny crust. Source: Ander Manterola, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Nolako irina, halako ogia.<br /> ''Bad flour makes poor dough.''||]==== ====[/atlas/alimentacion/Mercado-de-Navidad-Vitoria-Gasteiz-1977.jpg|Christmas market. Vitoria-Gasteiz, 1977. Source: Fernando Díaz de Corcuera, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Aza-olioak pil-pil, <br />bisigua zirt-zart, <br />gaztaina erreak pin-pan, <br />ahia goxo-goxo, epel-epel. <br /><br />''Traditional Christmas song''||]==== ====[/atlas/alimentacion/Secado-Ispoure.jpg|Hanging for drying. Izpura (NB). Source: Peio Goïty, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Ezkonduko urtea eta txarria hildako astea, onenak. <br /> ''The year when you marry and the week that pig is slaughtered are the best.''||]==== ====[/atlas/alimentacion/Abriendo-los-cortes-tras-la-fermentacion.jpg|Scoring after fermentation. Source: Ander Manterola, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Donde no hay ni pan ni pollos, el horno no está para bollos. <br />''If there’s no bread or chicken, you shouldn’t bake rolls.''||]==== ====[/atlas/alimentacion/Merienda-principios-del-siglo-20.jpg|Snack break, beginning of the 20th century. Source: Archive of the Chartered Government of Gipuzkoa: Indalecio Ojanguren Collection.|Goseak dagonarentzat, ogi gogorrik ez. <br />''The famished make a feast out of bread crumbs.''||]==== ====[/atlas/alimentacion/Mercado-de-Santo-Tomas-Bilbao-1950.jpg|Ribera Market. Bilbao, beginning of the 20th century. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive.|Food was grown on the family small holding or bought from local markets, which, in turn, were supplied with food grown locally. A few products, nearly always non-staples, complemented local or household self-supply.||]==== ====[/atlas/alimentacion/Comida-a-bordo.jpg|Meal on board. Source: Aguirre Archive.|Nahiz dala udea, <br />nahiz dala negua, <br />goizeko zortziretan, <br />armozu ordua. <br /><br />''Folk song''||]==== ====[/atlas/alimentacion/Caserio-Olabide-Zerain-1982.jpg|Olabide Farmhouse. Zerain (G), 1982. Source: Karmele Goñi, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Sueteko laratzak jakiten dau etxeko barri. <br />''People show their true colours at home.''||]==== ====[/atlas/alimentacion/Desgranando-habas.jpg|Broad bean podding. Source: Akaitze Kamiruaga, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Beans and broad beans were the most widely grown legumes and were traditionally an important part of the diet.||]==== ====[/atlas/alimentacion/Mercado-de-Santo-Tomas-Bilbao-1950.jpg|Market on St Thomas’ Day. Bilbao, 1950. Source: Sancho el Sabio Foundation.|Gabon, bon-bon; Natibitate, ase eta bete; San Estebantxe, lehen letxe. <br />''Eat heartily on Christmas Eve; until you feel full at Christmas; and back to normal on St Stephen’s Day.''||]==== ====[/atlas/alimentacion/Abrir-el-txotx-Gipuzkoa-1988.jpg|Txotx, cider tasting. Gipuzkoa, 1988. Source: Antxon Aguirre, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|On dagizula janak eta kalterik ez edanak. <br />''Enjoy what you eat and drink.''||]==== ====[/atlas/alimentacion/Ronda-del-rosco-el-dia-de-San-Cristobal-Oquina-1986.jpg|Round of the roll on St Christopher’s Day. Oquina (A), 1986. Source: Gerardo López de Guereñu Iholdi, Etniker Euskalerria Groups. <br />''Bread and wine hold body and soul together.''||]==== ===[juegos|Children’s Games in the Basque Country|/atlas/juegos.png|''Haurrak, haurlan''. ‘Play is the work of childhood’. On traditional games, the world of children and their ability to emulate adult behaviour.]=== ====[Juegos_infantiles_en_vasconia | Children’s Games in the Basque Country]==== ====[/atlas/juegos/Columpiandose.jpg|On a swing. Source: Arrien, Gregorio. Niños vascos evacuados en 1937. Bilbao, 1988.|Sirrin-sarran, <br />domini pan, <br />zure semea errotan, <br />errota txiki, <br />errota handi, <br />eragin deutso, <br />pin-pan.<br /><br />''Children’s chant''|]==== ====[/atlas/juegos/A-tabas-Zeanuri-1993.jpg|Playing knucklebones. Zeanuri (B), 1993. Source: Ander Manterola, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Before glass, and even clay, marbles were introduced, they used parts of plants, including oak acorns and seed pits.|]==== ====[/atlas/juegos/Zeanuriko_umetxoak_bat_txirrintolarekin_1913.png|Children from Zeanuri (B), 1913. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: Felipe Manterola Collection.|''Txirringolan'' <br /> It consisted of rolling a metal or wooden hoop along using a wire rod with a hook at its end to steer or move it.|]==== ====[/atlas/juegos/A-chorro-morro.jpg|Leapfrog jumping. Source: Iñigo Irigoyen, José. Folklore Alavés. Vitoria-Gasteiz: Chartered Government of Álava, 1949.|''Astoka'' <br />One or more participants bend down in a position that is usually called a frog and the others jump over them.||]==== ====[/atlas/juegos/Vestidos_y_adornos_vegetales_Egozkue_1967.png|Vegetal clothing and accessories. Egozkue (N), 1967. Source: José Zufiaurre, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Akerrak adarrak okerrak ditu, <br />adarrak okerrak akerrak ditu, <br />okerrak adarrak akerrak ditu. <br /><br />''Tongue-twister''||]==== ====[/atlas/juegos/A-enfermeras-Getxo-1993.jpg|Doctors and nurses. Getxo (B), 1993. Source: Jon Elorriaga, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Txikia banintzen, handia banintzen, maiatzerako burutu nintzen. <br />''Riddle''||]==== ====[/atlas/juegos/Umetxo-taldea_Zeanurin_aurrekoa_parrantolarekin_Zeanuri_1920.jpg|Group of children. Zeanuri (B), 1920. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: Felipe Manterola Collection.|Children in the traditional society, both in towns and in countryside, only really had the toys that they made themselves. Games were more common than toys, and the latter were just a basis for the former.||]==== ====[/atlas/juegos/Ninos-con-patinetes-y-triciclos-en-la-Florida.jpg|Children riding scooters and tricycles at Florida Park. Source: Municipal Archive of Vitoria-Gasteiz: Ceferino Yanguas.|Humans play games throughout their lives; however, that activity has a clearly different role for children and adults.||]==== ====[/atlas/juegos/Pin-pin-zarramacatin-Carranza-1993.jpg|''Pin, pin, zarramacatín''. Carranza (B), 1993. Source: Luis Manuel Peña, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Honek arrautza ekarri, <br />honek erreten ipini, <br />honek gatza eman, <br />honek pixka bat probatu, <br />honek dena jan! <br /><br />''Game with fingers''||]==== ====[/atlas/juegos/Beasaingo-haurrak-Egozkuen-1967.jpg|Children from Beasain in Egozkuen (N), 1967. Source: José Zufiaurre, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|''Txori-ikasten'' <br />They played looking for birds’ nests and thus learnt about their habits, their songs, the way the nests were built…||]==== ====[/atlas/juegos/Lanzando-la-trompa-Getxo-1993.jpg|Playing with spinning tops. Getxo (B), 1993. Source: Jon Elorriaga, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Changes in the adult world are also necessarily reflected in the children’s world. It should not be forgotten that those changes also affect the world of beliefs, convictions and rites underlying many traditional games; many of which would be stripped of meaning, some would fall into disuse, others would persist and would adapt to the new circumstances.||]==== ====[/atlas/juegos/Jugando-al-corro-Larraul.jpg|Ring-a-ring o’ roses. Larraul (G). Source: Antxon Aguirre, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|''Korruka'' <br />Al corro de las patatas, <br />naranjas y limones, <br />como comen los señores, <br />alupé, alupé, <br />sentadito me quedé.||]==== ====[/atlas/juegos/Asto-astoka-Zeanuri-1920.jpg|Leapfrog. Zeanuri (B), 1920. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: Felipe Manterola Collection.|—Arre, arre, <br />mandako, bihar Tolosarako, <br />etzi Panplonarako. <br />—Handik zer ekarriko? <br />—Zapata ta garriko. <br /><br />''Children’s chant''||]==== ====[/atlas/juegos/Zotzetara_Zeanuri_1993.jpg|Drawing of lots. Zeanuri (B), 1993. Source: Ander Manterola, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Txirristi-mirristi, gerrena, plat, <br />olio-zopa, kikili-salda, <br />urrup edan edo klik, <br />ikimilikiliklik. <br /><br />''Drawing lots chant''||]==== ====[/atlas/juegos/Velando_el_sueno_1914.png|Watching over the child. Source: Novedades. Donostia, 1914.|Obabatxua lo ta lo, <br />zuk orain eta nik gero; <br />zeuk gura dozun orduren baten, <br />biok egingo dogu lo ta lo. <br /><br />''Lullaby''||]==== ===[medicina|Traditional Medicine in the Basque Country|/atlas/medicina.png|Beyond the scientific paradigm: traditional remedies and popular attitudes towards disease, health and the human body.]=== ====[Medicina_popular_en_vasconia | Traditional Medicine in the Basque Country]==== ====[/atlas/medicina/Zantiratu-en-Zeanuri-1921.jpg|Local healer in Zeanuri (B), 1921. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: Felipe Manterola Collection.|Zantiratu, zan urrutu, zana bere lekuan sartu.<br />''Spell against sprains''|]==== ====[/atlas/medicina/Dominak-kutunak-eta-ebanjelioak-medallas-y-amuletos-religiosos.jpg|Medals and religious charms. Source: Patxo Fernández de Jauregui, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|No distinctions between beliefs and empirical cures in the traditional mindset.|]==== ====[/atlas/medicina/Ereinotza.jpg|Laurel. Source: Luis Manuel Peña, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Kirkila bat eta kirkila bi, kirkilak dira hamabi: hamabitik hamaikara, hamaikatik hamarrera, hamarretik bederatzira, bederatzitik zortzira, zortzitik zazpira, zazpitik seira, seitik bostera, bostetik laura, lautik hirura, hirutik bira, bitik batera, batetik bapezera. <br /><br />''Formula for scrofula treatment''|]==== ====[/atlas/medicina/Vacunacion-antituberculosa.jpg|Vaccination against tubercolosis. Source: Municipal Archive of Vitoria-Gasteiz: Ceferino Yanguas.|Pharmaceutical products have gradually replaced traditional cures.||]==== ====[/atlas/medicina/Belarrak-ganbaran-hierbas-medicinales-guardadas-Elosua-1983.jpg|Herbal remedies in store. Elosua (G), 1983. Source: Miren Goñi, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Baratxuria, hamalau gaitzen kontra. <br />''Garlic cures all ills.''||]==== ====[/atlas/medicina/Ogi-salutadorea.jpg|Christmas bread. Source: Akaitze Kamiruaga, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|The widespread belief was that Christmas Eve’s bread, ogi salutadorea, would not go mouldy and would prevent rabies in dogs and other domestic animals.||]==== ====[/atlas/medicina/Sarnapotzu-ermita-de-la-Magdalena-de-Arantzadi-Berriatua-1983.jpg|Sarnapotzu, Magdalene of Arantzadi’s Hermitage. Berriatua (B), 1983. Source: Ander Manterola, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Nolako gaitza, halako erremedioa. <br />''There’s a cure for everything.''||]==== ====[/atlas/medicina/Capilla-del-Arcangel-Santuario-de-Aralar-Festividad-de-San-Miguel-1984.jpg|Chapel of the Archangel, Sanctuary of Aralar (N). Feast of St Michael, 1984. Source: Anton Erkoreka, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Osasun ona eukiteko, oiloekin ohera eta txoriekin jaiki. <br />''Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.''||]==== ====[/atlas/medicina/Nevera-de-Astikurutz-Otxandiano.jpg|Snow pit in Astikurutz, Otxandio (B). Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: José Ignacio García Muñoz.|Osasuna galtzen duenak dena galtzen du. <br />''If you don’t have your health, you don’t have anything.''||]==== ====[/atlas/medicina/Fiesta-de-San-Guillermo-Jueves-de-Pascua-bendicion-de-agua-y-vino-Obanos.jpg|Feast of St William, blessing of water and wine. Obanos (N). Source: M.ª Amor Beguiristain, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Ona da ardaoa, kentzeko burutik beherakoa. <br />''Treat a cold with a hot toddy.''||]==== ====[/atlas/medicina/Vacunacion-antipoliomielitica-1964.jpg|Vaccination agains poliomyelitis, 1964. Source: Municipal Archive of Vitoria-Gasteiz: Arqué Collection.|Osasuna, munduko ondasuna. <br />''The first wealth is health.''||]==== ====[/atlas/medicina/Recogiendo-tomillo-en-Viernes-Santo-Salinillas-de-Buradon-1998.jpg|Collecting thyme on Good Friday. Salinillas de Buradón (A), 1998. Source: Isidro Sáenz de Urturi, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|There is a hidden wisdom behind popular medicine that goes far beyond the remedy itself. This collection of data helps us catch a glimpse of a way to understand health and disease —and ultimately the human body— that differs from the prevailing view.||]==== ====[/atlas/medicina/Ikoak.jpg|Green figs. Source: Akaitze Kamiruaga, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Verrugas tengo, <br />verrugas vendo, <br />aquí las dejo y me voy corriendo.<br /><br />''Formula against warts''||]==== ====[/atlas/medicina/Ermita-de-Santa-Engracia-Segura.jpg|Hermitage of St Engratia. Segura (G). Source: Antxon Aguirre, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Ez da gaitzik aldiak ez daroanik. <br />''Time cures everything.''||]==== ====[/atlas/medicina/Manzanilla.jpg|Chamomile. Source: Luis Manuel Peña, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Eros ogi eta gazta, erremediotan ez gasta. <br />''Better to spend money on good food than on medicine.''||]==== ===[nacimiento|Rites from Birth to Marriage in the Basque Country|/atlas/nacimiento.png|Significant stages of life and rites of passage; namely, birth and childhood, youth, and the transition from singleness to marriage.]=== ====[Ritos_del_nacimiento_al_matrimonio_en_vasconia | Rites from Birth to Marriage in the Basque Country]==== ====[/atlas/nacimiento/Mujeres-en-el-portico-Orozko-1956.jpg|Under the portico. Orozko (B), 1956. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive.|Ogiaren kurruskua mutikoa izan dadin. <br />''Eat up your crusts to have a boy.''|]==== ====[/atlas/nacimiento/Erromeria-jaietan-Zeanuri-1922.jpg|Dancing during patronal celebrations. Zeanuri (B), 1922. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: Felipe Manterola Collection.|Young men and women would meet during the Sunday stroll, dances and pilgrimages.|]==== ====[/atlas/nacimiento/Tarta-nupcial-Durango-1975.jpg|Wedding cake. Durango (B), 1975. Source: Gurutzi Arregi, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|As was the case of all important events, the wedding banquet, eztei-bazkaria, was celebrated at home.|]==== ====[/atlas/nacimiento/Familia-troncal-Castillo-Elejabeitia-1930.jpg|Nuclear family. Artea (B), c. 1930. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: Felipe Manterola Collection.|Any bachelor, or spinster, traditionally continued to be linked to the homestead and to be an integral part of the family.||]==== ====[/atlas/nacimiento/Seintzaina-Zeanuri-1924.jpg|Nursemaid. Zeanuri (B), 1924. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: Felipe Manterola Collection.|Until the mid-twentieth century women gave birth at home with the help of a midwife and women relatives and neighbours. Giving birth was almost exclusively a female domestic occasion exclusively concerning females.||]==== ====[/atlas/nacimiento/Mozas-en-el-paseo-Aoiz-1950.jpg|Promenading. Aoiz (N), 1950. Source: Pilar Sáez de Albéniz, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Neskazaharrak joaten dira <br />Madalenara, <br />santuari eskatzera <br />senar on bana. <br /><br />''Folk song''||]==== ====[/atlas/nacimiento/Despedida-de-soltera-Durango-1960.jpg|Single farewell. Durango (B), 1960. Source: Gurutzi Arregi, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|The transfer of the chattels was a ritualised act of great importance as it marked the entry of the new spouse in the home, ''etxe-sartzea''.||]==== ====[/atlas/nacimiento/Bautismo-Bilbao.jpg|Baptism. Bilbao. Source: Edurne Romarate, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|After giving birth, women would remain confined for a period that ended with the rite of being churched, ''elizan sartzea''.||]==== ====[/atlas/nacimiento/Etxebarri-1968.jpg|Etxebarri (B), 1968. Source: Edurne Romarate, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Maritxu-teilatuko, <br />gona gorriduna, <br />eutsi hagin zaharra <br />ta ekarzu barria. <br /><br />''Popular recitation''||]==== ====[/atlas/nacimiento/Entrada-en-el-templo-Getxo-1996.jpg|Bride’s entrance in church. Getxo (B), 1996. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive.|Ezkon urte, ero urte. <br />''People go crazy in the year they wed.''||]==== ====[/atlas/nacimiento/Ofrenda-en-la-tumba-familiar-Donostia-1958.jpg|Offering to the departed. Donostia, 1958. Source: Segundo Oar-Arteta, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Ezkonberri, etxe berri. <br />''A married person wants a house.''||]==== ====[/atlas/nacimiento/Urduliz-1984.jpg|Urduliz (B), 1984. Source: Akaitze Kamiruaga, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Haurrak negarrik ez, titirik ez. <br />''A baby who does not cry, does not suckle.''||]==== ====[/atlas/nacimiento/Boloak-Zerain-1970.jpg|Baptism celebration. Zerain (G), 1970. Source: Karmele Goñi, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Haurraren jaiotza, etxerako poza. <br />''A house without children is a flowerpot without flowers.''||]==== ====[/atlas/nacimiento/Bilbao-1995.jpg|Bilbao, 1995. Source: Asier Astigarraga’s private archive.|Charms, ''kutunak'', were attached to children’s clothes and were said to protect them from the evil eye.||]==== ====[/atlas/nacimiento/Pasacalles-Sanguesa-1960.jpg|Passacaglia. Sangüesa (N), c. 1960. Source: Juan Cruz Labeaga, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Gazteak, badakizue <br />zelan dantzan egin: <br />burua gora-gora <br />ta kaderai eragin. <br /><br />''Folk verse''||]==== ===[ritos|Funeral Rites in the Basque Country|/atlas/ritos.png|Cultural issues surrounding death as a rite of passage, including death omens, death throes and ritual practices after death.]=== ====[Ritos_funerarios_en_vasconia | Funeral Rites in the Basque Country]==== ====[/atlas/ritos/Camino-al-cementerio-1950-Izurdiaga.jpg|On the way to the cemetery, c. 1950. Izurdiaga (N). Source: Carmen Jusué, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Dying on a rainy day or if it rained after the death showed that the soul would be saved: ''gorputz ona, euritsu''.|]==== ====[/atlas/ritos/Amortajamiento-con-traje-festivo-Amezketa-1959.jpg|Shroud in a suit. Amezketa (G), 1959. Source: Antxon Aguirre, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|A small group of neighbours would watch over the corpse in turns during the night and make sure that the light burning next to it did not go out.|]==== ====[/atlas/ritos/Portadores-del-feretro-jasotzaileak-Amezketa.jpg|Coffin bearers. Amezketa (G). Source: Antxon Aguirre, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Death was an event that usually occurred in the neighbourhood, a fact that meant the home of the deceased played a leading role.|]==== ====[/atlas/ritos/Adornando-las-sepulturas-para-el-dia-de-Todos-los-Santos-Bilbao-1990.jpg|Caring for the graves on the occasion of All Saints’ Day. Bilbao (B), 1990. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: José Ignacio García Muñoz.|Omens of death included those associated with strange behaviour by some domestic animals, mainly dogs and cockerels.||]==== ====[/atlas/ritos/Santa-Grazi.jpg|Santa-Grazi (Z). Source: Boissel, W. Le Pays Basque. Sites, Arts et Coutumes. Paris, A. Calavas edit.|Cuando el cárabo canta, la muerte levanta. <br />''When the tawny owl hoots, death wakes up.''||]==== ====[/atlas/ritos/Sepulturas-en-la-nave-de-la-iglesia-Amezketa-1990.jpg|Symbolic graves in church. Amezketa (G), 1990. Source: Antxon Aguirre, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Each homestead used to have a burial site inside the church’s nave. When burials were transferred to cemeteries, the once real burial site in church became a symbolic family grave, were offerings of light and bread were made to their dead.||]==== ====[/atlas/ritos/Toque-de-campana-anunciando-la-muerte-Beasain.jpg|Death knell. Beasain (G). Source: José Zufiaurre, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Tolling the bell was a very effective way of announcing the death in rural settlements.||]==== ====[/atlas/ritos/Cortejo-funebre-1925.jpg|Funeral cortège, c. 1925. Source: Antxon Aguirre, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|There were specific paths to carry the corpse from the house of the deceased to the church and the cemetery.||]==== ====[/atlas/ritos/Mujeres-con-ofrendas-Otxagabia-1920.jpg|Offering bearers. Otsagabia (N), c. 1920. Source: Fco. Javier Zubiaur and M.ª Amor Beguiristain’s private archive: Roldán and Calle Photographic Studios.|The members of the funeral cortege, relatives of the deceased and neighbours alike, would usually carry offerings of bread and light.||]==== ====[/atlas/ritos/Ofrenda-de-luces-Amezketa.jpg|Light offerings. Amezketa (G). Source: Garmendia Larrañaga, Juan. Neguko Festak. Donostia, 1993, J. Juanes Photographic Archive.|Light offerings would light up the way for the soul of the deceased. And bread would sustain it.||]==== ====[/atlas/ritos/Duelo-femenino-Sara.jpg|Mourners. Sara (L). Source: Veyrin, Philippe. Pays Basques de France et d’Espagne. Paris-Grenoble, 1951.|Sorrow was expressed by wearing mourning.||]==== ====[/atlas/ritos/Anuncio-de-la-muerte-a-las-abejas.jpg|Telling the bees. Source: ''Gure Herria''.|Erletxuak, erletxuak, <br />egizute argizaria, <br />nagusia hil da-ta, <br />behar da elizan argia. <br /><br /> ''Ritual formula to inform the bees of their keeper’s death''||]==== ====[/atlas/ritos/Amortajamiento-de-un-nino-Durango.jpg|Infant shroud. Durango (B). Source: Gerediaga Association Archive: Germán Photographic Studio.|Jaiotzetik heriotza zor. <br />''When you begin to live, you being to die.''||]==== ====[/atlas/ritos/Pipaon-1990.jpg|Pipaón (A), 1990. Source: Pilar Alonso, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Hildakoari hobia eta biziari ogia. <br />''The dead to the grave and the living to the roll.''||]==== ====[/atlas/ritos/Hilarriak-Irulegi.jpg|Funerary stelae. Irulegi (NB). Source: Michel Duvert, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Oilarrak gauez kukurruku jotzen badu, laster izango da gorpuren bat etxe hartan. <br />''A cockerel crowing at sunset, death is looming.''||]==== ===[ganaderia|Livestock Farming and Shepherding in the Basque Country|/atlas/ganaderia.png|Animal husbandry as a way of life rather than an economic opportunity: aspects related to domestic animals and the human-animal bond.]=== ====[Ganaderia_y_pastoreo_en_vasconia | Livestock Farming and Shepherding in the Basque Country]==== ====[/atlas/ganaderia/Subida-a-los-pastos-del-Gorbeia-2006.jpg|On the move to the summer pastures in Gorbeia, 2006. Source: Antxon Aguirre, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Traditional shepherding and free-range livestock husbandry have prevailed on regions where these three requisites are satisfied: communal land, open-access rights, and free movibility for herds.|]==== ====[/atlas/ganaderia/Ovejas-latxas-de-cara-negra-Abadino.jpg|Dark-faced ''latxa'' sheep. Abadiño (B). Source: Rosa M.ª Ardanza, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|The permanence of shepherding in the mountains of the Basque Country over centuries may help understand the fact that denominations given to diverse species of livestock, as well as to the implements used, form a distinguishing lexical corpus, independent from Indoeuropean languages.|]==== ====[/atlas/ganaderia/Pastando-en-Eneabe-Zeanuri-1996.jpg|Grazing in Eneabe. Zeanuri (B), 1996. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: José Ignacio García Muñoz.|Two millennia ago Pliny distinguished Vasconum saltus, humid and wooded, from Vasconum ager, with its grain fields and vineyards. That distinction still remains today, with regard to livestock farming.|]==== ====[/atlas/ganaderia/Pastor-de-Lanciego-subiendo-a-Tolono-1996.jpg|Shepherd from Lanciego (A) on the climb to Toloño, 1996. Source: José Ángel Chasco, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|The Mediterranean watershed of the Basque Country was, and to a large extent is, characterized by the importance of the commons, the communal character of their exploitation by associations and brotherhoods comprising multiple municipalities still persisting today.||]==== ====[/atlas/ganaderia/Establo-de-ovejas-moderno-Izurtza-2000.jpg|Modern stable for sheep. Izurtza (B), 2000. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: José Ignacio García Muñoz.|The transformations that have taken place in the last few decades have fundamentally changed the world of livestock farming: no longer a way of life, it is now an economic activity.||]==== ====[/atlas/ganaderia/Oveja-negra-en-el-rebano-Meaga-Getaria.jpg|Black sheep in the flock. Meaga, Getaria (G). Source: Antxon Aguirre, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|A black animal, and particularly a billy goat, was considered to protect the herd, flock or barn throughout the area surveyed.||]==== ====[/atlas/ganaderia/Cabras-con-cencerros-Anboto-1999.jpg|Goats wearing bells. Anboto (B), 1999. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: José Ignacio García Muñoz.|Cowbells, in the same way as chimes, have been attributed with the power to protect the livestock from spells. Their use to protect against the evil eye, begizkoa, was very widespread in the past.||]==== ====[/atlas/ganaderia/Pastor-con-kapusai-Eriete-1959.jpg|Shepherd wearing a cape. Eriete (N), 1959. Source: Archive of the Museum of Navarre: Nicolás Ardanaz Collection.|Nolako artzaina, halako artaldea. <br />''Every animal ends up looking like their master.''||]==== ====[/atlas/ganaderia/Bendicion-del-rebano-antes-de-la-partida.jpg|Blessing of the flock before departure. Source: Antxon Aguirre, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Artaldearentzat artzain guti hobe ainitz baino. <br />''Too many cooks spoil the broth.''||]==== ====[/atlas/ganaderia/Esquilando-ovejas-por-el-sistema-tradicional-Carranza-1998.jpg|Traditional sheep shearing. Carranza (B), 1998. Source: Miguel Sabino Díaz, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Grullas p’arriba, pastor buena vida, <br />Grullas p’abajo, pastor más trabajo.<br /><br />''When cranes fly north, life is easier for shepherds, <br />when they fly south, work is harder for shepherds.''||]==== ====[/atlas/ganaderia/Subida-al-monte-Aia-1998.jpg|Climb to the mountain. Aia (G), 1998. Source: Antxon Aguirre, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|At the end of the Middle Ages, flocks in the Basque valleys converged on the same mountains that are now the main summer grassland used for grazing.||]==== ====[/atlas/ganaderia/Dolmen-de-Gaxteenia-Mendibe-1980.jpg|Dolmen of Gaxteenia. Mendibe (NB), 1980. Source: Blot, Jacques. Artzainak. Les bergers basques. Los pastores vascos. Donostia: Elkar, 1984.|“The axial zone of the Basque Pyrenees retains underneath a maze of folds traits of a time-honoured culture.” <br />''J. M. Barandiaran''||]==== ====[/atlas/ganaderia/Pastos-en-Carranza-2009.jpg|Grassy pastures in Carranza (B), 2009. Source: Luis Manuel Peña, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|The priority of the right of herds to cross arable land is expressed in the sentence: ''soroak zor dio larreari'' ‘arable land is indebted to grassland’.||]==== ====[/atlas/ganaderia/Vacas-en-prados-comunales-Carranza-2007.jpg|Cattle on common pastures. Carranza (B), 2007. Source: Luis Manuel Peña, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Communities in areas where livestock has been the fundamental basis of their way of life consider Saint Anthony Abbot as the main protector of the health and fertility of the animals.||]==== ====[/atlas/ganaderia/Pastor-y-espaldero-Canada-de-los-Roncaleses-1996.jpg|Herder and dog. Droveway of the Roncalese (N), 1996. Source: Iñaki San Miguel, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|The introduction of sheepdogs meant they replaced the zagales, young children who had been in charge of herding the flock up to then.||]==== ===[agricultura|Agriculture in the Basque Country|/atlas/agricultura.png|Traditional agriculture and the great changes that occurred over the last decades of the 20th century, leading to high levels of agricultural mechanisation.]=== ====[ Agricultura_en_vasconia | Agriculture in the Basque Country]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Andreak-asto-gainean-astotzarekin.jpg|Milk-women. Source: Ecclesiastical Historical Archive of Bizkaia: Sanctuary of Urkiola Collection.|Our rural folk and our ancestors knew and practised agriculture on a more human scale and from a more holistic approach; it is not only the yield that matters, but also the complex network of physical factors and human beings involved in an activity that is actually based on cultivating the life that feeds us.||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Acarreando-hierba-verde-Carranza-1977.jpg|Grass hauling. Carranza (B), 1977. Source: Miguel Sabino Díaz, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|That [traditional agricultural] knowledge came from the deep-rooted bond established with the land. Self-sufficiency entailed deep respect for the land, as their very livelihood depended on it.||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Vinedo-de-Obanos-2011.jpg|Vineyard in Obanos (N), 2011. Source: M.ª Amor Beguiristain, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Tente nublo, tente en ti,<br />no te caigas sobre mí,<br />guarda el pan, guarda el vino,<br />guarda los campos que están floridos.<br />''Spell against hail''||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Siega-de-trigo-Gesaltza-1950.jpg|Wheat harvest. Gesaltza (G), c. 1950. Source: Municipal Archive of Vitoria-Gasteiz: Enrique Guinea Collection.|Satsitu ta jorratu ta garia hartu. <br />''Spreading manure and weeding and harvesting wheat.''||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Desgranando-semilla-Zerain-1961.jpg|Seed threshing. Zerain (G), 1961. Source: Karmele Goñi, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Selecting seeds has always been a fundamental activity. The best seeds were chosen from each harvest, and they were then stored and used for the next sowing season.||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Laietan-Zeanurin-1920.jpg|Spading. Zeanuri (B), 1920. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: Felipe Manterola Collection.|Spades, ploughs, rakes, sickles, scythes and threshers were the essential tools for agricultural work.||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Acarreo-de-los-haces-de-trigo-1940.jpg|Haulage of wheat sheaves. Álava, c. 1940. Source: Municipal Archive of Vitoria-Gasteiz: Enrique Guinea Collection.|Both animal and human power had a decisive impact on the way of working and on the crops until the introduction of modern machinery.||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Recoleccion-de-oliva-a-ordeno-Moreda-2015.jpg|Milking of olive trees. Moreda (A), 2015. Source: José Ángel Chasco, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Uzta garaian lokartzen, miserian iratzartzen. <br />''Anyone who sleeps at harvest time wakes up destitute.''||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Utillaje-para-trabajar-el-lino-Zeanuri-1931.jpg|Implements for linen making. Zeanuri (B), 1931. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: Felipe Manterola Collection.|Linoaren atsekabeak, amaigabeak. <br />''Producing fine linen is hard work.''||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Maizal.-Carranza--2016.jpg|Maize field. Carranza (B), 2016. Source: Luis Manuel Peña, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|San Jurgi, artoak ereiteko goizegi; San Markos, artoak ereinda balegoz. <br />''St George’s Day is too early to sow maize and St Mark’s Day is too late.''||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Trilladora-y-costales-de-trigo-Navarra-1960.jpg|Wheat being threshed and sacked. Navarre, c. 1960. Source: Archive of the Museum of Navarre: Nicolás Ardanaz Collection.|Maiatz luzea, gosea; garagarrilak ekarriko du asea. <br />''A very wet May, much straw and little grain.''||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Vecinos-trabajando-en-las-eras-Alegria-Dulantzi-1940.jpg|Neighbours on the threshing plots. Alegría-Dulantzi (A), c. 1940. Source: Municipal Archive of Vitoria-Gasteiz: Enrique Guinea Collection.|Elur asko den urtean, garia; eta erle asko dugunean, eztia. <br />''A year of snow, a year of plenty.''||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Sembrando-patata-a-azada-Abadino-2009.jpg|Sowing potato with a hoe. Abadiño (B), 2009. Source: Rosa M.ª Ardanza, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Flax fields and market gardens were the areas of the farm that required the greatest care, the pride of the farmer’s property and a cornerstone of the family’s wealth.||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Molino-de-Carranza-1977.jpg|Mill in Carranza (B), 1977. Source: Miguel Sabino Díaz, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Until the 1950s, flour mills were an essential aspect of the livestock-farming economy of our villages.||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Descargando-el-grano-en-el-remolque-Argandona-2003.jpg|Unloading grain into the trailer. Argandoña (A), 2003. Source: Juan José Galdos, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Ezkur urte, laborte urte. <br />''Acorns a plenty, a year of prosperity.''||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Siega-de-trigo-Gesaltza-1950.jpg|Wheat harvest. Gesaltza (G), c. 1950. Source: Municipal Archive of Vitoria-Gasteiz: Enrique Guinea Collection.|Satsitu ta jorratu ta garia hartu. <br />''Spreading manure and weeding and harvesting wheat.''||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Desgranando-semilla-Zerain-1961.jpg|Seed threshing. Zerain (G), 1961. Source: Karmele Goñi, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Selecting seeds has always been a fundamental activity. The best seeds were chosen from each harvest, and they were then stored and used for the next sowing season.||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Laietan-Zeanurin-1920.jpg|Spading. Zeanuri (B), 1920. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: Felipe Manterola Collection.|Spades, ploughs, rakes, sickles, scythes and threshers were the essential tools for agricultural work.||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Acarreo-de-los-haces-de-trigo-1940.jpg|Haulage of wheat sheaves. Álava, c. 1940. Source: Municipal Archive of Vitoria-Gasteiz: Enrique Guinea Collection.|Both animal and human power had a decisive impact on the way of working and on the crops until the introduction of modern machinery.||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Recoleccion-de-oliva-a-ordeno-Moreda-2015.jpg|Milking of olive trees. Moreda (A), 2015. Source: José Ángel Chasco, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Uzta garaian lokartzen, miserian iratzartzen. <br />''Anyone who sleeps at harvest time wakes up destitute.''||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Utillaje-para-trabajar-el-lino-Zeanuri-1931.jpg|Implements for linen making. Zeanuri (B), 1931. Source: Labayru Fundazioa Photograhic Archive: Felipe Manterola Collection.|Linoaren atsekabeak, amaigabeak. <br />''Producing fine linen is hard work.''||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Maizal.-Carranza--2016.jpg|Maize field. Carranza (B), 2016. Source: Luis Manuel Peña, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|San Jurgi, artoak ereiteko goizegi; San Markos, artoak ereinda balegoz. <br />''St George’s Day is too early to sow maize and St Mark’s Day is too late.''||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Trilladora-y-costales-de-trigo-Navarra-1960.jpg|Wheat being threshed and sacked. Navarre, c. 1960. Source: Archive of the Museum of Navarre: Nicolás Ardanaz Collection.|Maiatz luzea, gosea; garagarrilak ekarriko du asea. <br />''A very wet May, much straw and little grain.''||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Vecinos-trabajando-en-las-eras-Alegria-Dulantzi-1940.jpg|Neighbours on the threshing plots. Alegría-Dulantzi (A), c. 1940. Source: Municipal Archive of Vitoria-Gasteiz: Enrique Guinea Collection.|Elur asko den urtean, garia; eta erle asko dugunean, eztia. <br />''A year of snow, a year of plenty.''||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Sembrando-patata-a-azada-Abadino-2009.jpg|Sowing potato with a hoe. Abadiño (B), 2009. Source: Rosa M.ª Ardanza, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Flax fields and market gardens were the areas of the farm that required the greatest care, the pride of the farmer’s property and a cornerstone of the family’s wealth.||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Molino-de-Carranza-1977.jpg|Mill in Carranza (B), 1977. Source: Miguel Sabino Díaz, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Until the 1950s, flour mills were an essential aspect of the livestock-farming economy of our villages.||]==== ====[/atlas/agricultura/Descargando-el-grano-en-el-remolque-Argandona-2003.jpg|Unloading grain into the trailer. Argandoña (A), 2003. Source: Juan José Galdos, Etniker Euskalerria Groups.|Ezkur urte, laborte urte. <br />''Acorns a plenty, a year of prosperity.''||]====