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== I. [[PRESAGIOS DE MUERTE. HERIOTZAREN ZANTZUAK/en|OMENS OF DEATH]] ==
=== [[#Presagios_relacionados_con_animales|Animal-related omens]] ===
==== [[#Aullido_del_perro._Txakurraren_oihua_zakurraren_uhuria|Dog howling]] ====
==== [[#Canto_del_gallo._Oilarra_kukurruka|Rooster crowing]] ====
==== [[##Comportamiento_del_ganado_y_de_los_gatos|Behaviour of livestock and cats]] ====
==== [[##Canto_o_presencia_de_aves_nocturnas._Le_cri_de_la_chouette|Singing or presence of night birds. ''Le cri de la chouette'']] ====
==== [[#Presencia_de_cuervos_y_otras_aves._Belak_pikak_karraskari|Presence of crows and other birds]] ====
==== [[#Presencia_de_insectos._Euli_baltzak|Presence of insects]] ====
=== [[##Presagios_relacionados_con_hechos_y_acontecimientos|Omens related with facts and events]] ===
==== [[#El_sonido_de_las_campanas._Kanpaiotsak|Bells ringing]] ====
==== [[#Pagar_medir_o_pesar_lo_justo|Paying, measuring or weighing just enough]] ====
==== [[#Ruidos_y_otras_coincidencias|Noises and other coincidences]] ====
==== [[##Presagios_derivados_del_acto_de_morir._Hilaren_begi_irekiak|Omens resulting from the act of dying]] ====
 
== II. [[AGONIA_Y_MUERTE._AGONIA_ETA_HERIOTZA/en|DEATH THROES AND DEATH]] ==
=== [[#La_agonia._Hiltamua|Death throes]] ===
==== [[##Denominaciones32|Names]] ====
==== [[#Signos_fisicos_de_agonia|Physical signs of death throes]] ====
==== [[##El_toque_de_agonia._Agonia-kanpaia_agoniako_zeinua|Death tolls]] ====
==== [[##Asistencia_al_agonizante|Caring for the person in their dying moments ]] ====
**Care and attention
**Contemporary changes
==== [[##Rezos_durante_la_agonia._Agoniako_otoitzak|Prayers during the death throes]] ====
==== [[#Otras_practicas_religiosas._Agoniako_kandela|Other religious practices]] ====
==== [[#Causas_de_la_prolongacion_de_la_agonia|Causes for the death throes dragging on]] ====
**Feuds and grievances
**Possessed by spirits
==== [[##Remedios_contra_la_prolongacion_de_la_agonia|Remedies to stop the death throes dragging on]] ====
**''Meza enkomendadua''
**Facilitating the exiting of the soul
=== [[##La_muerte._Heriotza|The death]] ===
==== [[##Denominaciones33|Names]] ====
==== [[#Causas_fisicas_de_la_muerte|Physical causes of death]] ====
==== [[#Causas_prodigiosas_de_la_muerte|Extraordinary causes of death]] ====
**Spells
**Death spirits
==== [[##Sustitucion_de_la_muerte|Replacing death]] ====
 
== III. [[VIATICO_Y_EXTREMAUNCION._AZKEN_SAKRAMENDUAK/en|VIATICUM AND EXTREME UNCTION]] ==
=== [[##Ritos_cristianos_del_pasaje_de_la_muerte|Christian rites of the passage from life to death]] ===
=== [[#Denominaciones34|Names]] ===
=== [[#La_recepcion_de_los_Ultimos_Sacramentos._Eleizakoak|Receiving the Last Sacraments]] ===
==== [[#Avisos_al_cura_y_al_medico|Notifying the priest and doctor]] ====
==== [[#Acondicionamiento_de_la_habitacion_del_enfermo|Preparing the room of the sick person]] ====
**Home altar
**Decorating the house
==== [[#El_Viatico._Gure_Jauna|Viaticum]] ====
**Viaticum in the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)
**Viaticum in Alava
==== [[##La_Extremauncion._Oleadura|Extreme Unction]] ====
=== [[#Apendice_1_Derniers_Sacrements_Azken_Sakramendia_a_Mendive_(BN)|Appendix 1: Derniers Sacrements a Mendive (BN)]] ===
=== [[##Apendice_2_La_administracion_del_Viatico_y_de_la_Extremauncion_segun_el_antiguo_Ritual_Romano|Appendix 2: Administration of Viaticum and Extreme Unction according to the old Roman Ritual]] ===
 
== IV. [[CREENCIAS_SOBRE_EL_DESTINO_DEL_ALMA/en|BELIEFS ABOUT THE SOUL'S DESTINY]] ==
=== [[##Separacion_del_alma_y_el_cuerpo|Separation of the soul and body]] ===
=== [[##Señales_de_salvacion_o_condenacion|Signs of salvation or damnation]] ===
==== [[#El_semblante_del_cadaver|The countenance of the corpse]] ====
==== [[#Signos_de_la_naturaleza|Signs of nature]] ====
==== [[#Dificultades_para_sacar_el_ataud_de_la_casa|Problems when removing the coffin from the house]] ====
==== [[#Los_cuerpos_incorruptos|Incorrupt bodies]] ====
=== [[#Practicas_para_asegurar_la_salvacion|Practices to ensure salvation]] ===
 
== V. [[DUELO_DOMESTICO_Y_AYUDA_VECINAL/en|HOUSEHOLD MOURNING AND HELP FROM NEIGHBOURS]] ==
=== [[#Signos_de_duelo_de_la_casa_mortuoria|Signs of mourning of the bereaved household]] ===
==== [[##Ocultacion_de_los_espejos|Concealing the mirrors]] ====
==== [[##Ocultacion_de_otros_enseres|Concealing other belongings]] ====
==== [[#Cubrimiento_de_las_paredes|Covering the walls]] ====
==== [[#Cierre_de_ventanas|Closing windows]] ====
==== [[##Signos_de_duelo_en_el_exterior_de_la_casa|Signs of mourning outside the house]] ====
=== [[#Intervencion_de_los_vecinos_durante_el_duelo|Role of the neighbours during the mourning period]] ===
==== [[##La_vecindad_y_los_vecinos_en_relacion_con_la_casa_mortuoria|The neighbourhood and neighbours with regard to the bereaved household]] ====
**Organisation of the neighbourhood hierarchy
**Reconciliation and friendship between neighbours
==== [[#Ayudas_prestadas_por_los_vecinos|Help provided by the neighbours]] ====
**Household chores and tasks
**Customarily established help
=== [[##La_cruz_parroquial_en_la_casa_mortuoria|The parish cross in the bereaved household]] ===
=== [[##Apendice_Role_des_voisins_durant_le_rite_funeraire_a_Osses/Ortzaize_(BN)|Appendix: Rôle des voisins durant le rite funéraire à Ossès/Ortzaize (BN)]] ===
 
== VI. [[COMUNICACION_DE_LA_MUERTE/en|COMMUNICATING THE DEATH]] ==
=== [[#Avisos._Hil-mezuak|Notifications]] ===
==== [[#Destinatarios_de_la_notificacion|Recipients of the notification]] ====
==== [[#Avisadores_del_fallecimiento|Death announcers]] ====
Relatives and neighbours
Messengers and ''auroros'' choirs
==== [[##Transiciones_contemporaneas_Avisos|Contemporary transitions]] ====
=== [[#Los_toques_de_campana._Hil-kanpaiak_hil-zeinuak|Bell ringing]] ===
==== [[#Denominaciones35|Names]] ====
==== [[#Momento_del_toque_a_muerto|Time of the death knell]] ====
==== [[#Persona_encargada_de_tocar_las_campanas|Person in charge of ringing the bells]] ====
==== [[#El_lenguaje_de_los_tañidos|The language of the tolling of the bells]] ====
**Religious status and sex differences
**Social categories
==== [[#Vigencia_de_los_toques_a_muerto|Validity of the death knells]] ====
==== [[#Toques_a_muerto_en_ermitas|Death knells in chapels]] ====
==== [[#Toques_de_entierro|Burial bell tolls]] ====
=== [[##Las_esquelas|Death notices]] ===
==== [[##Esquelas_de_periodicos|Newspaper death notices]] ====
==== [[##Esquelas_de_la_calle|Street death notices]] ====
==== [[##Antiguedad_de_las_esquelas|Antiquity of the death notices]] ====
==== [[#Esquela_radiofonica|Radio death notices]] ====
=== [[##Los_recordatorios|Memorials]] ===
=== [[#Anuncio_de_la_muerte_a_los_animales_domesticos|Telling domesticated animals of the death]] ===
==== [[#Aviso_a_las_abejas._Erletxuak_erletxuak|Telling the bees]] ====
**Survival of the beehive
**Signs of mourning
==== [[##Aviso_a_los_animales_del_establo|Telling the barn animals]] ====
 
== VII. [[AMORTAJAMIENTO._HILAREN_BEZTITZEA/en|SHROUD]] ==
=== [[##Fallecimiento_y_el_acto_de_cerrar_los_ojos|Death and act of closing the eyelids]] ===
=== [[##Lavado_y_amortajamiento|ashing and shrouding]] ===
==== [[#Modos_de_lavar_el_cadaver._Gorpu-garbitzea|Ways of washing the corpse]] ====
==== [[##Adecentamiento_del_cuerpo_muerto|Cleansing the corpse]] ====
==== [[#Disposicion_de_manos_y_pies|Arranging the hands and feet]] ====
==== [[##La_sal_sobre_el_cadaver|Salt on the corpse]] ====
==== [[##La_mortaja_y_sus_tipos|The shroud and its types]] ====
**Cloth shroud
**Festive garments
=== [[#Objetos_que_acompañan_al_cadaver|Objects that accompany the corpse]] ===
==== [[##Simbolos_piadosos|Pious symbols]] ====
==== [[#Bulas_de_difuntos._Hilen_buldak|Death indulgences]] ====
==== [[##Objetos_profanos|Secular objects]] ====
=== [[##Quema_de_hierbas|Burning herbs]] ===
 
== VIII. [[EL_VELATORIO._GAUBELA/en|THE WAKE. ''GAUBELA'']] ==
=== [[#El_velatorio|The wake]] ===
==== [[#Vigilia_diurna|Daytime vigil]] ====
==== [[##Rezo_del_rosario_al_anochecer|Reciting the Rosary at dusk]] ====
==== [[#La_vigilia_nocturna._Hilbeilagaba|Night-time vigil]] ====
**Names
**Meals during the wake
==== [[#Vigencia_del_velatorio|Validity of the wake]] ====
=== [[##La_estancia_mortuoria|The room with the deceased]] ===
==== [[##La_cruz|Cross]] ====
==== [[##La_luz._Argia_lagun|Light]] ====
==== [[#Agua_bendita1|Holy water]] ====
=== [[##Disposicion_del_cadaver|Laying out the corpse]] ===
==== [[#El_cadaver_en_el_lecho_mortuorio|The corpse on the death bed]] ====
==== [[##El_cadaver_en_la_estancia_principal|The corpse in the main room]] ====
==== [[#En_la_camara_mortuoria._Hil-ohea|In the death chamber]] ====
=== [[##El_ataud._Hilkutxa|The coffin]] ===
==== [[#Denominaciones36|Names]] ====
==== [[#La_fabricacion_del_ataud|Making the coffin]] ====
==== [[#Clases_y_tipos_de_ataudes|Classes and types of coffins]] ====
==== [[#Funciones_del_carpintero|Duties of the carpenter]] ====
=== [[##Andas_y_angarillas._Andak_eta_kolportak|Trolleys and stretchers]] ===
=== [[##Quema_del_jergon._Lastaira_erre|Burning the pallet]] ===
 
== IX. [[CAMINOS_MORTUORIOS._HILBIDEAK/en|CORPSE WAYS]] ==
=== [[#Denominaciones37|Names]] ===
=== [[#Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_localidades_de_poblacion_dispersa|Corpse ways in localities with a scattered population]] ===
==== [[#Vasconia_peninsular._Andabideak|Southern Basque Country]] ====
==== [[##Vasconia_continental._Eleizbideak|Northern Basque Country]] ====
=== [[##Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_villas_con_poblacion_rural|Corpse ways in charter towns with a rural population]] ===
=== [[#Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_localidades_de_poblacion_concentrada|Corpse ways in localities with a concentrated population]] ===
=== [[#Los_caminos_de_la_cruz_parroquial_y_del_Viatico|The paths of the parish cross and the Viaticum]] ===
=== [[#Arreglo_de_los_caminos_mortuorios|Upkeep of the corpse ways]] ===
=== [[##Significacion_juridica_de_los_caminos_mortuorios|Legal significance of the corpse ways]] ===
 
== X. [[LA_CONDUCCION_DEL_CADAVER_A_LA_IGLESIA/en|TAKING THE CORPSE TO THE CHURCH]] ==
=== [[##Los_anderos._Hil-ohezaleak|The bearers]] ===
==== [[#Denominaciones38|Names]] ====
==== [[#Anderos_vecinos|Neighbours as bearers]] ====
**Northern Basque Country
**Southern Basque Country
==== [[#Anderos_mozos_en_Alava|Youth bearers in Álava]] ====
==== [[#Anderos_vecinos_y_familiares|Relatives and neighbours as bearers]] ====
==== [[#Anderos_familiares_y_amigos|Friends and relatives as bearers]] ====
==== [[#Anderos_designados_por_el_moribundo|Bearers nominated by the dying person]] ====
==== [[##Orientacion_del_cadaver|Orientation of the corpse]] ====
==== [[##Evolucion_en_las_formas_de_transportar_el_cadaver|Developments in the ways to transport the corpse]] ====
==== [[##Turnos_en_la_conduccion|Taking turns in bearing the corpse]] ====
=== [[##El_levantamiento_del_cadaver._Gorputz_altxatzea|Removal of the corpse]] ===
==== [[#Vasconia_peninsular|Southern Basque Country]] ====
==== [[##Vasconia_continental1|Northern Basque Country]] ====
==== [[#Casas_de_acogida._Gorpuetxeak|Hospitality house]] ====
==== [[##Casa_matriz_o_del_patron|Mother house or of the patron saint]] ====
 
== XI. [[EL_CORTEJO_FUNEBRE._SEGIZIOA/en|THE FUNERAL CORTEGE]] ==
=== [[##La_composicion_del_cortejo_funebre|Composition of the funeral cortege]] ===
==== [[##Denominaciones39|Names]] ====
==== [[#Encabezamiento_de_la_comitiva._Kurutzeketaria|Head of the procession]] ====
==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Alava|The funeral cortege in Alava]] ====
==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Bizkaia|The funeral cortege in Bizkaia]] ====
==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Gipuzkoa|The funeral cortege in Gipuzkoa]] ====
==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Navarra|The funeral cortege in Navarra]] ====
==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Vasconia_continental|The funeral cortege in the Northern Basque Country]] ====
=== [[#Cofradias_y_Asociaciones_en_el_cortejo|Brotherhoods and Associations in the cortege]] ===
=== [[#Rezos_y_cantos_durante_la_conduccion_del_cadaver|Prayers and songs during the bearing of the corpse]] ===
=== [[#Paradas_del_cortejo_funebre._Itxoinaldiak|Stops of the funeral cortege]] ===
=== [[##El_cortejo_funebre_hoy|The funeral cortege today]] ===
=== [[#Entierro_de_niño|A child's burial]] ===
==== [[#Denominaciones40|Names]] ====
==== [[#Vasconia_continental4|Northern Basque Country]] ====
==== [[#Vasconia_peninsular1|Southern Basque Country]] ====
==== [[##Los_padrinos_en_el_entierro_de_niño|The godparents at a child's burial]] ====
=== [[##Entierro_de_joven|A youth's burial]] ===
=== [[#Las_plañideras._Erostariak|The mourners]] ===
==== [[#Documentacion_historica|Historical documentation]] ====
==== [[#Fuentes_etnograficas|Ethnographic sources]] ====
==== [[#Lloros_y_lamentos|Crying and wailing]] ====
 
== XII. [[LA_INDUMENTARIA_EN_EL_CORTEJO_FUNEBRE/en|ATTIRE IN THE FUNERAL CORTEGE]] ==
=== [[##Indumentaria_antigua_de_duelo|Old mourning attire]] ===
==== [[##La_capa._Kapa_handia|The cape]] ====
==== [[#El_manton._Mantua|The shawl]] ====
=== [[##Indumentaria_tradicional_de_los_hombres|Traditional men's attire]] ===
=== [[##Indumentaria_tradicional_de_las_mujeres|Traditional women's attire]] ===
=== [[#Indumentaria_de_los_parientes_y_vecinos|Attire of the relative and neighbours]] ===
=== [[#El_vestir_de_los_componentes_del_duelo_hoy|Bereavement dress today]] ===
 
== XIII. [[PORTADORES_DE_OFRENDAS_EN_EL_CORTEJO/en|OFFERING BEARERS IN THE CORTEGE]] ==
=== [[#La_portadora_de_la_ofrenda._Denominaciones|The bearer of the offering. Names]] ===
==== [[#La_ofrendera_de_pan._Aurrogia|The bread offering]] ====
==== [[#La_ofrendera_de_luces._Ezkoanderea|The light offering]] ====
=== [[#Antiguas_ofrendas_de_animales_en_el_cortejo|Cortege animal offerings in the past]] ===
=== [[#Ramos_y_coronas_de_flores_en_el_cortejo_funebre|Floral wreaths and flowers in the funeral cortege]] ===
==== [[#Las_flores_a_principios_de_siglo|Flowers at the start of the century]] ====
==== [[#Flores_y_coronas_artificiales|Artificial wreaths and flowers]] ====
==== [[#Coronas_y_cruces_artesanales|Homemade crosses and wreaths]] ====
==== [[#Generalizacion_de_ramos_y_coronas|Prevalence of flowers and wreaths]] ====
==== [[##Significaciones_atribuidas|Attributed meanings]] ====
==== [[#Emplazamiento_en_el_cortejo|Position in the cortege]] ====
 
== XIV. [[EXEQUIAS._HILETAK/en|OBSEQUIES]] ==
=== [[##El_cadaver_durante_las_exequias|The corpse during the obsequies]] ===
==== [[#El_feretro_en_el_portico|The coffin in the gateway]] ====
==== [[#Inhumacion_previa_al_funeral|Burial prior to the funeral service]] ====
==== [[##El_catafalco_o_tumbano|The catafalque or burial mound]] ====
==== [[##El_funeral_de_cuerpo_presente|The funeral with the body present]] ====
=== [[#Disposicion_del_duelo_familiar_en_la_iglesia|Arrangement of the family mourners in the church]] ===
==== [[#El_duelo_masculino._Luto-bankua|Male mourners]] ====
==== [[##El_duelo_femenino._Jarlekua|Family mourners]] ====
==== [[##El_duelo_familiar_en_la_actualidad|Family mourners today]] ====
=== [[##La_misa_del_funeral._Hileta-meza|The funeral mass]] ===
==== [[#Denominaciones41|Names]] ====
==== [[##Clases_de_funerales|Types of funeral]] ====
==== [[#Satiras_a_las_clases_de_funeral|Satires on the types of funeral]] ====
==== [[#La_categoria_social_del_funeral|The social standing of the funeral]] ====
==== [[#Misa_de_entierro_y_misas_de_honras|Burial mass and Funeral rites]] ====
==== [[#Misas_de_«a_tiempo»|«A tiempo» masses (concelebrated by different priests)]] ====
==== [[##Funerales_de_parvulos._Aingeru-meza|Infant funerals]] ====
=== [[##Apendice_Las_exequias_segun_el_Ritual_Romano|Appendix: Obsequies according to the Roman Ritual]] ===
 
== XV. [[DIAS_EXEQUIALES/en|OBSEQUIAL DAYS]] ==
=== [[##Novenario._Bederatziurrena|Novena]] ===
==== [[#Denominaciones42|Names]] ====
==== [[#El_novenario_en_los_años_veinte|The novena in the Twenties]] ====
==== [[#Perduracion_y_transformacion_del_novenario|Persistence and transformation of the novena]] ====
==== [[##El_novenario_en_el_Pais_Vasco_continental|The novena in the Northern Basque Country]] ====
==== [[#Rezo_del_rosario_durante_el_novenario|Reciting the rosary during the novena]] ====
=== [[#Honras._Ondrak|Funeral rites]] ===
=== [[##Funcion_mensual_de_almas_y_Ogerrena|Month's Mind]] ===
=== [[#Misa_de_aniversario._Urteburuko_meza|Anniversary Mass]] ===
==== [[##Denominaciones43|Names]] ====
==== [[#Pais_Vasco_peninsular|Southern Basque Country]] ====
==== [[#Pais_Vasco_continental1|Northern Basque Country]] ====
=== [[#Ofrendas_de_misas._Meza-sariak|Mass offerings]] ===
==== [[#Denominaciones44|Names]] ====
==== [[##Pais_Vasco_continental2|Northern Basque Country]] ====
==== [[#Pais_Vasco_peninsular1|Southern Basque Country]] ====
==== [[#Misas_gregorianas._San_Gregorioren_mezak|Gregorian masses]] ====
=== [[##Apendice_Gastos_de_entierro|Appendix: Burial costs]] ===
 
== XVI. [[LAS_SEPULTURAS_EN_LAS_IGLESIAS._JARLEKUAK._FUESAS/en|GRAVES IN CHURCHES. PITS]] ==
=== [[##Denominaciones45|Names]] ===
=== [[##Vigencia_de_las_sepulturas_simbolicas|Validity of the symbolic graves]] ===
==== [[#Sepultura_domestica|Household grave]] ====
==== [[#Sepultura_colectiva|Collective grave]] ====
==== [[##Supresion_de_las_sepulturas|Abolition of the graves]] ====
=== [[##Ajuar_de_la_sepultura|Burial goods]] ===
==== [[#Paño_o_mantel._Zamaua|Cloth or tablecloth]] ====
==== [[#Soportes_de_las_luces|Light holders]] ====
**Woodcutter
**Candlestick
==== [[#Ezkoa._Cerilla|Match]] ====
==== [[#Adornos_de_las_velas|Candle decorations]] ====
==== [[##Elaboracion_artesanal_de_velas_y_cerillas|Making candles and matches by hand]] ====
==== [[#Cesto_de_ofrendas._Ezkozarea|Hamper of offerings]] ====
==== [[##Reclinatorio._Kadira|Kneeler]] ====
==== [[#Custodia_de_los_enseres|Custody of the belongings]] ====
=== [[##Activacion_de_la_sepultura._Ezkoen_piztea|Activation of the grave]] ===
==== [[##Primacia_de_la_dueña_de_la_casa|Primacy of the lady of the house]] ====
==== [[#Participacion_de_la_serora|Sister's involvement]] ====
==== [[##Funciones_de_la_serora_el_dia_de_las_exequias|Duties of the sister on the day of the obsequies]] ====
=== [[#Toma_de_posesion_de_la_sepultura._Sepultura_hartzea|Taking possession of the grave]] ===
=== [[#Duracion_del_duelo_en_la_sepultura._Ogi-hastea_eta_ogi-uztea|Length of the mourning at the grave]] ===
 
== XVII. [[OFRENDAS_Y_SUFRAGIOS_EN_LA_SEPULTURA._ARGIAK_OLATAK_HILOTOITZAK/en|OFFERINGS AND SUFFRAGES AT THE GRAVE]] ==
=== [[##Ofrenda_de_luces._Argi_egitea/en|Light offering]] ===
==== [[#Creencias|Beliefs]] ====
==== [[##Ofrenda_de_luces_en_las_exequias|Light offering at the obsequies]] ====
**Gipuzkoa
**Northern Basque Country
==== [[#Ofrendas_de_luces_en_el_periodo_de_luto|Light offerings during the mourning period]] ====
**Gipuzkoa
**Northern Basque Country
=== [[#Ofrenda_de_panes._Ofrenda-ogia|Bread offering]] ===
==== [[#Extension_y_vigencia_de_la_ofrenda_de_pan|Extent and validity of the bread offering]] ====
==== [[#Tipos_de_pan_numero_y_peso|Types of bread, number and weight]] ====
==== [[##Denominaciones46|Names]] ====
==== [[##Oferentes_y_recipendiarios|Offerings and recipients]] ====
==== [[#Rito_de_ofrenda_en_las_exequias|Offering ritual at the obsequies ]] ====
==== [[#Ofrenda_de_pan_en_el_novenario|Bread offering at the novena]] ====
==== [[#Ofrendas_durante_el_año_de_luto|Offerings during the year of mourning]] ====
==== [[#Ofrendas_en_la_misa_de_aniversario|Offerings at the anniversary mass]] ====
==== [[##Ofrendas_en_dias_señalados|Offerings on certain days]] ====
==== [[##Reparto_del_pan_de_ofrenda|Distribution of the offering bread]] ====
=== [[#Ofrendas_de_dinero_en_la_sepultura._Errespontsuak|Money offerings at the grave]] ===
==== [[#Denominaciones47|Names]] ====
==== [[##Los_responsos_del_dia_del_entierro|The responsories of the day of the burial]] ====
==== [[##Responsos_en_el_periodo_de_luto|Responsories during the period of mourning]] ====
**On feast days
**Ordinary days
==== [[##Responsos_en_determinados_dias_del_año|Responsories on certain days of the year]] ====
==== [[#Evolucion_del_estipendio_de_los_responsos|Evolution of the stipend of the responsories]] ====
=== [[#Antiguas_ofrendas_de_animales|Animal offerings in the past]] ===
==== [[#Fuentes_historicas|Historical sources]] ====
==== [[##Fuentes_etnograficas1|Ethnographic sources]] ====
 
== XVIII. [[SEPELIO/en|ACT OF BURIAL]] ==
=== [[##La_asistencia_al_sepelio|Attending the burial act]] ===
==== [[#Asistentes_de_oficio|Ex officio attendees]] ====
==== [[##Ausencia_de_las_mujeres|Women not attending]] ====
==== [[#Presencia_del_duelo_tras_el_sepelio|Bereavement after the burial]] ====
==== [[#Cortejo_hasta_el_limes|Cortege to the ''limes'']] ====
==== [[#Cortejo_directo_al_cementerio|Direct cortege to the cemetery]] ====
==== [[##Comitiva_numerosa|Large procession]] ====
==== [[#El_sepelio_hoy|The burial today]] ====
=== [[##Ritos_en_el_cementerio|Rituals in the cemetery]] ===
==== [[#Rescate_de_simbolos_religiosos|Retrieval of religious symbols]] ====
==== [[#Arrojar_un_puñado_de_tierra|Throwing a handful of earth]] ====
=== [[#La_inhumacion._Lurra_ematea|The Interment]] ===
=== [[#Orientacion_de_la_tumba|Orientation of the tomb]] ===
==== [[##En_la_iglesia_y_en_su_entorno|In the church and in its surroundings]] ====
==== [[##En_el_cementerio|In the cemetery]] ====
**Orientation with respect to the Sun
== XIX. [[REGRESO_A_LA_CASA_MORTUORIA_Y_AGAPES_FUNERARIOS/en|RETURNING TO THE HOUSE OF THE DECEASED AND FUNERAL FEAST]] ==
=== [[#Regreso_del_cortejo_a_la_casa_mortuoria|Return of the cortege to the house of the deceased]] ===
==== [[#Vasconia_continental5|Northern Basque Country]] ====
==== [[#Vasconia_peninsular2|Southern Basque Country]] ====
=== [[#Agapes_y_refrigerios_a_los_asistentes|Feast and refreshments for the attendees]] ===
==== [[#La_«caridad»_en_Alava|The «goodwill» in Alava]] ====
==== [[##Karidadea_en_Gipuzkoa|''Karidadea'' in Gipuzkoa]] ====
==== [[#Otros_refrigerios|Other refreshments]] ====
=== [[#Obsequios_a_los_participantes_en_las_exequias|Gifts to the participants in the obsequies]] ===
==== [[#A_los_sacerdotes|To the priests]] ====
==== [[##A_los_portadores_del_feretro|To the coffin bearers]] ====
==== [[##A_los_niños|To children]] ====
==== [[#A_los_auroros|To the auroros choirs]] ====
==== [[#Limosnas_a_los_pobres|Alms to the poor]] ====
=== [[##La_comida_de_entierro._Entierro-bazkaria|The burial meal]] ===
==== [[##Denominaciones48|Names]] ====
==== [[##Lugar_de_la_comida|Place of the meal]] ====
**At the house of the deceased
**Preparing the room and the meal
==== [[#Comensales|Diners]] ====
**Relatives
**Prayers
==== [[#Composicion_de_la_comida|Composition of the meal]] ====
==== [[#La_comida_de_entierro_en_diversas_localidades|The burial meal at different places]] ====
**Beskoitze (L)
**Salvatierra (A)
==== [[##Comidas_de_honras_y_aniversarios|Anniversary and funeral rites meals]] ====
==== [[#Valoraciones_actuales|Current valuations]] ====
=== [[##Apendice_Antiguas_restricciones_legales_sobre_banquetes_funebres|Appendix: Some legal restrictions about funeral feasts]] ===
 
== XX. [[EL_LUTO._DOLUA/en|THE MOURNING]] ==
=== [[#Denominaciones49|Names]] ===
=== [[#Duracion_del_luto|Duration of the mourning]] ===
=== [[#Restricciones_durante_el_luto|Restrictions during the mourning period]] ===
==== [[#Asistencia_a_bailes_y_fiestas|Attending dances and parties]] ====
==== [[##Presencia_en_bares_y_establecimientos_publicos|Presence in bars and public establishments]] ====
==== [[#Celebraciones_domesticas|Household celebrations]] ====
==== [[##Actividades_ruidosas|Noisy activities]] ====
=== [[#El_luto_en_la_indumentaria._Doluko_arropa|Mourning apparel]] ===
==== [[##Luto_de_las_mujeres|Women's mourning apparel]] ====
**Mourning veil
**''Kaputxina''
==== [[##Luto_de_los_hombres|Men's mourning apparel]] ====
**''Kapa''
**''Kapa ttipia'' and ''taulerra''
==== [[##Luto_de_los_niños|Children's mourning apparel]] ====
==== [[##Lutos_menos_rigurosos|Less rigorous mourning]] ====
==== [[##Teñido_casero_de_prendas_para_el_luto|Home dying of garments for the mourning]] ====
=== [[#Marcas_de_duelo_en_el_exterior_de_la_casa|Signs of mourning on the outside of the house]] ===
==== [[##Colgaduras|Drapery]] ====
==== [[#Ocultacion_de_los_escudos|Concealing the coats-of-arms]] ====
=== [[#Extension_del_duelo_a_los_animales_domesticos|Extending the mourning to the domesticated animals]] ===
=== [[#Otras_manifestaciones_de_luto|Other displays of mourning]] ===
=== [[##Cambios_operados_en_el_luto|Changes to the mourning]] ===
 
== XXI. [[CONMEMORACION_DE_LOS_DIFUNTOS/en|COMMEMORATION OF THE DEAD]] ==
=== [[#1_de_noviembre._Festividad_de_Todos_los_Santos._Domuru_Santu|1 November All Saints' Day]] ===
==== [[#Ofrendas_en_la_iglesia|Offerings at the church]] ====
==== [[#Asistencia_al_cementerio|Visiting the cemetery]] ====
**Southern Basque Country
**Northern Basque Country
=== [[##2_de_noviembre._Conmemoracion_de_los_Fieles_Difuntos_o_Dia_de_las_Animas._Arimen_eguna|2 November Commemoration of the Faithful Departed or All Souls' Day]] ===
==== [[##Ofrendas_en_la_iglesia1|Offerings at the church]] ====
==== [[#Visitas_al_cementerio|Visits to the cemetery]] ====
==== [[##Novenario_por_las_Animas_del_Purgatorio|Novena for the Spirits in Purgatory]] ====
==== [[##Reparto_de_las_ofrendas_a_los_niños|Distribution of the offerings to children]] ====
==== [[##Indulgencias_por_los_difuntos|Indulgences for the deceased]] ====
=== [[#Conmemoraciones_de_difuntos_a_lo_largo_del_año|Commemoration of the dead during the year]] ===
=== [[#Cuidado_de_las_tumbas|Caring for the graves]] ===
 
== XXII. [[ASOCIACIONES_EN_TORNO_A_LA_MUERTE/en|ASSOCIATIONS AROUND DEATH]] ==
=== [[##Caracteristicas_generales_de_las_Cofradias_religiosas|General characteristics of the religious brotherhoods]] ===
=== [[##Cofradia_de_la_Vera_Cruz|Brotherhood of the True Cross]] ===
=== [[#Cofradia_del_Santo_Rosario|Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary]] ===
=== [[#Cofradia_de_Animas|Brotherhood of the Spirits]] ===
=== [[##Cofradias_religiosas_bajo_otras_denominaciones_(San_Blas_San_Nicolas_Pescadores_y_Mareantes_Santiago_Apostol_San_Francisco_Javier_San_Roque_San_Sebastian_Santa_Ana_San_Jose_Santisimo_Sacramento_Santa_Fe_Antorchas_Ntra._Sra._de_las_Cuevas|Religious brotherhoods under other names (San Blas, San Nicolás, Fishermen and Seafarers Santiago Apóstol, San Francisco Javier, San Roque, San Sebastián, Santa Ana, San José, Blessed Sacrament, Santa Fe, Antorchas, Our Lady of the Grottoes)]] ===
=== [[##Cofradias_vinculadas_a_Santuarios|Brotherhoods linked to shrines]] ===
=== [[##Cofradias_vecinales_en_Bizkaia|Neighbourhood brotherhoods in Bizkaia]] ===
==== [[##Cofradia_de_San_Miguel_de_Alzusta_en_Zeanuri|Brotherhood of San Miguel de Alzusta in Zeanuri]] ====
==== [[#Cofradia_de_San_Adrian_de_Argiñeta_en_Elorrio|Brotherhood of San Adrián de Argiñeta in Elorrio]] ====
=== [[#Cofradia_de_la_Trinidad_de_Sanguesa_(Navarra)|Brotherhood of the Sangüesa Trinity (Navarra)]] ===
=== [[##Cofradia_de_los_Sacerdotes_de_Aramayona_(Alava)|Brotherhood of the Aramayona Priests (Alava)]] ===
=== [[#Hermandades_y_Asociaciones_mutuas_de_caracter_funerario|Brotherhoods and Funeral Mutual Associations]] ===
=== [[#Apendice|Appendix]] ===
==== [[#Estatutos_de_la_Hermandad_de_la_Santa_Vera_Cruz_del_lugar_de_Villanueva_de_Valdegovia|Charter of the Brotherhood of the Holy True Cross of the village of Villanueva de Valdegovía]] ====
==== [[#Libro_de_la_Cofradia_del_Sto._Rosario_de_este_pueblo_de_S._Roman|Book of the Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary of this town of S. Román]] ====
==== [[#Regla_y_Estatutos_de_la_Cofradia_de_Animas._Llodio|Rules and Charter of the Brotherhood of Spirits. Llodio]] ====
==== [[#Statuts_ou_Reglements_des_Confreres_de_la_Confrerie_de_Saint-Blaise_du_quartier_d_Amots_en_la_Paroisse_de_St-Pe_du_14_fevrier_1779|Statuts ou Règlements des Confrères de la Confrérie de Saint-Blaise du quartier d'Amots, en la Paroisse de St-Pé, du 14 fevrier 1779]] ====
==== [[##Reglamento_reformado_de_la_Cofradia_de_la_Natividad_de_Nuestra_Señora_de_los_Reverendos_Sacerdotes_del_Valle_de_Aramayona_Provincia_de_Alava_Diocesis_de_Vitoria|Reformed Rules of the Brotherhood of the Nativity of Our Lady of the Reverend Priests of Aramayona Valley, Province of Alava, Diocese of Vitoria]] ====
==== [[#Hermandad_de_Difuntos_«Bakartasuna»_(La_Soledad)._Zeanuri|«Bakartasuna» Brotherhood of the Dead (Solitude). Zeanuri]] ====
==== [[##Reglamento_de_la_Hermandad_de_la_VeraCruz_fundada_el_año_de_1882_en_Alonsotegui|Rules of the Brotherhood of the True Cross, founded in Alonsótegui in 1882]] ====
 
== XXIII. [[LUGARES_Y_MODOS_DE_ENTERRAMIENTO/en|BURIAL PLACES AND METHODS]] ==
=== [[##La_inhumacion_en_la_casa._Etxekanderearen_baratzea|Internment on the homestead]] ===
=== [[##La_inhumacion_junto_a_la_iglesia|Internment next to the church]] ===
=== [[#La_inhumacion_en_el_interior_de_la_iglesia|Internment inside the church]] ===
=== [[##Prohibiciones_legales_de_sepultar_en_iglesias|Legal restrictions regarding burial in churches]] ===
=== [[##El_cementerio._Hilerria|The cemetery]] ===
==== [[#Denominaciones50|Names]] ====
==== [[##Ubicacion_del_cementerio|Location of the cemetery]] ====
**Next to the place of worship
**Cemeteries in the outskirts
==== [[#Distribucion_del_espacio_del_cementerio|Distribution of the cemetery area]] ====
==== [[##Derecho_de_inhumacion_en_la_sepultura|Right of internment in the grave]] ====
==== [[#Modos_de_enterramiento|Burial methods]] ====
**The burial mound
**The crypt
==== [[#Cabecera_de_la_tumba|Headstone]] ====
**Crosses
**Stelae
==== [[##Tierra_no_bendecida|Unconsecrated ground]] ====
**Limbo
== XXIV. [[APARECIDOS_Y_ANIMAS_ERRANTES._ARIMA_HERRATUAK/en|GHOSTS AND WANDERING SPIRITS]] ==
=== [[##Creencias_sobre_aparecidos|Beliefs about ghosts]] ===
=== [[##Modos_de_aparicion_de_las_animas|Types of spirit apparitions]] ===
==== [[##Sonidos_y_ruidos_extraños._Herotsegileak|Sounds and strong noises]] ====
==== [[#Luces_y_resplandores._Argi-egileak|Lights and glows]] ====
==== [[#Sombras._Gerixetiak|Shadows]] ====
==== [[##Olores._Arimen_usaina|Smells]] ====
==== [[#Forma_corporea|Bodily form]] ====
==== [[#Otras_formas_de_aparicion|Other types of apparition]] ====
=== [[#Tiempos_de_aparicion|Apparition times]] ===
=== [[#Escenarios_de_aparicion|Apparition scenarios]] ===
==== [[#La_casa_y_el_fuego_del_hogar|The house and outside the home]] ====
==== [[#Caminos_y_encrucijadas|Paths and crossroads]] ====
==== [[##Moradas_de_animas|Spirit abodes]] ====
=== [[#Testigos_de_las_apariciones|Witnesses of the apparitions]] ===
=== [[#Comportamientos_ante_apariciones|Reaction to the apparitions]] ===
==== [[#Prevenciones|Preventions]] ====
==== [[##Normas_y_formulas_dialogadas._Zer_arrangura_duk?|Dialogues and rules]] ====
==== [[#Cautelas_y_acreditaciones._Atzamarren_erreunea|Precautions and accreditations]] ====
==== [[#Modos_de_ahuyentar|Ways of driving them away]] ====
==== [[#Peticiones_de_las_animas|Petitions to the spirits]] ====
**Masses
**Fulfilling promises
=== [[##Presentimientos_y_temores_a_apariciones|Premonitions and fear of apparitions]] ===
==== [[#Prohibicion_de_dar_vueltas_al_cementerio|Ban on going round and round the cemetery]] ====
==== [[#Miedo_a_lugares_de_enterramiento|Fear of burial places]] ====
=== [[#Practicas_asociadas_a_las_creencias_en_las_animas|Practices associated with beliefs in spirits]] ===
=== [[#Narraciones_de_aparecidos_tradicionalizadas|Traditionalised ghost stories]] ===
==== [[#El_cura-cazador_errante._Abade-txakurrak|The travelling ghost hunger-priest]] ====
==== [[#El_cura_a_falta_de_una_misa._Gauerdiko_meza|The priest one mass away]] ====
==== [[#Sirvienta_por_deudora._Zorrak_pagatu_arte_neskato|Debtor servant girl]] ====
=== [[#Apendice_Relatos_de_aparecidos|Appendix: Ghost stories]] ===
==== [[#Herotsegilea._Anima_tonante|Thundering spirit]] ====
==== [[#Argi-egilea._Anima_luminosa|Shining spirit]] ====
==== [[##Atzamarren_erreunea._Huella_de_fuego|Fire footprint]] ====
==== [[#Txarri-elia._La_piara_de_cerdos|The swine herd]] ====
==== [[#Zazpi_estatuz_ez_ondoratu._Alejarse_siete_estadios|Moving away in seven stages]] ====
==== [[##Mallabiko_abadea._El_cura-cazador_errante|The travelling ghost hunger-priest]] ====
==== [[#Gauerdiko_meza._El_cura_a_falta_de_una_misa|The priest one mass away]] ====
==== [[#Zorrak_pagatu_arte_neskato._Sirvienta_por_deudora|Debtor servant girl]] ====
==== [[##Arima_herratua_(ame_errante)_qui_ecrit_sur_un_papier_un|''Arima herratua'' (âme errante) qui écrit sur un papier nu]] ====
==== [[#Arima_korotik_gora_joan._Aparicion_en_iglesia|Apparition in church]] ====
==== [[##Kuadrilea_kantaren-kantaren._Grupo_de_animas_junto_al_cementerio|Group of spirits next to the cemetery]] ====
==== [[#Gaitzerua_eta_ezkoa._La_candela_bajo_el_celemin|The lamp under the bushel]] ====
 
