Navarra is home to a great variety of landscapes caused by the combination of ''ager, saltus'', habitat and paths, according to Alfredo Floristán, the geographer, reflecting how varied its relief, its climate and the different cultures to be found there are. There are therefore four main bioclimatic environments:
# :1. ''Cantabrian valleys'' of the cool and humid Navarra in the north-west. Basic features of this rural landscape are the fields enclosed by hedges or stone walls and the scattered settlements. There was little cultivated compared to uncultivated land. The fact that hay meadows were more important than crops in the former indicates the fundamental role of cattle and sheep livestock-farming there. Crops were grown for the livestock: corn, beans twisting up its stems and interspersed with turnips. # :2. ''Pyrenean valleys.'' In the uplands of north-eastern Navarra, there is a type of rural landscape whose most notable features are bioclimatic gradation, transhumance, rafts known as ''almadías'' to transport logs downriver and upland agriculture.# :3. ''Pre-Pyrenean Basins.'' Open fields with agricultural holdings of over 20 ha. and small villages straddle the Lumbier-Aoiz and Pamplona basins, in the southern part of the Pyrenean valleys and the northern part of the Zonea Media buffer zone, in other words, approximately throughout the bioclimatically Sub-Mediterranean Navarra. Nearly all the arable land is planted with barley and wheat each year.# :4. ''Mediterranean landscapes.'' This land in southern Navarra has been intensively worked ever since the Romans and Arabs in earliest times and according to aspects of its rainfall patterns: low annual amount, uneven month-on-month distribution of the rain and, particularly, dry summers.
== The agricultural landscape of Bizkaia ==
