Ver el código de «Indice Agricultura en vasconia/en»

<languages></languages>
= LANDSCAPE =

== I. [[EL_PAISAJE_AGRARIO/en|THE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE]] ==

=== [[Paisaje_agrario_de_Alava|Agricultural landscape of Álava]] ===

=== [[Paisaje_agrario_de_Navarra|Agricultural landscape of Navarra]] ===

=== [[Paisaje_agrario_de_Bizkaia|Agricultural landscape of Bizkaia]] ===

=== [[Paisaje_agrario_de_Gipuzkoa|Agricultural landscape of Gipuzkoa]] ===

=== [[Paysages_d_Iparralde_trois_regards|Landscapes of the Northern Basque Country (lying within France): three aspects]] ===
&emsp;

== II. [[TERRENOS_CULTIVADOS/en|FARMED LANDS]] ==

=== [[Clases_calidad_y_cultivos_de_las_tierras|Land types, quality and crops]] ===

==== [[##Consideraciones_generales1|General points]] ====

==== [[##Clases_de_tierra_lur_motak|Types of land]] ====

==== [[Roturacion_de_la_tierra|Ploughing the land]] ====

==== [[##Primera_roturacion|First ploughing]] ====

**On common land
**On private property

==== [[##Cultivos|Crops]] ====

==== [[Regadio|Irrigation]] ====

=== [[##Denominaciones_y_descripcion_de_las_tierras_explotadas|Names and description of the farmed land]] ===

==== [[##Denominaciones_castellanas_y_descripciones|Spanish names and descriptions]] ====

==== [[##Denominaciones_euskericas_y_descripciones|Basque names and descriptions]] ====

=== [[##Dimensiones_de_las_parcelas|Sizes of the plots]] ===

==== [[#La_concentracion_parcelaria|Land consolidation]] ====

=== [[Situacion_y_separacion_entre_heredades|Situation and separation between fields]] ===

==== [[#Cerramientos_de_muros_de_piedra._Itxiturak|Stone walls]] ====

==== [[Heredades_predominantemente_abiertas|Predominantly open fields]] ====

==== [[Cerramientos_actuales|Existing enclosures]] ====

==== [[Amojonamiento._Mugarriak|Marking of boundaries]] ====

==== [[Lindes_naturales|Natural boundaries]] ====

=== [[Caminos_vecinales_auzobideak|Local roads]] ===

=== [[Lugares_de_reunion._Areas_de_contactos_sociales|Meeting places. Social contact areas]] ===

=== [[Apendice_Mojones_de_jurisdiccion_herri_arteko_mugarriak|Appendix: Jurisdiction boundary stones]] ===
&emsp;

= CROPS =

== III. [[DISTRIBUCION_Y_ROTACION_DE_CULTIVOS._CALENDARIO_AGRICOLA/en|CROP DISTRIBUTION AND ROTATION. FARMING YEAR]] ==

=== [[Consideraciones_generales2|General points]] ===

==== [[Dias_y_periodos_de_cultivo|Growth periods and days]] ====

==== [[Influencia_de_la_luna|Influence of the moon]] ====

=== [[Distribucion_de_los_cultivos_en_los_distintos_tipos_de_heredades|Crop distribution in the different types of fields]] ===

=== [[Rotacion_de_cultivos|Crop rotation]] ===

=== [[Calendario_agricola|Farming year]] ===

==== [[Vertiente_mediterranea_de_Alava|Álava Mediterranean watershed]] ====

==== [[Vertiente_mediterranea_de_Navarra|Navarra Mediterranean watershed]] ====

==== [[Vertiente_atlantica|Atlantic watershed]] ====

==== [[Ciclo_de_cada_cultivo|Cycle of each crop]] ====

=== [[Las_semillas_haziak|Seeds]] ===

==== [[Seleccion_de_semillas|Seed selection]] ====

==== [[Obtencion_y_conservacion_de_semillas|Obtaining and preserving seeds]] ====

==== [[Preparacion_de_semillas_para_la_siembra|Preparing seeds for sowing]] ====

==== [[Preparacion_de_semilleros_o_sementeras|Preparing seedbeds or sowings]] ====

=== [[Apendice_Refranes_relacionados_con_la_agricultura._Esaerak|Appendix: Sayings to do with agriculture]] ===
&emsp;

== IV. [[PREPARACION_DE_LA_TIERRA_DE_CULTIVO/en|PREPARING THE CULTIVATED LAND]] ==

=== [[Primera_roturacion_de_un_terreno|First ploughing of a piece of land]] ===

==== [[Roturacion_de_monte_bajo_o_con_arbolado|Ploughing scrubland or woodland]] ====

==== [[Roturacion_de_terrenos_de_pasto|Ploughing pastureland]] ====

==== [[Tecnicas_modernas|Modern techniques]] ====

=== [[La_tierra_de_labor|Arable land]] ===

==== [[Preparacion_de_tierras_en_barbecho|Preparing the fallow land]] ====

==== [[Preparacion_de_las_tierras_de_cultivo|Preparing the cultivated land]] ====

**The Mediterranean side of the watershed
**The Atlantic side of the watershed

=== [[El_abonado|Fertilising]] ===

==== [[Estiercol|Manure]] ====

**Mediterranean watershed 
**Atlantic watershed

==== [[Abonos_minerales_y_de_sintesis|Mineral and synthetic fertilisers]] ====

**Mediterranean watershed
**Atlantic watershed

==== [[Compost_y_abonos_verdes|Compost and organic fertilisers]] ====

=== [[El_uso_de_la_ceniza_errautsa|Use of ash]] ===

=== [[El_encalado|Liming]] ===

==== [[Produccion_de_cal._Kareharria|Lime production]] ====

==== [[Uso_agricola_de_la_cal|Agricultural use of lime]] ====
&emsp;

== V. [[SIEMBRA_Y_CUIDADOS_DE_LOS_CULTIVOS/en|SOWING AND CARING FOR THE CROPS]] ==

=== [[Siembra_y_plantacion_ereitea_eta_landatzea|Sowing and planting]] ===

=== [[Diversidad_de_cultivos|Crop diversity]] ===

=== [[Cultivos_para_consumo_humano|Crops for human consumption]] ===

==== [[Cereales|Cereals]] ====

**Wheat

***Mediterranean watershed
***Atlantic watershed

**Corn

==== [[Legumbres_ortuariak|Pulses and beans]] ====

**Beans
**Broad beans
**Peas
**Chickpeas, lentils and ''aizkol''

==== [[Hortalizas_subterraneas|Underground vegetables]] ====

**Roots: carrot, parsley and beetroot
**Stems

***Potatoes
***Asparagus

**Leaves

***Leek
***Onions
***Garlic

==== [[Hortalizas_aereas|Above ground vegetables]] ====

**Leaves

***Lettuce
***Cabbages
***Chard
***Endive, chicory, spinach, celery, cardoon and borage
***Parsley

**Flowers: cauliflowers and artichokes
**Fruit

***Peppers and chilli 
***Tomatoes
***Cucumbers, pumpkins and courgettes 
***Melons and watermelons
***Aubergines

==== [[Plantas_medicinales|Medicinal plants]] ====

==== [[Drogas|Drugs]] ====

**Tobacco

***Growing tobacco in Gipuzkoa
***The seedbeds
***The growers
***Growing tobacco in Navarra

**Marihuana

=== [[Cultivos_para_el_ganado|Crops for livestock]] ===

==== [[Cereales2|Cereals]] ====

**Oats
**Barley
**Rye
**Corn

==== [[Leguminosas|Legumes]] ====

==== [[Menucias|Small fruit]] ====

==== [[Hortalizas_forrajeras|Forage vegetables]] ====

**Turnips
**Beetroot 
**Pumpkins
**Carrots

=== [[##Cultivos_industriales|Industrial crops]] ===

==== [[##Remolacha_azucarera|Sugar beet]] ====

==== [[##Patata|Potato]] ====

==== [[#Hortalizas2|Vegetables]] ====

==== [[##Otros_cultivos|Other crops]] ====

==== [[##Setas2|Mushrooms]] ====

=== [[##Cultivo_de_plantas_ornamentales|Ornamental plant crops]] ===

=== [[#Cuidados_de_los_cultivos|Caring for the crops]] ===

==== [[#Escarda_jorra|Weeding]] ====

**Cereals
**Pulses and beans
**Potatoes
**Vegetables

==== [[##Uso_de_plaguicidas|Use of pesticides]] ====

==== [[##Abonado_del_cereal|Fertilising cereals]] ====

==== [[##Riego|Irrigation]] ====
&emsp;

== VI. [[RECOLECCION_DE_LOS_CULTIVOS_Y_CONSERVACION/en|CROP HARVESTING AND PRESERVATION]] ==

=== [[#Recoleccion_de_cultivos_para_consumo_humano|Harvesting crops for human consumption]] ===

==== [[##Evolucion_de_la_siega_y_trilla_de_cereales|Evolution of reaping and threshing cereals]] ====

**Álava Mediterranean watershed: reaping, hauling, threshing, tossing, storing grain and straw;  harvesting today and baling
**Navarra Mediterranean watershed: reaping, hauling, threshing, tossing, storing grain and straw; harvesting today and baling 
**Atlantic watershed: reaping, threshing, tossing; storage
**Harvesting cereal today

==== [[##Maiz_artoa|Corn]] ====

==== [[#Legumbres_ortuariak_rec|Pulses and beans]] ====

**Beans and pods
**Broad beans, ''baba''
**Peas
**Chickpeas and lentils

==== [[##Hortalizas_subterraneas_rec|Underground vegetables]] ====

**Potatoes
**Asparagus 
**Leeks; onions and garlic

* [[Hortalizas_aereas_rec|Above ground vegetables]]

=== [[#Recoleccion_de_cultivos_para_el_ganado|Crops for livestock]] ===

* [[Cereales_rec_ganado|Cereals]]

==== [[##Hortalizas_forrajeras_rec_ganado|Forage vegetables]] ====

**Turnips
**Beetroot
**Pumpkins
**Potatoes

=== [[##Conservacion|Storage and preservation]] ===

=== [[##Molinos_harineros_errotak|Flour mills]] ===

==== [[##Introduccion|Introduction]] ====

==== [[#Tipos_de_molino_errota_motak|Mill types]] ====

==== [[#Molinos_en_las_poblaciones_encuestadas|Mills in the surveyed populations]] ====

**Álava
**Bizkaia
**Gipuzkoa
**Navarra

==== [[#Decadencia_de_los_molinos|Decline of the mills]] ====

==== [[##Los_componentes_de_un_molino_harinero|The components of a flour mill]] ====

==== [[##La_molienda_ehotzea|Milling]] ====

==== [[##Calendario_del_molino|Milling year]] ====

==== [[##Molinos_vecinales_o_comunales|Communal and neighbourhood mills]] ====
&emsp;

== VII. [[LA_HIERBA_Y_OTROS_FORRAJES/en|GRASS AND OTHER FORAGE]] ==

=== [[##La_hierba_en_la_cultura_tradicional|Grass in the traditional culture]] ===

==== [[#Creacion_y_mantenimiento_de_prados|Meadow creation and upkeep]] ====

**Enclosing, ploughing and cultivation
**Upkeep

==== [[##Aprovechamiento|Use]] ====

**Grazing
**Green reaping
**Hay making

***Reaping
***Drying
***Collecting and transporting
***Storage
***Consumption
***Haystacks

=== [[##El_inicio_de_los_cambios|The start of the changes]] ===

=== [[##La_transformacion_de_los_años_1960|Changes in the 1960s]] ===

==== [[##Ensilado|Silage]] ====

==== [[##Siega_mecanica|Mechanical harvesting]] ====

==== [[##Los_primeros_tractores|The first tractors]] ====

==== [[##Enfardado|Baling]] ====

=== [[##Mecanizacion_progresiva|Progressive mechanisation]] ===

==== [[#Mecanizacion_de_la_recoleccion_de_la_hierba|Mechanisation of grass harvesting]] ====

==== [[#Cambios_en_la_ganaderia_asociados_a_la_mecanizacion|Changes in livestock farming associated with mechanisation]] ====

==== [[#Incremento_de_la_produccion_de_hierba|Increased grass production]] ====

==== [[#Ultimas_modificaciones_en_la_alimentacion_de_las_vacas|Latest modifications to cattle feeding]] ====

==== [[#Transformaciones_vinculadas_a_la_crisis_ganadera|Changes linked to the livestock crisis]] ====

=== [[#Cultivo_de_hierba_en_el_area_mediterranea|Growing grass on the Mediterranean side of the watershed]] ===

=== [[##Otros_forrajes|Other forage]] ===

==== [[##Area_atlantica|The Atlantic side of the watershed]] ====

==== [[##Area_mediterranea|The Mediterranean side of the watershed]] ====
&emsp;

== VIII. [[CULTIVO_DE_LINO_Y_CAÑAMO/en|GROWING FLAX AND HEMP]] ==

=== [[##El_antiguo_cultivo_del_lino|The traditional crop of flax]] ===

=== [[#El_lino_en_el_paisaje_agrario|Flax in the farmed landscape]] ===

=== [[##Terrenos_de_cultivo|Cropland]] ===

==== [[#Clases_de_lino_y_epoca_de_siembra_ereitea|Types of flax and sowing season]] ====

=== [[#Proceso_de_elaboracion|Production process]] ===

==== [[##Arranque_y_ablandamiento_ateratzea_eta_beratzea|Pulling up and softening]] ====

==== [[##Desespigar_garramatu_azkarbaketa|Threshing flax seeds]] ====

==== [[##El_empozado_del_lino_lihoa_urtaratu|Soaking flax]] ====

=== [[##Tratamiento_de_las_hebras_linugintza|Treating the strands]] ===

==== [[#Mazado_linarriketa|Breaking]] ====

==== [[#Golpeo_en_la_agramadera_trankaketa|Scrutching in the scrutcher]] ====

==== [[#Raido_suasketa|Heckling]] ====

==== [[#Espadeo_ezpataz_jo|Distaff]] ====

==== [[##La_carda_txarrasketa|Teasing]] ====

=== [[##Hilado_harigintza|Spinning]] ===

==== [[#La_rueca._Goruetan|Spinning wheel]] ====

==== [[##El_huso_ardatza|Spindle]] ====

==== [[##Madejado_matazak_egitea|Skeining]] ====

=== [[#Blanqueo._Egozketa|Bleaching]] ===

=== [[#El_ovillado_harilketa|Winding]] ===

=== [[#Elaboracion_del_tejido_ehungintza|Making the fabric]] ===

=== [[#El_cañamo|Hemp]] ===

=== [[#El_esparto|Esparto grass]] ===
&emsp;

= FRUIT TREES. OLIVES AND VINES =

== IX. [[CULTIVO_DE_ARBOLES_FRUTALES/en|GROWING FRUIT TREES]] ==

=== [[#Introduccion1|Introduction]] ===

=== [[#Cultivo_de_arboles_frutales|Growing fruit trees]] ===

==== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea1|Mediterranean watershed]] ====

==== [[##Vertiente_atlantica1|Atlantic watershed]] ====

=== [[#Plantacion_y_adquisicion_de_arboles|Planting and acquiring trees]] ===

=== [[Injertado_txertatzea_eztitzea|Grafting]] ===

=== [[#Cuidados|Care]] ===

=== [[#Recoleccion_conservacion_y_aprovechamiento_de_la_fruta|Harvesting, storing and use of the fruit]] ===
&emsp;

== X. [[CULTIVO_DEL_OLIVO_Y_LA_VID/en|GROWING OLIVES AND VINES]] ==

=== [[#El_olivo_olibondoa|The olive]] ===

==== [[##Zonas_olivareras|Olive-growing areas]] ====

==== [[#Plantacion|Planting]] ====

==== [[#Variedades_que_se_plantan|Varieties that are planted]] ====

==== [[#Cuidados1|Care]] ====

**Pruning

***Time of year
***Tools

**Ways of pruning
**Use of the pruned olive-tree branches
**Tilling and digging

***Time of year
***Horse-driven and manual work
***Mechanised work

**Fertilising and irrigation

***Time of year for fertilising
***Types of fertilisers
***Ways of fertilising
***Irrigation

**Pests and treatments

***Winter
***Spring
***Summer

==== [[Trasplante|Transplanting]] ====

=== [[##La_vid_mahatsondoa|Vines]] ===

==== [[#Antecedentes_historicos1|Historical background]] ====

==== [[Cultivo_tradicional_de_la_vid_en_la_vertiente_mediterranea|Traditional vine growing on the Mediterranean watershed]] ====

**Varieties 
**Tilling
**Planting
**Pruning
**Grafting
**Primary-shoot thinning
**Fertilising 
**Secondary-shoot thinning 
**Fruit set
**Pests
**Other tasks

==== [[#Cultivo_actual_de_la_vid_en_la_vertiente_mediterranea|Vine growing today on the Mediterranean watershed]] ====

**Preparing the land
**Soil analysis
**Pulling up the old vines and replanting
**Vine varieties 
**Planting tasks
**Planting procedures followed
**Caring for the plants

***Grafting
***Pruning
***Fertilising and irrigation
***Tilling and digging
***Use of herbicides
***Treatments
***Pests

==== [[Cultivo_de_la_vid_en_la_vertiente_atlantica._Txakolina|Vine growing on the Atlantic watershed. ''Txakolina'']] ====

**Traditional vine growing
**Trained vines
**Tasks to care for the vines
&emsp;

== XI. [[PRODUCCION_DE_ACEITE_VINO_TXAKOLI_Y_SIDRA/en|PRODUCTION OF OIL, WINE, TXAKOLI AND CIDER]] ==

=== [[#Aceite_olioa|Oil]] ===

==== [[##Recoleccion_de_la_oliva|Harvesting the olives]] ====

**Time of year
**Method

==== [[#Limpieza_de_la_oliva|Cleaning the olives]] ====

==== [[#Elaboracion_del_aceite_de_oliva|Making olive oil]] ====

**Time of year
**Delivering and weighing the olives. Their storage
**Crushing
**The hopper
**The auger
**The crusher
**The beaters
**The tank
**The press
**The stoning room
**The oil vats
**The waste holding tanks
**Distribution of the oil
**Other applications: soap and a medicated paste made of wax and oil

==== [[#Reforma_del_trujal_La_Equidad_Moreda_(A)|Refurbishment of the La Equidad olive oil press, Moreda (A)]] ====

==== [[Clasificacion_de_los_trujales|Classification of the olive oil presses]] ====

**Manual olive oil presses 
**Hydraulic olive oil presses
**Olive oil presses with petrol engine
**Electric olive oil presses

=== [[#Apendices_Trujales_antiguos_de_Moreda_(A)|Appendices: Moreda (A) traditional olive oil presses]] ===

==== [[Trujal_del_Reten_de_la_Iglesia|Retén de la Iglesia olive oil press]] ====

==== [[#Trujal_de_Tomas_Laguardia|Tomás Laguardia olive oil press]] ====

=== [[Vino_ardoa|Wine]] ===

==== [[#Vendimia_tradicional_en_la_vertiente_mediterranea|Traditional grape harvest on the Mediterranean watershed]] ====

**Wine making

***Traditional wine-making at home
***New procedures
***Wine making in cave-winery

**Changes to the wines

**''Garapitero'' or wine duty collector

==== [[Vendimia_actual_en_la_vertiente_mediterranea|The grape harvest today on the Mediterranean watershed]] ====

**Wine making in industrial wineries
**Types of reds

***Whole grape or carbonic maceration system
***Bordeaux system. Sorting, destemming and crushing method

==== [[Otras_bebidas|Other beverages]] ====

=== [[Txakoli|Txakoli]] ===

==== [[Vendimia_mahats-biltzea_mahats-batzea|Grape harvest]] ====

==== [[#Prensado_lagar_dolarea|Pressing: the wine press]] ====

==== [[Transformaciones_contemporaneas|Contemporary changes]] ====

==== [[#Consejos_reguladores_y_denominaciones_de_origen._Jatorri_izenak|Regulatory boards and denominations of origin]] ====

=== [[Sidra_sagardoa|Cider]] ===

==== [[Antecedentes_historicos2|Historical background]] ====

==== [[La_manzana_y_su_cultivo|Apples and their growing]] ====

==== [[Plagas_y_enfermedades_del_manzano|Apple diseases and pests]] ====

==== [[Elaboracion_de_la_sidra._Sagardogintza|Cider making]] ====

**Pre-treatment
**Crushing
**Maceration
**Pressing
**Fermentation and storage
**Bottling

==== [[Alteraciones_de_la_sidra|Changes to the cider]] ====

**Acidity
**Cloudiness 
**Forming of mould
**Decolouring or blackening
**Other changes to the cider

==== [[Manifestaciones_festivas_y_culturales_asociadas_a_la_sidra._Sagardotegiak|Cultural and festive events associated with cider]] ====

==== [[Bebidas_derivadas_de_la_sidra|Drinks from cider]] ====

=== [[Apendice_1_Regulacion_de_una_bodega_cooperativa|Appendix 1: Regulations of a cooperative winery]] ===

=== [[Apendice_2_Fabricacion_de_toneles|Appendix 2: Barrel manufacturing]] ===
&emsp;

= FARM TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS =

== XII. [[MOBILIARIO_AGRICOLA_TRADICIONAL/en|TRADITIONAL FARMING EQUIPMENT]] ==

=== [[Aperos_para_trabajar_la_tierra|Implements for working the land]] ===

==== [[Layas_laiak|Spades]] ====

==== [[Azada_aitzurra_y_sus_clases|Hoes and their types]] ====

**Hay hooks 
**Hand hoes. Rake
**Large hoe

=== [[Aperos_de_arrastre_para_trabajar_la_tierra|Pull-type implements to work the land]] ===

==== [[El_arado_goldea|The plough]] ====

==== [[El_arado_en_Vasconia_continental|The plough in the Northern Basque Country]] ====

**''Nabarra''
**''Goldea''
**''Goldenabarra''
**''Adareta''
**''Urdamuturra''
**''Golde itzulkorra''
**Swivel plough

==== [[El_arado_en_Vasconia_peninsular|The plough in the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)]] ====

**Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia

***Nabarra or knife to cut the ground
***''Exa''
***''Golde txikia''. ''Golde nagusia'' or swivel plough

**Álava and Navarra

=== [[Herramientas_para_romper_terrones|Tools to break up clods]] ===

=== [[Aperos_para_desmenuzar_y_alisar_la_tierra|Implements to break up and smooth the soil]] ===

==== [[Rastras._Zaranda|Rakes. ''Zaranda'']] ====

==== [[Area_are_handia|Aerator, ''are handia'']] ====

==== [[Arralda._Hesia._Trapa._Narria|''Arralda''. ''Hesia''. ''Trapa''. ''Narria''. Digging implements]] ====

==== [[Alperra_rodillo|''Alperra'', roller]] ====

=== [[Aperos_para_hacer_surcos|Implements to make furrows]] ===

==== [[Cultivador|Cultivator]] ====

==== [[Markoa_marcador|Markoa, marker]] ====

=== [[Arados_de_puas|Spike ploughs]] ===

==== [[Itailak|''Itailak'']] ====

==== [[Nabasaia._Lauhortza|''Nabasaia. Lauhortza'']] ====

==== [[Tragaz|''Tragaz'']] ====

==== [[Plane|''Plané'']] ====

==== [[Makatza|''Makatza'']] ====

==== [[Grada|Disk plough]] ====

=== [[Instrumentos_para_la_siega|Reaping instruments]] ===

==== [[Hoz_igitaia_zerra|Sickle]] ====

**Names
**''Zoqueta'' hand protector

==== [[Guadaña_dallo_sega_kodaina|Scythe]] ====

**Names

==== [[Instrumentos_para_afilar_guadañas_y_hoces|Instruments to sharpen scythes and sickles]] ====

==== [[Piedra_de_afilar._Zorrotzarria.|Sharpening stone]] ====

==== [[Instrumentos_para_afilar_diversos_aperos_geztera|Instruments to sharpen different implements]] ====

=== [[Instrumentos_para_la_recogida_de_la_mies_y_la_hierba|Instruments to collect crops and grass]] ===

==== [[Horca_sardea|Pitchfork]] ====

==== [[Horcon._Bieldo|Large pitchfork. Hayfork]] ====

==== [[Horca_de_hierro|Iron pitchfork]] ====

==== [[Horca_metalica_de_puas_curvas._Sarde-aitzurra|Metal pitchfork with curved spikes]] ====

==== [[Arpa|Sacking]] ====

==== [[Rastrillo_arrastelua_eskubera._Rastro|Small rake. Rake]] ====

==== [[Enfardadora_manual|Manual baler]] ====

==== [[Gancho._Makoa|Hook]] ====

=== [[Instrumentos_para_desbrozar|Clearing instruments]] ===

==== [[Aihotza_podadera|''Aihotza'', pruning hook]] ====

==== [[Rozon|Sickle]] ====

==== [[Belagoia|''Belagoia'']] ====

=== [[Instrumentos_para_trabajar_con_el_estiercol|Instruments to work with manure]] ===

=== [[Instrumentos_para_desgranar_el_trigo_y_el_maiz|Instruments to thresh wheat and corn]] ===

==== [[Mayal_trailua_txibita|''Mayal, trailua, txibita'']] ====

==== [[Piedra_de_trillar_trigo_ogia_jotzeko_harria|Wheat threshing stones]] ====

==== [[Trillos|Threshers]] ====

=== [[Instrumentos_para_aventar_el_trigo|Instruments for winnowing wheat]] ===

==== [[Allegadera|Threshing board]] ====

==== [[Pala_para_aventar|Winnowing blade]] ====

==== [[Criba_cedazo_galbahea|Sieve, sifter]] ====

==== [[Maquina_de_beldar|Winnowing fork machine]] ====

=== [[Desgranadora_de_maiz._Artoa_jotzeko_astoa|Corn thresher]] ===

=== [[Desgrane_de_leguminosas|Shelling legumes]] ===

=== [[Instrumentos_para_cortar_madera|Instruments to cut wood]] ===

==== [[Hacha_aizkora|Axe]] ====

**Double-bladed axe
**Sharpening
**Wedge

==== [[Sierra_zerra._Serrucho|Saw, ''zerra'' Handsaw]] ====

**Mitre saw
**Felling trees using a mitre saw
**''Arpana''. Saw for timber
**Sawhorse

=== [[Utiles_para_la_recogida_de_frutas|Utensils for harvesting fruit]] ===

==== [[Vara_haga_kakoa|Pole, ''haga, kakoa'']] ====

==== [[Pinzas|Pincers]] ====

=== [[Utiles_para_trabajar_las_vides|Utensils for looking after the vines]] ===

==== [[Rejon_herron|Iron bar with a sharp point, iron bar]] ====

==== [[Podon._Tajamatas|Sickle. Gardening machete]] ====

==== [[Gancho._Corquete|Hook. Billhook]] ====

==== [[Tijeras_de_podar_y_de_vendimiar|Harvesting and pruning shears]] ====

=== [[Utiles_de_transporte|Transport tools]] ===

==== [[Transporte_a_hombros|Transporting on shoulders]] ====

**''Antzadila''. Very flexible green branches.
**''Kakola''
**Sheets. ''Maniriak''

==== [[Instrumentos_de_transporte|Transport instruments]] ====

**Baskets: ''saskia, zarea, zarana. Carpancho, cunacho'' large baskets. Hampers and esparto grass baskets. ''Otarria, otzarea''
**Hand biers
**Handcart

=== [[Apendice_Almadias|Appendix: Timber rafts]] ===
&emsp;

== XIII. [[UNIDADES_DE_MEDIDA/en|MEASUREMENTS UNITS]] ==

=== [[Introduccion2|Introduction]] ===

=== [[El_cuerpo_humano_patron_de_medida|The human body, yardstick]] ===

=== [[Medidas_de_longitud|Length measurements]] ===

==== [[Utensilios_de_medidas_de_longitud|Length measurement instruments]] ====

=== [[Medidas_de_superficie|Surface measurements]] ===

=== [[Medidas_ponderales|Weight measurements]] ===

==== [[Utensilios_de_pesaje|Weighing instruments]] ====

=== [[Medidas_de_capacidad_y_utensilios_para_aridos|Capacity measurements and instruments for aggregates]] ===

=== [[Medidas_de_capacidad_para_liquidos|Capacity measurements for liquids]] ===

=== [[Medidas_relacionadas_con_la_venta_de_madera_y_el_acarreo_de_hierba|Measurements related to the sale of timber and the grass transporting]] ===

=== [[Transformaciones1|Changes]] ===

=== [[Equivalencias|Equivalents]] ===
&emsp;

= WORKFORCE  =

== XIV. [[MANO_DE_OBRA_Y_FUERZA_EMPLEADA_EN_LA_AGRICULTURA/en|WORKFORCE AND ANIMAL POWER USED IN AGRICULTURE]] ==

=== [[Fuerza_humana|Human power]] ===

==== [[El_trabajo_en_comun_de_la_familia|Shared work of the family]] ====

==== [[Labores_mas_propias_del_hombre|More typical work of the men]] ====

==== [[Participacion_de_la_mujer|Women's involvement]] ====

==== [[Tareas_de_las_personas_mayores|Tasks of the elderly]] ====

==== [[Criado_morroia|Paid help]] ====

==== [[El_trabajo_infantil|Children's work]] ====

=== [[Mutua_asistencia_vecinal|Neighbours helping each other]] ===

=== [[Contratacion_de_obreros_temporales|Contracting temporary workers]] ===

==== [[Ajuste_de_criado_jornalero_en_la_plaza_publica|Taking on day labourers in the public square]] ====

==== [[Temporeros_jornaletorak|Casual workers]] ====

==== [[Transiciones|Transitions]] ====

=== [[Prendas_de_trabajo._Jnzkerak|Work garments]] ===

==== [[Indumentaria_masculina|Men's clothing]] ====

==== [[Indumentaria_femenina|Women's clothing]] ====

==== [[Calzado|Footwear]] ====

=== [[Fuerza_animal|Animal power]] ===

==== [[Ganado_vacuno._Uztartu|Cattle]] ====

==== [[Ganado_caballar1|Horses]] ====

==== [[Ganado_asnal1|Donkeys and Asses]] ====

==== [[Hoy_dia|Nowadays]] ====

=== [[Apendice_Condiciones_de_trabajo_de_los_jornaleros_y_precio_de_los_jornales_en_siglos_pasados_en_Viana_(N)|Appendix: Work conditions of the day labourers and day's wages in past centuries in Viana (N)]] ===
&emsp;

== XV. [[TRANSPORTE_ANIMAL._EL_CARRO_GURDIA/en|ANIMAL TRANSPORT. THE CART, ''GURDIA'']] ==

=== [[El_carro_gurdia._La_galera|The cart. The hay wagon]] ===

==== [[Iparralde_Sara_Donoztiri_Uhartehiri_Garazi_Liginaga|Northern Basque Country: Sara, Donoztiri, Uhartehiri, Garazi, Liginaga]] ====

==== [[Navarra_Bera_Urdiain_Amescoa_Aoiz_Valle_de_Arce_y_Oroz-Betelu_Viana_San_Martin_de_Unx_Obanos_Muez_y_Ugar_Valle_de_Roncal_Valtierra_Carcar|Navarra: Bera, Urdiain, Améscoa, Aoiz, Valle de Arce y Oroz-Betelu, Viana, San Martín de Unx, Obanos, Muez y Ugar, Valle de Roncal, Valtierra, Cárcar]] ====

==== [[Alava_Valderejo_Bernedo_Moreda_Abezia_Apodaka_Treviño_y_La_Puebla_de_Arganzon_Berganzo_Pipaon_y_Ribera_Alta_Argandoña|Álava: Valderejo, Bernedo, Moreda, Abezia, Apodaka, Treviño y La Puebla de Arganzón, Berganzo, Pipaón y Ribera Alta, Argandoña]] ====

==== [[Gipuzkoa_Berastegi_Beasain_Hondarribia_Elgoibar_Telleriarte_Zerain|Gipuzkoa: Berastegi, Beasain, Hondarribia, Elgoibar, Telleriarte, Zerain]] ====

==== [[Bizkaia_Gautegiz_Arteaga_Abadiño_Amorebieta-Etxano_Bedarona_Urduliz_Valle_de_Carranza|Bizkaia: Gautegiz Arteaga, Abadiño, Amorebieta-Etxano, Bedarona, Urduliz, Valle de Carranza]] ====

=== [[La_narria_lera|The dray, ''lera'']] ===

==== [[Iparralde|Northern Basque Country]] ====

==== [[Navarra1|Navarra]] ====

==== [[Alava1|Álava]] ====

==== [[Gipuzkoa1|Gipuzkoa]] ====

==== [[Bizkaia1|Bizkaia]] ====

=== [[El_yugo_uztarria|The yoke]] ===

==== [[Modo_de_uncir_los_bueyes|Way of yoking the oxen]] ====

==== [[Complementos_del_yugo|Complements of the yoke]] ====

**Tethering 
**Hood
**Borders
**Cart rope

==== [[Yugos_de_las_caballerias|Horse yokes]] ====

==== [[Arneses_y_aparejos_de_los_ganados_caballar_y_asnal|Horse and ass harnesses and implements]] ====

**Pack saddle, saddlecloth and blanket
**Headgear and blinkers
**Draft collar. Leather draft collar
**Draw reins

==== [[Aparejos_de_transporte|Transport implements]] ====

**Hooks
**Biers
**Saddlebags. ''Astotzarak''
**Other items
&emsp;

== XVI. [[LA_MECANIZACION_DE_LA_AGRICULTURA/en|THE MECHANISATION OF AGRICULTURE]] ==

=== [[Introduccion3|Introduction]] ===

=== [[La_mecanizacion_en_una_localidad_alavesa|Mechanisation in a locality of Álava]] ===

==== [[El_arado_y_su_evolucion|The plough and its evolution]] ====

==== [[Industrializacion_de_los_aperos_de_labranza|Industrialisation of the farm implements]] ====

==== [[La_aparicion_del_tractor|The appearance of the tractor]] ====

=== [[Aperos_utilizados_durante_el_ciclo_agricola|Implements used during the farming year]] ===

==== [[Preparacion_de_la_tierra|Preparing the land]] ====

==== [[La_siembra|Sowing]] ====

==== [[Mantenimiento_de_los_cultivos|Care of the crops]] ====

==== [[La_cosecha|Harvesting]] ====

=== [[Vertiente_mediterranea2|Mediterranean watershed]] ===

=== [[Vertiente_atlantica2|Atlantic watershed]] ===

=== [[La_mecanizacion_hoy_dia|Mechanisation today]] ===

==== [[Vertiente_mediterranea3|Mediterranean watershed]] ====

==== [[Vertiente_atlantica3|Atlantic watershed]] ====

=== [[Maquinas_en_sociedad_y_de_propiedad_colectiva|Machines in society and collective property]] ===
&emsp;

= AGRICULTURAL TRADE AND LAND OWNERSHIP =

== XVII. [[APROVECHAMIENTO_PROPIO_Y_COMERCIO_AGRICOLA/en|OWN USE AND AGRICULTURAL TRADE]] ==

=== [[Compra_de_semillas_y_plantas._Haziak_eta_landareak|Buying seeds and plants]] ===

==== [[Hoy_dia1|Nowadays]] ====

=== [[Compra_de_abonos._Ongarriak|Buying fertilisers]] ===

=== [[Fabricacion_propia_de_aperos|Making one's own implements]] ===

=== [[Compra_de_aperos|Buying implements]] ===

=== [[Reparacion_de_aperos|Repairing implements]] ===

=== [[Mercados_y_ferias_agricolas._Plaza._Azokak|Markets and agricultural fairs]] ===

=== [[Venta_directa._Salmentak|Direct selling]] ===

=== [[Ferias_extraordinarias._Feriak|Special fairs]] ===

=== [[Servicios_prestados_por_vendedores_ambulantes|Services providers by peddlers]] ===

==== [[Servicios_de_carniceria|Butchery services]] ====

=== [[Ferias_ganaderas|Livestock fairs]] ===

=== [[Preparacion_de_los_productos_contratos_y_condiciones_de_pago|Preparing products, contracts and terms of payment]] ===
&emsp;

== XVIII. [[REGIMEN_DE_PROPIEDAD._PROPIEDAD_COMUNAL_Y_PROPIEDAD_PRIVADA/en|OWNERSHIP SYSTEM. COMMUNAL PROPERTY AND PRIVATE PROPERTY]] ==

=== [[Propiedad_comunal_y_su_aprovechamiento|Communal property and its use]] ===

==== [[Arrendamiento_de_comunales|Leasing commons]] ====

==== [[Otros_usos_del_monte_comunal|Other uses of common upland]] ====

=== [[Tierras_de_Misericordia_y_Arca_de_Misericordia|Tierras de Misericordia and Arca de Misericordia (ecclesiastic and secular wheat bank in time of hardship)]] ===

=== [[Propietarios_que_explotan_directamente_sus_tierras|Owners who directly farmed their land]] ===

=== [[Propietarios_que_explotan_mediante_inquilinos|Owners who farmed by means of tenants]] ===

==== [[Precio_de_la_renta_y_su_fijacion|Price of the rent and how it was set]] ====

==== [[Pago_en_especie_o_en_metalico|Payment in kind or in cash]] ====

**Terms of payment
**Payment times

=== [[Situacion_hoy_dia|Situation today]] ===

=== [[Imbricacion_de_propiedad_comunal_y_propiedad_privada|Overlapping of communal and private property]] ===

==== [[Tiempo_de_derrota|Time of ruin]] ====

==== [[Arboles_de_propiedad_privada_en_terreno_comunal|Privately-owned trees on common land]] ====
&emsp;

= BELIEFS AND RITES =

== XIX. [[PRACTICAS_Y_RITOS_DE_PROTECCION_EN_LA_AGRICULTURA/en|PROTECTION CUSTOMS AND RITES IN AGRICULTURE]] ==

=== [[Proteccion_de_los_sembrados_y_plantas|Protecting seedbeds and plants]] ===

==== [[Proteccion_contra_plagas|Protecting against pests]] ====

==== [[Proteccion_contra_jabalies_basurdeak_y_tejones_azkonarrak|Protecting against wild boars and badgers]] ====

==== [[Proteccion_contra_los_conejos|Protecting against rabbits]] ====

==== [[Proteccion_contra_los_pajaros._Espantapajaros_txorimaloa_txori-jabolea|Protecting against birds. Scarecrows]] ====

=== [[Ritos_y_practicas_simbolicas_fuegos_solsticiales|Rites and symbolic customs: solstice fires]] ===

==== [[Practicas_en_torno_a_la_fiesta_de_san_Juan_Bautista|Customs around St. John the Baptist's Feast Day]] ====

==== [[Antiguas_creencias_relacionadas_con_la_fertilidad_de_la_tierra|Old beliefs relating to the fertility of the earth]] ====

==== [[Imagenes_de_santos_y_practicas_magicas|Saints' images and magic]] ====

==== [[La_implantacion_de_El_mayo._Donilatxa|Erecting the maypole]] ====

=== [[Bendicion_de_los_campos_y_las_semillas|Blessing the fields and seeds]] ===

==== [[Bendicion_e_implantacion_de_cruces|Blessing and erecting crosses]] ====

==== [[Ramos_bendecidos|Blessed branches]] ====

==== [[Ritos_de_bendicion_de_los_campos|Rites to bless the fields]] ====

==== [[Bendicion_de_semillas|Blessing seeds]] ====

=== [[Toques_de_campanas_y_conjuros_contras_las_tormentas._Traslado_de_imagenes_de_santos|Bell-ringing and spells against storms. Moving the saint's images]] ===

==== [[Toques_de_campanas|Bell-ringing]] ====

==== [[Piedritas_recogidas_en_Pascua|Pebbles collected at Easter]] ====

==== [[Conjuros_realizados_desde_la_iglesia_o_ermita._Konjuruak|Incantations from the church or chapel]] ====

==== [[Invocaciones_a_santa_Barbara|Praying to Saint Barbara]] ====

==== [[Imagenes_de_santos|Saints' images]] ====

=== [[Rogativas_letaniak|Prayers]] ===

==== [[Letanias_de_san_Marcos|St. Mark litanies]] ====

==== [[Rogativas_de_la_Ascension_Asentzio_errogatibak|Ascension prayers]] ====

==== [[Rogativas_ocasionales|Occasional prayers]] ====

==== [[Rogativas_a_santuarios|Prayers at shrines]] ====

==== [[Traslacion_procesional_de_imagenes|Moving images in processions]] ====

=== [[Santos_protectores_de_las_cosechas|Saints protecting crops]] ===

==== [[San_Gregorio_Ostiense|St. Gregory of Ostia]] ====

==== [[San_Isidro_labrador|St. Isidore the Labourer]] ====

==== [[San_Fausto_labrador|St. Faustus the Labourer]] ====

=== [[Accion_de_gracias_por_las_cosechas|Harvest thanksgiving]] ===
{{#bookTitle:Agriculture in the Basque Country | Agricultura_en_vasconia/en}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Table of contents}}