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Las diferentes formas que adopta el dibujo sobre el que se juega se representan más adelante, acompañando la descripción de cada variante local.  
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The games where the act of jumping is an essential part are divided into main groups. The first is made up of these where one or more participants bend down in a position that is usually called a frog and the others jump over them. These games were traditionally the realm of boys and their rules are very simple. A certain level of skill and quite a lot of strength are required.
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The second group were made up of games involving jumping a rope. They are more typically played by girls and generally in groups, but sometimes individually. In recent decades, a version has been introduced which will be discussed at the end, where both the way of skipping and the item used for game have changed as the rope has been replaced by an elastic rope. These activities require great skills by the participants.
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We will end by describing a set of very widespread games where even though jumping is important, it is not their defining characteristic. They are played using shapes drawn on the floor, divided into squares, and a stone or something similar is needed to play these games. They consist of hopping from square to square following a pattern and without making any mistakes.
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== Leapfrog games ==
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The expression “leapfrog” is used to describe a play activity consisting of a child jumping over one that is bending down and is called a frog. The jumper usually leaps over with their legs spread and balancing with their hands on the back of the child bending over.
 +
 
 +
This is the easiest way of playing. However, it can be made more complicated in very different ways. The game is sometimes made more difficulty by means of jumping in different positions or from a line whose distance from the frog is increased progressively. The players sometimes recite or sing verses, sometimes just saying them and sometimes acting out the lyrics.
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This way of developing the games does not usually require more than one player bending over, unlike others such as ''chorro-morro'' where there are several frogs in a line. Such a distinction, which is rather arbitrary given that intermediate versions are known, helps us to classify those games.
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== Skipping games. Soka-saltoka ==
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Skipping games basically consist of jumping within the ellipsoid created by a rope that is turned. The ends of the rope can be held by the same girl who skips or by two participants in addition to the one jumping. In the first case, the game is individual, while in the second it requires at least three girls to take part. Often many more.
  
El juego de la rayuela puede ser considerado como propio de niñas. Esto no excluye que ocasionalmente hayan tomado parte en él chiquillos, como ha podido ocurrir en barriadas pequeñas en las que el número total de críos era reducido o simplemente porque les gustaba.  
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Unlike the case of leapfrog games, skipping games nearly exclusively are played by girls. In small communities, as is the case of other forms of playing, children of both sexes would take part.
  
En algunas localidades ha sido juego mixto: así ocurría en Elosua (G) donde lo practicaban durante el periodo escolar chicos y chicas sobre las losas del pórtico de la Iglesia; también en Artajona ''y ''Lezaun (N) tomaban parte indistintamente niños ''y ''niñas en la variante conocida como «A la semana».  
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The most common names in Spanish for skipping are “A la cuerda”, “A la soga”, “A la comba” and “A la carde”. In Basque, it is called “''Karneka''” (Bermeo-B), “''Kordetan''” (Izpura-Ip), “''Saltasoka''” (Beasain-G), “''Soka-salto''” (Garagarza-Arrasate, Elgoibar and Zerain-G), “''Soka-dantza''” (Gorozika-B), “''Soketan''” (Zeanuri-B), “''Sopletan''(Goizueta-N) and “''Jauzteka”'' (Uharte-Hiri-Ip).
  
En San Martín de Unx (N) la presencia de varias losas de piedra junto a la Basílica del Pópulo favoreció la práctica de un par de juegos denominados «La piedrilla» y «Plin-plan» o «Semana». Entre los hoy mayores de setenta años, el juego de la piedrilla era mixto, pero practicado mayoritariamente por niños de cinco a once años aproximadamente. A las niñas que lo jugaban se les llamaba ''marimuetes'', marimachos. El de «Al plin-plan» o «Semana» era tanto de chicos como de chicas.  
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The children usually skip in the street and as it does not require much space, they can do it indoors on rainy days.
  
Las distintas modalidades que componen este juego se pueden reunir en dos grandes grupos ya que son básicamente dos las formas de ejecutarlo. Ambas se inician lanzando la piedra con la mano a la primera casilla. A partir de aquí se juega de dos formas distintas. Una consiste en recorrer en orden todos los cuadros que componen el dibujo saltando a la pata coja y descansando en las casillas destinadas a tal fin. Durante el recorrido de vuelta se recoge la piedra con la mano y se sale. Después se vuelve a jugar lanzándola esta vez al segundo recuadro, cuando se termina se prueba suerte con el tercero y así sucesivamente. Suele ser habitual que no se pueda pisar la casilla donde se halla depositada la piedra, siendo necesario saltar sobre ella.
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== French skipping ==
  
La otra forma de jugar consiste en desplazar la piedra con el pie tras ser lanzada al primer recuadro, saltando también a la pata coja, llevándola de casilla en casilla y descansando sólo donde esté permitido. Una vez completado el recorrido se continúa con los demás recuadros, tal como se ha descrito antes, pero siempre moviendo la piedra.  
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French skipping is perhaps the most recent of those classified as jumping games, but has become popular very quickly. In Murchante and Garde (N), they recalled that it began to be played in the 1960s; in Lezaun (N) in the 1950s; in Aramaio (A), they said around two decades ago and in Allo (N) and in Portugalete (B), women who are now over 30 had not played it when they were children. In the last decade, the girls of Beasain (G) have switched from skipping with a rope to French skipping. Mainly girls took part in some locations and in other exclusively.
  
Durante la ejecución del juego se debe evitar la comisión de ciertos errores que parecen ser comunes a la mayoría de las modalidades y poblaciones donde se practica. No se puede pisar ninguna raya del esquema mientras se salta y tampoco apoyar ambos pies en los recuadros destinados a permanecer a la pata coja. Cuando se arroja la piedra con la mano a una casilla no debe caer fuera de ella, bien en el exterior del esquema o en otro cuadro, o quedar sobre las líneas que la delimitan. Mientras se desplaza la piedra con el pie, en las modalidades en que se juega así, no se deben cometer tampoco los anteriores fallos señalados para cuando se realiza el lanzamiento al inicio de cada turno.  
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It only needs several metres of elastic rope, of a certain width that the girls buy from stores by the metres and then sew the ends together. It is the same elastic band used in the waistbands of breeches, trousers, skirts, etc.
  
El jugador que comete cualquiera de estos errores pierde y debe dejar que prosigan participando los demás. Cuando han tomado parte todos y le vuelve a tocar el turno no tiene que empezar de nuevo sino que lo hace desde la posición en que erró.  
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A minimum of three players are needed, two to hold the elastic rope and the other is the one who skips. That number is considered to be the ideal. However, that is not always the case: in Bilbao (B), two hold the elastic and another two skip; in Murchante (N), they also play in small groups; in Monreal (N), four or five take part, and in Zamudio (B), they think that the number of participants must be more than two but no greater than eight.  
  
En Hondarribia (G) mientras se ejecutaba el «''Txingo-txingo''» se debía repetir:
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== Hopscotch. Txintxirrika ==
  
:''Arria pasakona''
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Hopscotch (known as ''truquemé'' locally and as ''rayuela'' or ''infernáculo ''outside our area of study) is a very common form of entertainment and is widely played. Broadly speaking, it consists of throwing a small stone or piece of slate on a set of squares drawn on the ground while hopping.
:''Arria pasakona''
 
:''Arria pasakona''
 
:''………….…….........''
 
:''Arria pasakona''
 
:''Kanpora!''
 
  
Cuando en Carranza (B) jugaban «A la pita» y una de las participantes tardaba mucho en fallar, las demás le cantaban para que se pusiese nerviosa:
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The basis of this game and the outline drawn on the ground for it to be played are relatively simple. However, there are a great variety and diversity in its specific forms<ref>One of the oldest known diagrams is the one on the floor of the Rome forum. During the expansion of the Roman Empire, the cobblestone roads between the different European enclaves were an ideal surface for this game, which the soldiers taught to children in much of Europe. Frederic V. GRUNFELD. ''Juegos de todo el mundo''. Madrid, 1978, p. 165.</ref>.
  
:''Debajo de una piedra''
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The object used for the game is usually a small flat stone or a piece of polished slate, along with pieces of tiles, slabs or marble. The polished stones from the river bed were also used for this purpose.
:''hay una culebra''
 
:''que dice que dice''
 
:''que «Luisita» pierda.''
 
  
Coplillas similares se entonaban en algunas localidades con la misma intención mientras se saltaba a la cuerda.  
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It is played on a shape divided into squares and drawn on the floor. A hard floor is nearly always preferred. If the game is played on stone slabs, the outline does not need to be drawn as the edges of the slabs can be used. When it is essential to draw it, a piece of tile or brick, or of chalk are used. A stick was used when the game was played on earth.
  
Seguidamente se describen diferentes modalidades cuya práctica ha sido constatada durante la realización de la encuesta. Se encuentran ordenadas según el criterio establecido con antelación.
 
<div class="subindice">
 
Apartados:
 
=== [[Juegos_en_los_que_no_se_arrastra_la_piedra|Juegos en los que no se arrastra la piedra]] ===
 
=== [[Juegos_en_los_que_se_desplaza_la_piedra|Juegos en los que se desplaza la piedra]] ===
 
=== [[Otros_juegos_de_truqueme|Otros juegos de truquemé]] ===
 
</div>
 
<br/><br/>
 
=== '''JUEGOS DE SALTO VARIOS''' ===
 
Dentro de los juegos de salto los hay que no corresponden a las modalidades anteriormente tratadas. Habida cuenta su gran diversidad que hace dificil su clasificación, se han agrupado en este apartado a modo de cajón de sastre y se describen seguidamente.
 
<div class="subindice">
 
Apartados:
 
=== [[Saltos_de_longitud|Saltos de longitud]] ===
 
=== [[Saltos_de_altura._Andre-saltoka|Saltos de altura. Andre-saltoka]] ===
 
=== [[Otros_juegos_de_salto|Otros juegos de salto]] ===
 
</div>
 
  
{{#bookTitle:Children’s Games in the Basque Country|Juegos_infantiles_en_vasconia/en}}
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{{DISPLAYTITLE: VII. JUMPING GAMES}} {{#bookTitle:Children’s Games in the Basque Country|Juegos_infantiles_en_vasconia/en}}

Revisión actual del 08:54 26 jun 2019

Otros idiomas:
Inglés • ‎Español • ‎Euskera • ‎Francés

The games where the act of jumping is an essential part are divided into main groups. The first is made up of these where one or more participants bend down in a position that is usually called a frog and the others jump over them. These games were traditionally the realm of boys and their rules are very simple. A certain level of skill and quite a lot of strength are required.

The second group were made up of games involving jumping a rope. They are more typically played by girls and generally in groups, but sometimes individually. In recent decades, a version has been introduced which will be discussed at the end, where both the way of skipping and the item used for game have changed as the rope has been replaced by an elastic rope. These activities require great skills by the participants.

We will end by describing a set of very widespread games where even though jumping is important, it is not their defining characteristic. They are played using shapes drawn on the floor, divided into squares, and a stone or something similar is needed to play these games. They consist of hopping from square to square following a pattern and without making any mistakes.

Leapfrog games

The expression “leapfrog” is used to describe a play activity consisting of a child jumping over one that is bending down and is called a frog. The jumper usually leaps over with their legs spread and balancing with their hands on the back of the child bending over.

This is the easiest way of playing. However, it can be made more complicated in very different ways. The game is sometimes made more difficulty by means of jumping in different positions or from a line whose distance from the frog is increased progressively. The players sometimes recite or sing verses, sometimes just saying them and sometimes acting out the lyrics.

This way of developing the games does not usually require more than one player bending over, unlike others such as chorro-morro where there are several frogs in a line. Such a distinction, which is rather arbitrary given that intermediate versions are known, helps us to classify those games.

Skipping games. Soka-saltoka

Skipping games basically consist of jumping within the ellipsoid created by a rope that is turned. The ends of the rope can be held by the same girl who skips or by two participants in addition to the one jumping. In the first case, the game is individual, while in the second it requires at least three girls to take part. Often many more.

Unlike the case of leapfrog games, skipping games nearly exclusively are played by girls. In small communities, as is the case of other forms of playing, children of both sexes would take part.

The most common names in Spanish for skipping are “A la cuerda”, “A la soga”, “A la comba” and “A la carde”. In Basque, it is called “Karneka” (Bermeo-B), “Kordetan” (Izpura-Ip), “Saltasoka” (Beasain-G), “Soka-salto” (Garagarza-Arrasate, Elgoibar and Zerain-G), “Soka-dantza” (Gorozika-B), “Soketan” (Zeanuri-B), “Sopletan” (Goizueta-N) and “Jauzteka” (Uharte-Hiri-Ip).

The children usually skip in the street and as it does not require much space, they can do it indoors on rainy days.

French skipping

French skipping is perhaps the most recent of those classified as jumping games, but has become popular very quickly. In Murchante and Garde (N), they recalled that it began to be played in the 1960s; in Lezaun (N) in the 1950s; in Aramaio (A), they said around two decades ago and in Allo (N) and in Portugalete (B), women who are now over 30 had not played it when they were children. In the last decade, the girls of Beasain (G) have switched from skipping with a rope to French skipping. Mainly girls took part in some locations and in other exclusively.

It only needs several metres of elastic rope, of a certain width that the girls buy from stores by the metres and then sew the ends together. It is the same elastic band used in the waistbands of breeches, trousers, skirts, etc.

A minimum of three players are needed, two to hold the elastic rope and the other is the one who skips. That number is considered to be the ideal. However, that is not always the case: in Bilbao (B), two hold the elastic and another two skip; in Murchante (N), they also play in small groups; in Monreal (N), four or five take part, and in Zamudio (B), they think that the number of participants must be more than two but no greater than eight.

Hopscotch. Txintxirrika

Hopscotch (known as truquemé locally and as rayuela or infernáculo outside our area of study) is a very common form of entertainment and is widely played. Broadly speaking, it consists of throwing a small stone or piece of slate on a set of squares drawn on the ground while hopping.

The basis of this game and the outline drawn on the ground for it to be played are relatively simple. However, there are a great variety and diversity in its specific forms[1].

The object used for the game is usually a small flat stone or a piece of polished slate, along with pieces of tiles, slabs or marble. The polished stones from the river bed were also used for this purpose.

It is played on a shape divided into squares and drawn on the floor. A hard floor is nearly always preferred. If the game is played on stone slabs, the outline does not need to be drawn as the edges of the slabs can be used. When it is essential to draw it, a piece of tile or brick, or of chalk are used. A stick was used when the game was played on earth.


  1. One of the oldest known diagrams is the one on the floor of the Rome forum. During the expansion of the Roman Empire, the cobblestone roads between the different European enclaves were an ideal surface for this game, which the soldiers taught to children in much of Europe. Frederic V. GRUNFELD. Juegos de todo el mundo. Madrid, 1978, p. 165.