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== I. [[CRIANZA_ DE_ANIMALES/en|ANIMAL HUSBANDRY]] ==
=== [[##Crianza_tradicional_de_animales_ y_transformaciones_contemporaneas|Traditional animal husbandry and contemporary changes]] ===
=== [[#Vertiente_atlantica_crianza|Atlantic watershed]] ===
==== [[##Bizkaia|Bizkaia]] ====
==== [[##Gipuzkoa|Gipuzkoa]] ====
==== [[#Vasconia_continental|Northern Basque Country (lying within France)]] ====
=== [[##Vertiente_mediterranea|Mediterranean watershed]] ===
==== [[#Alava|Alava]] ====
==== [[#Navarra|Navarra]] ====
 
== II. [[RAZAS_DE_ANIMALES/en|ANIMAL BREEDS]] ==
=== [[##Vacas_y_bueyes|Cows and oxen]] ===
==== [[##Betizu|''Betizu'']] ====
==== [[##Monchina|Monchina]] ====
==== [[#Terreña|Terreña]] ====
==== [[##Pirenaica|Pyrenean]] ====
==== [[##Evolucion_de_la_cabaña_bovina|Evolution of the cattle population]] ====
==== [[#Apendice1_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====
=== [[#Ovejas|Sheep]] ===
==== [[##Razas_de_la_vertiente_atlantica|Breeds of the Atlantic watershed]] ====
**''Latxa'' and ''manexa''
**Carranzana, ''sasi-ardia'' and Basque-Bearnese
==== [[#Razas_de_la_vertiente_mediterranea|Breeds of the Mediterranean watershed]] ====
**Coexistence of lacha, churra and merina breeds
**Navarra breed
==== [[##Apendice2_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====
=== [[#Cabras|Nanny goats]] ===
==== [[##Apendice3_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====
=== [[##Cerdos|Pigs]] ===
==== [[##Apendice4_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====
=== [[#Yeguas_burros_y_mulos|Mares, donkeys and mules]] ===
==== [[##Apendice5_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====
=== [[#Gallinas_palomas_patos_y_otras_aves|Hens, doves, ducks and other poultry]] ===
=== [[##Otros_animales_menores_conejos_perros_y_gatos|Other small animals: rabbits, dogs and cats]] ===
==== [[#Apendice6_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====
=== [[##Apendice_Betizu_vaca_salvaje|Appendix: Betizu, wild cow]] ===
 
== III. [[NOMBRES_DE_LOS_ANIMALES._ABEREEN_IZENAK/en|NAMES OF THE ANIMALS]] ==
=== [[##Denominaciones_segun_especie_edad_y_sexo|Names according to species, age and sex]] ===
==== [[#Ganado_ovino|Sheep]] ====
**Young
**Other names
==== [[##Ganado_vacuno|Cattle]] ====
**Young
**Adults
==== [[##Ganado_porcino|Pigs]] ====
**Young
**Adults
==== [[#Ganado_caprino|Goats]] ====
**Young
**Adults
==== [[#Ganado_caballar|Horses]] ====
**Young
**Adults
==== [[##Ganado_asnal|Donkeys and Asses]] ====
**Young
**Adults
==== [[##Ganado_mular|Mules]] ====
**Young
**Adults
==== [[#Ganado_aviar|Poultry]] ====
**Young
**Sundry animals
==== [[#Animales_varios|Other animals]] ====
 
== IV. [[LENGUAJE_Y_TRATO_A_LOS_ANIMALES/en|LANGUAGE AND HOW THE ANIMALS ARE TREATED]] ==
=== [[#Nombres_impuestos_a_los_animales_domesticos|Names by which domesticated animals are known]] ===
==== [[#Ovejas_lenguaje|Sheep]] ====
**Due to the physical characteristics
**Concatenated names
==== [[#Vacas_y_bueyes_lenguaje|Cows and oxen]] ====
**Due to the physical characteristics
**Due to their character
==== [[#Caballos_lenguaje|Horses]] ====
**Due to the colour of the coat
**Due to the look and character
==== [[#Perros_lenguaje|Dogs]] ====
**Due to the colour of the fur
**Due to the look, character and astral aspects
==== [[##Nombres_de_cabras_burros_gatos_y_cerdos_lenguaje|Names of nanny goats, donkeys, cats and pigs]] ====
=== [[#Lenguaje_y_modo_de_tratar_a_los_animales|Language and how the animals are treated]] ===
==== [[##El_trato_con_los_animales|How the animals are treated]] ====
**Patting
==== [[#Lenguaje_empleado_con_los_animales_domesticos|Language used with domesticated animals]] ====
**Cows
**Hens, ducks and pigs
==== [[##Silbidos|Whistling]] ====
**Sheep
**Other animals
==== [[#Utensilios_para_aguijar_el_ganado|Utensils to prod the livestock]] ====
**Goad. Pole
== V. [[ESTABLOS_Y_RECINTOS_PARA_LA_CRIA_DE_ANIMALES/en|STABLES AND ENCLOSURES FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY]] ==
=== [[#El_establo_tradicional|The traditional stable]] ===
==== [[##Establos_ubicados_en_el_propio_caserio_la_cuadra|Stables located in the homestead itself: the pen]] ====
**Characteristics of the stable
**Divisions in the stable
==== [[#Establos_exentos_de_la_casa|Stables separate from the house]] ====
==== [[#Pesebres|Mangers]] ====
**Tying animals at the managers
**Hayrack
==== [[##El_estiercol|Manure]] ====
=== [[##Los_modernos_establos._Transformaciones_operadas|Modern stables. Changes occurred]] ===
=== [[#Recintos_para_la_cria_de_animales_domesticos|Enclosures for animal husbandry]] ===
==== [[##Cochiqueras|Pigsties]] ====
==== [[#Gallineros|Hen houses]] ====
**Roosts
**Nest boxes
==== [[#Conejeras|Rabbit hutches]] ====
==== [[#Palomares|Dovecotes]] ====
 
== VI. [[ALIMENTACION_DEL_GANADO_ESTABULADO/en|FEELING STABLED LIVESTOCK]] ==
=== [[#Alimentacion_del_ganado_en_la_casa|Feeding the homestead's livestock]] ===
==== [[##Vacas|Cows]] ====
**Atlantic watershed
**Water supply
==== [[##Bueyes|Oxen]] ====
==== [[##Caballerias|Horse herds]] ====
==== [[#Ovejas_y_cabras|Sheep and nanny goats]] ====
==== [[#Cerdos_Alimentacion|Pigs]] ====
==== [[##Gallinas_y_otras_aves|Hens and other poultry]] ====
==== [[##Conejos_Alimentacion|Rabbits]] ====
==== [[##Perros_y_gatos|Dogs and cats]] ====
=== [[##Alimentacion_de_las_crias|Feeding the young]] ===
==== [[#Terneras|Calves]] ====
==== [[#Corderas|Lambs]] ====
==== [[#Cabritas|Kids]] ====
==== [[#Cerdos_crias|Piglets]] ====
==== [[##Potras_y_burros|Foals (horse and donkey)]] ====
==== [[#Pollitas|Chickens]] ====
==== [[#Conejos_crias|Rabbits]] ====
==== [[##Cachorros_y_gatos|Puppies and kittens]] ====
=== [[##Alimentacion_del_ganado_en_el_campo|Feeding the livestock out in the fields]] ===
==== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea_alimentacion|Mediterranean watershed]] ====
==== [[#Vertiente_atlantica_alimentacion|Atlantic watershed]] ====
==== [[##Control_de_los_animales_en_los_prados|Controlling the animals in the meadows]] ====
**Tether or chain tied to a stake
== VII. [[REPRODUCCION_Y_CUIDADOS_DE_LOS_ANIMALES/en|BREEDING AND LOOKING AFTER THE ANIMALS]] ==
=== [[#El_ciclo_reproductor_de_los_animales_domesticos|The reproductive cycle of domesticated animals]] ===
==== [[#Vacas1|Cows]] ====
**Coming into season and covering
**Looking after the calved cow
==== [[##Ovejas1|Sheep]] ====
**Coming into season and covering
**Gestation and delivery
==== [[#Cabras1|Nanny goats]] ====
==== [[##Yeguas|Mares]] ====
**Coming into season
**Gestation and delivery
==== [[##Burras|Female donkeys]] ====
==== [[##Obtencion_de_mulos|Obtaining mules]] ====
==== [[#Cerdas|Sows]] ====
==== [[##Conejas|Does (rabbit)]] ====
==== [[#Gallinas_y_palomas|Hens and doves]] ====
**Determining the sex
**Hatching the eggs
==== [[#Perras|Female dogs]] ====
==== [[##Gatas|Female cats]] ====
==== [[#Las_paradas_y_la_inseminacion_artificial|Studs and artificial insemination]] ====
=== [[#Procedimientos_para_calcular_la_edad_del_ganado|Procedures to calculate the age of the livestock]] ===
==== [[#Vacas2|Cows]] ====
==== [[#Ovejas2|Sheep]] ====
=== [[#Manipulaciones_del_cuerpo_de_los_animales|Handling the body of the animals]] ===
==== [[##Corte_del_rabo_a_las_corderas|Cutting the tails of the lambs]] ====
==== [[##Otras_amputaciones_cortes_y_perforaciones|Other amputations, cuts and perforations]] ====
==== [[##Supresion_de_los_cuernos|Removing horns]] ====
==== [[#Castracion|Castration]] ====
**Bulls
**Chickens
=== [[##Herrado|Shoeing]] ===
==== [[##Proceso_de_herrado|Shoeing process]] ====
**Horses
**Cattle
==== [[#Herraduras_y_clavos|Shoes and nails]] ====
==== [[##Otras_operaciones_efectuadas_por_los_herradores|Other operations performed by farriers]] ====
 
== VIII. [[EL_GANADO_DE_MONTE/en|UPLAND LIVESTOCK]] ==
=== [[##Bizkaia2|Bizkaia]] ===
=== [[##Gipuzkoa2|Gipuzkoa]] ===
=== [[##Vasconia_continental2|Northern Basque Country]] ===
=== [[#Alava2|Álava]] ===
=== [[##Navarra2|Navarra]] ===
=== [[#La_captura_del_ganado_de_monte|Rounding up the upland livestock]] ===
==== [[##El_lazo_urka-bilurra|The lasso]] ====
==== [[##Sal_y_pan|Salt and bread]] ====
==== [[##Gritos_y_ruidos|Shouts and noise]] ====
==== [[#Uso_de_perros_de_presa|Using catch dogs]] ====
=== [[##Apendice_El_aprovechamiento_de_los_pastos_en_Lezaun_(N)|Appendix: Use of the pasture land in Lezaun (N)]] ===
 
== IX. [[LA_SUBIDA_CON_EL_REBAÑO_AL_MONTE/en|DRIVING FLOCKS TO UPLAND PASTURES]] ==
=== [[##La_subida_del_rebaño|Taking the flocks up]] ===
==== [[#Influencia_del_clima_y_de_los_pastos|Influence of the climate and the pastures]] ====
==== [[##Ascension_al_monte_en_funcion_de_las_caracteristicas_del_ganado|Driving the flocks to the upland pastures according to the characteristics of the livestock]] ====
==== [[#Pastoreo_de_ciclo_diario|Daily cycle shepherding]] ====
==== [[##Reglamentacion_aplicable|Applicable regulations]] ====
==== [[##El_pastoreo_en_la_actualidad|Shepherding today]] ====
=== [[#Ascension_del_pastor_en_solitario_o_acompañado|The shepherd migrating to the uplands alone or accompanied]] ===
=== [[##Comitiva_animal_del_pastor|Animal retinue of the shepherd]] ===
=== [[##Los_mejores_pastos_para_el_rebaño|The best pasture for the flock]] ===
==== [[#Pastos_veraniegos_o_de_altura|Mountain or summer pastures]] ====
==== [[#Pastos_invernales_o_de_valle|Valley or winter pastures]] ====
==== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea4|Mediterranean watershed]] ====
==== [[##Pastos_perjudiciales|Harmful pastures]] ====
=== [[##Ciclo_anual_del_pastor_y_estancia_en_la_montaña|Annual cycle of the shepherd and stay on the mountain]] ===
==== [[##El_pastor_de_Gorbea_(B)|The Gorbea (B) shepherd]] ====
==== [[#El_pastor_de_Urbia_y_el_de_Aizkorri_(G)|The Urbia and the Aizkorri (G) shepherds]] ====
==== [[##El_pastor_suletino|The Souletin shepherd]] ====
==== [[##El_pastor_de_Allo_(N)|The Allo (N) shepherd]] ====
=== [[##La_bajada_del_rebaño|Bringing the flock down]] ===
 
== X. [[MARCAS_DE_PROPIEDAD/en|BRANDING]] ==
=== [[##Marcas_de_propiedad_del_ganado|Livestock branding]] ===
==== [[##Corte_en_la_oreja._Akatsa|Ear notches]] ====
**Types and names of the notches
**Notches in cattle and horses
==== [[##Señales_con_pintura|Paint branding]] ====
==== [[#Marca_de_pez_o_brea._Empego|Tar branding Pitch branding]] ====
==== [[##Marca_de_hierro|Iron branding]] ====
**Iron branding on horns, hooves or nose
==== [[##Cambios_operados_en_el_marcaje_del_ganado._El_crotal|Changes occurred in the branding of livestock. The eartag]] ====
=== [[#Cencerros_o_esquilones._Arranak_zintzarriak|Cowbells and large bells]] ===
==== [[#El_sonido_de_los_cencerros|The sound off the cowbells]] ====
==== [[#Clases_de_cencerros_y_esquilas|Types of cowbells and shearing]] ====
**Sheep
**Cows and mares
=== [[##Adornos_del_ganado|Livestock adornments]] ===
==== [[#Collares_de_campanillas_y_cascabeles|Collars for chimes and bells]] ====
**When carrying the harvest
**For other farm work
==== [[#Caballerias_enjaezadas|Harnessed horses]] ====
==== [[##Engalanamiento_del_ganado|Adorning the livestock]] ====
**Plating the horses' manes and tails
== XI. [[PASTOS_COMUNALES/en|COMMON PASTURE LAND]] ==
=== [[##Caracteristicas_y_evolucion|Characteristics and evolution]] ===
==== [[##Reduccion_y_perdida_de_comunales|Depletion and loss of common land]] ====
==== [[#Reforestacion_y_cierres|Reforesting and enclosures]] ====
==== [[#Rastrojeras|Stubble fields]] ====
==== [[##Intervencion_municipal_y_foral|Provincial and municipal intervention]] ====
==== [[#Condiciones_de_disfrute|Conditions of sue]] ====
=== [[##APROVECHAMIENTO_DE_LOS_PASTOS_COMUNALES|''USE OF THE COMMON PASTURE LAND'']] ===
=== [[#Comunales_en_Bizkaia|Common land in Bizkaia]] ===
==== [[#Sierra_de_Gorbea|Gorbea mountain range]] ====
==== [[##Sierras_de_Anboto_y_Oiz|Anboto and Oiz mountain ranges]] ====
==== [[##Encartaciones|Las Encartaciones]] ====
==== [[#Valle_de_Carranza|Carranza Valley]] ====
=== [[##Hermandades_y_comunidades_de_pastos_en_Alava|Commons associations and brotherhoods in Álava]] ===
==== [[#Comunidad_de_Sierra_Salvada|Sierra Salvada commons association]] ====
==== [[##Comunidad_de_la_Sierra_Brava_de_Badaia|Sierra Brava de Badaia commons association]] ====
==== [[##Comunidad_de_Guibijo|Guibijo commons association]] ====
==== [[#Comunales_de_Urkabustaiz|Urkabustaiz commons]] ====
==== [[#Junta_de_la_Sierra_de_Arcamo|Sierra de Árcamo Board]] ====
==== [[#Valle_de_Valdegovia|Valdegovía Valley]] ====
==== [[#Sierra_de_Valderejo|Sierra de Valderejo mountain range]] ====
==== [[##Comunales_de_Berganzo|Berganzo commons]] ====
==== [[#Monte_comunero_en_Toloño|Common upland in Toloño]] ====
==== [[##Monte_comunero_La_Isla|La Isla common upland]] ====
==== [[##Comunal_del_monte_de_Hernan_Ruiz|Hernán Ruiz common upland]] ====
==== [[##Antiguas_comunidades_de_Izki_Alto_e_Izki_Bajo|Izki Alto and Izki Bajo former commons associations]] ====
==== [[##Monte_comunero_de_Laguardia_y_su_Tierra|Laguardia and its region common upland]] ====
==== [[##Comuneros_de_Moreda_y_Viana|Moreda and Viana commons]] ====
==== [[##Sierra_de_Codes|Sierra de Codés mountain range]] ====
=== [[#Parzonerias_en_Gipuzkoa_y_Alava|Parzonerías (supramunicipal land usage system) in Gipuzkoa and Álava]] ===
==== [[##Parzoneria_General_de_Gipuzkoa_y_Alava|Gipuzkoa and Álava General Parzonería]] ====
==== [[#Parzoneria_Menor_o_Komun_Txikia|Minor Parzonería]] ====
==== [[#Parzoneria_General_de_Entzia|Entzia General Parzonería]] ====
==== [[##Parzoneria_de_Iturrieta|Iturrieta Parzonería]] ====
=== [[##Montes_de_Ernio_y_Jaizkibel|Ernio and Jaizkibel uplands]] ===
=== [[##Uniones_en_la_Sierra_de_Aralar|Unions in the Sierra de Aralar mountain range]] ===
==== [[#Mancomunidad_de_Enirio-Aralar|Enirio-Aralar supramunicipal district]] ====
==== [[#La_Union_de_Aralar|Aralar Union]] ====
=== [[#Sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia|Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] ===
==== [[#Comunales_de_las_Amescoas|Las Améscoas commons]] ====
==== [[##Sierra_de_Lokiz|Sierra de Lokiz mountain range]] ====
==== [[#Comunales_de_Lezaun_y_Ultzama|Lezaun and Ultzama commons]] ====
=== [[##Pirineo_de_Navarra|Navarra Pyrenees]] ===
==== [[#Valle_de_Baztan|Baztan Valley]] ====
==== [[#Valle_de_Erro|Erro Valley]] ====
==== [[##Aoiz_y_Valle_de_Longuida|Aoiz and Lónguida Valley]] ====
==== [[#Valle_de_Salazar|Salazar Valley]] ====
==== [[#Valle_de_Roncal|Roncal Valley]] ====
**Grazing bans
**Panificado, casalenco (system of fallow and grazing land) and commons
==== [[##Los_pastos_de_las_Bardenas_Reales|Bardenas Reales grazing land]] ====
=== [[#Corralizas|Corrals]] ===
==== [[##Sanguesa|Sangüesa]] ====
==== [[#San_Martin_de_Unx|San Martín de Unx]] ====
==== [[##Melida|Mélida]] ====
==== [[#Lodosa|Lodosa]] ====
==== [[#Allo|Allo]] ====
=== [[##Facerias|Facerías (cross-border grazing agreements)]] ===
==== [[#Facerias_interpirenaicas|Inter-Pyrenean ''facerías'']] ====
==== [[##Tributo_de_las_Tres_Vacas|Tribute of the Three Cows]] ====
=== [[##Pais_Vasco_continental|The Northern Basque Country]] ===
==== [[#Los_Sindicatos_territoriales|The Territorial Grazing Syndicates]] ====
==== [[#El_kaiolar|The ''kaiolar'']] ====
=== [[#Apendice_Seles_en_Vasconia|Appendix: Folds in the Basque Country]] ===
 
== XII. [[ESTABLECIMIENTOS_PASTORILES_DE_MONTAÑA/en|MOUNTAIN PASTORAL ESTABLISHMENTS]] ==
=== [[#Montes_de_Carranza|Carranza Mountains]] ===
==== [[#Cabañas_y_casetas|Cabins and huts]] ====
=== [[#Sierra_de_Gorbea1|Sierra de Gorbea mountain range]] ===
==== [[#Zeanuri|Zeanuri]] ====
==== [[#Orozko|Orozko]] ====
==== [[##Valle_de_Zuya|Zuya Valley]] ====
=== [[#Sierras_de_Anboto_y_Aramotz|Anboto and Aramotz mountain ranges]] ===
=== [[#Monte_Oiz|Mount Oiz]] ===
=== [[#Sierra_de_Aizkorri|Sierra de Aizkorri mountain range]] ===
==== [[#Urbia-Oltza|Urbia-Oltza]] ====
==== [[##Degurixa-Alabieta|Degurixa-Alabieta]] ====
==== [[#Arriurdin|Arriurdin]] ====
=== [[#Sierra_de_Izarraitz_y_Ernio|Sierra de Izarraitz mountain range and Mount Ernio]] ===
=== [[#Sierra_de_Aralar|Sierra de Aralar mountain range]] ===
==== [[#Beasain|Beasain]] ====
==== [[##Ataun_(1927)|Ataun (1927)]] ====
==== [[#Ataun_(1955)|Ataun (1955)]] ====
==== [[##Abaltzisketa_(1955)|Abaltzisketa (1955)]] ====
==== [[#Valle_de_Larraun|Larraun Valley]] ====
==== [[##Rediles_cupulares._Arkuak|Domed folds]] ====
=== [[#Sierra_de_Urbasa|Sierra de Urbasa mountain range]] ===
=== [[#Sierra_de_Andia|Sierra de Andia mountain range]] ===
=== [[#Sierra_de_Entzia|Sierra de Entzia mountain range]] ===
=== [[#Pirineo_navarro|Navarran Pyrenees]] ===
==== [[#Basaburua_Menor|Basaburua Menor]] ====
==== [[#Valle_de_Baztan1|Baztan Valley]] ====
==== [[#Valle_de_Esteribar|Esteribar Valley]] ====
==== [[#Valle_de_Aezkoa|Aezkoa Valley]] ====
==== [[#Valle_de_Salazar1|Salazar Valley]] ====
==== [[#Valle_de_Roncal1|Roncal Valley]] ====
=== [[#Navarra_Media_y_Bardenas|Navarra Media and Bardenas]] ===
==== [[##Sanguesa1|Sangüesa]] ====
==== [[#San_Martin_de_Unx1|San Martín de Unx]] ====
==== [[##Allo1|Allo]] ====
==== [[#Valle_de_Aoiz|Aoiz Valley]] ====
==== [[#Bardenas|Bardenas]] ====
==== [[#Melida1|Mélida]] ====
=== [[#Montes_de_Alava|Álava mountains]] ===
==== [[##Valderejo|Valderejo]] ====
==== [[#Sierra_de_Arcamo|Sierra de Árcamo mountain range]] ====
==== [[##Sierra_Salvada|Sierra Salvada mountain range]] ====
==== [[#Sierra_de_Guibijo|Sierra de Guibijo mountain range]] ====
==== [[#Sierra_Brava_de_Badaia|Sierra Brava de Badaia mountain range]] ====
==== [[#Treviño|Treviño]] ====
==== [[#Sierra_de_Toloño|Sierra de Toloño mountain range]] ====
==== [[##Sierra_de_Izki|Sierra de Izki mountain range]] ====
==== [[##Rioja_Alavesa._Moreda|Rioja Alavesa. Moreda]] ====
==== [[#Sierra_de_Codes1|Sierra de Codés mountain range]] ====
=== [[##Pais_Vasco_continental_La_organizacion_del_espacio_en_la_montaña|The Northern Basque Country: Space organisation on the mountain]] ===
==== [[##El_triple_habitat|The triple habitat]] ====
==== [[#Lapurdi|Lapurdi]] ====
**Sara
**Azkaine
==== [[#Baja_Navarra|Baja Navarra]] ====
**Aldudes Valley
**Garazi (Cize)
==== [[#Zuberoa|Zuberoa]] ====
**Liginaga
== XIII. [[TRASHUMANCIA_Y_TRANSTERMINANCIA/en|TRANSHUMANCE AND TRANSTERMINANCE]] ==
=== [[##El_pastoreo_itinerante|Itinerant grazing]] ===
==== [[##Gran_trashumancia._Trashumancia_menor._Transterminancia|Major transhumance. Minor transhumance. Transterminance]] ====
=== [[##Itinerancia_a_los_pastos_de_invierno|Moving to winter pastures]] ===
==== [[##Trashumancias_invernales_mayores|Major winter transhumance]] ====
**From the Navarran Pyrenean valleys to the Bardenas Reales
**Pyrenean-Aquitaine transhumant movements
==== [[#Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia_invernales|Winter minor transhumance and transterminance]] ====
**Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Bizkaia
**Ribera Navarra transhumance
=== [[##Itinerancia_a_los_pastos_de_verano|Moving to summer pastures]] ===
==== [[#Trashumancia_estival_a_las_sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia|Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] ====
==== [[#Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia_estivales|Summer minor transhumance and transterminance]] ====
**Álava mountains
**Northern Basque Country
=== [[#Vida_en_los_pastos_de_invierno|Life in the winter pastures]] ===
==== [[#El_pastor_bardenero|The shepherds of the Bardenas]] ====
==== [[#El_pastor_trashumante_en_los_distintos_territorios|The transhumant shepherd in the different provinces]] ====
=== [[#Vida_en_los_pastos_de_verano|Life in the summer pastures]] ===
==== [[##Trashumancia_estival_a_las_sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia1|Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] ====
==== [[##Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia|Minor transhumance and transterminance]] ====
**Álava and Bizkaia mountains
**Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
=== [[#Disponibilidad_de_los_pastos_invernales|Winter grazing availability]] ===
==== [[#Alava3|Álava]] ====
==== [[#Bizkaia3|Bizkaia]] ====
==== [[#Gipuzkoa_y_Lapurdi|Gipuzkoa and Lapurdi]] ====
==== [[#Navarra3|Navarra]] ====
=== [[##Calendario_de_la_itinerancia_pastoril|Itinerant grazing calendar]] ===
==== [[#Pirineos_orientales|Eastern Pyrenees]] ====
==== [[#Pirineos_occidentales|Western Pyrenees]] ====
==== [[##Sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia1|Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] ====
==== [[#Sierras_de_Aizkorri_y_Aralar|Aizkorri and Aralar mountain ranges]] ====
==== [[#Montes_de_Bizkaia|Bizkaia mountains]] ====
=== [[#Las_vias_pecuarias|The bridleways]] ===
==== [[##Caminos_sendas._Ardibideak|Tracks, paths]] ====
==== [[##Cañadas._Altxubideak|Drovers' trails]] ====
**Drovers' trails in Álava
**Drovers' trails in Navarra
=== [[#Apendice_Cañadas_de_Navarra_hoy|Appendix: Drovers' trails in Navarra today]] ===
 
== XIV. [[EL_PERRO_DE_PASTOR._ARDI-TXAKURRA/en|THE SHEEPDOG. ARDI-TXAKURRA]] ==
=== [[#El_mastin|The Mastiff]] ===
=== [[#Introduccion_del_perro_pastor_de_ovejas|Introduction of the sheepdog]] ===
=== [[#Variedades_de_perros_pastores|Types of sheepdogs]] ===
=== [[##Usos_del_perro_pastor_de_ovejas|Uses of the sheepdog]] ===
=== [[##El_perro_en_el_pastoreo_de_otros_ganados|Dogs used to herd other livestock]] ===
=== [[##Apendice_Concursos_de_perros_pastores|Appendix: Sheepdog trials]] ===
 
== XV. [[CLASES_DE_PASTORES/en|TYPES OF SHEPHERDS]] ==
=== [[##Pastores_de_rebaño_propio|Shepherds with their own flock]] ===
==== [[#Zagales._Hijos_de_pastores|Shepherd boy. Shepherds' children]] ====
==== [[##Asociaciones_pastoriles_partzuerrak|Shepherding associations]] ====
=== [[#Pastores_de_grandes_rebaños|Largo flock shepherds]] ===
==== [[##Pastores_asalariados|Shepherds on a wage]] ====
==== [[#Criados|Paid help]] ====
==== [[#El_mayoral|Farm manager]] ====
==== [[##Consideracion_social|Social standing]] ====
=== [[#Pastores_concejiles|Council shepherds]] ===
==== [[##Labores|Tasks]] ====
**Álava
**Navarra
==== [[##Condiciones_contractuales|Contractual terms and conditions]] ====
==== [[##Salario._Alimentacion._Aguinaldos|Wage. Food. Bonus]] ====
=== [[#Cuidado_del_ganado_a_renque|Looking after hobbled livestock]] ===
=== [[#Apendice_1_Hameka_urtetan_Iratin_bordazain_guardian_de_cabaña_ganadera|Appendix 1: Livestock herding hand in Irati at 11 years old]] ===
=== [[#Apendice_2_Contrato_de_pastores_de_ganaderia_de_villa._Año_de_1890._Berganzo_(A)|Appendix 2: Charter town livestock herders contract. 1890. Berganzo (A)]] ===
 
== XVI. [[INDUMENTARIA_DEL_PASTOR/en|SHEPHERD'S APPAREL]] ==
=== [[##Prendas_de_abrigo_tradicionales|Traditional warm clothing]] ===
==== [[#Kapusaia._Txartesa._Hongarina|''Kapusaia''. ''Txartesa''. Long cape]] ====
==== [[##Espaldero_o_zamarra;_delantero_o_zagon|Sheepskin coat or zamarra; apron or zagón]] ====
==== [[##Manta._Pasamontañas._Sombreros|Blanket. Balaclava. Hats]] ====
=== [[#Calzados_tradicionales|Traditional footwear]] ===
*[[Abarkak_abarcas|Traditional footwear
Sandals]]
==== [[##Galtzerdiak_calcetines|Socks]] ====
==== [[#Piales_mantak|Piales or thick knitted socks used in summer]] ====
==== [[#Polainas_galtzoinak|Gaiters]] ====
==== [[#Zuecos._Chanclos|Clogs. Overshoes]] ====
==== [[#Raquetas|Snowshoes]] ====
=== [[#Indumentaria_actual_del_pastor|The shepherd's apparel today]] ===
=== [[#Utiles_y_armas_del_pastor|The shepherd's implements and weapons]] ===
==== [[#Morral_o_zurron._Alforjas|Backpack or bag Saddlebags]] ====
==== [[##Cayado_makila|Staff]] ====
==== [[#Honda_y_malote|Sling and pouch]] ====
==== [[#Churra._Cachava._Cachiporra|Stout stick. Crook. Blackjack]] ====
==== [[#Eltzaorra._Zambomba|Friction drum]] ====
==== [[##Burruna._Bramadera|Bullroarer]] ====
==== [[##Armas_de_fuego|Fire arms]] ====
 
== XVII. [[AJUAR_Y_ARTESANIA_PASTORIL/en|SHEPHERD CRAFT ITEMS AND BELONGINGS]] ==
=== [[##Utensilios_pastoriles|Pastoral utensils]] ===
==== [[##Recipientes_de_madera|Wooden receptacles]] ====
==== [[#Pervivencia|Survival]] ====
==== [[##Kaikua._Recipiente_de_ordeño|Milking vessel]] ====
==== [[#Kotxua._Cuezo_de_ordeñar|Milking ladle]] ====
==== [[##Iragazkia._Colador|Strainer]] ====
==== [[#Abatza|''Abatza'']] ====
==== [[#Maletxa._Batidor|Whisk]] ====
==== [[##Epakia._Espada|Dagger]] ====
==== [[##Encella._Zimitza_gaztazala|Cheese strainer]] ====
==== [[##Txurka._Soporte|Stand]] ====
=== [[##Gaztandegia._Quesera|''Gaztandegia''. Cheese production]] ===
=== [[#Vasos_pastoriles|Shepherd's cups]] ===
=== [[##Vasijas_y_cubiertos|Pottery and cutlery]] ===
==== [[#Cucharas|Spoons]] ====
==== [[#Platos_Txalia_Taloaska|Plates]] ====
==== [[##Oporra_Esne-potoak|''Oporra''. ''Esne-potoak'']] ====
==== [[#Saleros._Aceiteros|Saltshakers. Oil holders]] ====
==== [[#Recipientes_para_agua|Water containers]] ====
=== [[#Labores_manuales|Manual work]] ===
=== [[#Artesania_de_la_lana|The wool craft]] ===
==== [[##Perduracion_y_declive|Heyday and decline]] ====
==== [[#Seleccion_de_la_lana|Selecting the wool]] ====
==== [[##El_lavado|Washing]] ====
==== [[##La_carda|Teasing]] ====
==== [[#El_hilado|Spinning]] ====
==== [[#Tejido|Weaving]] ====
=== [[##Cordones_para_abarcas._Trailak|Laces for sandals]] ===
=== [[#Cuerdas_sogas_y_albardas|Twines, ropes and pack saddles]] ===
=== [[##Cayados_y_bastones_artzai-makilak|Crooks and walking sticks]] ===
=== [[##Collares_para_cencerros_uztaiak|Collars for cowbells]] ===
==== [[##Denominaciones5|Names]] ====
==== [[#Confeccion_de_collares|Making collars]] ====
==== [[##Transicion|Transition]] ====
=== [[##Cencerros_y_badajos|Cowbells and clappers]] ===
 
== XVIII. [[LA_CAZA_DE_ALIMAÑAS/en|HUNTING VERMIN]] ==
=== [[#La_captura_del_lobo|Wolf hunting]] ===
==== [[#Desaparicion_del_lobo|Disappearance of the wolf]] ====
==== [[#Reaparicion_reciente|Recent reappearance]] ====
==== [[##Creencias_y_leyendas_sobre_el_lobo|Beliefs and legends about the wolf]] ====
==== [[#Medios_de_defensa|Means of defence]] ====
==== [[#Tecnicas_de_caza|Hunting techniques]] ====
**Traps, snares and poisoned bait
**Pursuing the quarry and shotgun hunting
=== [[##Las_loberas|Lairs]] ===
=== [[#La_caza_del_zorro|Fox hunting]] ===
==== [[#Daños_causados_por_el_zorro|Damage caused by the fox]] ====
==== [[#Tecnicas_de_caza1|Hunting techniques]] ====
**Catching using cages
**Shotgun hunting
=== [[##Perros_asilvestrados|Wild dogs]] ===
=== [[#Depredadores_menores|Minor predators]] ===
==== [[##Aves|Birds]] ====
==== [[##Roedores|Rodents]] ====
==== [[#Mustelidos_y_viverridos|Musetelids and viverrids]] ====
=== [[##El_oso|Bears]] ===
=== [[#Contratacion_de_alimañeros|Contracting vermin hunters]] ===
=== [[##Recompensa_por_los_animales_capturados|Payment for the captured animals]] ===
=== [[#Apendice_Descripcion_de_algunas_loberas|Appendix: Description of some lairs]] ===
 
== XIX. [[EL_ORDEÑO_DE_LAS_OVEJAS._ARDI-JEIZTEA/en|MILKING THE SHEEP]] ==
=== [[#Ordeño_batzaldia|Milking]] ===
==== [[#Denominaciones_y_lugar_de_ordeño_jeiztegia_eskorta|Milking parlour and names]] ====
==== [[##Tiempo_y_forma_de_ordeño._Kukurumuku_jeitzi|Milking time and way]] ====
==== [[##Nuevos_metodos_de_ordeño|New milking methods]] ====
==== [[#Produccion_de_leche|Milk production]] ====
=== [[##Calentar_la_leche_con_piedras_candentes_esne-harriak|Using hot stones to heat the milk]] ===
=== [[#Leche_de_oveja_y_cabra._Su_utilizacion|Goat's and ewe's milk. Its use]] ===
==== [[#Vertiente_atlantica4|Atlantic watershed]] ====
==== [[##Vertiente_mediterranea5|Mediterranean watershed]] ====
==== [[##Leche_de_cabra|Goat's milk]] ====
=== [[##Transiciones_contemporaneas1|Contemporary transitions]] ===
=== [[#Leche_de_ganado_vacuno|Cow's milk]] ===
=== [[#El_ordeño_manual_de_la_vaca_behi-jeiztea|Milking the cow by hand]] ===
==== [[#Procedimiento_de_ordeño|Milking procedure]] ====
==== [[#Introduccion_de_las_ordeñadoras|Introduction of milking equipment]] ====
=== [[#Medicion_de_la_leche_esne-neurriak|Measuring the milk]] ===
=== [[##Distribucion_y_venta_de_la_leche_de_vacuno|Distribution and sale of cow's milk]] ===
=== [[#Transporte_de_los_productos_desde_la_majada|Transporting the products from the upland herds]] ===
==== [[##Acarreo_de_la_leche_esnetako_hagea|Transporting the milk]] ====
==== [[##Acarreo_de_productos|Transporting the products]] ====
 
== XX. [[LA_FABRICACION_DEL_QUESO._GAZTAGINTZA/en|PRODUCING CHEESE]] ==
=== [[##Elaboracion_de_queso_de_oveja_ardi-gazta|Making sheep's cheese]] ===
==== [[##El_cuajo_gatzagia_legarra|The rennet]] ====
==== [[#Elaboracion_del_queso_en_la_Vasconia_atlantica|Cheese making in the Atlantic-side of the Basque Country]] ====
**Cheese from the upland herds of Bizkaia and Álava
**Cheese making in the Northern Basque Country
==== [[#Elaboracion_del_queso_en_la_Vasconia_mediterranea|Cheese making in the Mediterranean-side of the Basque Country]] ====
**Cheese in Álava
**Cheese in Navarra
==== [[##Peso_y_forma_de_los_quesos_de_oveja|Weight and shape of sheep's cheese]] ====
==== [[#Tipos_de_queso|Cheese types]] ====
**''Gaztazarra''
**Roncal cheese and Urbasa cheese
=== [[#El_mercado_de_los_quesos|The cheese market]] ===
==== [[#Mercados_del_Pais_Vasco_peninsular|Markets of the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)]] ====
==== [[#Mercados_de_Vasconia_continental|Markets of the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)]] ====
=== [[##Elaboracion_de_queso_de_cabra_ahuntz-gazta|Making goat's cheese]] ===
=== [[#Transiciones_contemporaneas2|Contemporary transitions]] ===
=== [[##Otros_productos_lacteos|Other dairy products]] ===
==== [[#El_suero_gazura|Whey]] ====
==== [[##El_requeson_zenbera|Curd cheese]] ====
==== [[##La_cuajada_gaztanbera|Junket]] ====
=== [[##Apendice_1__La_jornada_del_pastor_de_Ataun-Aralar_(G)_durante_la_fabricacion_del_queso|Appendix 1: A day in the life of the Ataun-Aralar (G) shepherd during cheese making]] ===
=== [[##Apendice_2__Metodo_tradicional_de_elaboracion_manual_del_queso_de_montaña|Appendix 2: Traditional method for making mountain cheese by hand, bortü-gazna, in Zuberoa]] ===
 
== XXI. [[EL_ESQUILEO._ARDI-MOZTEA/en|SHEARING]] ==
=== [[##El_esquileo_ardi-moztea|Shearing]] ===
==== [[#El_tiempo_de_la_esquila_ardi-mozteko_sasoia|Shearing time]] ====
==== [[#Medidas_cautelares|Precautionary measures]] ====
==== [[##Esquiladores_ardi-moztaileak|Shearers]] ====
==== [[#Instrumentos_de_esquileo_ardi-mozteko_artaziak|Shearing instruments]] ====
==== [[#Procedimientos_de_esquileo|Shearing procedures]] ====
==== [[#El_esquileo_octobrino_urri-moztea|October shearing]] ====
==== [[##El_esquileo_hoy|Shearing today]] ====
=== [[#La_lana_artilea|Wool, artilea]] ===
==== [[#Venta_de_lana_para_usos_domesticos|Selling wool for household uses]] ====
==== [[#Venta_de_lana_a_fabricas_textiles|Selling wool to textile factories]] ====
==== [[##Calidad_y_estima_de_la_lana._Haitzeko_ardia|Wool quality and appraisal]] ====
==== [[##Produccion_y_precios_de_la_lana|Wool production and prices]] ====
==== [[#La_venta_de_lana_hoy|Sale of wool today]] ====
==== [[##Industria_lanera_iletegia|Wool industry]] ====
=== [[##El_estiercol_de_oveja_ardi-zimaurra|Sheep manure]] ===
=== [[##Apendice_Descripcion_de_un_metodo_de_esquileo_actual|Appendix: Description of a modern shearing method]] ===
 
== XXII. [[MATANZA_DOMESTICA_DE_ANIMALES_1/en|DOMESTIC SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS]] ==
=== [[#Matanza_domestica_de_animales_en_dias_señalados|Domestic slaughtering of animals on specific dates]] ===
=== [[#Procedimientos_utilizados_para_la_matanza_domestica|Procedures used for domestic slaughtering]] ===
==== [[#Matanza_domestica_del_cerdo|Domestic slaughtering of pigs]] ====
==== [[#Matanza_domestica_de_corderos_y_cabras|Domestic slaughtering of lambs and goats]] ====
==== [[##Matanza_domestica_de_ganado_vacuno|Domestic slaughtering of cattle]] ====
==== [[##Matanza_domestica_de_aves_de_corral|Domestic slaughtering of poultry]] ====
==== [[##Matanza_domestica_de_conejos|Domestic slaughtering of rabbits]] ====
=== [[##La_venta_de_ganado_para_carne|Sale of livestock for meat]] ===
==== [[#Ganado_ovino_destinado_a_carne|Sheep raised for meat]] ====
==== [[#Compradores_de_carne_de_ovino|Buyers of sheepmeat]] ====
**Preferably selling to dealers
**Selling to individuals and at market
==== [[##Ganado_vacuno_destinado_a_carne|Cattle raised for meat]] ====
=== [[##La_piel_de_las_ovejas_ardi-larrua|Sheepskin, ''ardi-larrua'']] ===
==== [[##Compradores_de_pieles|Buyers of skins]] ====
==== [[##La_piel_como_melena_del_yugo_estalkia|Skin as yoke decoration]] ====
==== [[#Precios_de_la_piel|Skin prices]] ====
 
== XXIII. [[FERIAS_GANADERAS_Y_COMPRAVENTA_DE_GANADO/en|LIVESTOCK FAIRS AND BUYING AND SELLING LIVESTOCK]] ==
=== [[##Ferias_ganaderas1|Livestock fairs]] ===
==== [[##Ferias_alavesas|Fairs in Álava]] ====
==== [[#Ferias_vizcainas|Fairs in Bizkaia]] ====
==== [[#Ferias_guipuzcoanas|Fairs in Gipuzkoa]] ====
==== [[#Ferias_navarras|Fairs in Navarra]] ====
==== [[#Ferias_de_Vasconia_continental|Fairs in the Northern Basque Country]] ====
==== [[##Ferias_fuera_de_Vasconia|Fairs outside the Basque Country]] ====
==== [[##Transiciones_contemporaneas3|Contemporary transitions]] ====
=== [[##Compraventa_mediante_tratantes_y_entre_ganaderos|Buying and selling using dealers and between livestock farmers]] ===
=== [[#El_acuerdo_de_compra|The purchase agreement]] ===
==== [[#Inspeccion_de_las_reses|Inspecting the cattle]] ====
==== [[#Regateo|Bargaining]] ====
==== [[##Cierre_del_trato_tratura_heldu|Closing the deal]] ====
==== [[#Chocar_las_manos_bostekoa_eman|Shaking hands]] ====
==== [[##El_alboroque_o_robla|The ''alboroque'' or ''rolba'' refreshments to seal the deal]] ====
==== [[##Adquisicion_condicional_y_cuarentena_del_ganado|Conditional purchase and quarantine of the livestock]] ====
==== [[#Formas_de_adquirir_el_ganado|Ways of acquiring livestock]] ====
=== [[#El_precio_del_ganado|The price of the livestock]] ===
==== [[#Modalidades_y_forma_de_pago|Payment methods and terms]] ====
==== [[##Unidad_monetaria_de_la_transaccion|Monetary unit of the transaction]] ====
=== [[#Importancia_de_la_ganaderia_en_la_economia_familiar|Importance of livestock farming in the family economy]] ===
==== [[#Relevancia_del_ganado|Importance of the livestock]] ====
==== [[##Complementariedad_de_la_ganaderia_con_otras_actividades|Complementary relationship between livestock farming and other activities]] ====
==== [[#Cambios_actuales|Current changes]] ====
 
== XXIV. [[LAS_ABEJAS._ERLEA/en|BEES, ERLEA]] ==
=== [[#La_cria_de_abejas|Bee-keeping]] ===
==== [[##Extension_del_cultivo_de_abejas|The spread of bee-keeping]] ====
==== [[#La_trashumancia|Transhumance]] ====
=== [[##Fabricacion_y_tipos_de_colmenas_erlauntza|Making and types of beehives]] ===
==== [[##Colmenas_de_tronco_cuezos_cepos|Trap, log and trunk beehives]] ====
==== [[##Colmenas_de_tabla_erlauntza|Frame beehives]] ====
==== [[#Colmenas_tejidas_con_vegetales_erle-kofoina|Bee skeps]] ====
==== [[##Colmenas_en_oquedades|Hives in hollows]] ====
=== [[#El_colmenar_abejar_erlategia|The apiary]] ===
=== [[#Captura_de_enjambres_erlakumea_harrapatu|Catching swarms]] ===
==== [[#La_salida_del_enjambre|Swarming]] ====
==== [[##Detencion_del_enjambre|Stopping the swarm]] ====
==== [[##Recogida_del_enjambre|Collecting the swarm]] ====
==== [[#Propiedad_y_marcado_de_enjambres|Ownership and marking swarms]] ====
==== [[##Adquisicion_de_enjambres|Acquiring swarms]] ====
=== [[##Cuidado_de_la_colmena|Maintaining the beehive]] ===
=== [[#Recoleccion_de_los_panales._Abaraskak|Harvesting the honeycombs]] ===
==== [[#Epoca_de_recoleccion|Harvest time]] ====
==== [[#Procedimientos_de_recoleccion._Catar_la_miel|Harvesting procedures Tasting the honey]] ====
==== [[##Medios_de_proteccion|Means of protection]] ====
=== [[#Obtencion_de_los_productos_apicolas|Obtaining apiculture products]] ===
==== [[##La_miel_eztia|Honey]] ====
==== [[##La_cera_argizaria|Wax]] ====
=== [[##Uso_de_los_productos_apicolas|Use of apiculture products]] ===
==== [[##La_miel|Honey]] ====
==== [[#El_aguamiel|Mead]] ====
==== [[#La_cera|Wax]] ====
==== [[#El_veneno|Honey bee venom]] ====
=== [[#Creencias_y_saberes_sobre_las_abejas|Beliefs and lore about bees]] ===
=== [[#Transformaciones_contemporaneas4|Contemporary changes]] ===
 
== XXV. [[PROTECCION_CREENCIAL_DEL_GANADO/en|SACRED PROTECTION OF THE LIVESTOCK]] ==
=== [[##San_Antonio_Abad_patrono_del_ganado|St. Anthony Abbot, patron saint of livestock]] ===
==== [[##Dia_festivo_para_los_animales|Feast day for animals]] ====
==== [[#Ritos_en_su_festividad|Rites on his feast day]] ====
**St. Anthony bonfires and smoke offerings
**St. Anthony Cross round-ups
==== [[##Invocaciones_y_ofrendas_al_Santo|Praying and offerings to the Saints]] ====
==== [[#Estampas_y_cruces_en_establos|Engravings and crosses in stables]] ====
=== [[#San_Blas|St. Blaise]] ===
==== [[##Ritos_y_bendiciones_en_su_festividad|Rites and blessings on his feast day]] ====
=== [[#San_Juan_Bautista_protector_de_los_rebaños|St. John the Baptist, protector of the herds]] ===
==== [[##Ramos_y_flores_en_la_mañana_del_solsticio_de_verano|Branches and flowers on the morning of the summer solstice]] ====
=== [[#Simbolos_protectores_contra_el_rayo|Symbols to protect against lightning]] ===
==== [[#El_espino_albar_elorria|Hawthorn]] ====
==== [[##El_laurel_bendecido_erramua|Blessed bay leaves]] ====
==== [[#Quema_del_laurel|Burning bay leaves]] ====
==== [[##Santa_Cruz_de_mayo|Holy May Cross]] ====
==== [[#Las_candelas_bendecidas|Blessed candles]] ====
==== [[#Otros_procedimientos_y_prevenciones|Other procedures and prevention]] ====
==== [[#El_hacha_primitiva|The early axe]] ====
=== [[#Bendiciones_rituales|Ritual blessings]] ===
==== [[##Txabolas_y_rebaños|''Txabolas'' and herds]] ====
==== [[##Establos_y_corrales|Stables and pens]] ====
==== [[#Pasturajes_del_monte|Upland pastures]] ====
=== [[##Ofrendas|Offerings]] ===
=== [[##Amuletos|Charms]] ===
=== [[#Animales_protectores|Animal protectors]] ===
 
== XXVI. [[CREENCIAS_Y_COSTUMBRES/en|BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS]] ==
=== [[##Sobre_la_incubacion_de_las_gallinas|Regarding hens hatching their eggs]] ===
==== [[##Numero_impar_de_huevos|Odd number of eggs]] ====
==== [[##El_signo_de_la_cruz|The sign of the cross]] ====
==== [[##Epoca_idonea_para_la_incubacion|Ideal time for hatching]] ====
=== [[##Sobre_la_procreacion|Regarding breeding]] ===
=== [[##Sobre_los_cambios_atmosfericos|Regarding atmospheric changes]] ===
=== [[##Presagios_de_muerte|Omens of death]] ===
=== [[#Costumbres_en_relacion_con_el_luto|Customs relating to mourning]] ===
=== [[#Presagios_de_brujas|Witch omens]] ===
=== [[##Sobre_la_subida_del_ganado_al_monte|Regarding driving livestock to upland grazing]] ===
=== [[##Prevenciones_contra_los_animales_dañinos|Protecting against vermin]] ===
=== [[##Ritos_de_adaptacion_a_la_casa|Rites to adapt to the homestead]] ===
==== [[#Ganado|Livestock]] ====
==== [[##Gallinas_y_gatos|Hens and cats]] ====
=== [[#Bildots-lorra_ayuda_mutua|''Bildots-lorra'': mutual help]] ===
=== [[##Otras_costumbres|Other customs]] ===
=== [[#Fiestas_de_pastores|Shepherd festivities]] ===
=== [[#Obsequios_y_donativos|Gifts and donations]] ===
=== [[#Lugares_de_culto_en_zonas_de_pastos|Places of worship in grazing areas]] ===
 
== XXVII. [[JUEGOS_DE_PASTORES/en|SHEPHERDS' GAMES]] ==
=== [[##Lugares_donde_se_practican_los_juegos|Venues for the games]] ===
=== [[#Juegos_de_pelota|Ball games]] ===
==== [[##Pelota-jokoa|''Pelota-jokoa'']] ====
==== [[#Urdanka|''Urdanka'']] ====
==== [[##El_chute|El chute - fast traditional game]] ====
=== [[#Juegos_de_lanzamiento|Throwing games]] ===
==== [[#Makilak_zeharkatzea|''Makilak zeharkatzea'']] ====
==== [[##Makila-jokoa|''Makila-jokoa'']] ====
==== [[##Zotzaldatzea|''Zotzaldatzea'']] ====
==== [[##Al_palo|Stick throwing]] ====
==== [[#Lanzamiento_de_barras|Basque bar throwing]] ====
==== [[##Harrika|''Harrika'']] ====
==== [[#Burruna|''Burruna'']] ====
==== [[##Lanzamiento_de_piedras._Honda|Rock throwing. Honda]] ====
=== [[##Juegos_de_fuerza|Games of strength]] ===
=== [[#Juegos_de_salto|Jumping games]] ===
=== [[#Juegos_de_carreras|Races]] ===
=== [[##Juegos_de_bolos|Bowling games]] ===
=== [[#Juegos_de_mesa|Table games]] ===
==== [[##Cartas|Cards]] ====
==== [[#Artzain-jokoa._Tres_en_raya|''Artzain-jokoa''. Noughts and Crosses]] ====
=== [[##Espantos|Ghost stories]] ===
=== [[##Cantos_e_instrumentos_musicales|Songs and musical instruments]] ===
==== [[##El_canto|Singing]] ====
==== [[##Instrumentos_musicos_de_los_pastores|Musical instruments of the shepherds]] ====
**Horns
**''Alboka''
=== [[#Apendice_Descripcion_de_los_juegos_botu_luzea_y_urdanka_por_un_pastor_suletino|Appendix: Description of the botu luzea and urdanka games by a shepherd from Soule]] ===
{{#bookTitle:Livestock Farming and Shepherding in the Basque Country | Ganaderia_y_pastoreo_en_vasconia/en}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Table of contents}}
