Diferencia entre revisiones de «Indice Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia/en»

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	== I. [[CRIANZA_ DE_ANIMALES/en|ANIMAL HUSBANDRY]] ==		== I. [[CRIANZA_ DE_ANIMALES/en|ANIMAL HUSBANDRY]] ==
−	=== [[#Crianza_tradicional_de_animales_ y_transformaciones_contemporaneas|Traditional animal husbandry and contemporary changes]] ===	+	=== [[##Crianza_tradicional_de_animales_ y_transformaciones_contemporaneas|Traditional animal husbandry and contemporary changes]] ===
−	=== [[Vertiente_atlantica_crianza|Atlantic watershed]] ===	+	=== [[#Vertiente_atlantica_crianza|Atlantic watershed]] ===
−	==== [[#Bizkaia|Bizkaia]] ====	+	==== [[##Bizkaia|Bizkaia]] ====
−	==== [[#Gipuzkoa|Gipuzkoa]] ====	+	==== [[##Gipuzkoa|Gipuzkoa]] ====
−	==== [[Vasconia_continental|Northern Basque Country (lying within France)]] ====	+	==== [[#Vasconia_continental|Northern Basque Country (lying within France)]] ====
−	=== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea|Mediterranean watershed]] ===	+	=== [[##Vertiente_mediterranea|Mediterranean watershed]] ===
−	==== [[Alava|Alava]] ====	+	==== [[#Alava|Alava]] ====
−	==== [[Navarra|Navarra]] ====	+	==== [[#Navarra|Navarra]] ====
	 		 
	== II. [[RAZAS_DE_ANIMALES/en|ANIMAL BREEDS]] ==		== II. [[RAZAS_DE_ANIMALES/en|ANIMAL BREEDS]] ==
−	=== [[#Vacas_y_bueyes|Cows and oxen]] ===	+	=== [[##Vacas_y_bueyes|Cows and oxen]] ===
−	==== [[#Betizu|''Betizu'']] ====	+	==== [[##Betizu|''Betizu'']] ====
−	==== [[#Monchina|Monchina]] ====	+	==== [[##Monchina|Monchina]] ====
−	==== [[Terreña|Terreña]] ====	+	==== [[#Terreña|Terreña]] ====
−	==== [[#Pirenaica|Pyrenean]] ====	+	==== [[##Pirenaica|Pyrenean]] ====
−	==== [[#Evolucion_de_la_cabaña_bovina|Evolution of the cattle population]] ====	+	==== [[##Evolucion_de_la_cabaña_bovina|Evolution of the cattle population]] ====
−	==== [[Apendice1_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====	+	==== [[#Apendice1_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====
−	=== [[Ovejas|Sheep]] ===	+	=== [[#Ovejas|Sheep]] ===
−	==== [[#Razas_de_la_vertiente_atlantica|Breeds of the Atlantic watershed]] ====	+	==== [[##Razas_de_la_vertiente_atlantica|Breeds of the Atlantic watershed]] ====
	**''Latxa'' and ''manexa''		**''Latxa'' and ''manexa''
	**Carranzana, ''sasi-ardia'' and Basque-Bearnese		**Carranzana, ''sasi-ardia'' and Basque-Bearnese
−	==== [[Razas_de_la_vertiente_mediterranea|Breeds of the Mediterranean watershed]] ====	+	==== [[#Razas_de_la_vertiente_mediterranea|Breeds of the Mediterranean watershed]] ====
	**Coexistence of lacha, churra and merina breeds		**Coexistence of lacha, churra and merina breeds
	**Navarra breed		**Navarra breed
−	==== [[#Apendice2_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====	+	==== [[##Apendice2_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====
−	=== [[Cabras|Nanny goats]] ===	+	=== [[#Cabras|Nanny goats]] ===
−	==== [[#Apendice3_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====	+	==== [[##Apendice3_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====
−	=== [[#Cerdos|Pigs]] ===	+	=== [[##Cerdos|Pigs]] ===
−	==== [[#Apendice4_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====	+	==== [[##Apendice4_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====
−	=== [[Yeguas_burros_y_mulos|Mares, donkeys and mules]] ===	+	=== [[#Yeguas_burros_y_mulos|Mares, donkeys and mules]] ===
−	==== [[#Apendice5_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====	+	==== [[##Apendice5_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====
−	=== [[Gallinas_palomas_patos_y_otras_aves|Hens, doves, ducks and other poultry]] ===	+	=== [[#Gallinas_palomas_patos_y_otras_aves|Hens, doves, ducks and other poultry]] ===
−	=== [[#Otros_animales_menores_conejos_perros_y_gatos|Other small animals: rabbits, dogs and cats]] ===	+	=== [[##Otros_animales_menores_conejos_perros_y_gatos|Other small animals: rabbits, dogs and cats]] ===
−	==== [[Apendice6_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====	+	==== [[#Apendice6_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====
−	=== [[#Apendice_Betizu_vaca_salvaje|Appendix: Betizu, wild cow]] ===	+	=== [[##Apendice_Betizu_vaca_salvaje|Appendix: Betizu, wild cow]] ===
	 		 
	== III. [[NOMBRES_DE_LOS_ANIMALES._ABEREEN_IZENAK/en|NAMES OF THE ANIMALS]] ==		== III. [[NOMBRES_DE_LOS_ANIMALES._ABEREEN_IZENAK/en|NAMES OF THE ANIMALS]] ==
−	=== [[#Denominaciones_segun_especie_edad_y_sexo|Names according to species, age and sex]] ===	+	=== [[##Denominaciones_segun_especie_edad_y_sexo|Names according to species, age and sex]] ===
−	==== [[Ganado_ovino|Sheep]] ====	+	==== [[#Ganado_ovino|Sheep]] ====
	**Young		**Young
Línea 81:		Línea 81:
	**Other names		**Other names
−	==== [[#Ganado_vacuno|Cattle]] ====	+	==== [[##Ganado_vacuno|Cattle]] ====
	**Young		**Young
	**Adults		**Adults
−	==== [[#Ganado_porcino|Pigs]] ====	+	==== [[##Ganado_porcino|Pigs]] ====
	**Young		**Young
	**Adults		**Adults
−	==== [[Ganado_caprino|Goats]] ====	+	==== [[#Ganado_caprino|Goats]] ====
	**Young		**Young
	**Adults		**Adults
−	==== [[Ganado_caballar|Horses]] ====	+	==== [[#Ganado_caballar|Horses]] ====
	**Young		**Young
	**Adults		**Adults
−	==== [[#Ganado_asnal|Donkeys and Asses]] ====	+	==== [[##Ganado_asnal|Donkeys and Asses]] ====
	**Young		**Young
	**Adults		**Adults
−	==== [[#Ganado_mular|Mules]] ====	+	==== [[##Ganado_mular|Mules]] ====
	**Young		**Young
	**Adults		**Adults
−	==== [[Ganado_aviar|Poultry]] ====	+	==== [[#Ganado_aviar|Poultry]] ====
	**Young		**Young
Línea 117:		Línea 117:
	**Sundry animals		**Sundry animals
−	==== [[Animales_varios|Other animals]] ====	+	==== [[#Animales_varios|Other animals]] ====
	 		 
	== IV. [[LENGUAJE_Y_TRATO_A_LOS_ANIMALES/en|LANGUAGE AND HOW THE ANIMALS ARE TREATED]] ==		== IV. [[LENGUAJE_Y_TRATO_A_LOS_ANIMALES/en|LANGUAGE AND HOW THE ANIMALS ARE TREATED]] ==
−	=== [[Nombres_impuestos_a_los_animales_domesticos|Names by which domesticated animals are known]] ===	+	=== [[#Nombres_impuestos_a_los_animales_domesticos|Names by which domesticated animals are known]] ===
−	==== [[Ovejas_lenguaje|Sheep]] ====	+	==== [[#Ovejas_lenguaje|Sheep]] ====
	**Due to the physical characteristics		**Due to the physical characteristics
Línea 132:		Línea 132:
	**Concatenated names		**Concatenated names
−	==== [[Vacas_y_bueyes_lenguaje|Cows and oxen]] ====	+	==== [[#Vacas_y_bueyes_lenguaje|Cows and oxen]] ====
	**Due to the physical characteristics		**Due to the physical characteristics
Línea 138:		Línea 138:
	**Due to their character		**Due to their character
−	==== [[Caballos_lenguaje|Horses]] ====	+	==== [[#Caballos_lenguaje|Horses]] ====
	**Due to the colour of the coat		**Due to the colour of the coat
	**Due to the look and character		**Due to the look and character
−	==== [[Perros_lenguaje|Dogs]] ====	+	==== [[#Perros_lenguaje|Dogs]] ====
	**Due to the colour of the fur		**Due to the colour of the fur
	**Due to the look, character and astral aspects		**Due to the look, character and astral aspects
−	==== [[#Nombres_de_cabras_burros_gatos_y_cerdos_lenguaje|Names of nanny goats, donkeys, cats and pigs]] ====	+	==== [[##Nombres_de_cabras_burros_gatos_y_cerdos_lenguaje|Names of nanny goats, donkeys, cats and pigs]] ====
−	=== [[Lenguaje_y_modo_de_tratar_a_los_animales|Language and how the animals are treated]] ===	+	=== [[#Lenguaje_y_modo_de_tratar_a_los_animales|Language and how the animals are treated]] ===
−	==== [[#El_trato_con_los_animales|How the animals are treated]] ====	+	==== [[##El_trato_con_los_animales|How the animals are treated]] ====
	**Patting		**Patting
−	==== [[Lenguaje_empleado_con_los_animales_domesticos|Language used with domesticated animals]] ====	+	==== [[#Lenguaje_empleado_con_los_animales_domesticos|Language used with domesticated animals]] ====
	**Cows		**Cows
Línea 164:		Línea 164:
	**Hens, ducks and pigs		**Hens, ducks and pigs
−	==== [[#Silbidos|Whistling]] ====	+	==== [[##Silbidos|Whistling]] ====
	**Sheep		**Sheep
	**Other animals		**Other animals
−	==== [[Utensilios_para_aguijar_el_ganado|Utensils to prod the livestock]] ====	+	==== [[#Utensilios_para_aguijar_el_ganado|Utensils to prod the livestock]] ====
	**Goad. Pole		**Goad. Pole
Línea 178:		Línea 178:
	== V. [[ESTABLOS_Y_RECINTOS_PARA_LA_CRIA_DE_ANIMALES/en|STABLES AND ENCLOSURES FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY]] ==		== V. [[ESTABLOS_Y_RECINTOS_PARA_LA_CRIA_DE_ANIMALES/en|STABLES AND ENCLOSURES FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY]] ==
−	=== [[El_establo_tradicional|The traditional stable]] ===	+	=== [[#El_establo_tradicional|The traditional stable]] ===
−	==== [[#Establos_ubicados_en_el_propio_caserio_la_cuadra|Stables located in the homestead itself: the pen]] ====	+	==== [[##Establos_ubicados_en_el_propio_caserio_la_cuadra|Stables located in the homestead itself: the pen]] ====
	**Characteristics of the stable		**Characteristics of the stable
	**Divisions in the stable		**Divisions in the stable
−	==== [[Establos_exentos_de_la_casa|Stables separate from the house]] ====	+	==== [[#Establos_exentos_de_la_casa|Stables separate from the house]] ====
−	==== [[Pesebres|Mangers]] ====	+	==== [[#Pesebres|Mangers]] ====
	**Tying animals at the managers		**Tying animals at the managers
Línea 193:		Línea 193:
	**Hayrack		**Hayrack
−	==== [[#El_estiercol|Manure]] ====	+	==== [[##El_estiercol|Manure]] ====
−	=== [[#Los_modernos_establos._Transformaciones_operadas|Modern stables. Changes occurred]] ===	+	=== [[##Los_modernos_establos._Transformaciones_operadas|Modern stables. Changes occurred]] ===
−	=== [[Recintos_para_la_cria_de_animales_domesticos|Enclosures for animal husbandry]] ===	+	=== [[#Recintos_para_la_cria_de_animales_domesticos|Enclosures for animal husbandry]] ===
−	==== [[#Cochiqueras|Pigsties]] ====	+	==== [[##Cochiqueras|Pigsties]] ====
−	==== [[Gallineros|Hen houses]] ====	+	==== [[#Gallineros|Hen houses]] ====
	**Roosts		**Roosts
	**Nest boxes		**Nest boxes
−	==== [[Conejeras|Rabbit hutches]] ====	+	==== [[#Conejeras|Rabbit hutches]] ====
−	==== [[Palomares|Dovecotes]] ====	+	==== [[#Palomares|Dovecotes]] ====
	 		 
	== VI. [[ALIMENTACION_DEL_GANADO_ESTABULADO/en|FEELING STABLED LIVESTOCK]] ==		== VI. [[ALIMENTACION_DEL_GANADO_ESTABULADO/en|FEELING STABLED LIVESTOCK]] ==
−	=== [[Alimentacion_del_ganado_en_la_casa|Feeding the homestead's livestock]] ===	+	=== [[#Alimentacion_del_ganado_en_la_casa|Feeding the homestead's livestock]] ===
−	==== [[#Vacas|Cows]] ====	+	==== [[##Vacas|Cows]] ====
	**Atlantic watershed		**Atlantic watershed
Línea 221:		Línea 221:
	**Water supply		**Water supply
−	==== [[#Bueyes|Oxen]] ====	+	==== [[##Bueyes|Oxen]] ====
−	==== [[#Caballerias|Horse herds]] ====	+	==== [[##Caballerias|Horse herds]] ====
−	==== [[Ovejas_y_cabras|Sheep and nanny goats]] ====	+	==== [[#Ovejas_y_cabras|Sheep and nanny goats]] ====
−	==== [[Cerdos_Alimentacion|Pigs]] ====	+	==== [[#Cerdos_Alimentacion|Pigs]] ====
−	==== [[#Gallinas_y_otras_aves|Hens and other poultry]] ====	+	==== [[##Gallinas_y_otras_aves|Hens and other poultry]] ====
−	==== [[#Conejos_Alimentacion|Rabbits]] ====	+	==== [[##Conejos_Alimentacion|Rabbits]] ====
−	==== [[#Perros_y_gatos|Dogs and cats]] ====	+	==== [[##Perros_y_gatos|Dogs and cats]] ====
−	=== [[#Alimentacion_de_las_crias|Feeding the young]] ===	+	=== [[##Alimentacion_de_las_crias|Feeding the young]] ===
−	==== [[Terneras|Calves]] ====	+	==== [[#Terneras|Calves]] ====
−	==== [[Corderas|Lambs]] ====	+	==== [[#Corderas|Lambs]] ====
−	==== [[Cabritas|Kids]] ====	+	==== [[#Cabritas|Kids]] ====
−	==== [[Cerdos_crias|Piglets]] ====	+	==== [[#Cerdos_crias|Piglets]] ====
−	==== [[#Potras_y_burros|Foals (horse and donkey)]] ====	+	==== [[##Potras_y_burros|Foals (horse and donkey)]] ====
−	==== [[Pollitas|Chickens]] ====	+	==== [[#Pollitas|Chickens]] ====
−	==== [[Conejos_crias|Rabbits]] ====	+	==== [[#Conejos_crias|Rabbits]] ====
−	==== [[#Cachorros_y_gatos|Puppies and kittens]] ====	+	==== [[##Cachorros_y_gatos|Puppies and kittens]] ====
−	=== [[#Alimentacion_del_ganado_en_el_campo|Feeding the livestock out in the fields]] ===	+	=== [[##Alimentacion_del_ganado_en_el_campo|Feeding the livestock out in the fields]] ===
−	==== [[Vertiente_mediterranea_alimentacion|Mediterranean watershed]] ====	+	==== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea_alimentacion|Mediterranean watershed]] ====
−	==== [[Vertiente_atlantica_alimentacion|Atlantic watershed]] ====	+	==== [[#Vertiente_atlantica_alimentacion|Atlantic watershed]] ====
−	==== [[#Control_de_los_animales_en_los_prados|Controlling the animals in the meadows]] ====	+	==== [[##Control_de_los_animales_en_los_prados|Controlling the animals in the meadows]] ====
	**Tether or chain tied to a stake		**Tether or chain tied to a stake
Línea 269:		Línea 269:
	== VII. [[REPRODUCCION_Y_CUIDADOS_DE_LOS_ANIMALES/en|BREEDING AND LOOKING AFTER THE ANIMALS]] ==		== VII. [[REPRODUCCION_Y_CUIDADOS_DE_LOS_ANIMALES/en|BREEDING AND LOOKING AFTER THE ANIMALS]] ==
−	=== [[El_ciclo_reproductor_de_los_animales_domesticos|The reproductive cycle of domesticated animals]] ===	+	=== [[#El_ciclo_reproductor_de_los_animales_domesticos|The reproductive cycle of domesticated animals]] ===
−	==== [[Vacas1|Cows]] ====	+	==== [[#Vacas1|Cows]] ====
	**Coming into season and covering		**Coming into season and covering
Línea 278:		Línea 278:
	**Looking after the calved cow		**Looking after the calved cow
−	==== [[#Ovejas1|Sheep]] ====	+	==== [[##Ovejas1|Sheep]] ====
	**Coming into season and covering		**Coming into season and covering
	**Gestation and delivery		**Gestation and delivery
−	==== [[Cabras1|Nanny goats]] ====	+	==== [[#Cabras1|Nanny goats]] ====
−	==== [[#Yeguas|Mares]] ====	+	==== [[##Yeguas|Mares]] ====
	**Coming into season		**Coming into season
	**Gestation and delivery		**Gestation and delivery
−	==== [[#Burras|Female donkeys]] ====	+	==== [[##Burras|Female donkeys]] ====
−	==== [[#Obtencion_de_mulos|Obtaining mules]] ====	+	==== [[##Obtencion_de_mulos|Obtaining mules]] ====
−	==== [[Cerdas|Sows]] ====	+	==== [[#Cerdas|Sows]] ====
−	==== [[#Conejas|Does (rabbit)]] ====	+	==== [[##Conejas|Does (rabbit)]] ====
−	==== [[Gallinas_y_palomas|Hens and doves]] ====	+	==== [[#Gallinas_y_palomas|Hens and doves]] ====
	**Determining the sex		**Determining the sex
Línea 306:		Línea 306:
	**Hatching the eggs		**Hatching the eggs
−	==== [[Perras|Female dogs]] ====	+	==== [[#Perras|Female dogs]] ====
−	==== [[#Gatas|Female cats]] ====	+	==== [[##Gatas|Female cats]] ====
−	==== [[Las_paradas_y_la_inseminacion_artificial|Studs and artificial insemination]] ====	+	==== [[#Las_paradas_y_la_inseminacion_artificial|Studs and artificial insemination]] ====
−	=== [[Procedimientos_para_calcular_la_edad_del_ganado|Procedures to calculate the age of the livestock]] ===	+	=== [[#Procedimientos_para_calcular_la_edad_del_ganado|Procedures to calculate the age of the livestock]] ===
−	==== [[Vacas2|Cows]] ====	+	==== [[#Vacas2|Cows]] ====
−	==== [[Ovejas2|Sheep]] ====	+	==== [[#Ovejas2|Sheep]] ====
−	=== [[Manipulaciones_del_cuerpo_de_los_animales|Handling the body of the animals]] ===	+	=== [[#Manipulaciones_del_cuerpo_de_los_animales|Handling the body of the animals]] ===
−	==== [[#Corte_del_rabo_a_las_corderas|Cutting the tails of the lambs]] ====	+	==== [[##Corte_del_rabo_a_las_corderas|Cutting the tails of the lambs]] ====
−	==== [[#Otras_amputaciones_cortes_y_perforaciones|Other amputations, cuts and perforations]] ====	+	==== [[##Otras_amputaciones_cortes_y_perforaciones|Other amputations, cuts and perforations]] ====
−	==== [[#Supresion_de_los_cuernos|Removing horns]] ====	+	==== [[##Supresion_de_los_cuernos|Removing horns]] ====
−	==== [[Castracion|Castration]] ====	+	==== [[#Castracion|Castration]] ====
	**Bulls		**Bulls
Línea 334:		Línea 334:
	**Chickens		**Chickens
−	=== [[#Herrado|Shoeing]] ===	+	=== [[##Herrado|Shoeing]] ===
−	==== [[#Proceso_de_herrado|Shoeing process]] ====	+	==== [[##Proceso_de_herrado|Shoeing process]] ====
	**Horses		**Horses
	**Cattle		**Cattle
−	==== [[Herraduras_y_clavos|Shoes and nails]] ====	+	==== [[#Herraduras_y_clavos|Shoes and nails]] ====
−	==== [[#Otras_operaciones_efectuadas_por_los_herradores|Other operations performed by farriers]] ====	+	==== [[##Otras_operaciones_efectuadas_por_los_herradores|Other operations performed by farriers]] ====
	 		 
	== VIII. [[EL_GANADO_DE_MONTE/en|UPLAND LIVESTOCK]] ==		== VIII. [[EL_GANADO_DE_MONTE/en|UPLAND LIVESTOCK]] ==
−	=== [[#Bizkaia2|Bizkaia]] ===	+	=== [[##Bizkaia2|Bizkaia]] ===
−	=== [[#Gipuzkoa2|Gipuzkoa]] ===	+	=== [[##Gipuzkoa2|Gipuzkoa]] ===
−	=== [[#Vasconia_continental2|Northern Basque Country]] ===	+	=== [[##Vasconia_continental2|Northern Basque Country]] ===
−	=== [[Alava2|Álava]] ===	+	=== [[#Alava2|Álava]] ===
−	=== [[#Navarra2|Navarra]] ===	+	=== [[##Navarra2|Navarra]] ===
−	=== [[La_captura_del_ganado_de_monte|Rounding up the upland livestock]] ===	+	=== [[#La_captura_del_ganado_de_monte|Rounding up the upland livestock]] ===
−	==== [[#El_lazo_urka-bilurra|The lasso]] ====	+	==== [[##El_lazo_urka-bilurra|The lasso]] ====
−	==== [[#Sal_y_pan|Salt and bread]] ====	+	==== [[##Sal_y_pan|Salt and bread]] ====
−	==== [[#Gritos_y_ruidos|Shouts and noise]] ====	+	==== [[##Gritos_y_ruidos|Shouts and noise]] ====
−	==== [[Uso_de_perros_de_presa|Using catch dogs]] ====	+	==== [[#Uso_de_perros_de_presa|Using catch dogs]] ====
−	=== [[#Apendice_El_aprovechamiento_de_los_pastos_en_Lezaun_(N)|Appendix: Use of the pasture land in Lezaun (N)]] ===	+	=== [[##Apendice_El_aprovechamiento_de_los_pastos_en_Lezaun_(N)|Appendix: Use of the pasture land in Lezaun (N)]] ===
	 		 
	== IX. [[LA_SUBIDA_CON_EL_REBAÑO_AL_MONTE/en|DRIVING FLOCKS TO UPLAND PASTURES]] ==		== IX. [[LA_SUBIDA_CON_EL_REBAÑO_AL_MONTE/en|DRIVING FLOCKS TO UPLAND PASTURES]] ==
−	=== [[#La_subida_del_rebaño|Taking the flocks up]] ===	+	=== [[##La_subida_del_rebaño|Taking the flocks up]] ===
−	==== [[Influencia_del_clima_y_de_los_pastos|Influence of the climate and the pastures]] ====	+	==== [[#Influencia_del_clima_y_de_los_pastos|Influence of the climate and the pastures]] ====
−	==== [[#Ascension_al_monte_en_funcion_de_las_caracteristicas_del_ganado|Driving the flocks to the upland pastures according to the characteristics of the livestock]] ====	+	==== [[##Ascension_al_monte_en_funcion_de_las_caracteristicas_del_ganado|Driving the flocks to the upland pastures according to the characteristics of the livestock]] ====
−	==== [[Pastoreo_de_ciclo_diario|Daily cycle shepherding]] ====	+	==== [[#Pastoreo_de_ciclo_diario|Daily cycle shepherding]] ====
−	==== [[#Reglamentacion_aplicable|Applicable regulations]] ====	+	==== [[##Reglamentacion_aplicable|Applicable regulations]] ====
−	==== [[#El_pastoreo_en_la_actualidad|Shepherding today]] ====	+	==== [[##El_pastoreo_en_la_actualidad|Shepherding today]] ====
−	=== [[Ascension_del_pastor_en_solitario_o_acompañado|The shepherd migrating to the uplands alone or accompanied]] ===	+	=== [[#Ascension_del_pastor_en_solitario_o_acompañado|The shepherd migrating to the uplands alone or accompanied]] ===
−	=== [[#Comitiva_animal_del_pastor|Animal retinue of the shepherd]] ===	+	=== [[##Comitiva_animal_del_pastor|Animal retinue of the shepherd]] ===
−	=== [[#Los_mejores_pastos_para_el_rebaño|The best pasture for the flock]] ===	+	=== [[##Los_mejores_pastos_para_el_rebaño|The best pasture for the flock]] ===
−	==== [[Pastos_veraniegos_o_de_altura|Mountain or summer pastures]] ====	+	==== [[#Pastos_veraniegos_o_de_altura|Mountain or summer pastures]] ====
−	==== [[Pastos_invernales_o_de_valle|Valley or winter pastures]] ====	+	==== [[#Pastos_invernales_o_de_valle|Valley or winter pastures]] ====
−	==== [[Vertiente_mediterranea4|Mediterranean watershed]] ====	+	==== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea4|Mediterranean watershed]] ====
−	==== [[#Pastos_perjudiciales|Harmful pastures]] ====	+	==== [[##Pastos_perjudiciales|Harmful pastures]] ====
−	=== [[#Ciclo_anual_del_pastor_y_estancia_en_la_montaña|Annual cycle of the shepherd and stay on the mountain]] ===	+	=== [[##Ciclo_anual_del_pastor_y_estancia_en_la_montaña|Annual cycle of the shepherd and stay on the mountain]] ===
−	==== [[#El_pastor_de_Gorbea_(B)|The Gorbea (B) shepherd]] ====	+	==== [[##El_pastor_de_Gorbea_(B)|The Gorbea (B) shepherd]] ====
−	==== [[El_pastor_de_Urbia_y_el_de_Aizkorri_(G)|The Urbia and the Aizkorri (G) shepherds]] ====	+	==== [[#El_pastor_de_Urbia_y_el_de_Aizkorri_(G)|The Urbia and the Aizkorri (G) shepherds]] ====
−	==== [[#El_pastor_suletino|The Souletin shepherd]] ====	+	==== [[##El_pastor_suletino|The Souletin shepherd]] ====
−	==== [[#El_pastor_de_Allo_(N)|The Allo (N) shepherd]] ====	+	==== [[##El_pastor_de_Allo_(N)|The Allo (N) shepherd]] ====
−	=== [[#La_bajada_del_rebaño|Bringing the flock down]] ===	+	=== [[##La_bajada_del_rebaño|Bringing the flock down]] ===
	 		 
	== X. [[MARCAS_DE_PROPIEDAD/en|BRANDING]] ==		== X. [[MARCAS_DE_PROPIEDAD/en|BRANDING]] ==
−	=== [[#Marcas_de_propiedad_del_ganado|Livestock branding]] ===	+	=== [[##Marcas_de_propiedad_del_ganado|Livestock branding]] ===
−	==== [[#Corte_en_la_oreja._Akatsa|Ear notches]] ====	+	==== [[##Corte_en_la_oreja._Akatsa|Ear notches]] ====
	**Types and names of the notches		**Types and names of the notches
	**Notches in cattle and horses		**Notches in cattle and horses
−	==== [[#Señales_con_pintura|Paint branding]] ====	+	==== [[##Señales_con_pintura|Paint branding]] ====
−	==== [[Marca_de_pez_o_brea._Empego|Tar branding Pitch branding]] ====	+	==== [[#Marca_de_pez_o_brea._Empego|Tar branding Pitch branding]] ====
−	==== [[#Marca_de_hierro|Iron branding]] ====	+	==== [[##Marca_de_hierro|Iron branding]] ====
	**Iron branding on horns, hooves or nose		**Iron branding on horns, hooves or nose
−	==== [[#Cambios_operados_en_el_marcaje_del_ganado._El_crotal|Changes occurred in the branding of livestock. The eartag]] ====	+	==== [[##Cambios_operados_en_el_marcaje_del_ganado._El_crotal|Changes occurred in the branding of livestock. The eartag]] ====
−	=== [[Cencerros_o_esquilones._Arranak_zintzarriak|Cowbells and large bells]] ===	+	=== [[#Cencerros_o_esquilones._Arranak_zintzarriak|Cowbells and large bells]] ===
−	==== [[El_sonido_de_los_cencerros|The sound off the cowbells]] ====	+	==== [[#El_sonido_de_los_cencerros|The sound off the cowbells]] ====
−	==== [[Clases_de_cencerros_y_esquilas|Types of cowbells and shearing]] ====	+	==== [[#Clases_de_cencerros_y_esquilas|Types of cowbells and shearing]] ====
	**Sheep		**Sheep
Línea 442:		Línea 442:
	**Cows and mares		**Cows and mares
−	=== [[#Adornos_del_ganado|Livestock adornments]] ===	+	=== [[##Adornos_del_ganado|Livestock adornments]] ===
−	==== [[Collares_de_campanillas_y_cascabeles|Collars for chimes and bells]] ====	+	==== [[#Collares_de_campanillas_y_cascabeles|Collars for chimes and bells]] ====
	**When carrying the harvest		**When carrying the harvest
	**For other farm work		**For other farm work
−	==== [[Caballerias_enjaezadas|Harnessed horses]] ====	+	==== [[#Caballerias_enjaezadas|Harnessed horses]] ====
−	==== [[#Engalanamiento_del_ganado|Adorning the livestock]] ====	+	==== [[##Engalanamiento_del_ganado|Adorning the livestock]] ====
	**Plating the horses' manes and tails		**Plating the horses' manes and tails
Línea 458:		Línea 458:
	== XI. [[PASTOS_COMUNALES/en|COMMON PASTURE LAND]] ==		== XI. [[PASTOS_COMUNALES/en|COMMON PASTURE LAND]] ==
−	=== [[#Caracteristicas_y_evolucion|Characteristics and evolution]] ===	+	=== [[##Caracteristicas_y_evolucion|Characteristics and evolution]] ===
−	==== [[#Reduccion_y_perdida_de_comunales|Depletion and loss of common land]] ====	+	==== [[##Reduccion_y_perdida_de_comunales|Depletion and loss of common land]] ====
−	==== [[Reforestacion_y_cierres|Reforesting and enclosures]] ====	+	==== [[#Reforestacion_y_cierres|Reforesting and enclosures]] ====
−	==== [[Rastrojeras|Stubble fields]] ====	+	==== [[#Rastrojeras|Stubble fields]] ====
−	==== [[#Intervencion_municipal_y_foral|Provincial and municipal intervention]] ====	+	==== [[##Intervencion_municipal_y_foral|Provincial and municipal intervention]] ====
−	==== [[Condiciones_de_disfrute|Conditions of sue]] ====	+	==== [[#Condiciones_de_disfrute|Conditions of sue]] ====
−	=== [[#APROVECHAMIENTO_DE_LOS_PASTOS_COMUNALES|''USE OF THE COMMON PASTURE LAND'']] ===	+	=== [[##APROVECHAMIENTO_DE_LOS_PASTOS_COMUNALES|''USE OF THE COMMON PASTURE LAND'']] ===
−	=== [[Comunales_en_Bizkaia|Common land in Bizkaia]] ===	+	=== [[#Comunales_en_Bizkaia|Common land in Bizkaia]] ===
−	==== [[Sierra_de_Gorbea|Gorbea mountain range]] ====	+	==== [[#Sierra_de_Gorbea|Gorbea mountain range]] ====
−	==== [[#Sierras_de_Anboto_y_Oiz|Anboto and Oiz mountain ranges]] ====	+	==== [[##Sierras_de_Anboto_y_Oiz|Anboto and Oiz mountain ranges]] ====
−	==== [[#Encartaciones|Las Encartaciones]] ====	+	==== [[##Encartaciones|Las Encartaciones]] ====
−	==== [[Valle_de_Carranza|Carranza Valley]] ====	+	==== [[#Valle_de_Carranza|Carranza Valley]] ====
−	=== [[#Hermandades_y_comunidades_de_pastos_en_Alava|Commons associations and brotherhoods in Álava]] ===	+	=== [[##Hermandades_y_comunidades_de_pastos_en_Alava|Commons associations and brotherhoods in Álava]] ===
−	==== [[Comunidad_de_Sierra_Salvada|Sierra Salvada commons association]] ====	+	==== [[#Comunidad_de_Sierra_Salvada|Sierra Salvada commons association]] ====
−	==== [[#Comunidad_de_la_Sierra_Brava_de_Badaia|Sierra Brava de Badaia commons association]] ====	+	==== [[##Comunidad_de_la_Sierra_Brava_de_Badaia|Sierra Brava de Badaia commons association]] ====
−	==== [[#Comunidad_de_Guibijo|Guibijo commons association]] ====	+	==== [[##Comunidad_de_Guibijo|Guibijo commons association]] ====
−	==== [[Comunales_de_Urkabustaiz|Urkabustaiz commons]] ====	+	==== [[#Comunales_de_Urkabustaiz|Urkabustaiz commons]] ====
−	==== [[Junta_de_la_Sierra_de_Arcamo|Sierra de Árcamo Board]] ====	+	==== [[#Junta_de_la_Sierra_de_Arcamo|Sierra de Árcamo Board]] ====
−	==== [[Valle_de_Valdegovia|Valdegovía Valley]] ====	+	==== [[#Valle_de_Valdegovia|Valdegovía Valley]] ====
−	==== [[Sierra_de_Valderejo|Sierra de Valderejo mountain range]] ====	+	==== [[#Sierra_de_Valderejo|Sierra de Valderejo mountain range]] ====
−	==== [[#Comunales_de_Berganzo|Berganzo commons]] ====	+	==== [[##Comunales_de_Berganzo|Berganzo commons]] ====
−	==== [[Monte_comunero_en_Toloño|Common upland in Toloño]] ====	+	==== [[#Monte_comunero_en_Toloño|Common upland in Toloño]] ====
−	==== [[#Monte_comunero_La_Isla|La Isla common upland]] ====	+	==== [[##Monte_comunero_La_Isla|La Isla common upland]] ====
−	==== [[#Comunal_del_monte_de_Hernan_Ruiz|Hernán Ruiz common upland]] ====	+	==== [[##Comunal_del_monte_de_Hernan_Ruiz|Hernán Ruiz common upland]] ====
−	==== [[#Antiguas_comunidades_de_Izki_Alto_e_Izki_Bajo|Izki Alto and Izki Bajo former commons associations]] ====	+	==== [[##Antiguas_comunidades_de_Izki_Alto_e_Izki_Bajo|Izki Alto and Izki Bajo former commons associations]] ====
−	==== [[#Monte_comunero_de_Laguardia_y_su_Tierra|Laguardia and its region common upland]] ====	+	==== [[##Monte_comunero_de_Laguardia_y_su_Tierra|Laguardia and its region common upland]] ====
−	==== [[#Comuneros_de_Moreda_y_Viana|Moreda and Viana commons]] ====	+	==== [[##Comuneros_de_Moreda_y_Viana|Moreda and Viana commons]] ====
−	==== [[#Sierra_de_Codes|Sierra de Codés mountain range]] ====	+	==== [[##Sierra_de_Codes|Sierra de Codés mountain range]] ====
−	=== [[Parzonerias_en_Gipuzkoa_y_Alava|Parzonerías (supramunicipal land usage system) in Gipuzkoa and Álava]] ===	+	=== [[#Parzonerias_en_Gipuzkoa_y_Alava|Parzonerías (supramunicipal land usage system) in Gipuzkoa and Álava]] ===
−	==== [[#Parzoneria_General_de_Gipuzkoa_y_Alava|Gipuzkoa and Álava General Parzonería]] ====	+	==== [[##Parzoneria_General_de_Gipuzkoa_y_Alava|Gipuzkoa and Álava General Parzonería]] ====
−	==== [[Parzoneria_Menor_o_Komun_Txikia|Minor Parzonería]] ====	+	==== [[#Parzoneria_Menor_o_Komun_Txikia|Minor Parzonería]] ====
−	==== [[Parzoneria_General_de_Entzia|Entzia General Parzonería]] ====	+	==== [[#Parzoneria_General_de_Entzia|Entzia General Parzonería]] ====
−	==== [[#Parzoneria_de_Iturrieta|Iturrieta Parzonería]] ====	+	==== [[##Parzoneria_de_Iturrieta|Iturrieta Parzonería]] ====
−	=== [[#Montes_de_Ernio_y_Jaizkibel|Ernio and Jaizkibel uplands]] ===	+	=== [[##Montes_de_Ernio_y_Jaizkibel|Ernio and Jaizkibel uplands]] ===
−	=== [[#Uniones_en_la_Sierra_de_Aralar|Unions in the Sierra de Aralar mountain range]] ===	+	=== [[##Uniones_en_la_Sierra_de_Aralar|Unions in the Sierra de Aralar mountain range]] ===
−	==== [[Mancomunidad_de_Enirio-Aralar|Enirio-Aralar supramunicipal district]] ====	+	==== [[#Mancomunidad_de_Enirio-Aralar|Enirio-Aralar supramunicipal district]] ====
−	==== [[La_Union_de_Aralar|Aralar Union]] ====	+	==== [[#La_Union_de_Aralar|Aralar Union]] ====
−	=== [[Sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia|Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] ===	+	=== [[#Sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia|Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] ===
−	==== [[Comunales_de_las_Amescoas|Las Améscoas commons]] ====	+	==== [[#Comunales_de_las_Amescoas|Las Améscoas commons]] ====
−	==== [[#Sierra_de_Lokiz|Sierra de Lokiz mountain range]] ====	+	==== [[##Sierra_de_Lokiz|Sierra de Lokiz mountain range]] ====
−	==== [[Comunales_de_Lezaun_y_Ultzama|Lezaun and Ultzama commons]] ====	+	==== [[#Comunales_de_Lezaun_y_Ultzama|Lezaun and Ultzama commons]] ====
−	=== [[#Pirineo_de_Navarra|Navarra Pyrenees]] ===	+	=== [[##Pirineo_de_Navarra|Navarra Pyrenees]] ===
−	==== [[Valle_de_Baztan|Baztan Valley]] ====	+	==== [[#Valle_de_Baztan|Baztan Valley]] ====
−	==== [[Valle_de_Erro|Erro Valley]] ====	+	==== [[#Valle_de_Erro|Erro Valley]] ====
−	==== [[#Aoiz_y_Valle_de_Longuida|Aoiz and Lónguida Valley]] ====	+	==== [[##Aoiz_y_Valle_de_Longuida|Aoiz and Lónguida Valley]] ====
−	==== [[Valle_de_Salazar|Salazar Valley]] ====	+	==== [[#Valle_de_Salazar|Salazar Valley]] ====
−	==== [[Valle_de_Roncal|Roncal Valley]] ====	+	==== [[#Valle_de_Roncal|Roncal Valley]] ====
	**Grazing bans		**Grazing bans
Línea 556:		Línea 556:
	**Panificado, casalenco (system of fallow and grazing land) and commons		**Panificado, casalenco (system of fallow and grazing land) and commons
−	==== [[#Los_pastos_de_las_Bardenas_Reales|Bardenas Reales grazing land]] ====	+	==== [[##Los_pastos_de_las_Bardenas_Reales|Bardenas Reales grazing land]] ====
−	=== [[Corralizas|Corrals]] ===	+	=== [[#Corralizas|Corrals]] ===
−	==== [[#Sanguesa|Sangüesa]] ====	+	==== [[##Sanguesa|Sangüesa]] ====
−	==== [[San_Martin_de_Unx|San Martín de Unx]] ====	+	==== [[#San_Martin_de_Unx|San Martín de Unx]] ====
−	==== [[#Melida|Mélida]] ====	+	==== [[##Melida|Mélida]] ====
−	==== [[Lodosa|Lodosa]] ====	+	==== [[#Lodosa|Lodosa]] ====
−	==== [[Allo|Allo]] ====	+	==== [[#Allo|Allo]] ====
−	=== [[#Facerias|Facerías (cross-border grazing agreements)]] ===	+	=== [[##Facerias|Facerías (cross-border grazing agreements)]] ===
−	==== [[Facerias_interpirenaicas|Inter-Pyrenean ''facerías'']] ====	+	==== [[#Facerias_interpirenaicas|Inter-Pyrenean ''facerías'']] ====
−	==== [[#Tributo_de_las_Tres_Vacas|Tribute of the Three Cows]] ====	+	==== [[##Tributo_de_las_Tres_Vacas|Tribute of the Three Cows]] ====
−	=== [[#Pais_Vasco_continental|The Northern Basque Country]] ===	+	=== [[##Pais_Vasco_continental|The Northern Basque Country]] ===
−	==== [[Los_Sindicatos_territoriales|The Territorial Grazing Syndicates]] ====	+	==== [[#Los_Sindicatos_territoriales|The Territorial Grazing Syndicates]] ====
−	==== [[El_kaiolar|The ''kaiolar'']] ====	+	==== [[#El_kaiolar|The ''kaiolar'']] ====
−	=== [[Apendice_Seles_en_Vasconia|Appendix: Folds in the Basque Country]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_Seles_en_Vasconia|Appendix: Folds in the Basque Country]] ===
	 		 
	== XII. [[ESTABLECIMIENTOS_PASTORILES_DE_MONTAÑA/en|MOUNTAIN PASTORAL ESTABLISHMENTS]] ==		== XII. [[ESTABLECIMIENTOS_PASTORILES_DE_MONTAÑA/en|MOUNTAIN PASTORAL ESTABLISHMENTS]] ==
−	=== [[Montes_de_Carranza|Carranza Mountains]] ===	+	=== [[#Montes_de_Carranza|Carranza Mountains]] ===
−	==== [[Cabañas_y_casetas|Cabins and huts]] ====	+	==== [[#Cabañas_y_casetas|Cabins and huts]] ====
−	=== [[Sierra_de_Gorbea1|Sierra de Gorbea mountain range]] ===	+	=== [[#Sierra_de_Gorbea1|Sierra de Gorbea mountain range]] ===
−	==== [[Zeanuri|Zeanuri]] ====	+	==== [[#Zeanuri|Zeanuri]] ====
−	==== [[Orozko|Orozko]] ====	+	==== [[#Orozko|Orozko]] ====
−	==== [[#Valle_de_Zuya|Zuya Valley]] ====	+	==== [[##Valle_de_Zuya|Zuya Valley]] ====
−	=== [[Sierras_de_Anboto_y_Aramotz|Anboto and Aramotz mountain ranges]] ===	+	=== [[#Sierras_de_Anboto_y_Aramotz|Anboto and Aramotz mountain ranges]] ===
−	=== [[Monte_Oiz|Mount Oiz]] ===	+	=== [[#Monte_Oiz|Mount Oiz]] ===
−	=== [[Sierra_de_Aizkorri|Sierra de Aizkorri mountain range]] ===	+	=== [[#Sierra_de_Aizkorri|Sierra de Aizkorri mountain range]] ===
−	==== [[Urbia-Oltza|Urbia-Oltza]] ====	+	==== [[#Urbia-Oltza|Urbia-Oltza]] ====
−	==== [[#Degurixa-Alabieta|Degurixa-Alabieta]] ====	+	==== [[##Degurixa-Alabieta|Degurixa-Alabieta]] ====
−	==== [[Arriurdin|Arriurdin]] ====	+	==== [[#Arriurdin|Arriurdin]] ====
−	=== [[Sierra_de_Izarraitz_y_Ernio|Sierra de Izarraitz mountain range and Mount Ernio]] ===	+	=== [[#Sierra_de_Izarraitz_y_Ernio|Sierra de Izarraitz mountain range and Mount Ernio]] ===
−	=== [[Sierra_de_Aralar|Sierra de Aralar mountain range]] ===	+	=== [[#Sierra_de_Aralar|Sierra de Aralar mountain range]] ===
−	==== [[Beasain|Beasain]] ====	+	==== [[#Beasain|Beasain]] ====
−	==== [[#Ataun_(1927)|Ataun (1927)]] ====	+	==== [[##Ataun_(1927)|Ataun (1927)]] ====
−	==== [[Ataun_(1955)|Ataun (1955)]] ====	+	==== [[#Ataun_(1955)|Ataun (1955)]] ====
−	==== [[#Abaltzisketa_(1955)|Abaltzisketa (1955)]] ====	+	==== [[##Abaltzisketa_(1955)|Abaltzisketa (1955)]] ====
−	==== [[Valle_de_Larraun|Larraun Valley]] ====	+	==== [[#Valle_de_Larraun|Larraun Valley]] ====
−	==== [[#Rediles_cupulares._Arkuak|Domed folds]] ====	+	==== [[##Rediles_cupulares._Arkuak|Domed folds]] ====
−	=== [[Sierra_de_Urbasa|Sierra de Urbasa mountain range]] ===	+	=== [[#Sierra_de_Urbasa|Sierra de Urbasa mountain range]] ===
−	=== [[Sierra_de_Andia|Sierra de Andia mountain range]] ===	+	=== [[#Sierra_de_Andia|Sierra de Andia mountain range]] ===
−	=== [[Sierra_de_Entzia|Sierra de Entzia mountain range]] ===	+	=== [[#Sierra_de_Entzia|Sierra de Entzia mountain range]] ===
−	=== [[Pirineo_navarro|Navarran Pyrenees]] ===	+	=== [[#Pirineo_navarro|Navarran Pyrenees]] ===
−	==== [[Basaburua_Menor|Basaburua Menor]] ====	+	==== [[#Basaburua_Menor|Basaburua Menor]] ====
−	==== [[Valle_de_Baztan1|Baztan Valley]] ====	+	==== [[#Valle_de_Baztan1|Baztan Valley]] ====
−	==== [[Valle_de_Esteribar|Esteribar Valley]] ====	+	==== [[#Valle_de_Esteribar|Esteribar Valley]] ====
−	==== [[Valle_de_Aezkoa|Aezkoa Valley]] ====	+	==== [[#Valle_de_Aezkoa|Aezkoa Valley]] ====
−	==== [[Valle_de_Salazar1|Salazar Valley]] ====	+	==== [[#Valle_de_Salazar1|Salazar Valley]] ====
−	==== [[Valle_de_Roncal1|Roncal Valley]] ====	+	==== [[#Valle_de_Roncal1|Roncal Valley]] ====
−	=== [[Navarra_Media_y_Bardenas|Navarra Media and Bardenas]] ===	+	=== [[#Navarra_Media_y_Bardenas|Navarra Media and Bardenas]] ===
−	==== [[#Sanguesa1|Sangüesa]] ====	+	==== [[##Sanguesa1|Sangüesa]] ====
−	==== [[San_Martin_de_Unx1|San Martín de Unx]] ====	+	==== [[#San_Martin_de_Unx1|San Martín de Unx]] ====
−	==== [[#Allo1|Allo]] ====	+	==== [[##Allo1|Allo]] ====
−	==== [[Valle_de_Aoiz|Aoiz Valley]] ====	+	==== [[#Valle_de_Aoiz|Aoiz Valley]] ====
−	==== [[Bardenas|Bardenas]] ====	+	==== [[#Bardenas|Bardenas]] ====
−	==== [[Melida1|Mélida]] ====	+	==== [[#Melida1|Mélida]] ====
−	=== [[Montes_de_Alava|Álava mountains]] ===	+	=== [[#Montes_de_Alava|Álava mountains]] ===
−	==== [[#Valderejo|Valderejo]] ====	+	==== [[##Valderejo|Valderejo]] ====
−	==== [[Sierra_de_Arcamo|Sierra de Árcamo mountain range]] ====	+	==== [[#Sierra_de_Arcamo|Sierra de Árcamo mountain range]] ====
−	==== [[#Sierra_Salvada|Sierra Salvada mountain range]] ====	+	==== [[##Sierra_Salvada|Sierra Salvada mountain range]] ====
−	==== [[Sierra_de_Guibijo|Sierra de Guibijo mountain range]] ====	+	==== [[#Sierra_de_Guibijo|Sierra de Guibijo mountain range]] ====
−	==== [[Sierra_Brava_de_Badaia|Sierra Brava de Badaia mountain range]] ====	+	==== [[#Sierra_Brava_de_Badaia|Sierra Brava de Badaia mountain range]] ====
−	==== [[Treviño|Treviño]] ====	+	==== [[#Treviño|Treviño]] ====
−	==== [[Sierra_de_Toloño|Sierra de Toloño mountain range]] ====	+	==== [[#Sierra_de_Toloño|Sierra de Toloño mountain range]] ====
−	==== [[#Sierra_de_Izki|Sierra de Izki mountain range]] ====	+	==== [[##Sierra_de_Izki|Sierra de Izki mountain range]] ====
−	==== [[#Rioja_Alavesa._Moreda|Rioja Alavesa. Moreda]] ====	+	==== [[##Rioja_Alavesa._Moreda|Rioja Alavesa. Moreda]] ====
−	==== [[Sierra_de_Codes1|Sierra de Codés mountain range]] ====	+	==== [[#Sierra_de_Codes1|Sierra de Codés mountain range]] ====
−	=== [[#Pais_Vasco_continental_La_organizacion_del_espacio_en_la_montaña|The Northern Basque Country: Space organisation on the mountain]] ===	+	=== [[##Pais_Vasco_continental_La_organizacion_del_espacio_en_la_montaña|The Northern Basque Country: Space organisation on the mountain]] ===
−	==== [[#El_triple_habitat|The triple habitat]] ====	+	==== [[##El_triple_habitat|The triple habitat]] ====
−	==== [[Lapurdi|Lapurdi]] ====	+	==== [[#Lapurdi|Lapurdi]] ====
	**Sara		**Sara
	**Azkaine		**Azkaine
−	==== [[Baja_Navarra|Baja Navarra]] ====	+	==== [[#Baja_Navarra|Baja Navarra]] ====
	**Aldudes Valley		**Aldudes Valley
Línea 698:		Línea 698:
	**Garazi (Cize)		**Garazi (Cize)
−	==== [[Zuberoa|Zuberoa]] ====	+	==== [[#Zuberoa|Zuberoa]] ====
	**Liginaga		**Liginaga
Línea 708:		Línea 708:
	== XIII. [[TRASHUMANCIA_Y_TRANSTERMINANCIA/en|TRANSHUMANCE AND TRANSTERMINANCE]] ==		== XIII. [[TRASHUMANCIA_Y_TRANSTERMINANCIA/en|TRANSHUMANCE AND TRANSTERMINANCE]] ==
−	=== [[#El_pastoreo_itinerante|Itinerant grazing]] ===	+	=== [[##El_pastoreo_itinerante|Itinerant grazing]] ===
−	==== [[#Gran_trashumancia._Trashumancia_menor._Transterminancia|Major transhumance. Minor transhumance. Transterminance]] ====	+	==== [[##Gran_trashumancia._Trashumancia_menor._Transterminancia|Major transhumance. Minor transhumance. Transterminance]] ====
−	=== [[#Itinerancia_a_los_pastos_de_invierno|Moving to winter pastures]] ===	+	=== [[##Itinerancia_a_los_pastos_de_invierno|Moving to winter pastures]] ===
−	==== [[#Trashumancias_invernales_mayores|Major winter transhumance]] ====	+	==== [[##Trashumancias_invernales_mayores|Major winter transhumance]] ====
	**From the Navarran Pyrenean valleys to the Bardenas Reales		**From the Navarran Pyrenean valleys to the Bardenas Reales
Línea 727:		Línea 727:
	**Pyrenean-Aquitaine transhumant movements		**Pyrenean-Aquitaine transhumant movements
−	==== [[Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia_invernales|Winter minor transhumance and transterminance]] ====	+	==== [[#Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia_invernales|Winter minor transhumance and transterminance]] ====
	**Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Bizkaia		**Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Bizkaia
Línea 734:		Línea 734:
	**Ribera Navarra transhumance		**Ribera Navarra transhumance
−	=== [[#Itinerancia_a_los_pastos_de_verano|Moving to summer pastures]] ===	+	=== [[##Itinerancia_a_los_pastos_de_verano|Moving to summer pastures]] ===
−	==== [[Trashumancia_estival_a_las_sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia|Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] ====	+	==== [[#Trashumancia_estival_a_las_sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia|Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] ====
−	==== [[Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia_estivales|Summer minor transhumance and transterminance]] ====	+	==== [[#Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia_estivales|Summer minor transhumance and transterminance]] ====
	**Álava mountains		**Álava mountains
Línea 747:		Línea 747:
	**Northern Basque Country		**Northern Basque Country
−	=== [[Vida_en_los_pastos_de_invierno|Life in the winter pastures]] ===	+	=== [[#Vida_en_los_pastos_de_invierno|Life in the winter pastures]] ===
−	==== [[El_pastor_bardenero|The shepherds of the Bardenas]] ====	+	==== [[#El_pastor_bardenero|The shepherds of the Bardenas]] ====
−	==== [[El_pastor_trashumante_en_los_distintos_territorios|The transhumant shepherd in the different provinces]] ====	+	==== [[#El_pastor_trashumante_en_los_distintos_territorios|The transhumant shepherd in the different provinces]] ====
−	=== [[Vida_en_los_pastos_de_verano|Life in the summer pastures]] ===	+	=== [[#Vida_en_los_pastos_de_verano|Life in the summer pastures]] ===
−	==== [[#Trashumancia_estival_a_las_sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia1|Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] ====	+	==== [[##Trashumancia_estival_a_las_sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia1|Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] ====
−	==== [[#Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia|Minor transhumance and transterminance]] ====	+	==== [[##Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia|Minor transhumance and transterminance]] ====
	**Álava and Bizkaia mountains		**Álava and Bizkaia mountains
Línea 763:		Línea 763:
	**Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges		**Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
−	=== [[Disponibilidad_de_los_pastos_invernales|Winter grazing availability]] ===	+	=== [[#Disponibilidad_de_los_pastos_invernales|Winter grazing availability]] ===
−	==== [[Alava3|Álava]] ====	+	==== [[#Alava3|Álava]] ====
−	==== [[Bizkaia3|Bizkaia]] ====	+	==== [[#Bizkaia3|Bizkaia]] ====
−	==== [[Gipuzkoa_y_Lapurdi|Gipuzkoa and Lapurdi]] ====	+	==== [[#Gipuzkoa_y_Lapurdi|Gipuzkoa and Lapurdi]] ====
−	==== [[Navarra3|Navarra]] ====	+	==== [[#Navarra3|Navarra]] ====
−	=== [[#Calendario_de_la_itinerancia_pastoril|Itinerant grazing calendar]] ===	+	=== [[##Calendario_de_la_itinerancia_pastoril|Itinerant grazing calendar]] ===
−	==== [[Pirineos_orientales|Eastern Pyrenees]] ====	+	==== [[#Pirineos_orientales|Eastern Pyrenees]] ====
−	==== [[Pirineos_occidentales|Western Pyrenees]] ====	+	==== [[#Pirineos_occidentales|Western Pyrenees]] ====
−	==== [[#Sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia1|Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] ====	+	==== [[##Sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia1|Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] ====
−	==== [[Sierras_de_Aizkorri_y_Aralar|Aizkorri and Aralar mountain ranges]] ====	+	==== [[#Sierras_de_Aizkorri_y_Aralar|Aizkorri and Aralar mountain ranges]] ====
−	==== [[Montes_de_Bizkaia|Bizkaia mountains]] ====	+	==== [[#Montes_de_Bizkaia|Bizkaia mountains]] ====
−	=== [[Las_vias_pecuarias|The bridleways]] ===	+	=== [[#Las_vias_pecuarias|The bridleways]] ===
−	==== [[#Caminos_sendas._Ardibideak|Tracks, paths]] ====	+	==== [[##Caminos_sendas._Ardibideak|Tracks, paths]] ====
−	==== [[#Cañadas._Altxubideak|Drovers' trails]] ====	+	==== [[##Cañadas._Altxubideak|Drovers' trails]] ====
	**Drovers' trails in Álava		**Drovers' trails in Álava
	**Drovers' trails in Navarra		**Drovers' trails in Navarra
−	=== [[Apendice_Cañadas_de_Navarra_hoy|Appendix: Drovers' trails in Navarra today]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_Cañadas_de_Navarra_hoy|Appendix: Drovers' trails in Navarra today]] ===
	 		 
	== XIV. [[EL_PERRO_DE_PASTOR._ARDI-TXAKURRA/en|THE SHEEPDOG. ARDI-TXAKURRA]] ==		== XIV. [[EL_PERRO_DE_PASTOR._ARDI-TXAKURRA/en|THE SHEEPDOG. ARDI-TXAKURRA]] ==
−	=== [[El_mastin|The Mastiff]] ===	+	=== [[#El_mastin|The Mastiff]] ===
−	=== [[Introduccion_del_perro_pastor_de_ovejas|Introduction of the sheepdog]] ===	+	=== [[#Introduccion_del_perro_pastor_de_ovejas|Introduction of the sheepdog]] ===
−	=== [[Variedades_de_perros_pastores|Types of sheepdogs]] ===	+	=== [[#Variedades_de_perros_pastores|Types of sheepdogs]] ===
−	=== [[#Usos_del_perro_pastor_de_ovejas|Uses of the sheepdog]] ===	+	=== [[##Usos_del_perro_pastor_de_ovejas|Uses of the sheepdog]] ===
−	=== [[#El_perro_en_el_pastoreo_de_otros_ganados|Dogs used to herd other livestock]] ===	+	=== [[##El_perro_en_el_pastoreo_de_otros_ganados|Dogs used to herd other livestock]] ===
−	=== [[#Apendice_Concursos_de_perros_pastores|Appendix: Sheepdog trials]] ===	+	=== [[##Apendice_Concursos_de_perros_pastores|Appendix: Sheepdog trials]] ===
	 		 
	== XV. [[CLASES_DE_PASTORES/en|TYPES OF SHEPHERDS]] ==		== XV. [[CLASES_DE_PASTORES/en|TYPES OF SHEPHERDS]] ==
−	=== [[#Pastores_de_rebaño_propio|Shepherds with their own flock]] ===	+	=== [[##Pastores_de_rebaño_propio|Shepherds with their own flock]] ===
−	==== [[Zagales._Hijos_de_pastores|Shepherd boy. Shepherds' children]] ====	+	==== [[#Zagales._Hijos_de_pastores|Shepherd boy. Shepherds' children]] ====
−	==== [[#Asociaciones_pastoriles_partzuerrak|Shepherding associations]] ====	+	==== [[##Asociaciones_pastoriles_partzuerrak|Shepherding associations]] ====
−	=== [[Pastores_de_grandes_rebaños|Largo flock shepherds]] ===	+	=== [[#Pastores_de_grandes_rebaños|Largo flock shepherds]] ===
−	==== [[#Pastores_asalariados|Shepherds on a wage]] ====	+	==== [[##Pastores_asalariados|Shepherds on a wage]] ====
−	==== [[Criados|Paid help]] ====	+	==== [[#Criados|Paid help]] ====
−	==== [[El_mayoral|Farm manager]] ====	+	==== [[#El_mayoral|Farm manager]] ====
−	==== [[#Consideracion_social|Social standing]] ====	+	==== [[##Consideracion_social|Social standing]] ====
−	=== [[Pastores_concejiles|Council shepherds]] ===	+	=== [[#Pastores_concejiles|Council shepherds]] ===
−	==== [[#Labores|Tasks]] ====	+	==== [[##Labores|Tasks]] ====
	**Álava		**Álava
	**Navarra		**Navarra
−	==== [[#Condiciones_contractuales|Contractual terms and conditions]] ====	+	==== [[##Condiciones_contractuales|Contractual terms and conditions]] ====
−	==== [[#Salario._Alimentacion._Aguinaldos|Wage. Food. Bonus]] ====	+	==== [[##Salario._Alimentacion._Aguinaldos|Wage. Food. Bonus]] ====
−	=== [[Cuidado_del_ganado_a_renque|Looking after hobbled livestock]] ===	+	=== [[#Cuidado_del_ganado_a_renque|Looking after hobbled livestock]] ===
−	=== [[Apendice_1_Hameka_urtetan_Iratin_bordazain_guardian_de_cabaña_ganadera|Appendix 1: Livestock herding hand  in Irati at 11 years old]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_1_Hameka_urtetan_Iratin_bordazain_guardian_de_cabaña_ganadera|Appendix 1: Livestock herding hand  in Irati at 11 years old]] ===
−	=== [[Apendice_2_Contrato_de_pastores_de_ganaderia_de_villa._Año_de_1890._Berganzo_(A)|Appendix 2: Charter town livestock herders contract. 1890. Berganzo (A)]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_2_Contrato_de_pastores_de_ganaderia_de_villa._Año_de_1890._Berganzo_(A)|Appendix 2: Charter town livestock herders contract. 1890. Berganzo (A)]] ===
	 		 
	== XVI. [[INDUMENTARIA_DEL_PASTOR/en|SHEPHERD'S APPAREL]] ==		== XVI. [[INDUMENTARIA_DEL_PASTOR/en|SHEPHERD'S APPAREL]] ==
−	=== [[#Prendas_de_abrigo_tradicionales|Traditional warm clothing]] ===	+	=== [[##Prendas_de_abrigo_tradicionales|Traditional warm clothing]] ===
−	==== [[Kapusaia._Txartesa._Hongarina|''Kapusaia''. ''Txartesa''. Long cape]] ====	+	==== [[#Kapusaia._Txartesa._Hongarina|''Kapusaia''. ''Txartesa''. Long cape]] ====
−	==== [[#Espaldero_o_zamarra;_delantero_o_zagon|Sheepskin coat or zamarra; apron or  zagón]] ====	+	==== [[##Espaldero_o_zamarra;_delantero_o_zagon|Sheepskin coat or zamarra; apron or  zagón]] ====
−	==== [[#Manta._Pasamontañas._Sombreros|Blanket. Balaclava. Hats]] ====	+	==== [[##Manta._Pasamontañas._Sombreros|Blanket. Balaclava. Hats]] ====
−	=== [[Calzados_tradicionales|Traditional footwear]] ===	+	=== [[#Calzados_tradicionales|Traditional footwear]] ===
	*[[Abarkak_abarcas|Traditional footwear		*[[Abarkak_abarcas|Traditional footwear
	Sandals]]		Sandals]]
−	==== [[#Galtzerdiak_calcetines|Socks]] ====	+	==== [[##Galtzerdiak_calcetines|Socks]] ====
−	==== [[Piales_mantak|Piales or thick knitted socks used in summer]] ====	+	==== [[#Piales_mantak|Piales or thick knitted socks used in summer]] ====
−	==== [[Polainas_galtzoinak|Gaiters]] ====	+	==== [[#Polainas_galtzoinak|Gaiters]] ====
−	==== [[Zuecos._Chanclos|Clogs. Overshoes]] ====	+	==== [[#Zuecos._Chanclos|Clogs. Overshoes]] ====
−	==== [[Raquetas|Snowshoes]] ====	+	==== [[#Raquetas|Snowshoes]] ====
−	=== [[Indumentaria_actual_del_pastor|The shepherd's apparel today]] ===	+	=== [[#Indumentaria_actual_del_pastor|The shepherd's apparel today]] ===
−	=== [[Utiles_y_armas_del_pastor|The shepherd's implements and weapons]] ===	+	=== [[#Utiles_y_armas_del_pastor|The shepherd's implements and weapons]] ===
−	==== [[Morral_o_zurron._Alforjas|Backpack or bag Saddlebags]] ====	+	==== [[#Morral_o_zurron._Alforjas|Backpack or bag Saddlebags]] ====
−	==== [[#Cayado_makila|Staff]] ====	+	==== [[##Cayado_makila|Staff]] ====
−	==== [[Honda_y_malote|Sling and pouch]] ====	+	==== [[#Honda_y_malote|Sling and pouch]] ====
−	==== [[Churra._Cachava._Cachiporra|Stout stick. Crook. Blackjack]] ====	+	==== [[#Churra._Cachava._Cachiporra|Stout stick. Crook. Blackjack]] ====
−	==== [[Eltzaorra._Zambomba|Friction drum]] ====	+	==== [[#Eltzaorra._Zambomba|Friction drum]] ====
−	==== [[#Burruna._Bramadera|Bullroarer]] ====	+	==== [[##Burruna._Bramadera|Bullroarer]] ====
−	==== [[#Armas_de_fuego|Fire arms]] ====	+	==== [[##Armas_de_fuego|Fire arms]] ====
	 		 
	== XVII. [[AJUAR_Y_ARTESANIA_PASTORIL/en|SHEPHERD CRAFT ITEMS AND BELONGINGS]] ==		== XVII. [[AJUAR_Y_ARTESANIA_PASTORIL/en|SHEPHERD CRAFT ITEMS AND BELONGINGS]] ==
−	=== [[#Utensilios_pastoriles|Pastoral utensils]] ===	+	=== [[##Utensilios_pastoriles|Pastoral utensils]] ===
−	==== [[#Recipientes_de_madera|Wooden receptacles]] ====	+	==== [[##Recipientes_de_madera|Wooden receptacles]] ====
−	==== [[Pervivencia|Survival]] ====	+	==== [[#Pervivencia|Survival]] ====
−	==== [[#Kaikua._Recipiente_de_ordeño|Milking vessel]] ====	+	==== [[##Kaikua._Recipiente_de_ordeño|Milking vessel]] ====
−	==== [[Kotxua._Cuezo_de_ordeñar|Milking ladle]] ====	+	==== [[#Kotxua._Cuezo_de_ordeñar|Milking ladle]] ====
−	==== [[#Iragazkia._Colador|Strainer]] ====	+	==== [[##Iragazkia._Colador|Strainer]] ====
−	==== [[Abatza|''Abatza'']] ====	+	==== [[#Abatza|''Abatza'']] ====
−	==== [[Maletxa._Batidor|Whisk]] ====	+	==== [[#Maletxa._Batidor|Whisk]] ====
−	==== [[#Epakia._Espada|Dagger]] ====	+	==== [[##Epakia._Espada|Dagger]] ====
−	==== [[#Encella._Zimitza_gaztazala|Cheese strainer]] ====	+	==== [[##Encella._Zimitza_gaztazala|Cheese strainer]] ====
−	==== [[#Txurka._Soporte|Stand]] ====	+	==== [[##Txurka._Soporte|Stand]] ====
−	=== [[#Gaztandegia._Quesera|''Gaztandegia''. Cheese production]] ===	+	=== [[##Gaztandegia._Quesera|''Gaztandegia''. Cheese production]] ===
−	=== [[Vasos_pastoriles|Shepherd's cups]] ===	+	=== [[#Vasos_pastoriles|Shepherd's cups]] ===
−	=== [[#Vasijas_y_cubiertos|Pottery and cutlery]] ===	+	=== [[##Vasijas_y_cubiertos|Pottery and cutlery]] ===
−	==== [[Cucharas|Spoons]] ====	+	==== [[#Cucharas|Spoons]] ====
−	==== [[Platos_Txalia_Taloaska|Plates]] ====	+	==== [[#Platos_Txalia_Taloaska|Plates]] ====
−	==== [[#Oporra_Esne-potoak|''Oporra''. ''Esne-potoak'']] ====	+	==== [[##Oporra_Esne-potoak|''Oporra''. ''Esne-potoak'']] ====
−	==== [[Saleros._Aceiteros|Saltshakers. Oil holders]] ====	+	==== [[#Saleros._Aceiteros|Saltshakers. Oil holders]] ====
−	==== [[Recipientes_para_agua|Water containers]] ====	+	==== [[#Recipientes_para_agua|Water containers]] ====
−	=== [[Labores_manuales|Manual work]] ===	+	=== [[#Labores_manuales|Manual work]] ===
−	=== [[Artesania_de_la_lana|The wool craft]] ===	+	=== [[#Artesania_de_la_lana|The wool craft]] ===
−	==== [[#Perduracion_y_declive|Heyday and decline]] ====	+	==== [[##Perduracion_y_declive|Heyday and decline]] ====
−	==== [[Seleccion_de_la_lana|Selecting the wool]] ====	+	==== [[#Seleccion_de_la_lana|Selecting the wool]] ====
−	==== [[#El_lavado|Washing]] ====	+	==== [[##El_lavado|Washing]] ====
−	==== [[#La_carda|Teasing]] ====	+	==== [[##La_carda|Teasing]] ====
−	==== [[El_hilado|Spinning]] ====	+	==== [[#El_hilado|Spinning]] ====
−	==== [[Tejido|Weaving]] ====	+	==== [[#Tejido|Weaving]] ====
−	=== [[#Cordones_para_abarcas._Trailak|Laces for sandals]] ===	+	=== [[##Cordones_para_abarcas._Trailak|Laces for sandals]] ===
−	=== [[Cuerdas_sogas_y_albardas|Twines, ropes and pack saddles]] ===	+	=== [[#Cuerdas_sogas_y_albardas|Twines, ropes and pack saddles]] ===
−	=== [[#Cayados_y_bastones_artzai-makilak|Crooks and walking sticks]] ===	+	=== [[##Cayados_y_bastones_artzai-makilak|Crooks and walking sticks]] ===
−	=== [[#Collares_para_cencerros_uztaiak|Collars for cowbells]] ===	+	=== [[##Collares_para_cencerros_uztaiak|Collars for cowbells]] ===
−	==== [[#Denominaciones5|Names]] ====	+	==== [[##Denominaciones5|Names]] ====
−	==== [[Confeccion_de_collares|Making collars]] ====	+	==== [[#Confeccion_de_collares|Making collars]] ====
−	==== [[#Transicion|Transition]] ====	+	==== [[##Transicion|Transition]] ====
−	=== [[#Cencerros_y_badajos|Cowbells and clappers]] ===	+	=== [[##Cencerros_y_badajos|Cowbells and clappers]] ===
	 		 
	== XVIII. [[LA_CAZA_DE_ALIMAÑAS/en|HUNTING VERMIN]] ==		== XVIII. [[LA_CAZA_DE_ALIMAÑAS/en|HUNTING VERMIN]] ==
−	=== [[La_captura_del_lobo|Wolf hunting]] ===	+	=== [[#La_captura_del_lobo|Wolf hunting]] ===
−	==== [[Desaparicion_del_lobo|Disappearance of the wolf]] ====	+	==== [[#Desaparicion_del_lobo|Disappearance of the wolf]] ====
−	==== [[Reaparicion_reciente|Recent reappearance]] ====	+	==== [[#Reaparicion_reciente|Recent reappearance]] ====
−	==== [[#Creencias_y_leyendas_sobre_el_lobo|Beliefs and legends about the wolf]] ====	+	==== [[##Creencias_y_leyendas_sobre_el_lobo|Beliefs and legends about the wolf]] ====
−	==== [[Medios_de_defensa|Means of defence]] ====	+	==== [[#Medios_de_defensa|Means of defence]] ====
−	==== [[Tecnicas_de_caza|Hunting techniques]] ====	+	==== [[#Tecnicas_de_caza|Hunting techniques]] ====
	**Traps, snares and poisoned bait		**Traps, snares and poisoned bait
	**Pursuing the quarry and shotgun hunting		**Pursuing the quarry and shotgun hunting
−	=== [[#Las_loberas|Lairs]] ===	+	=== [[##Las_loberas|Lairs]] ===
−	=== [[La_caza_del_zorro|Fox hunting]] ===	+	=== [[#La_caza_del_zorro|Fox hunting]] ===
−	==== [[Daños_causados_por_el_zorro|Damage caused by the fox]] ====	+	==== [[#Daños_causados_por_el_zorro|Damage caused by the fox]] ====
−	==== [[Tecnicas_de_caza1|Hunting techniques]] ====	+	==== [[#Tecnicas_de_caza1|Hunting techniques]] ====
	**Catching using cages		**Catching using cages
Línea 996:		Línea 996:
	**Shotgun hunting		**Shotgun hunting
−	=== [[#Perros_asilvestrados|Wild dogs]] ===	+	=== [[##Perros_asilvestrados|Wild dogs]] ===
−	=== [[Depredadores_menores|Minor predators]] ===	+	=== [[#Depredadores_menores|Minor predators]] ===
−	==== [[#Aves|Birds]] ====	+	==== [[##Aves|Birds]] ====
−	==== [[#Roedores|Rodents]] ====	+	==== [[##Roedores|Rodents]] ====
−	==== [[Mustelidos_y_viverridos|Musetelids and viverrids]] ====	+	==== [[#Mustelidos_y_viverridos|Musetelids and viverrids]] ====
−	=== [[#El_oso|Bears]] ===	+	=== [[##El_oso|Bears]] ===
−	=== [[Contratacion_de_alimañeros|Contracting vermin hunters]] ===	+	=== [[#Contratacion_de_alimañeros|Contracting vermin hunters]] ===
−	=== [[#Recompensa_por_los_animales_capturados|Payment for the captured animals]] ===	+	=== [[##Recompensa_por_los_animales_capturados|Payment for the captured animals]] ===
−	=== [[Apendice_Descripcion_de_algunas_loberas|Appendix: Description of some lairs]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_Descripcion_de_algunas_loberas|Appendix: Description of some lairs]] ===
	 		 
	== XIX. [[EL_ORDEÑO_DE_LAS_OVEJAS._ARDI-JEIZTEA/en|MILKING THE SHEEP]] ==		== XIX. [[EL_ORDEÑO_DE_LAS_OVEJAS._ARDI-JEIZTEA/en|MILKING THE SHEEP]] ==
−	=== [[Ordeño_batzaldia|Milking]] ===	+	=== [[#Ordeño_batzaldia|Milking]] ===
−	==== [[Denominaciones_y_lugar_de_ordeño_jeiztegia_eskorta|Milking parlour and names]] ====	+	==== [[#Denominaciones_y_lugar_de_ordeño_jeiztegia_eskorta|Milking parlour and names]] ====
−	==== [[#Tiempo_y_forma_de_ordeño._Kukurumuku_jeitzi|Milking time and way]] ====	+	==== [[##Tiempo_y_forma_de_ordeño._Kukurumuku_jeitzi|Milking time and way]] ====
−	==== [[#Nuevos_metodos_de_ordeño|New milking methods]] ====	+	==== [[##Nuevos_metodos_de_ordeño|New milking methods]] ====
−	==== [[Produccion_de_leche|Milk production]] ====	+	==== [[#Produccion_de_leche|Milk production]] ====
−	=== [[#Calentar_la_leche_con_piedras_candentes_esne-harriak|Using hot stones to heat the milk]] ===	+	=== [[##Calentar_la_leche_con_piedras_candentes_esne-harriak|Using hot stones to heat the milk]] ===
−	=== [[Leche_de_oveja_y_cabra._Su_utilizacion|Goat's and ewe's milk. Its use]] ===	+	=== [[#Leche_de_oveja_y_cabra._Su_utilizacion|Goat's and ewe's milk. Its use]] ===
−	==== [[Vertiente_atlantica4|Atlantic watershed]] ====	+	==== [[#Vertiente_atlantica4|Atlantic watershed]] ====
−	==== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea5|Mediterranean watershed]] ====	+	==== [[##Vertiente_mediterranea5|Mediterranean watershed]] ====
−	==== [[#Leche_de_cabra|Goat's milk]] ====	+	==== [[##Leche_de_cabra|Goat's milk]] ====
−	=== [[#Transiciones_contemporaneas1|Contemporary transitions]] ===	+	=== [[##Transiciones_contemporaneas1|Contemporary transitions]] ===
−	=== [[Leche_de_ganado_vacuno|Cow's milk]] ===	+	=== [[#Leche_de_ganado_vacuno|Cow's milk]] ===
−	=== [[El_ordeño_manual_de_la_vaca_behi-jeiztea|Milking the cow by hand]] ===	+	=== [[#El_ordeño_manual_de_la_vaca_behi-jeiztea|Milking the cow by hand]] ===
−	==== [[Procedimiento_de_ordeño|Milking procedure]] ====	+	==== [[#Procedimiento_de_ordeño|Milking procedure]] ====
−	==== [[Introduccion_de_las_ordeñadoras|Introduction of milking equipment]] ====	+	==== [[#Introduccion_de_las_ordeñadoras|Introduction of milking equipment]] ====
−	=== [[Medicion_de_la_leche_esne-neurriak|Measuring the milk]] ===	+	=== [[#Medicion_de_la_leche_esne-neurriak|Measuring the milk]] ===
−	=== [[#Distribucion_y_venta_de_la_leche_de_vacuno|Distribution and sale of cow's milk]] ===	+	=== [[##Distribucion_y_venta_de_la_leche_de_vacuno|Distribution and sale of cow's milk]] ===
−	=== [[Transporte_de_los_productos_desde_la_majada|Transporting the products from the upland herds]] ===	+	=== [[#Transporte_de_los_productos_desde_la_majada|Transporting the products from the upland herds]] ===
−	==== [[#Acarreo_de_la_leche_esnetako_hagea|Transporting the milk]] ====	+	==== [[##Acarreo_de_la_leche_esnetako_hagea|Transporting the milk]] ====
−	==== [[#Acarreo_de_productos|Transporting the products]] ====	+	==== [[##Acarreo_de_productos|Transporting the products]] ====
	 		 
	== XX. [[LA_FABRICACION_DEL_QUESO._GAZTAGINTZA/en|PRODUCING CHEESE]] ==		== XX. [[LA_FABRICACION_DEL_QUESO._GAZTAGINTZA/en|PRODUCING CHEESE]] ==
−	=== [[#Elaboracion_de_queso_de_oveja_ardi-gazta|Making sheep's cheese]] ===	+	=== [[##Elaboracion_de_queso_de_oveja_ardi-gazta|Making sheep's cheese]] ===
−	==== [[#El_cuajo_gatzagia_legarra|The rennet]] ====	+	==== [[##El_cuajo_gatzagia_legarra|The rennet]] ====
−	==== [[Elaboracion_del_queso_en_la_Vasconia_atlantica|Cheese making in the Atlantic-side of the Basque Country]] ====	+	==== [[#Elaboracion_del_queso_en_la_Vasconia_atlantica|Cheese making in the Atlantic-side of the Basque Country]] ====
	**Cheese from the upland herds of Bizkaia and Álava		**Cheese from the upland herds of Bizkaia and Álava
Línea 1071:		Línea 1071:
	**Cheese making in the Northern Basque Country		**Cheese making in the Northern Basque Country
−	==== [[Elaboracion_del_queso_en_la_Vasconia_mediterranea|Cheese making in the Mediterranean-side of the Basque Country]] ====	+	==== [[#Elaboracion_del_queso_en_la_Vasconia_mediterranea|Cheese making in the Mediterranean-side of the Basque Country]] ====
	**Cheese in Álava		**Cheese in Álava
	**Cheese in Navarra		**Cheese in Navarra
−	==== [[#Peso_y_forma_de_los_quesos_de_oveja|Weight and shape of sheep's cheese]] ====	+	==== [[##Peso_y_forma_de_los_quesos_de_oveja|Weight and shape of sheep's cheese]] ====
−	==== [[Tipos_de_queso|Cheese types]] ====	+	==== [[#Tipos_de_queso|Cheese types]] ====
	**''Gaztazarra''		**''Gaztazarra''
	**Roncal cheese and Urbasa cheese		**Roncal cheese and Urbasa cheese
−	=== [[El_mercado_de_los_quesos|The cheese market]] ===	+	=== [[#El_mercado_de_los_quesos|The cheese market]] ===
−	==== [[Mercados_del_Pais_Vasco_peninsular|Markets of the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)]] ====	+	==== [[#Mercados_del_Pais_Vasco_peninsular|Markets of the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)]] ====
−	==== [[Mercados_de_Vasconia_continental|Markets of the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)]] ====	+	==== [[#Mercados_de_Vasconia_continental|Markets of the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)]] ====
−	=== [[#Elaboracion_de_queso_de_cabra_ahuntz-gazta|Making goat's cheese]] ===	+	=== [[##Elaboracion_de_queso_de_cabra_ahuntz-gazta|Making goat's cheese]] ===
−	=== [[Transiciones_contemporaneas2|Contemporary transitions]] ===	+	=== [[#Transiciones_contemporaneas2|Contemporary transitions]] ===
−	=== [[#Otros_productos_lacteos|Other dairy products]] ===	+	=== [[##Otros_productos_lacteos|Other dairy products]] ===
−	==== [[El_suero_gazura|Whey]] ====	+	==== [[#El_suero_gazura|Whey]] ====
−	==== [[#El_requeson_zenbera|Curd cheese]] ====	+	==== [[##El_requeson_zenbera|Curd cheese]] ====
−	==== [[#La_cuajada_gaztanbera|Junket]] ====	+	==== [[##La_cuajada_gaztanbera|Junket]] ====
−	=== [[#Apendice_1__La_jornada_del_pastor_de_Ataun-Aralar_(G)_durante_la_fabricacion_del_queso|Appendix 1: A day in the life of the Ataun-Aralar (G) shepherd during cheese making]] ===	+	=== [[##Apendice_1__La_jornada_del_pastor_de_Ataun-Aralar_(G)_durante_la_fabricacion_del_queso|Appendix 1: A day in the life of the Ataun-Aralar (G) shepherd during cheese making]] ===
−	=== [[#Apendice_2__Metodo_tradicional_de_elaboracion_manual_del_queso_de_montaña|Appendix 2: Traditional method for making mountain cheese by hand, bortü-gazna, in Zuberoa]] ===	+	=== [[##Apendice_2__Metodo_tradicional_de_elaboracion_manual_del_queso_de_montaña|Appendix 2: Traditional method for making mountain cheese by hand, bortü-gazna, in Zuberoa]] ===
	 		 
	== XXI. [[EL_ESQUILEO._ARDI-MOZTEA/en|SHEARING]] ==		== XXI. [[EL_ESQUILEO._ARDI-MOZTEA/en|SHEARING]] ==
−	=== [[#El_esquileo_ardi-moztea|Shearing]] ===	+	=== [[##El_esquileo_ardi-moztea|Shearing]] ===
−	==== [[El_tiempo_de_la_esquila_ardi-mozteko_sasoia|Shearing time]] ====	+	==== [[#El_tiempo_de_la_esquila_ardi-mozteko_sasoia|Shearing time]] ====
−	==== [[Medidas_cautelares|Precautionary measures]] ====	+	==== [[#Medidas_cautelares|Precautionary measures]] ====
−	==== [[#Esquiladores_ardi-moztaileak|Shearers]] ====	+	==== [[##Esquiladores_ardi-moztaileak|Shearers]] ====
−	==== [[Instrumentos_de_esquileo_ardi-mozteko_artaziak|Shearing instruments]] ====	+	==== [[#Instrumentos_de_esquileo_ardi-mozteko_artaziak|Shearing instruments]] ====
−	==== [[Procedimientos_de_esquileo|Shearing procedures]] ====	+	==== [[#Procedimientos_de_esquileo|Shearing procedures]] ====
−	==== [[El_esquileo_octobrino_urri-moztea|October shearing]] ====	+	==== [[#El_esquileo_octobrino_urri-moztea|October shearing]] ====
−	==== [[#El_esquileo_hoy|Shearing today]] ====	+	==== [[##El_esquileo_hoy|Shearing today]] ====
−	=== [[La_lana_artilea|Wool, artilea]] ===	+	=== [[#La_lana_artilea|Wool, artilea]] ===
−	==== [[Venta_de_lana_para_usos_domesticos|Selling wool for household uses]] ====	+	==== [[#Venta_de_lana_para_usos_domesticos|Selling wool for household uses]] ====
−	==== [[Venta_de_lana_a_fabricas_textiles|Selling wool to textile factories]] ====	+	==== [[#Venta_de_lana_a_fabricas_textiles|Selling wool to textile factories]] ====
−	==== [[#Calidad_y_estima_de_la_lana._Haitzeko_ardia|Wool quality and appraisal]] ====	+	==== [[##Calidad_y_estima_de_la_lana._Haitzeko_ardia|Wool quality and appraisal]] ====
−	==== [[#Produccion_y_precios_de_la_lana|Wool production and prices]] ====	+	==== [[##Produccion_y_precios_de_la_lana|Wool production and prices]] ====
−	==== [[La_venta_de_lana_hoy|Sale of wool today]] ====	+	==== [[#La_venta_de_lana_hoy|Sale of wool today]] ====
−	==== [[#Industria_lanera_iletegia|Wool industry]] ====	+	==== [[##Industria_lanera_iletegia|Wool industry]] ====
−	=== [[#El_estiercol_de_oveja_ardi-zimaurra|Sheep manure]] ===	+	=== [[##El_estiercol_de_oveja_ardi-zimaurra|Sheep manure]] ===
−	=== [[#Apendice_Descripcion_de_un_metodo_de_esquileo_actual|Appendix: Description of a modern shearing method]] ===	+	=== [[##Apendice_Descripcion_de_un_metodo_de_esquileo_actual|Appendix: Description of a modern shearing method]] ===
	 		 
	== XXII. [[MATANZA_DOMESTICA_DE_ANIMALES_1/en|DOMESTIC SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS]] ==		== XXII. [[MATANZA_DOMESTICA_DE_ANIMALES_1/en|DOMESTIC SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS]] ==
−	=== [[Matanza_domestica_de_animales_en_dias_señalados|Domestic slaughtering of animals on specific dates]] ===	+	=== [[#Matanza_domestica_de_animales_en_dias_señalados|Domestic slaughtering of animals on specific dates]] ===
−	=== [[Procedimientos_utilizados_para_la_matanza_domestica|Procedures used for domestic slaughtering]] ===	+	=== [[#Procedimientos_utilizados_para_la_matanza_domestica|Procedures used for domestic slaughtering]] ===
−	==== [[Matanza_domestica_del_cerdo|Domestic slaughtering of pigs]] ====	+	==== [[#Matanza_domestica_del_cerdo|Domestic slaughtering of pigs]] ====
−	==== [[Matanza_domestica_de_corderos_y_cabras|Domestic slaughtering of lambs and goats]] ====	+	==== [[#Matanza_domestica_de_corderos_y_cabras|Domestic slaughtering of lambs and goats]] ====
−	==== [[#Matanza_domestica_de_ganado_vacuno|Domestic slaughtering of cattle]] ====	+	==== [[##Matanza_domestica_de_ganado_vacuno|Domestic slaughtering of cattle]] ====
−	==== [[#Matanza_domestica_de_aves_de_corral|Domestic slaughtering of poultry]] ====	+	==== [[##Matanza_domestica_de_aves_de_corral|Domestic slaughtering of poultry]] ====
−	==== [[#Matanza_domestica_de_conejos|Domestic slaughtering of rabbits]] ====	+	==== [[##Matanza_domestica_de_conejos|Domestic slaughtering of rabbits]] ====
−	=== [[#La_venta_de_ganado_para_carne|Sale of livestock for meat]] ===	+	=== [[##La_venta_de_ganado_para_carne|Sale of livestock for meat]] ===
−	==== [[Ganado_ovino_destinado_a_carne|Sheep raised for meat]] ====	+	==== [[#Ganado_ovino_destinado_a_carne|Sheep raised for meat]] ====
−	==== [[Compradores_de_carne_de_ovino|Buyers of sheepmeat]] ====	+	==== [[#Compradores_de_carne_de_ovino|Buyers of sheepmeat]] ====
	**Preferably selling to dealers		**Preferably selling to dealers
	**Selling to individuals and at market		**Selling to individuals and at market
−	==== [[#Ganado_vacuno_destinado_a_carne|Cattle raised for meat]] ====	+	==== [[##Ganado_vacuno_destinado_a_carne|Cattle raised for meat]] ====
−	=== [[#La_piel_de_las_ovejas_ardi-larrua|Sheepskin, ''ardi-larrua'']] ===	+	=== [[##La_piel_de_las_ovejas_ardi-larrua|Sheepskin, ''ardi-larrua'']] ===
−	==== [[#Compradores_de_pieles|Buyers of skins]] ====	+	==== [[##Compradores_de_pieles|Buyers of skins]] ====
−	==== [[#La_piel_como_melena_del_yugo_estalkia|Skin as yoke decoration]] ====	+	==== [[##La_piel_como_melena_del_yugo_estalkia|Skin as yoke decoration]] ====
−	==== [[Precios_de_la_piel|Skin prices]] ====	+	==== [[#Precios_de_la_piel|Skin prices]] ====
	 		 
	== XXIII. [[FERIAS_GANADERAS_Y_COMPRAVENTA_DE_GANADO/en|LIVESTOCK FAIRS AND BUYING AND SELLING LIVESTOCK]] ==		== XXIII. [[FERIAS_GANADERAS_Y_COMPRAVENTA_DE_GANADO/en|LIVESTOCK FAIRS AND BUYING AND SELLING LIVESTOCK]] ==
−	=== [[#Ferias_ganaderas1|Livestock fairs]] ===	+	=== [[##Ferias_ganaderas1|Livestock fairs]] ===
−	==== [[#Ferias_alavesas|Fairs in Álava]] ====	+	==== [[##Ferias_alavesas|Fairs in Álava]] ====
−	==== [[Ferias_vizcainas|Fairs in Bizkaia]] ====	+	==== [[#Ferias_vizcainas|Fairs in Bizkaia]] ====
−	==== [[Ferias_guipuzcoanas|Fairs in Gipuzkoa]] ====	+	==== [[#Ferias_guipuzcoanas|Fairs in Gipuzkoa]] ====
−	==== [[Ferias_navarras|Fairs in Navarra]] ====	+	==== [[#Ferias_navarras|Fairs in Navarra]] ====
−	==== [[Ferias_de_Vasconia_continental|Fairs in the Northern Basque Country]] ====	+	==== [[#Ferias_de_Vasconia_continental|Fairs in the Northern Basque Country]] ====
−	==== [[#Ferias_fuera_de_Vasconia|Fairs outside the Basque Country]] ====	+	==== [[##Ferias_fuera_de_Vasconia|Fairs outside the Basque Country]] ====
−	==== [[#Transiciones_contemporaneas3|Contemporary transitions]] ====	+	==== [[##Transiciones_contemporaneas3|Contemporary transitions]] ====
−	=== [[#Compraventa_mediante_tratantes_y_entre_ganaderos|Buying and selling using dealers and between livestock farmers]] ===	+	=== [[##Compraventa_mediante_tratantes_y_entre_ganaderos|Buying and selling using dealers and between livestock farmers]] ===
−	=== [[El_acuerdo_de_compra|The purchase agreement]] ===	+	=== [[#El_acuerdo_de_compra|The purchase agreement]] ===
−	==== [[Inspeccion_de_las_reses|Inspecting the cattle]] ====	+	==== [[#Inspeccion_de_las_reses|Inspecting the cattle]] ====
−	==== [[Regateo|Bargaining]] ====	+	==== [[#Regateo|Bargaining]] ====
−	==== [[#Cierre_del_trato_tratura_heldu|Closing the deal]] ====	+	==== [[##Cierre_del_trato_tratura_heldu|Closing the deal]] ====
−	==== [[Chocar_las_manos_bostekoa_eman|Shaking hands]] ====	+	==== [[#Chocar_las_manos_bostekoa_eman|Shaking hands]] ====
−	==== [[#El_alboroque_o_robla|The ''alboroque'' or ''rolba'' refreshments to seal the deal]] ====	+	==== [[##El_alboroque_o_robla|The ''alboroque'' or ''rolba'' refreshments to seal the deal]] ====
−	==== [[#Adquisicion_condicional_y_cuarentena_del_ganado|Conditional purchase and quarantine of the livestock]] ====	+	==== [[##Adquisicion_condicional_y_cuarentena_del_ganado|Conditional purchase and quarantine of the livestock]] ====
−	==== [[Formas_de_adquirir_el_ganado|Ways of acquiring livestock]] ====	+	==== [[#Formas_de_adquirir_el_ganado|Ways of acquiring livestock]] ====
−	=== [[El_precio_del_ganado|The price of the livestock]] ===	+	=== [[#El_precio_del_ganado|The price of the livestock]] ===
−	==== [[Modalidades_y_forma_de_pago|Payment methods and terms]] ====	+	==== [[#Modalidades_y_forma_de_pago|Payment methods and terms]] ====
−	==== [[#Unidad_monetaria_de_la_transaccion|Monetary unit of the transaction]] ====	+	==== [[##Unidad_monetaria_de_la_transaccion|Monetary unit of the transaction]] ====
−	=== [[Importancia_de_la_ganaderia_en_la_economia_familiar|Importance of livestock farming in the family economy]] ===	+	=== [[#Importancia_de_la_ganaderia_en_la_economia_familiar|Importance of livestock farming in the family economy]] ===
−	==== [[Relevancia_del_ganado|Importance of the livestock]] ====	+	==== [[#Relevancia_del_ganado|Importance of the livestock]] ====
−	==== [[#Complementariedad_de_la_ganaderia_con_otras_actividades|Complementary relationship between livestock farming and other activities]] ====	+	==== [[##Complementariedad_de_la_ganaderia_con_otras_actividades|Complementary relationship between livestock farming and other activities]] ====
−	==== [[Cambios_actuales|Current changes]] ====	+	==== [[#Cambios_actuales|Current changes]] ====
	 		 
	== XXIV. [[LAS_ABEJAS._ERLEA/en|BEES, ERLEA]] ==		== XXIV. [[LAS_ABEJAS._ERLEA/en|BEES, ERLEA]] ==
−	=== [[La_cria_de_abejas|Bee-keeping]] ===	+	=== [[#La_cria_de_abejas|Bee-keeping]] ===
−	==== [[#Extension_del_cultivo_de_abejas|The spread of bee-keeping]] ====	+	==== [[##Extension_del_cultivo_de_abejas|The spread of bee-keeping]] ====
−	==== [[La_trashumancia|Transhumance]] ====	+	==== [[#La_trashumancia|Transhumance]] ====
−	=== [[#Fabricacion_y_tipos_de_colmenas_erlauntza|Making and types of beehives]] ===	+	=== [[##Fabricacion_y_tipos_de_colmenas_erlauntza|Making and types of beehives]] ===
−	==== [[#Colmenas_de_tronco_cuezos_cepos|Trap, log and trunk beehives]] ====	+	==== [[##Colmenas_de_tronco_cuezos_cepos|Trap, log and trunk beehives]] ====
−	==== [[#Colmenas_de_tabla_erlauntza|Frame beehives]] ====	+	==== [[##Colmenas_de_tabla_erlauntza|Frame beehives]] ====
−	==== [[Colmenas_tejidas_con_vegetales_erle-kofoina|Bee skeps]] ====	+	==== [[#Colmenas_tejidas_con_vegetales_erle-kofoina|Bee skeps]] ====
−	==== [[#Colmenas_en_oquedades|Hives in hollows]] ====	+	==== [[##Colmenas_en_oquedades|Hives in hollows]] ====
−	=== [[El_colmenar_abejar_erlategia|The apiary]] ===	+	=== [[#El_colmenar_abejar_erlategia|The apiary]] ===
−	=== [[Captura_de_enjambres_erlakumea_harrapatu|Catching swarms]] ===	+	=== [[#Captura_de_enjambres_erlakumea_harrapatu|Catching swarms]] ===
−	==== [[La_salida_del_enjambre|Swarming]] ====	+	==== [[#La_salida_del_enjambre|Swarming]] ====
−	==== [[#Detencion_del_enjambre|Stopping the swarm]] ====	+	==== [[##Detencion_del_enjambre|Stopping the swarm]] ====
−	==== [[#Recogida_del_enjambre|Collecting the swarm]] ====	+	==== [[##Recogida_del_enjambre|Collecting the swarm]] ====
−	==== [[Propiedad_y_marcado_de_enjambres|Ownership and marking swarms]] ====	+	==== [[#Propiedad_y_marcado_de_enjambres|Ownership and marking swarms]] ====
−	==== [[#Adquisicion_de_enjambres|Acquiring swarms]] ====	+	==== [[##Adquisicion_de_enjambres|Acquiring swarms]] ====
−	=== [[#Cuidado_de_la_colmena|Maintaining the beehive]] ===	+	=== [[##Cuidado_de_la_colmena|Maintaining the beehive]] ===
−	=== [[Recoleccion_de_los_panales._Abaraskak|Harvesting the honeycombs]] ===	+	=== [[#Recoleccion_de_los_panales._Abaraskak|Harvesting the honeycombs]] ===
−	==== [[Epoca_de_recoleccion|Harvest time]] ====	+	==== [[#Epoca_de_recoleccion|Harvest time]] ====
−	==== [[Procedimientos_de_recoleccion._Catar_la_miel|Harvesting procedures Tasting the honey]] ====	+	==== [[#Procedimientos_de_recoleccion._Catar_la_miel|Harvesting procedures Tasting the honey]] ====
−	==== [[#Medios_de_proteccion|Means of protection]] ====	+	==== [[##Medios_de_proteccion|Means of protection]] ====
−	=== [[Obtencion_de_los_productos_apicolas|Obtaining apiculture products]] ===	+	=== [[#Obtencion_de_los_productos_apicolas|Obtaining apiculture products]] ===
−	==== [[#La_miel_eztia|Honey]] ====	+	==== [[##La_miel_eztia|Honey]] ====
−	==== [[#La_cera_argizaria|Wax]] ====	+	==== [[##La_cera_argizaria|Wax]] ====
−	=== [[#Uso_de_los_productos_apicolas|Use of apiculture products]] ===	+	=== [[##Uso_de_los_productos_apicolas|Use of apiculture products]] ===
−	==== [[#La_miel|Honey]] ====	+	==== [[##La_miel|Honey]] ====
−	==== [[El_aguamiel|Mead]] ====	+	==== [[#El_aguamiel|Mead]] ====
−	==== [[La_cera|Wax]] ====	+	==== [[#La_cera|Wax]] ====
−	==== [[El_veneno|Honey bee venom]] ====	+	==== [[#El_veneno|Honey bee venom]] ====
−	=== [[Creencias_y_saberes_sobre_las_abejas|Beliefs and lore about bees]] ===	+	=== [[#Creencias_y_saberes_sobre_las_abejas|Beliefs and lore about bees]] ===
−	=== [[Transformaciones_contemporaneas4|Contemporary changes]] ===	+	=== [[#Transformaciones_contemporaneas4|Contemporary changes]] ===
	 		 
	== XXV. [[PROTECCION_CREENCIAL_DEL_GANADO/en|SACRED PROTECTION OF THE LIVESTOCK]] ==		== XXV. [[PROTECCION_CREENCIAL_DEL_GANADO/en|SACRED PROTECTION OF THE LIVESTOCK]] ==
−	=== [[#San_Antonio_Abad_patrono_del_ganado|St. Anthony Abbot, patron saint of livestock]] ===	+	=== [[##San_Antonio_Abad_patrono_del_ganado|St. Anthony Abbot, patron saint of livestock]] ===
−	==== [[#Dia_festivo_para_los_animales|Feast day for animals]] ====	+	==== [[##Dia_festivo_para_los_animales|Feast day for animals]] ====
−	==== [[Ritos_en_su_festividad|Rites on his feast day]] ====	+	==== [[#Ritos_en_su_festividad|Rites on his feast day]] ====
	**St. Anthony bonfires and smoke offerings		**St. Anthony bonfires and smoke offerings
Línea 1311:		Línea 1311:
	**St. Anthony Cross round-ups		**St. Anthony Cross round-ups
−	==== [[#Invocaciones_y_ofrendas_al_Santo|Praying and offerings to the Saints]] ====	+	==== [[##Invocaciones_y_ofrendas_al_Santo|Praying and offerings to the Saints]] ====
−	==== [[Estampas_y_cruces_en_establos|Engravings and crosses in stables]] ====	+	==== [[#Estampas_y_cruces_en_establos|Engravings and crosses in stables]] ====
−	=== [[San_Blas|St. Blaise]] ===	+	=== [[#San_Blas|St. Blaise]] ===
−	==== [[#Ritos_y_bendiciones_en_su_festividad|Rites and blessings on his feast day]] ====	+	==== [[##Ritos_y_bendiciones_en_su_festividad|Rites and blessings on his feast day]] ====
−	=== [[San_Juan_Bautista_protector_de_los_rebaños|St. John the Baptist, protector of the herds]] ===	+	=== [[#San_Juan_Bautista_protector_de_los_rebaños|St. John the Baptist, protector of the herds]] ===
−	==== [[#Ramos_y_flores_en_la_mañana_del_solsticio_de_verano|Branches and flowers on the morning of the summer solstice]] ====	+	==== [[##Ramos_y_flores_en_la_mañana_del_solsticio_de_verano|Branches and flowers on the morning of the summer solstice]] ====
−	=== [[Simbolos_protectores_contra_el_rayo|Symbols to protect against lightning]] ===	+	=== [[#Simbolos_protectores_contra_el_rayo|Symbols to protect against lightning]] ===
−	==== [[El_espino_albar_elorria|Hawthorn]] ====	+	==== [[#El_espino_albar_elorria|Hawthorn]] ====
−	==== [[#El_laurel_bendecido_erramua|Blessed bay leaves]] ====	+	==== [[##El_laurel_bendecido_erramua|Blessed bay leaves]] ====
−	==== [[Quema_del_laurel|Burning bay leaves]] ====	+	==== [[#Quema_del_laurel|Burning bay leaves]] ====
−	==== [[#Santa_Cruz_de_mayo|Holy May Cross]] ====	+	==== [[##Santa_Cruz_de_mayo|Holy May Cross]] ====
−	==== [[Las_candelas_bendecidas|Blessed candles]] ====	+	==== [[#Las_candelas_bendecidas|Blessed candles]] ====
−	==== [[Otros_procedimientos_y_prevenciones|Other procedures and prevention]] ====	+	==== [[#Otros_procedimientos_y_prevenciones|Other procedures and prevention]] ====
−	==== [[El_hacha_primitiva|The early axe]] ====	+	==== [[#El_hacha_primitiva|The early axe]] ====
−	=== [[Bendiciones_rituales|Ritual blessings]] ===	+	=== [[#Bendiciones_rituales|Ritual blessings]] ===
−	==== [[#Txabolas_y_rebaños|''Txabolas'' and herds]] ====	+	==== [[##Txabolas_y_rebaños|''Txabolas'' and herds]] ====
−	==== [[#Establos_y_corrales|Stables and pens]] ====	+	==== [[##Establos_y_corrales|Stables and pens]] ====
−	==== [[Pasturajes_del_monte|Upland pastures]] ====	+	==== [[#Pasturajes_del_monte|Upland pastures]] ====
−	=== [[#Ofrendas|Offerings]] ===	+	=== [[##Ofrendas|Offerings]] ===
−	=== [[#Amuletos|Charms]] ===	+	=== [[##Amuletos|Charms]] ===
−	=== [[Animales_protectores|Animal protectors]] ===	+	=== [[#Animales_protectores|Animal protectors]] ===
	 		 
	== XXVI. [[CREENCIAS_Y_COSTUMBRES/en|BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS]] ==		== XXVI. [[CREENCIAS_Y_COSTUMBRES/en|BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS]] ==
−	=== [[#Sobre_la_incubacion_de_las_gallinas|Regarding hens hatching their eggs]] ===	+	=== [[##Sobre_la_incubacion_de_las_gallinas|Regarding hens hatching their eggs]] ===
−	==== [[#Numero_impar_de_huevos|Odd number of eggs]] ====	+	==== [[##Numero_impar_de_huevos|Odd number of eggs]] ====
−	==== [[#El_signo_de_la_cruz|The sign of the cross]] ====	+	==== [[##El_signo_de_la_cruz|The sign of the cross]] ====
−	==== [[#Epoca_idonea_para_la_incubacion|Ideal time for hatching]] ====	+	==== [[##Epoca_idonea_para_la_incubacion|Ideal time for hatching]] ====
−	=== [[#Sobre_la_procreacion|Regarding breeding]] ===	+	=== [[##Sobre_la_procreacion|Regarding breeding]] ===
−	=== [[#Sobre_los_cambios_atmosfericos|Regarding atmospheric changes]] ===	+	=== [[##Sobre_los_cambios_atmosfericos|Regarding atmospheric changes]] ===
−	=== [[#Presagios_de_muerte|Omens of death]] ===	+	=== [[##Presagios_de_muerte|Omens of death]] ===
−	=== [[Costumbres_en_relacion_con_el_luto|Customs relating to mourning]] ===	+	=== [[#Costumbres_en_relacion_con_el_luto|Customs relating to mourning]] ===
−	=== [[Presagios_de_brujas|Witch omens]] ===	+	=== [[#Presagios_de_brujas|Witch omens]] ===
−	=== [[#Sobre_la_subida_del_ganado_al_monte|Regarding driving livestock to upland grazing]] ===	+	=== [[##Sobre_la_subida_del_ganado_al_monte|Regarding driving livestock to upland grazing]] ===
−	=== [[#Prevenciones_contra_los_animales_dañinos|Protecting against vermin]] ===	+	=== [[##Prevenciones_contra_los_animales_dañinos|Protecting against vermin]] ===
−	=== [[#Ritos_de_adaptacion_a_la_casa|Rites to adapt to the homestead]] ===	+	=== [[##Ritos_de_adaptacion_a_la_casa|Rites to adapt to the homestead]] ===
−	==== [[Ganado|Livestock]] ====	+	==== [[#Ganado|Livestock]] ====
−	==== [[#Gallinas_y_gatos|Hens and cats]] ====	+	==== [[##Gallinas_y_gatos|Hens and cats]] ====
−	=== [[Bildots-lorra_ayuda_mutua|''Bildots-lorra'': mutual help]] ===	+	=== [[#Bildots-lorra_ayuda_mutua|''Bildots-lorra'': mutual help]] ===
−	=== [[#Otras_costumbres|Other customs]] ===	+	=== [[##Otras_costumbres|Other customs]] ===
−	=== [[Fiestas_de_pastores|Shepherd festivities]] ===	+	=== [[#Fiestas_de_pastores|Shepherd festivities]] ===
−	=== [[Obsequios_y_donativos|Gifts and donations]] ===	+	=== [[#Obsequios_y_donativos|Gifts and donations]] ===
−	=== [[Lugares_de_culto_en_zonas_de_pastos|Places of worship in grazing areas]] ===	+	=== [[#Lugares_de_culto_en_zonas_de_pastos|Places of worship in grazing areas]] ===
	 		 
	== XXVII. [[JUEGOS_DE_PASTORES/en|SHEPHERDS' GAMES]] ==		== XXVII. [[JUEGOS_DE_PASTORES/en|SHEPHERDS' GAMES]] ==
−	=== [[#Lugares_donde_se_practican_los_juegos|Venues for the games]] ===	+	=== [[##Lugares_donde_se_practican_los_juegos|Venues for the games]] ===
−	=== [[Juegos_de_pelota|Ball games]] ===	+	=== [[#Juegos_de_pelota|Ball games]] ===
−	==== [[#Pelota-jokoa|''Pelota-jokoa'']] ====	+	==== [[##Pelota-jokoa|''Pelota-jokoa'']] ====
−	==== [[Urdanka|''Urdanka'']] ====	+	==== [[#Urdanka|''Urdanka'']] ====
−	==== [[#El_chute|El chute - fast traditional game]] ====	+	==== [[##El_chute|El chute - fast traditional game]] ====
−	=== [[Juegos_de_lanzamiento|Throwing games]] ===	+	=== [[#Juegos_de_lanzamiento|Throwing games]] ===
−	==== [[Makilak_zeharkatzea|''Makilak zeharkatzea'']] ====	+	==== [[#Makilak_zeharkatzea|''Makilak zeharkatzea'']] ====
−	==== [[#Makila-jokoa|''Makila-jokoa'']] ====	+	==== [[##Makila-jokoa|''Makila-jokoa'']] ====
−	==== [[#Zotzaldatzea|''Zotzaldatzea'']] ====	+	==== [[##Zotzaldatzea|''Zotzaldatzea'']] ====
−	==== [[#Al_palo|Stick throwing]] ====	+	==== [[##Al_palo|Stick throwing]] ====
−	==== [[Lanzamiento_de_barras|Basque bar throwing]] ====	+	==== [[#Lanzamiento_de_barras|Basque bar throwing]] ====
−	==== [[#Harrika|''Harrika'']] ====	+	==== [[##Harrika|''Harrika'']] ====
−	==== [[Burruna|''Burruna'']] ====	+	==== [[#Burruna|''Burruna'']] ====
−	==== [[#Lanzamiento_de_piedras._Honda|Rock throwing. Honda]] ====	+	==== [[##Lanzamiento_de_piedras._Honda|Rock throwing. Honda]] ====
−	=== [[#Juegos_de_fuerza|Games of strength]] ===	+	=== [[##Juegos_de_fuerza|Games of strength]] ===
−	=== [[Juegos_de_salto|Jumping games]] ===	+	=== [[#Juegos_de_salto|Jumping games]] ===
−	=== [[Juegos_de_carreras|Races]] ===	+	=== [[#Juegos_de_carreras|Races]] ===
−	=== [[#Juegos_de_bolos|Bowling games]] ===	+	=== [[##Juegos_de_bolos|Bowling games]] ===
−	=== [[Juegos_de_mesa|Table games]] ===	+	=== [[#Juegos_de_mesa|Table games]] ===
−	==== [[#Cartas|Cards]] ====	+	==== [[##Cartas|Cards]] ====
−	==== [[Artzain-jokoa._Tres_en_raya|''Artzain-jokoa''. Noughts and Crosses]] ====	+	==== [[#Artzain-jokoa._Tres_en_raya|''Artzain-jokoa''. Noughts and Crosses]] ====
−	=== [[#Espantos|Ghost stories]] ===	+	=== [[##Espantos|Ghost stories]] ===
−	=== [[#Cantos_e_instrumentos_musicales|Songs and musical instruments]] ===	+	=== [[##Cantos_e_instrumentos_musicales|Songs and musical instruments]] ===
−	==== [[#El_canto|Singing]] ====	+	==== [[##El_canto|Singing]] ====
−	==== [[#Instrumentos_musicos_de_los_pastores|Musical instruments of the shepherds]] ====	+	==== [[##Instrumentos_musicos_de_los_pastores|Musical instruments of the shepherds]] ====
	**Horns		**Horns
Línea 1452:		Línea 1452:
	**''Alboka''		**''Alboka''
−	=== [[Apendice_Descripcion_de_los_juegos_botu_luzea_y_urdanka_por_un_pastor_suletino|Appendix: Description of the  botu luzea and urdanka games by a shepherd from Soule]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_Descripcion_de_los_juegos_botu_luzea_y_urdanka_por_un_pastor_suletino|Appendix: Description of the  botu luzea and urdanka games by a shepherd from Soule]] ===
	{{#bookTitle:Livestock Farming and Shepherding in the Basque Country | Ganaderia_y_pastoreo_en_vasconia/en}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Table of contents}}		{{#bookTitle:Livestock Farming and Shepherding in the Basque Country | Ganaderia_y_pastoreo_en_vasconia/en}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Table of contents}}

---

Revisión del 12:07 22 feb 2019

I. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Traditional animal husbandry and contemporary changes

Atlantic watershed

Bizkaia

Gipuzkoa

Northern Basque Country (lying within France)

Mediterranean watershed

Alava

Navarra

 

II. ANIMAL BREEDS

Cows and oxen

Betizu

Monchina

Terreña

Pyrenean

Evolution of the cattle population

Appendix: Description of the native breeds

Sheep

Breeds of the Atlantic watershed

• • Latxa and manexa
  • Carranzana, sasi-ardia and Basque-Bearnese

Breeds of the Mediterranean watershed

• • Coexistence of lacha, churra and merina breeds
  • Navarra breed

Appendix: Description of the native breeds

Nanny goats

Appendix: Description of the native breeds

Pigs

Appendix: Description of the native breeds

Mares, donkeys and mules

Appendix: Description of the native breeds

Hens, doves, ducks and other poultry

Other small animals: rabbits, dogs and cats

Appendix: Description of the native breeds

Appendix: Betizu, wild cow

 

III. NAMES OF THE ANIMALS

Names according to species, age and sex

Sheep

• • Young
  • Adults
  • Other names

Cattle

• • Young
  • Adults

Pigs

• • Young
  • Adults

Goats

• • Young
  • Adults

Horses

• • Young
  • Adults

Donkeys and Asses

• • Young
  • Adults

Mules

• • Young
  • Adults

Poultry

• • Young
  • Adults
  • Sundry animals

Other animals

 

IV. LANGUAGE AND HOW THE ANIMALS ARE TREATED

Names by which domesticated animals are known

Sheep

• • Due to the physical characteristics
  • Due to their character
  • Due to the place of birth or associated to events
  • Names of relatives, acquaintances or celebrities
  • Concatenated names

Cows and oxen

• • Due to the physical characteristics
  • Names of people and place of origin
  • Due to their character

Horses

• • Due to the colour of the coat
  • Due to the look and character

Dogs

• • Due to the colour of the fur
  • Due to the look, character and astral aspects

Names of nanny goats, donkeys, cats and pigs

Language and how the animals are treated

How the animals are treated

• • Patting

Language used with domesticated animals

• • Cows
  • Mares and assess
  • Sheep and nanny goats
  • Dogs and cats
  • Hens, ducks and pigs

Whistling

• • Sheep
  • Other animals

Utensils to prod the livestock

• • Goad. Pole
  • Grid, railing
  • Whip, lash or zurriago

 

V. STABLES AND ENCLOSURES FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

The traditional stable

Stables located in the homestead itself: the pen

• • Characteristics of the stable
  • Divisions in the stable

Stables separate from the house

Mangers

• • Tying animals at the managers
  • Gates or grids
  • Hayrack

Manure

Modern stables. Changes occurred

Enclosures for animal husbandry

Pigsties

Hen houses

• • Roosts
  • Nest boxes

Rabbit hutches

Dovecotes

 

VI. FEELING STABLED LIVESTOCK

Feeding the homestead's livestock

Cows

• • Atlantic watershed
  • Mediterranean watershed
  • Water supply

Oxen

Horse herds

Sheep and nanny goats

Pigs

Hens and other poultry

Rabbits

Dogs and cats

Feeding the young

Calves

Lambs

Kids

Piglets

Foals (horse and donkey)

Chickens

Rabbits

Puppies and kittens

Feeding the livestock out in the fields

Mediterranean watershed

Atlantic watershed

Controlling the animals in the meadows

• • Tether or chain tied to a stake
  • Hobbling
  • Fetters
  • Fencing the meadows

 

VII. BREEDING AND LOOKING AFTER THE ANIMALS

The reproductive cycle of domesticated animals

Cows

• • Coming into season and covering
  • Gestation
  • Delivery
  • Looking after the calved cow

Sheep

• • Coming into season and covering
  • Gestation and delivery

Nanny goats

Mares

• • Coming into season
  • Gestation and delivery

Female donkeys

Obtaining mules

Sows

Does (rabbit)

Hens and doves

• • Determining the sex
  • Laying
  • Fertilisation and broody state
  • Incubation
  • Hatching the eggs

Female dogs

Female cats

Studs and artificial insemination

Procedures to calculate the age of the livestock

Cows

Sheep

Handling the body of the animals

Cutting the tails of the lambs

Other amputations, cuts and perforations

Removing horns

Castration

• • Bulls
  • Male donkeys and horse stallions
  • Rams and young goats
  • Boars and sows
  • Chickens

Shoeing

Shoeing process

• • Horses
  • Cattle

Shoes and nails

Other operations performed by farriers

 

VIII. UPLAND LIVESTOCK

Bizkaia

Gipuzkoa

Northern Basque Country

Álava

Navarra

Rounding up the upland livestock

The lasso

Salt and bread

Shouts and noise

Using catch dogs

Appendix: Use of the pasture land in Lezaun (N)

 

IX. DRIVING FLOCKS TO UPLAND PASTURES

Taking the flocks up

Influence of the climate and the pastures

Driving the flocks to the upland pastures according to the characteristics of the livestock

Daily cycle shepherding

Applicable regulations

Shepherding today

The shepherd migrating to the uplands alone or accompanied

Animal retinue of the shepherd

The best pasture for the flock

Mountain or summer pastures

Valley or winter pastures

Mediterranean watershed

Harmful pastures

Annual cycle of the shepherd and stay on the mountain

The Gorbea (B) shepherd

The Urbia and the Aizkorri (G) shepherds

The Souletin shepherd

The Allo (N) shepherd

Bringing the flock down

 

X. BRANDING

Livestock branding

Ear notches

• • Types and names of the notches
  • Notches in cattle and horses

Paint branding

Tar branding Pitch branding

Iron branding

• • Iron branding on horns, hooves or nose

Changes occurred in the branding of livestock. The eartag

Cowbells and large bells

The sound off the cowbells

Types of cowbells and shearing

• • Sheep
  • Transhumance
  • Nanny goats
  • Cows and mares

Livestock adornments

Collars for chimes and bells

• • When carrying the harvest
  • For other farm work

Harnessed horses

Adorning the livestock

• • Plating the horses' manes and tails

 

XI. COMMON PASTURE LAND

Characteristics and evolution

Depletion and loss of common land

Reforesting and enclosures

Stubble fields

Provincial and municipal intervention

Conditions of sue

USE OF THE COMMON PASTURE LAND

Common land in Bizkaia

Gorbea mountain range

Anboto and Oiz mountain ranges

Las Encartaciones

Carranza Valley

Commons associations and brotherhoods in Álava

Sierra Salvada commons association

Sierra Brava de Badaia commons association

Guibijo commons association

Urkabustaiz commons

Sierra de Árcamo Board

Valdegovía Valley

Sierra de Valderejo mountain range

Berganzo commons

Common upland in Toloño

La Isla common upland

Hernán Ruiz common upland

Izki Alto and Izki Bajo former commons associations

Laguardia and its region common upland

Moreda and Viana commons

Sierra de Codés mountain range

Parzonerías (supramunicipal land usage system) in Gipuzkoa and Álava

Gipuzkoa and Álava General Parzonería

Minor Parzonería

Entzia General Parzonería

Iturrieta Parzonería

Ernio and Jaizkibel uplands

Unions in the Sierra de Aralar mountain range

Enirio-Aralar supramunicipal district

Aralar Union

Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges

Las Améscoas commons

Sierra de Lokiz mountain range

Lezaun and Ultzama commons

Navarra Pyrenees

Baztan Valley

Erro Valley

Aoiz and Lónguida Valley

Salazar Valley

Roncal Valley

• • Grazing bans
  • Portions and passes
  • Panificado, casalenco (system of fallow and grazing land) and commons

Bardenas Reales grazing land

Corrals

Sangüesa

San Martín de Unx

Mélida

Lodosa

Allo

Facerías (cross-border grazing agreements)

Inter-Pyrenean facerías

Tribute of the Three Cows

The Northern Basque Country

The Territorial Grazing Syndicates

The kaiolar

Appendix: Folds in the Basque Country

 

XII. MOUNTAIN PASTORAL ESTABLISHMENTS

Carranza Mountains

Cabins and huts

Sierra de Gorbea mountain range

Zeanuri

Orozko

Zuya Valley

Anboto and Aramotz mountain ranges

Mount Oiz

Sierra de Aizkorri mountain range

Urbia-Oltza

Degurixa-Alabieta

Arriurdin

Sierra de Izarraitz mountain range and Mount Ernio

Sierra de Aralar mountain range

Beasain

Ataun (1927)

Ataun (1955)

Abaltzisketa (1955)

Larraun Valley

Domed folds

Sierra de Urbasa mountain range

Sierra de Andia mountain range

Sierra de Entzia mountain range

Navarran Pyrenees

Basaburua Menor

Baztan Valley

Esteribar Valley

Aezkoa Valley

Salazar Valley

Roncal Valley

Navarra Media and Bardenas

Sangüesa

San Martín de Unx

Allo

Aoiz Valley

Bardenas

Mélida

Álava mountains

Valderejo

Sierra de Árcamo mountain range

Sierra Salvada mountain range

Sierra de Guibijo mountain range

Sierra Brava de Badaia mountain range

Treviño

Sierra de Toloño mountain range

Sierra de Izki mountain range

Rioja Alavesa. Moreda

Sierra de Codés mountain range

The Northern Basque Country: Space organisation on the mountain

The triple habitat

Lapurdi

• • Sara
  • Azkaine

Baja Navarra

• • Aldudes Valley
  • Ibarre
  • Garazi (Cize)

Zuberoa

• • Liginaga
  • Muskildi
  • Zunharreta
  • Etxebarre

 

XIII. TRANSHUMANCE AND TRANSTERMINANCE

Itinerant grazing

Major transhumance. Minor transhumance. Transterminance

Moving to winter pastures

Major winter transhumance

• • From the Navarran Pyrenean valleys to the Bardenas Reales

• • • Grazing right
    • Using the drovers' trails
    • Preparations and droving order
    • Incidents and food along the drover's trail.
    • Entry to and time spent at the Bardenas. The return

• • Other transhumant movements in Navarra
  • Pyrenean-Aquitaine transhumant movements

Winter minor transhumance and transterminance

• • Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Bizkaia
  • Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Gipuzkoa
  • Pyrenean transhumance to the valleys and coast
  • Ribera Navarra transhumance

Moving to summer pastures

Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges

Summer minor transhumance and transterminance

• • Álava mountains
  • Bizkaia mountains
  • Aralar and Aizkorri mountain ranges
  • Mounts Ernio and Izarraitz
  • Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
  • Northern Basque Country

Life in the winter pastures

The shepherds of the Bardenas

The transhumant shepherd in the different provinces

Life in the summer pastures

Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges

Minor transhumance and transterminance

• • Álava and Bizkaia mountains
  • Sierra de Aralar mountain range
  • Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges

Winter grazing availability

Álava

Bizkaia

Gipuzkoa and Lapurdi

Navarra

Itinerant grazing calendar

Eastern Pyrenees

Western Pyrenees

Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges

Aizkorri and Aralar mountain ranges

Bizkaia mountains

The bridleways

Tracks, paths

Drovers' trails

• • Drovers' trails in Álava
  • Drovers' trails in Navarra

Appendix: Drovers' trails in Navarra today

 

XIV. THE SHEEPDOG. ARDI-TXAKURRA

The Mastiff

Introduction of the sheepdog

Types of sheepdogs

Uses of the sheepdog

Dogs used to herd other livestock

Appendix: Sheepdog trials

 

XV. TYPES OF SHEPHERDS

Shepherds with their own flock

Shepherd boy. Shepherds' children

Shepherding associations

Largo flock shepherds

Shepherds on a wage

Paid help

Farm manager

Social standing

Council shepherds

Tasks

• • Álava
  • Navarra

Contractual terms and conditions

Wage. Food. Bonus

Looking after hobbled livestock

Appendix 1: Livestock herding hand in Irati at 11 years old

Appendix 2: Charter town livestock herders contract. 1890. Berganzo (A)

 

XVI. SHEPHERD'S APPAREL

Traditional warm clothing

Kapusaia. Txartesa. Long cape

Sheepskin coat or zamarra; apron or zagón

Blanket. Balaclava. Hats

Traditional footwear

• Traditional footwear Sandals

Socks

Piales or thick knitted socks used in summer

Gaiters

Clogs. Overshoes

Snowshoes

The shepherd's apparel today

The shepherd's implements and weapons

Backpack or bag Saddlebags

Staff

Sling and pouch

Stout stick. Crook. Blackjack

Friction drum

Bullroarer

Fire arms

 

XVII. SHEPHERD CRAFT ITEMS AND BELONGINGS

Pastoral utensils

Wooden receptacles

Survival

Milking vessel

Milking ladle

Strainer

Abatza

Whisk

Dagger

Cheese strainer

Stand

Gaztandegia. Cheese production

Shepherd's cups

Pottery and cutlery

Spoons

Plates

Oporra. Esne-potoak

Saltshakers. Oil holders

Water containers

Manual work

The wool craft

Heyday and decline

Selecting the wool

Washing

Teasing

Spinning

Weaving

Laces for sandals

Twines, ropes and pack saddles

Crooks and walking sticks

Collars for cowbells

Names

Making collars

Transition

Cowbells and clappers

 

XVIII. HUNTING VERMIN

Wolf hunting

Disappearance of the wolf

Recent reappearance

Beliefs and legends about the wolf

Means of defence

Hunting techniques

• • Traps, snares and poisoned bait
  • Pursuing the quarry and shotgun hunting

Lairs

Fox hunting

Damage caused by the fox

Hunting techniques

• • Catching using cages
  • Snares
  • Traps
  • Poisoned bait
  • Shotgun hunting

Wild dogs

Minor predators

Birds

Rodents

Musetelids and viverrids

Bears

Contracting vermin hunters

Payment for the captured animals

Appendix: Description of some lairs

 

XIX. MILKING THE SHEEP

Milking

Milking parlour and names

Milking time and way

New milking methods

Milk production

Using hot stones to heat the milk

Goat's and ewe's milk. Its use

Atlantic watershed

Mediterranean watershed

Goat's milk

Contemporary transitions

Cow's milk

Milking the cow by hand

Milking procedure

Introduction of milking equipment

Measuring the milk

Distribution and sale of cow's milk

Transporting the products from the upland herds

Transporting the milk

Transporting the products

 

XX. PRODUCING CHEESE

Making sheep's cheese

The rennet

Cheese making in the Atlantic-side of the Basque Country

• • Cheese from the upland herds of Bizkaia and Álava
  • Cheese in areas close to the coast
  • Cheese in Urbia and Aralar
  • Cheese making in the Northern Basque Country

Cheese making in the Mediterranean-side of the Basque Country

• • Cheese in Álava
  • Cheese in Navarra

Weight and shape of sheep's cheese

Cheese types

• • Gaztazarra
  • Roncal cheese and Urbasa cheese

The cheese market

Markets of the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)

Markets of the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)

Making goat's cheese

Contemporary transitions

Other dairy products

Whey

Curd cheese

Junket

Appendix 1: A day in the life of the Ataun-Aralar (G) shepherd during cheese making

Appendix 2: Traditional method for making mountain cheese by hand, bortü-gazna, in Zuberoa

 

XXI. SHEARING

Shearing

Shearing time

Precautionary measures

Shearers

Shearing instruments

Shearing procedures

October shearing

Shearing today

Wool, artilea

Selling wool for household uses

Selling wool to textile factories

Wool quality and appraisal

Wool production and prices

Sale of wool today

Wool industry

Sheep manure

Appendix: Description of a modern shearing method

 

XXII. DOMESTIC SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS

Domestic slaughtering of animals on specific dates

Procedures used for domestic slaughtering

Domestic slaughtering of pigs

Domestic slaughtering of lambs and goats

Domestic slaughtering of cattle

Domestic slaughtering of poultry

Domestic slaughtering of rabbits

Sale of livestock for meat

Sheep raised for meat

Buyers of sheepmeat

• • Preferably selling to dealers
  • Selling to individuals and at market

Cattle raised for meat

Sheepskin, ardi-larrua

Buyers of skins

Skin as yoke decoration

Skin prices

 

XXIII. LIVESTOCK FAIRS AND BUYING AND SELLING LIVESTOCK

Livestock fairs

Fairs in Álava

Fairs in Bizkaia

Fairs in Gipuzkoa

Fairs in Navarra

Fairs in the Northern Basque Country

Fairs outside the Basque Country

Contemporary transitions

Buying and selling using dealers and between livestock farmers

The purchase agreement

Inspecting the cattle

Bargaining

Closing the deal

Shaking hands

The alboroque or rolba refreshments to seal the deal

Conditional purchase and quarantine of the livestock

Ways of acquiring livestock

The price of the livestock

Payment methods and terms

Monetary unit of the transaction

Importance of livestock farming in the family economy

Importance of the livestock

Complementary relationship between livestock farming and other activities

Current changes

 

XXIV. BEES, ERLEA

Bee-keeping

The spread of bee-keeping

Transhumance

Making and types of beehives

Trap, log and trunk beehives

Frame beehives

Bee skeps

Hives in hollows

The apiary

Catching swarms

Swarming

Stopping the swarm

Collecting the swarm

Ownership and marking swarms

Acquiring swarms

Maintaining the beehive

Harvesting the honeycombs

Harvest time

Harvesting procedures Tasting the honey

Means of protection

Obtaining apiculture products

Honey

Wax

Use of apiculture products

Honey

Mead

Wax

Honey bee venom

Beliefs and lore about bees

Contemporary changes

 

XXV. SACRED PROTECTION OF THE LIVESTOCK

St. Anthony Abbot, patron saint of livestock

Feast day for animals

Rites on his feast day

• • St. Anthony bonfires and smoke offerings
  • Livestock gatherings in front of churches

• • • Navarra
    • Álava
    • Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia

• • Blessing food and cowbells
  • St. Anthony Cross round-ups

Praying and offerings to the Saints

Engravings and crosses in stables

St. Blaise

Rites and blessings on his feast day

St. John the Baptist, protector of the herds

Branches and flowers on the morning of the summer solstice

Symbols to protect against lightning

Hawthorn

Blessed bay leaves

Burning bay leaves

Holy May Cross

Blessed candles

Other procedures and prevention

The early axe

Ritual blessings

Txabolas and herds

Stables and pens

Upland pastures

Offerings

Charms

Animal protectors

 

XXVI. BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS

Regarding hens hatching their eggs

Odd number of eggs

The sign of the cross

Ideal time for hatching

Regarding breeding

Regarding atmospheric changes

Omens of death

Customs relating to mourning

Witch omens

Regarding driving livestock to upland grazing

Protecting against vermin

Rites to adapt to the homestead

Livestock

Hens and cats

Bildots-lorra: mutual help

Other customs

Shepherd festivities

Gifts and donations

Places of worship in grazing areas

 

XXVII. SHEPHERDS' GAMES

Venues for the games

Ball games

Pelota-jokoa

Urdanka

El chute - fast traditional game

Throwing games

Makilak zeharkatzea

Makila-jokoa

Zotzaldatzea

Stick throwing

Basque bar throwing

Harrika

Burruna

Rock throwing. Honda

Games of strength

Jumping games

Races

Bowling games

Table games

Cards

Artzain-jokoa. Noughts and Crosses

Ghost stories

Songs and musical instruments

Singing

Musical instruments of the shepherds

• • Horns
  • Whistles and flutes
  • Basque single-reed woodwind instrument
  • Alboka

Appendix: Description of the botu luzea and urdanka games by a shepherd from Soule