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De Atlas Etnográfico de Vasconia
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Revisión del 08:00 3 jul 2019
Contenido de esta página
- 1 I. HEALTH AND PEOPLE’S ATTITUDE
- 2 II. SYMPTOMS AND GENERAL REMEDIES
- 3 III. FOLK MEDICINE
- 4 HEAD
- 4.1 IV. HEAD AILMENTS
- 4.2 V. TOOTHACHE
- 4.3 VI. EYE DISEASES
- 4.4 VII. EAR DISEASES
- 5 SKIN
- 5.1 VIII. SKIN IRRITATIONS AND LESIONS
- 5.2 IX. SKIN CONTAGIOUS DISEASES AND INFECTIONS
- 5.2.1 Chilblains
- 5.2.2 Boils
- 5.2.3 Acne inversa
- 5.2.4 Inflammations
- 5.2.5 Whitlows
- 5.2.6 Spots and acne
- 5.2.7 Herpes
- 5.2.8 Erysipelas
- 5.2.9 Scabies
- 5.2.10 Ringworm
- 5.2.11 Sexual diseases
- 5.2.12 Appendix 1: Whitlows. Curing rites and formulas
- 5.2.13 Appendix 2: Neck scrofula. Curing rites and formulas
- 5.3 X. SKIN MARKS. HAIR AND NAILS
- 6 BLOOD
- 7 INTERNAL ORGANS
- 7.1 XII. RESPIRATORY DISEASES
- 7.2 XIII. STOMACH AND INTESTINES
- 7.3 XIV. LIVER, KIDNEY AND OTHER ENTRAILS
- 8 BONES
- 8.1 XV. LUMBAGO AND RHEUMATIC AILMENTS
- 8.2 XVI. FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS
- 9 INJURIES
- 10 THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
- 11 EARLY CHILDHOOD
- 12 BELIEF-BASED MEDICINE
- 12.1 XXIII. BELIEFS ABOUT THE CAUSE OF SOME DISEASES
- 12.2 XXIV. HEALTH AND POPULAR RELIGION
I. HEALTH AND PEOPLE’S ATTITUDE
The body
Hair
- Hair colour
- Hair and illness
Colour of the eyes
- Qualities attributed to the eye colour
- Eye colour and illness
Eyebrow shape
Health bodily signs
- Fatness
- Build
- Other health signs
Temperament
- Types of temperament
- Basque categories
Environmental influence
Weather
- Night air
- Night dew and dampness
- Winds
The changing of the seasons and phases of the moon
Improving the air in the patient's room
- Burning sugar, alcohol and incense
- Burning and boiling herbs
Clothing
Food
- Health and unhealthy food
- Harmful food previously considered to be healthy
- Comfort food and drinks
- Refreshing food and drinks
- Intake of food
- Curative virtues of water
Name of the illnesses
Contagious diseases
Epidemics
Quarantine and insolating the ill
Contemporary transitions
Deferral of homemade remedies
Food and household hygiene
Social Security
Preventive medicine
II. SYMPTOMS AND GENERAL REMEDIES
Fever or temperature
Names
Fever-related illnesses
- Fever in childhood illnesses
Types of fever
- Typhoid fever
- Malta fever
Remedies for ordinary or flu-like temperatures
- Apply cold presses and take baths
- Infusions and bloodletting
- Intake of liquids and food
- Other remedies
Remedies against Malta fevers and typhoid fever
Sweating
Illnesses where sweating is used
Measures to make people sweat
- Sweating and staying in bed
- Hot milk with honey
- Treatments made with wine
Rubs
Procedures and objects using to rub
Liquids or other items used in the rubs
- Alcohol rubs
- Iodine rubs
- Vinegar rubs
- Grease rubs
- Nettle rubs
- Poultice rubs
- Rubs with pharmaceutical products
Illnesses where rubs are used
III. FOLK MEDICINE
Folk medicine
Healers
- Local healers
- Bonesetters
- Healers of different illnesses
People who apply healing practices
- Carers
Medicines kept at home
Medicinal plants cultivated
Medicinal herbs collected in the fields or mountains
HEAD
IV. HEAD AILMENTS
Headaches
Names and types
Causes of headaches
Headache remedies
- Bed rest
- Applying poultices
- Herbal tisanes
- Stisanem inhalation
- Decongesting the head
- Different remedies
- Magical remedies
- Medicines
Vertigo and dizziness
Dizziness
Height vertigo
Sickness
- Sickness remedies
- Sickness caused by braziers
- Travel sickness
Inebriation
Nostalgia
Origin of nostalgia
Remedies to cure nostalgia
Alienation
Names and expressions
Causes of the madness
- Suffering and depression
- Mental effort and blows to the head
- Genetic and consanguinity
- Female reproductive physiology
- The moon and southerly wind
- Old age and other causes
Remedies for nervous illnesses
St. Vitus dance
Names
Causes of the St. Vitus dance
Remedies against St. Vitus dance
Epilepsy
Names
Causes of epilepsy
Symptoms of epilepsy
Remedies for epilepsy
V. TOOTHACHE
Remedies for cavities and teeth infections
Mouthwashes and poultices
Burning incense and stisanem inhalations
Applying heat
Applying cold
Remedies for abscesses and other inflammations
Remedies with garlic
Other practices
Folk remedies
Extracting teeth and molars
Teeth pulling at home
Teeth extractions by trained people
VI. EYE DISEASES
Eye conditions
Eye colds
Pink eye
Eye inflammation
Bleary eyed
Irritated eyes and ocular spills
Stye
Names
Causes
Remedies
- Applying an iron key
- Applying a gold ring
Extracting foreign bodies
Stone or metal objects
Rubbing and lifting the eyelids
Using water
Keeping the eye closed
Use of auxiliary objects
Folk remedies
Squints. Crossed-eyes
Names
Causes
Correcting squints
Blindness
VII. EAR DISEASES
Earache
Olive oil
Earwax build-up
Mother's milk
Remedies with plants
Applying heat and other remedies
Buzzing or humming
Deafness
SKIN
VIII. SKIN IRRITATIONS AND LESIONS
SKIN LESIONS:
Abrasions, urratua and surface wounds
Names
Empirical remedies
- Water and soap
- Oil and lard
- Herbs
- Garlic and egg
- Powders and urine
Remedies for festering wounds
- Boiled water and soap
- Onion and oil with herbs
- Pasmo-belarra and ebaki-belarra
- Mallow
Burns
Remedies
- Cold water, snow and heat
- Soap, virgin oil and lime
- Potato, egg white, other products
- Animal dung
- Elder, wax and oil
- Plants
- Burn cloths
Blisters and infections due to burns
Pharmaceutical remedies
Skin cracking
Causes and names
Cracking remedies
- Urine
- Lard and wax
- Plants
- Skin
Calluses
Causes
Names
Empirical remedies
- Plants
- Water baths and curettage
Other remedies
Pharmaceutical remedies
SKIN IRRITATIONS:
Eczema, legena
Causes and names
Empirical remedies
- Oils
- Plants
- Herbal tisanes
- Healing waters
Other remedies
Other skin irritations
IX. SKIN CONTAGIOUS DISEASES AND INFECTIONS
SKIN INFECTIONS:
Chilblains
Names
Causes
Remedies
- Water concoctions Snow
- Plants. Ash
- Disinfectants
- Burning objects
Boils
Causes and names
Empirical remedies
- Onions
- Water compresses
- Dressings and ointments
- Onions
- Rennet and breadcrumbs
- Verbena and sage
- Ivy and cuckoo-pint
- Osabedarra and uztabedarra
- Elder
- Bitter gourd and latex
- Mallow
- Oil, grease and wax
- Snails and clay
Acne inversa
Inflammations
Remedies for inflammations
Remedies for neck inflammations. Growing pains
Whitlows
Causes and names
Empirical remedies
- Hot water
- Onions
- Flour or bread dressings
- Plant poultices
- Greasy ointments
Spots and acne
Spots
- Remedies
Acne
- Remedies
Herpes
Causes
Empirical remedies
Belief remedies
Herpes area
Erysipelas
Causes and names
Empirical remedies
SKIN CONTAGIOUS DISEASES:
Scabies
Causes and names
Empirical remedies
- Lard and sulphur
- Water baths and plant decoctions
Belief remedies
- Purification in the St. John's bonfire
- Purification with St. John's dew
- St. John's water
Ringworm
Causes
Remedies
Sexual diseases
Social issue and way of contracting them
Names
Remedies
Lice
Appendix 1: Whitlows. Curing rites and formulas
Appendix 2: Neck scrofula. Curing rites and formulas
X. SKIN MARKS. HAIR AND NAILS
SKIN MARKS:
Warts
Names
Causes
Empirical remedies
- Plant latex
- Poultices
- Plant nitrate and other products
- Tying with silk thread
- Menstruation and sage
Belief remedies
Grains of salt
Ablutions with water and entreaties before rainbows
Rites with plants and fruits
- Bulrushes
- Juniper berries
- Apples. Bacon
- Garlic. Onions
- Grains of wheat, chickpeas and stones
- Olive and boxwood leaves
- Slugs, limpets and toads
- Coin offerings
Freckles and moles
Names
Causes
Beliefs
Remedies
Cravings and blanket
HAIR AND NAILS:
Baldness
Beliefs and names
Causes of baldness
Baldness remedies
- Recommendations and beliefs
- Empirical remedies
- Ointments
St. John's day and May water
Dandruff
Nails
Beliefs about nail clipping
Beliefs about hangnails
SWEATING:
Foot sweating
Causes
Precautionary measures
Empirical remedies
BLOOD
XI. BLOOD
Blood impurities
Causes of blood impurities
Remedies to deal with blood impurities
- Cleansing the blood
- Blood thinning. High blood pressure
- Improving blood circulation
Bloodletting
Different types of bloodletting
Obtaining leeches
Diseases treated by bloodletting
Ways of applying the leaches and carrying out the bloodletting
Appropriate times for bloodletting
Diabetes
Anaemia
Nose bleeds
Tilting back the head
Applying cold
Plugging the nose
Other remedies
Haemorrhoids and varicose veins
Causes
Remedies
Varicose veins
INTERNAL ORGANS
XII. RESPIRATORY DISEASES
Cold
Names
General remedies
- Stisanem inhalation
- Honey with milk or with lemon juice
- Wine hot toddy
- Herbal tisanes
- Feet soaking
Sneezing
Head cold. Sinusitis
Stuffy nose
Names
Remedies for stuffy noses
- Salt water
- Stisanem inhalation
Sore throats
Names
Remedies for sore throats
- Ash, bran, salt
- Poultices
- Sheep's wool
- Rubbing alcohol wipes
- Rubbing the throat
- Gargling
- Stisanem inhalation
- Wine hot toddy
- Herbal tisanes
- Juices and different remedies
Cough remedies
- Hot milk and juices
- Herbal tisanes and syrups
- Pharmaceutical remedies
Loss of voice, hoarseness
- Gargling
- Drinks and herbal tisanes
Asthma
Flu
Chest cold
Names
Remedies for chest colds
- Poultices
- Rubbing alcohol wipes
- Sitz baths
- Iodine tincture
- Stisanem inhalation
- Syrups
- Herbal tisanes
Pneumonia
Names
Remedies for pneumonia
Cupping
- Conditions for which it is used
- Application methods
- People who apply the cups and time
- Validity
Pleurisy
Consumption
Names
Causes, symptoms and transmission of the disease
Remedies and precautionary measures
- Recommendations
- Home remedies
- Poultices
- Precautionary measures
- Tuberculosis sanatorium
Rib pain
Names
Causes of rib pain
Rib pain remedies
- Applying heat
- Poultices
- Other remedies
Hiccups
Names and causes
Empirical remedies
- Scaring them away
- Drinking water
- Holding one's breath
- Turning garments inside out or an object over
- Pressures and postures
XIII. STOMACH AND INTESTINES
Stomach upsets
Names
Causes of stomach upsets
- Excessive eating and drinking
- Chills
- Nerves, annoyances and genetic causes
Stomach pains and their remedies
- Camomile tisane
- Peppermint, linden, wild tisanes
- Infusions of other plants
- Applying heat to the stomach
- Poultices and rubs
- Dieting
- Digestive beverages
Urdailena
Dropped stomach
- Causes and names
- Remedies
Stomach ulcer
- Remedies
Indigestion, betetasuna
- Remedies
Heartburn
- Remedies
Burping and belching
Miserere colic
Vomiting
Names
Types of vomit
Causes of vomiting
- Natural causes
- Circumstantial causes
Emetics
- Means to cause vomiting
Poisoning
- Remedies for poisoning
Diarrhoea
Causes
Names
Empirical remedies
- Fasting and dieting
- Rice, lemonade, white wine
- Quince, egg white, grated apple and other fruits
- Dairy products
- Different anti-diarrheal cures
Plant tisanes
- Tea, camomile and loosestrife
- Rose hip, yarrow and bramble shoots
- Flax and other plants
Contemporary transitions
Constipation
Causes
Names
Empirical remedies
- Fruit diet
- Raw oil and castor oil
- Drinking water
Plant tisanes
Soap cuttings
Enemas and implements to insert them
Pharmaceutical remedies and contemporary transitions
Worms
Causes
- Eating sweets
- Drinking milk or water
- Contact with dirt
Names
Symptoms and effects
Worm eliminating medicines
- Garlic
- Concoctions
- Herbal tisanes
- Poultices
- Enemas
- Pharmaceutical remedies
Belief remedies
- Garlic
- Rue
Tapeworm
Appendix: Curing hernia on St. John's Eve
XIV. LIVER, KIDNEY AND OTHER ENTRAILS
Liver diseases
Causes of liver ailments
Remedies for liver ailments
Jaundice
Causes of jaundice
Symptoms of jaundice
Names for jaundice
Remedies to cure jaundice
- Swallowing lice
- Drinking tisanes
- Resting and eating clean food
- Belief remedies
Gallbladder diseases
Causes of gallbladder ailments
Remedies for gallbladder ailments
Spleen diseases
Causes of spleen ailments
Belief remedies for spleen ailments
Kidney diseases
Ailments and names
Diuretics and remedies for cystitis
- Corn whiskers
- Horsetail
- Couch grass. Cherry stalks
- Parsley
- Different tisanes
- Applying heat
Remedies for kidney stones
- Stone breakers
- Onions
Belief remedies for kidney ailments
Heart diseases
Causes
Names
Remedies
Dropsy
Disease and symptoms
Empirical remedies
Belief remedies
Cancer
Names
Beliefs and considerations
Remedies
BONES
XV. LUMBAGO AND RHEUMATIC AILMENTS
Rheumatism
Causes of rheumatism
Remedies to cure rheumatism
- Applying heat
- Rubbings
- Baths
- Tisanes and decoctions
- Remedies with garlic
- Remedies with nettles
- Dormouse fat and badger fat
- Copper bracelets
- Potato or chestnut in the pocket
- Other folk remedies
Lumbago
Causes of lumbago
Remedies for lumbago
- Applying heat
- Rubbings, massages and baths
- Waist back support and applying patches
- Folk remedies
Sciatica
Synovitis
Stiff necks; cramps and sore feet
Hump
Causes and names
Remedies
Beliefs and social aspects
Rickets
Names
Causes
Remedies
XVI. FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS
Bone fractures
Bonesetters
Consulting local healers
Operations carried out by the healers
Continued existence of the healers
Sprains and dislocations
Names
Remedies for twists
Common remedies for sprains and dislocations
Dislocation healers
Blows
Bruising
Salt water
Herbs and poultices
Appendix: Zantiratua
INJURIES
XVII. WOUNDS AND BLEEDING. EXTRACTING THORNS
Stopping bleeding caused by wounds
Small wounds
- Water and disinfectants
- Applying pressure
- Cigarette paper and cobwebs
- Thistles and other plants
- Ash and powdery substances Other practices
Serious wounds. Tourniquets
Curing and infection of wounds
Gangrene
Causes
Remedies and prevention
- Cauterisation and bleeding
- Poultices
- Herbal tisanes
Tetanus
Causes
Remedies and prevention
Extracting thorns/bones and foreign bodies
Using pins, needles and spikes
Using tweezers
Applying gall and other animal products
Plant remedies
Treating puncture infections
Wounds caused by nails
Bones stuck in the throat
Appendix: Lightheaded wounded
XVIII. BITES AND STINGS
Dog bites
Treating the wounded
Rabies
- Christmas Eve bread
- Causes of rabies
- Symptoms of the disease
- Treatment
- Folk healers
- Outcome of the disease
Snake bites
Folk remedies and healers
Empirical remedies
- Cauterisations
- Plant remedies
- Applying hen cloacal swabs
- Lancing, sucking and applying tourniquets
- Different remedies
Attacks by others animals
Insect bites/stings
Bees and wasps
Mosquitoes, horseflies, lice and fleas
Ticks and scorpions
XIX. FROSTBITE, HEAT-STROKE, CHOKING AND LIGHTNING STRIKE
Frostbite
Heat-stroke
Remedies against heat-stroke
Choking
Lightning strike
Protecting people
- Caution with trees. Hawthorn
- Caution with metal tools
- Caution with livestock
- House-related prevention
- Other prevention
Remedies applies to lightning injuries
Sudden death
THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
XX. REPRODUCTION
Menstruation
Names
Precautionary measures during menstruation
- Referring to the woman herself
- Referring to touching food and plants
Remedies for menstrual pain
Pregnancy and delivery
Breast-feeding ailments
Out of sorts
- Applying heat
- Charm to protect the breasts
- Comforters
Cracked nipples
Pregnancy terminations
Miscarriages
Abortions
- Abortifacient plants and other methods
Avoiding pregnancy
Sterility and fertility
Beliefs and social aspects
Menopause
EARLY CHILDHOOD
XXI. CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES
Infectious diseases
Measles
- Disease and names
- Remedies
Whooping cough
- Disease and names
- Remedies
- Clean air
- Snail slime
- Prickly pear sap
- Kerosene
- Breathing smoke
- Tisanes and milk
- Sweating
- Drinking water
- Vaccination
Mumps
- Disease and names
- Remedies
- Bran and poultices
- Sheep's wool
- Tissue
Chickenpox
Rubella
Diphtheria
Scarlet fever
Other diseases
Skin diseases
Dandruff
- Names and identification
- Remedies
Scabs
Impetigo
Jaundice
Spots
Swellings
Digestive ailments
Stomach ache
Constipation
Respiratory diseases
XXII. TEETHING. BED-WETTING. SPEAKING AND NERVE PROBLEMS
Teething
First teeth
Permanent teeth
Bed-wetting
Precautions to avoid bed-wetting
Associated beliefs and folk remedies
Speaking problems
Names
Causes
Remedies
Nervous spasms
Names
Causes of convulsions
Remedies against convulsions
BELIEF-BASED MEDICINE
XXIII. BELIEFS ABOUT THE CAUSE OF SOME DISEASES
A curse as the cause of the disease
Names
Spells and curses Belief in their effectiveness
Effect of the curse
Beggar's or gypsy's curse
Common curses and wishing ill
Cursing formulas
Lahiga gesture
Evil eye and its health effects
Names
Agents
Patients
Symptoms
Survival of the belief
Protective remedies
- Gospels
- Ancient kutunes (charms)
- Sash
- Religious medals
Curing the evil eye
- Blessed water from three churches
- Family water and indigo water
- Father's shirt
- Clothes worn inside out
- Diagnosis using molten led
XXIV. HEALTH AND POPULAR RELIGION
Vows and promises
Promise to put on a religious habit
Vows leading to pilgrims to shrines
Chapels and shrines frequented in case of illness
To pray for offspring
- Santa Casilda. Briviesca (Burgos)
- San Fausto. Bujanda (A)
- Our Lady of Angosto and Golden Chapel (A)
- San Miguel de Aralar (N)
- Our Lady of Ujué. Javier Castle (N)
- San Juan de Gaztelugatxe. Andra Mari de Almike (B)
- Andra Mari de Agirre. Gorliz (B)
- Loyola Basilica (G)
- Sandaili (San Elías). Oñati (G)
- Other places of pilgrimage
Pregnancy and delivery
Early childhood diseases
Offering up the children at shrines
- Our Lady of Olmo. Quintanilla de Valdegovía and Our Lady of Angosto (A)
- San Antonio de Urkiola (B)
- Our Lady of Antigua. Orduña (B)
- Our Lady of Gardotza. Berriatua (B)
- San Miguel de Aralar (N), Our Lady of Dorleta and Our Lady of Arrate (G)
- Santo Cristo de Lezo (G)
- Corpus Christi altar. Agurain (A)
Breastfeeding problems
Rickets
- Our Lady of Arrate. Eibar (G)
- Santa María Magdalena de Lamindano. Dima (B)
- Santa Magdalena. Atharratze (Z)
- Other places of pilgrimage
Delay in learning to walk
- San Kiliz. Otazu (A)
- San Miguel de Villabona. Artaza. Foronda (A)
- San Esteban. Oñati (G)
- San Bartolomé. Antzuola (G)
- Santa Ana. Albiztur (G)
- San Buenaventura. Unanua (N)
- San Vicente (Bixintxo). Heleta (BN)
- San Esteban. Errezil (G)
Delay in talking and stuttering
Cry babies
Spells
- Our Lady of the Spells. Arbeiza (N)
- San Antonio de Urkiola (B)
- San Pedro de Zarikete. Zalla (B)
- San Felicísimo. Deusto (B)
- Our Lady of Vega de Haro (La Rioja)
- San Bernardo de Barria monastery(A)
- Santa Isabel. Idiazabal (G)
Sleep disorders
- San Juan de Gaztelugatxe. Bermeo (B)
- San Juan de Olaberria (G)
- San Bartolomé chapels
- San Bartolomé oratory Sangüesa (N)
- San Mamés. Zamudio and Kortezubi (B)
- Our Lady of Uba, Altza and Santa Marina, Astisanesu (G)
- San Miguel Bekoa, Errezil. San Esteban, Bergara. San Isidro, Oñati. San Pelayo, Zarautz (G) and Lekunberri (N)
Bed-wetting
Adult diseases
Headaches
- San Miguel de Excelsis. Aralar (N)
- San Esteban. Usurbil (G)
- San Pedro de Zegama and Our Lady of Zikuñaga. Hernani (G)
- La Bien Aparecida chapel. Ampuero (Cantabria)
- Shrine of the Maundy Thursday Monument
Placing the head inside the bell
- Golden Chapel. Murgia (A)
- Our Lady of Antigua. Ondarroa (B)
- San Juan de Gaztelugatxe. Bermeo (B)
- Our Lady of Okon (A)
- San Martín. Castillo-Elejabeitia (B)
Garments, water and making the way to the chapel
- Santa Felicia. Labiano (N)
- San Guillermo. Obanos (N)
- San Víctor de Gauna (A)
- San Víctor. Obecuri (A)
- Santa Águeda. Alonsotegi (B)
- Santa Águeda. Natxitua (B)
- Santísima Trinidad. Andagoia (A)
- San Prudencio. Getaria (G)
- San Formerio. Ribera Alta (A)
- San Pantaleón. Zalla (B)
- Santa Leocadia. Urnieta (G)
- Santa Elena. Irun (G)
- Our Lady of Dorleta Gatzaga (G)
- Other places of pilgrimage
Eye diseases
Earache
Toothache
Sore throats
Rheumatism
Skin diseases
- Springs and wells with healing waters
- Dandruff or herpes
- Boils
- Warts
Stomach aches
Fevers
Dropsy
Rabies
- San Bernardo de Barria (A)
- Santa Quiteria
- San Roque
- Other protecting saints