Diferencia entre revisiones de «Indice Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia/en»

Revisión del 09:21 10 nov 2017 (ver código) Admin (discusión | contribuciones) (Página creada con «**The bride's wedding dress») ← Edición anterior		Revisión actual del 12:23 6 feb 2020 (ver código) Admin (discusión | contribuciones)
(No se muestran 712 ediciones intermedias del mismo usuario)
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	<languages></languages>		<languages></languages>
−	== I. [[NACIMIENTO._JAIOTZA|BIRTH. JAIOTZA]] ==	+	== I. [[NACIMIENTO._JAIOTZA/en|BIRTH. JAIOTZA]] ==
−	=== [[Procedencia_de_los_niños_segun_las_creencias_infantiles|Childhood beliefs about where children come from]] ===	+	=== [[#Procedencia_de_los_niños_segun_las_creencias_infantiles|Childhood beliefs about where children come from]] ===
−	*[[La_cigueña._Paris|The stork. Paris]]	+	==== [[#La_cigueña._Paris|The stork. Paris]] ====
−	*[[Traidos_por_la_partera_o_el_medico|Brought by the midwife or the doctor]]	+	==== [[#Traidos_por_la_partera_o_el_medico|Brought by the midwife or the doctor]] ====
−	*[[Zerutik_ekarriak|''Zerutik ekarriak'']]	+	==== [[#Zerutik_ekarriak|''Zerutik ekarriak'']] ====
−	*[[Encontrados_en_parajes_circundantes|Found in nearby settings]]	+	==== [[#Encontrados_en_parajes_circundantes|Found in nearby settings]] ====
−	*[[Comprados._Ume_barria_erosi|Bought]]	+	==== [[#Comprados._Ume_barria_erosi|Bought]] ====
−	=== [[El_parto._Erditzea|Labour. Erditzea]] ===	+	=== [[#El_parto._Erditzea|Labour. Erditzea]] ===
−	*[[Del_nacimiento_domestico_al_hospitalario|From home to hospital births]]	+	==== [[#Del_nacimiento_domestico_al_hospitalario|From home to hospital births]] ====
−	*[[Ayudantes_en_el_parto|Helpers during labour]]	+	==== [[#Ayudantes_en_el_parto|Helpers during labour]] ====
	**The midwife		**The midwife
	**The doctor		**The doctor
−	*[[El_parto._Haur-egitea|Labour]]	+	==== [[#El_parto._Haur-egitea|Labour]] ====
	**Everyday life prior to labour		**Everyday life prior to labour
Línea 37:		Línea 36:
	**The placenta and umbilical cord		**The placenta and umbilical cord
−	*[[Cuidados_de_la_puerpera|Caring for the postpartum mother]]	+	==== [[#Cuidados_de_la_puerpera|Caring for the postpartum mother]] ====
−	*[[Alimentacion_de_la_recien_parida|Feeding the mother after giving birth]]	+	==== [[#Alimentacion_de_la_recien_parida|Feeding the mother after giving birth]] ====
	**Diet and convalescence period		**Diet and convalescence period
	**Harmful and beneficial food		**Harmful and beneficial food
−	=== [[Anuncio_del_nacimiento._Haurra_badugu|Announcing the birth]] ===	+	=== [[#Anuncio_del_nacimiento._Haurra_badugu|Announcing the birth]] ===
−	=== [[Coger_y_mostrar_el_niño|Holding and showing the child]] ===	+	=== [[#Coger_y_mostrar_el_niño|Holding and showing the child]] ===
−	=== [[Atenciones_al_recien_nacido|Looking after the newborn]] ===	+	=== [[#Atenciones_al_recien_nacido|Looking after the newborn]] ===
−	*[[Primeros_cuidados|First care]]	+	==== [[#Primeros_cuidados|First care]] ====
−	*[[Modelado_del_niño|Checking the child]]	+	==== [[#Modelado_del_niño|Checking the child]] ====
	**Head		**Head
Línea 58:		Línea 57:
	**Ears		**Ears
−	*[[Fajado_de_los_bebes._Paxa|Swaddling babies]]	+	==== [[#Fajado_de_los_bebes._Paxa|Swaddling babies]] ====
−	*[[Cautelas_observadas|Precautions taken]]	+	==== [[#Cautelas_observadas|Precautions taken]] ====
−	=== [[La_lactancia|Breastfeeding]] ===	+	=== [[#La_lactancia|Breastfeeding]] ===
−	*[[Dar_el_pecho_._Bularra_eman|Nursing]]	+	==== [[#Dar_el_pecho_._Bularra_eman|Nursing]] ====
−	*[[El_ama_de_leche_o_de_cria|Wet-nurses]]	+	==== [[#El_ama_de_leche_o_de_cria|Wet-nurses]] ====
−	*[[Peligros_de_la_lactante._"Coger_pelo"|Dangers for the nursing mother. "Getting hairy"]]	+	==== [[#Peligros_de_la_lactante._"Coger_pelo"|Dangers for the nursing mother. "Getting hairy"]] ====
−	*[[Prolongacion_de_la_lactancia|Extending breastfeeding]]	+	==== [[#Prolongacion_de_la_lactancia|Extending breastfeeding]] ====
−	*[[La_lactancia_hoy|Breastfeeding today]]	+	==== [[#La_lactancia_hoy|Breastfeeding today]] ====
−	*[[Inicio_de_la_alimentacion_normal|Start of normal feeding]]	+	==== [[#Inicio_de_la_alimentacion_normal|Start of normal feeding]] ====
−	=== [[Inhumacion_de_infantes_sin_bautizar|Burial of unbaptized infants]] ===	+	=== [[#Inhumacion_de_infantes_sin_bautizar|Burial of unbaptized infants]] ===
−	*[[Bajo_el_alero_de_la_casa._Ituxurapean|Under the eaves of the house]]	+	==== [[#Bajo_el_alero_de_la_casa._Ituxurapean|Under the eaves of the house]] ====
−	*[[En_el_huerto_domestico._Etxekanderearen_baratzea|In the vegetable garden]]	+	==== [[#En_el_huerto_domestico._Etxekanderearen_baratzea|In the vegetable garden]] ====
−	*[[En_el_limbo_del_cementerio|In the limbo of the cemetery]]	+	==== [[#En_el_limbo_del_cementerio|In the limbo of the cemetery]] ====
−	*[[Ausencia_de_ataud|Lack of coffin]]	+	==== [[#Ausencia_de_ataud|Lack of coffin]] ====
−	*[[Asistentes_a_la_inhumacion|People attending the burial]]	+	==== [[#Asistentes_a_la_inhumacion|People attending the burial]] ====
−	=== [[Apendice_1_Emaztia_esperantxetan_eta_haur_jaioberriaren_jatekoa_Nafarroa_Beherako_bi_herritan|Appendix 1: Emaztia esperantxetan eta haur jaioberriaren jatekoa Nafarroa Beherako bi herritan]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_1_Emaztia_esperantxetan_eta_haur_jaioberriaren_jatekoa_Nafarroa_Beherako_bi_herritan|Appendix 1: Emaztia esperantxetan eta haur jaioberriaren jatekoa Nafarroa Beherako bi herritan]] ===
−	=== [[Apendice_2_La_covada|Appendix 2: Couvade]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_2_La_covada|Appendix 2: Couvade]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== II. [[CREENCIAS_RELACIONADAS_CON_EL_NACIMIENTO|BELIEFS RELATED TO THE BIRTH]] ==	+	== II. [[CREENCIAS_RELACIONADAS_CON_EL_NACIMIENTO/en|BELIEFS RELATED TO BIRTH]] ==
−	=== [[Los_antojos._Influencia_sobre_el_niño|Cravings. Influence on the child]] ===	+	=== [[#Los_antojos._Influencia_sobre_el_niño|Cravings. Influence on the child]] ===
−	=== [[Conjeturas_sobre_el_sexo_del_niño|Guessing the sex of the child]] ===	+	=== [[#Conjeturas_sobre_el_sexo_del_niño|Guessing the sex of the child]] ===
−	*[[Forma_del_vientre_materno|Shape of the mother's belly]]	+	==== [[#Forma_del_vientre_materno|Shape of the mother's belly]] ====
−	*[[Señales_en_el_rostro_de_la_madre._Manta|Signs in the face of the mother. Blanket]]	+	==== [[#Señales_en_el_rostro_de_la_madre._Manta|Signs in the face of the mother. Blanket]] ====
−	*[[Evolucion_del_embarazo|Course of the pregnancy]]	+	==== [[#Evolucion_del_embarazo|Course of the pregnancy]] ====
−	*[[El_paso_inicial_de_la_gestante|First step of the pregnant mother]]	+	==== [[#El_paso_inicial_de_la_gestante|First step of the pregnant mother]] ====
−	*[[Influencia_lunar_y_temporal_en_la_concepcion|Moon phase influence  in conception]]	+	==== [[#Influencia_lunar_y_temporal_en_la_concepcion|Moon phase influence  in conception]] ====
−	*[[Procedimientos_adivinatorios|Divination procedures]]	+	==== [[#Procedimientos_adivinatorios|Divination procedures]] ====
−	=== [[Eleccion_del_sexo|Choosing the sex]] ===	+	=== [[#Eleccion_del_sexo|Choosing the sex]] ===
−	=== [[Creencias_varias_sobre_el_embarazo_y_el_parto|Different beliefs about pregnancy and labour]] ===	+	=== [[#Creencias_varias_sobre_el_embarazo_y_el_parto|Different beliefs about pregnancy and labour]] ===
−	=== [[Mediacion_de_los_santos_para_lograr_un_buen_parto|Intercession of the saints for a safe labour]] ===	+	=== [[#Mediacion_de_los_santos_para_lograr_un_buen_parto|Intercession of the saints for a safe labour]] ===
−	=== [[Importancia_del_momento_del_nacimiento|Importance of the moment of the birth]] ===	+	=== [[#Importancia_del_momento_del_nacimiento|Importance of the moment of the birth]] ===
−	=== [[Hijo_saludador._Salutadorea|Child healer]] ===	+	=== [[#Hijo_saludador._Salutadorea|Child ''saludador'' healer]] ===
−	=== [[Prevenciones_ante-bautismales._Ume_bedeinkatua|Pre-baptismal precautionsa]] ===	+	=== [[#Prevenciones_ante-bautismales._Ume_bedeinkatua|Pre-baptismal precautionsa]] ===
−	*[[No_besar_al_recien_nacido|Not kissing the newborn]]	+	==== [[#No_besar_al_recien_nacido|Not kissing the newborn]] ====
−	*[[Amuletos._Kutunak|Charms]]	+	==== [[#Amuletos._Kutunak|Charms]] ====
−	*[[Agua_bendita|Holy water]]	+	==== [[#Agua_bendita|Holy water]] ====
−	*[[Amuletos_religiosos._Ebanjelioak|Religious charms]]	+	==== [[#Amuletos_religiosos._Ebanjelioak|Religious charms]] ====
−	*[[Medallas_y_otros_objetos_religiosos|Medals and other religious items]]	+	==== [[#Medallas_y_otros_objetos_religiosos|Medals and other religious items]] ====
−	*[[Curacion_del_mal_de_ojo._Begizkoa|Curing the evil eye]]	+	==== [[#Curacion_del_mal_de_ojo._Begizkoa|Curing the evil eye]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== III. [[BAUTISMO._BATAIOA|BAPTISM. BATAIOA]] ==	+	== III. [[BAUTISMO._BATAIOA/en|BAPTISM. BATAIOA]] ==
−	=== [[Bautismo_de_recien_nacidos._Bataioa_lehen_bait_lehen|Baptising newborns]] ===	+	=== [[#Bautismo_de_recien_nacidos._Bataioa_lehen_bait_lehen|Baptising newborns]] ===
−	=== [[Demora_del_bautismo|Delaying baptism]] ===	+	=== [[#Demora_del_bautismo|Delaying baptism]] ===
−	=== [[Baptisterio._Pontea|Baptistery. Pontea]] ===	+	=== [[#Baptisterio._Pontea|Baptistery. Pontea]] ===
−	=== [[El_bautismo_de_urgencia._Etxe-bataioa|Emergency baptism]] ===	+	=== [[#El_bautismo_de_urgencia._Etxe-bataioa|Emergency baptism]] ===
−	=== [[Asistentes_al_bautizo|People attending the baptism]] ===	+	=== [[#Asistentes_al_bautizo|People attending the baptism]] ===
−	*[[Indumentaria_del_bautizando._Bataio-arropa|Baptism apparel]]	+	==== [[#Indumentaria_del_bautizando._Bataio-arropa|Baptism apparel]] ====
−	*[[Por_tadora_del_niño._Haurraren_eramailea|Holder of the child]]	+	==== [[#Portadora_del_niño._Haurraren_eramailea|Holder of the child]] ====
−	*[[Comitiva_ritual|Ritual entourage]]	+	==== [[#Comitiva_ritual|Ritual entourage]] ====
−	=== [[Antiguo_ritual_del_bautismo|Old baptism ritual]] ===	+	=== [[#Antiguo_ritual_del_bautismo|Old baptism ritual]] ===
−	*[[A_la_entrada_de_la_iglesia|On entering the church]]	+	==== [[#A_la_entrada_de_la_iglesia|On entering the church]] ====
−	*[[Camino_del_baptisterio|Way to the baptistery]]	+	==== [[#Camino_del_baptisterio|Way to the baptistery]] ====
−	*[[En_el_baptisterio|In the baptistery]]	+	==== [[#En_el_baptisterio|In the baptistery]] ====
−	=== [[Nuevo_ritual_del_bautismo|New baptism ritual]] ===	+	=== [[#Nuevo_ritual_del_bautismo|New baptism ritual]] ===
−	=== [[Ofrendas_y_obsequios|Offerings and gifts]] ===	+	=== [[#Ofrendas_y_obsequios|Offerings and gifts]] ===
−	=== [[Agasajos_con_motivo_del_bautizo|Hospitality to mark the baptism]] ===	+	=== [[#Agasajos_con_motivo_del_bautizo|Hospitality to mark the baptism]] ===
−	*[[Agapes_a_la_comitiva_(Alava._Bizkaia._Gipuzkoa._Vasconia_continental._Navarra)|Refreshments for the entourage (Alava. Bizkaia. Gipuzkoa. Northern Basque Country (lying within France). Navarra)]]	+	==== [[#Agapes_a_la_comitiva_(Alava._Bizkaia._Gipuzkoa._Vasconia_continental._Navarra)|Refreshments for the entourage (Alava. Bizkaia. Gipuzkoa. Northern Basque Country (lying within France). Navarra)]] ====
−	*[[Arrebuchas._Boloak_(Navarra._Alava._Bizkaia._Gipuzkoa._Vasconia_continental)|Arrebuchas ritual where the godparents throw sweets and coins (Navarra. Alava. Bizkaia. Gipuzkoa. Northern Basque Country)]]	+	==== [[#Arrebuchas._Boloak_(Navarra._Alava._Bizkaia._Gipuzkoa._Vasconia_continental)|Arrebuchas ritual where the godparents throw sweets and coins (Navarra. Alava. Bizkaia. Gipuzkoa. Northern Basque Country)]] ====
−	=== [[El_padrinazgo|Godparenthood]] ===	+	=== [[#El_padrinazgo|Godparenthood]] ===
−	*[[Compromisos_de_los_padrinos|Undertaking of the godparents]]	+	==== [[#Compromisos_de_los_padrinos|Undertaking of the godparents]] ====
−	*[[Parentesco_espiritual_y_afinidad._Aitapontekoaren_eta_amapontekoaren_urak|Spiritual kinship and affinity]]	+	==== [[#Parentesco_espiritual_y_afinidad._Aitapontekoaren_eta_amapontekoaren_urak|Spiritual kinship and affinity]] ====
−	*[[Eleccion_de_padrinos|Choice of godparents]]	+	==== [[#Eleccion_de_padrinos|Choice of godparents]] ====
−	*[[Ofrecerse_a_ser_padrino|Offering to be a godparent]]	+	==== [[#Ofrecerse_a_ser_padrino|Offering to be a godparent]] ====
−	*[[El_derecho_a_ser_padrino|The right to be a godparent]]	+	==== [[#El_derecho_a_ser_padrino|The right to be a godparent]] ====
−	*[[Padrino_unico|Sole godparent]]	+	==== [[#Padrino_unico|Sole godparent]] ====
−	*[[Padrinos_de_conveniencia|Proxy godparents]]	+	==== [[#Padrinos_de_conveniencia|Godparents of convenience]] ====
−	*[[Padrinos_a_la_ventura._Benturako_umea|Random godparents]]	+	==== [[#Padrinos_a_la_ventura._Benturako_umea|• Godparents by chance]] ====
−	*[[Denominaciones_de_padrinos_y_ahijados|Names of godparents and godchildren]]	+	==== [[#Denominaciones_de_padrinos_y_ahijados|Names of godparents and godchildren]] ====
−	=== [[El_nombre_de_pila|Baptismal name]] ===	+	=== [[#El_nombre_de_pila|Baptismal name]] ===
−	=== [[Regalos_de_los_padrinos|Gifts from the godparents]] ===	+	=== [[#Regalos_de_los_padrinos|Gifts from the godparents]] ===
−	*[[Regalos_de_Pascua_y_Navidad._Pazkopilak|Christmas and Easter presents]]	+	==== [[#Regalos_de_Pascua_y_Navidad._Pazkopilak|Christmas and Easter presents]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== IV. [[PUERPERIO|POSTPARTUM PERIOD]] ==	+	== IV. [[PUERPERIO/en|POSTPARTUM PERIOD]] ==
−	=== [[Prescripciones_durante_el_puerperio|Requirements during the postpartum period]] ===	+	=== [[#Prescripciones_durante_el_puerperio|Requirements during the postpartum period]] ===
−	*[[Protegerse_con_la_teja._Teila_buruan|Using cloth pads as protection]]	+	==== [[#Protegerse_con_la_teja._Teila_buruan|Using a tile as protection]] ====
−	=== [[Bendicion_de_la_madre|Blessing the mother]] ===	+	=== [[#Bendicion_de_la_madre|Blessing the mother]] ===
−	*[[La_Purificacion_de_la_Virgen_como_arquetipo|The Purification of the Virgin Mary as the archetype]]	+	==== [[#La_Purificacion_de_la_Virgen_como_arquetipo|The Purification of the Virgin Mary as the archetype]] ====
−	*[[Denominaciones|Names]]	+	==== [[#Denominaciones51|Names]] ====
−	*[[Duracion_de_la_cuarentena|Length of the postpartum quarantine]]	+	==== [[#Duracion_de_la_cuarentena|Length of the postpartum quarantine]] ====
−	*[[Rito_de_entrada_en_la_iglesia._Elizan_sartzea|Churching ritual]]	+	==== [[#Rito_de_entrada_en_la_iglesia._Elizan_sartzea|Churching ritual]] ====
−	=== [[La_visita_a_la_puerpera_y_la_celebracion_de_la_salida_del_puerperio_martopilak_ermakeriak|Visiting the postpartum mother and celebrating the end of the postpartum period]] ===	+	=== [[#La_visita_a_la_puerpera_y_la_celebracion_de_la_salida_del_puerperio_martopilak_ermakeriak|Visiting the postpartum mother and celebrating the end of the postpartum period]] ===
−	=== [[Ofrecimiento_de_niños_en_ermitas_y_santuarios|Offering up of children in chapels and at shrines]] ===	+	=== [[#Ofrecimiento_de_niños_en_ermitas_y_santuarios|Offering up of children in chapels and at shrines]] ===
−	=== [[Apendice_Ritual_de_la_bendicion_de_la_madre|Appendix: Blessing the mother ritual]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_Ritual_de_la_bendicion_de_la_madre|Appendix: Blessing the mother ritual]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== V. [[PRIMERA_INFANCIA._HAURTZAROA|EARLY CHILDHOOD. HAURTZAROA]] ==	+	== V. [[PRIMERA_INFANCIA._HAURTZAROA/en|EARLY CHILDHOOD. HAURTZAROA]] ==
−	=== [[La_cuna._Sehaska|The cradle. ''Sehaska'']] ===	+	=== [[#La_cuna._Sehaska|The cradle. ''Sehaska'']] ===
−	*[[Cunas_de_madera._Zurezko_kumak|Wooden cradles]]	+	==== [[#Cunas_de_madera._Zurezko_kumak|Wooden cradles]] ====
−	*[[Cunas_de_mimbre_El_moises._Ziazko_kumak|Wicker cradles: Moses basket]]	+	==== [[#Cunas_de_mimbre_El_moises._Ziazko_kumak|Wicker cradles: Moses basket]] ====
−	*[[Camas-cuna|Cots]]	+	==== [[#Camas-cuna|Cots]] ====
−	*[[Cunas_vicarias._La_media_fanega|Substitute cradles. The half bushel]]	+	==== [[#Cunas_vicarias._La_media_fanega|Substitute cradles. The half bushel]] ====
−	*[[Colchon_y_ropa_de_cuna._Ume-izarak|Cradle mattress and linen]]	+	==== [[#Colchon_y_ropa_de_cuna._Ume-izarak|Cradle mattress and linen]] ====
−	*[[El_balanceo_de_la_cuna|Rocking the cradle]]	+	==== [[#El_balanceo_de_la_cuna|Rocking the cradle]] ====
−	*[[Fabricacion_de_la_cuna|Making the cradle]]	+	==== [[#Fabricacion_de_la_cuna|Making the cradle]] ====
−	*[[Cunas_mas_recientes|More recent cradles]]	+	==== [[#Cunas_mas_recientes|More recent cradles]] ====
−	=== [[El_cuidado_del_niño|Looking after the child]] ===	+	=== [[#El_cuidado_del_niño|Looking after the child]] ===
−	*[[El_paseo_en_tiempos_pasados|Taking the baby for a stroll in the past]]	+	==== [[#El_paseo_en_tiempos_pasados|Taking the baby for a stroll in the past]] ====
−	*[[Las_primeras_salidas_de_casa|The first outings]]	+	==== [[#Las_primeras_salidas_de_casa|The first outings]] ====
−	*[[Procedimientos_tradicionales_para_llevar_al_niño|Traditional ways for carrying the child]]	+	==== [[#Procedimientos_tradicionales_para_llevar_al_niño|Traditional ways of carrying the child]] ====
−	*[[Personas_al_cuidado_del_niño_|People looking after the child ]]	+	==== [[#Personas_al_cuidado_del_niño_|People looking after the child ]] ====
	**The women of the household		**The women of the household
Línea 256:		Línea 255:
	**Nursemaids		**Nursemaids
−	*[[El_paseo_del_niño_en_la_actualidad|Taking the child for a walk nowadays]]	+	==== [[#El_paseo_del_niño_en_la_actualidad|Taking the child for a walk nowadays]] ====
−	=== [[Las_iniciaciones_del_niño|Childhood development milestones]] ===	+	=== [[#Las_iniciaciones_del_niño|Childhood development milestones]] ===
−	*[[Los_primeros_pasos._Katu-katuka|The first steps]]	+	==== [[#Los_primeros_pasos._Katu-katuka|The first steps]] ====
	**Learning implements. Baby walker		**Learning implements. Baby walker
	**Popular beliefs		**Popular beliefs
−	*[[El_balbuceo_del_niño|Infant babbling]]	+	==== [[#El_balbuceo_del_niño|Infant babbling]] ====
	**Helping to start talking		**Helping to start talking
	**Popular beliefs		**Popular beliefs
−	*[[La_primera_denticion._Lehenengo_txantxurrak|Cutting the first teeth]]	+	==== [[#La_primera_denticion._Lehenengo_txantxurrak|Cutting the first teeth]] ====
−	*[[Caida_de_los_primeros_dientes|Losing baby teeth]]	+	==== [[#Caida_de_los_primeros_dientes|Losing baby teeth]] ====
	**Tooth, baby tooth		**Tooth, baby tooth
	**Gift for lost tooth		**Gift for lost tooth
−	=== [[El_aniversario_del_nacimiento|The anniversary of the birth]] ===	+	=== [[#El_aniversario_del_nacimiento|The anniversary of the birth]] ===
−	*[[El_cumpleaños._(Santu)_eguna|Birthday]]	+	==== [[#El_cumpleaños._(Santu)_eguna|Birthday]] ====
−	*[[Regalos_de_cumpleaños|Birthday presents]]	+	==== [[#Regalos_de_cumpleaños|Birthday presents]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== VI. [[INFANCIA_Y_PUBERTAD|CHILDHOOD AND PUBERTY]] ==	+	== VI. [[INFANCIA_Y_PUBERTAD/en|CHILDHOOD AND PUBERTY]] ==
−	=== [[Asistencia_a_la_escuela|Attending school]] ===	+	=== [[#Asistencia_a_la_escuela|Attending school]] ===
−	*[[Iniciacion_escolar_ordinaria|Ordinary school starting age]]	+	==== [[#Iniciacion_escolar_ordinaria|Ordinary school starting age]] ====
−	*[[Ingreso_escolar_tardio|Starting school late]]	+	==== [[#Ingreso_escolar_tardio|Starting school late]] ====
−	*[[Iniciacion_escolar_temprana|Early school starting age]]	+	==== [[#Iniciacion_escolar_temprana|Early school starting age]] ====
−	*[[Absentismo_escolar|Truancy]]	+	==== [[#Absentismo_escolar|Truancy]] ====
−	=== [[Primera_comunion._Lehenengo_Jaunartzea|First Communion]] ===	+	=== [[#Primera_comunion._Lehenengo_Jaunartzea|First Communion]] ===
−	*[[Komunio_txikia_eta_komunio_haundia._Comunion_privada_y_comunion_solemne|Private communion and high mass communion]]	+	==== [[#Komunio_txikia_eta_komunio_haundia._Comunion_privada_y_comunion_solemne|Private communion and high mass communion]] ====
−	*[[Primera_comunion_unica|First Communion alone]]	+	==== [[#Primera_comunion_unica|First Communion alone]] ====
−	*[[Fechas_de_celebracion_de_la_primera_comunion|Dates of holding the First Communion]]	+	==== [[#Fechas_de_celebracion_de_la_primera_comunion|Dates for holding the First Communion]] ====
−	*[[Rito_de_paso_a_la_adolescencia._Orain_gizon_egin_zara|Rito de paso a la adolescencia. ''Orain gizon egin zara'']]	+	==== [[#Rito_de_paso_a_la_adolescencia._Orain_gizon_egin_zara|Rite of passage to adolescence]] ====
−	*[[Vestidos_de_primera_comunion|First Communion dresses]]	+	==== [[#Vestidos_de_primera_comunion|First Communion dresses]] ====
	**Former attire		**Former attire
	**First Communion suit		**First Communion suit
−	*[[Banquete_de_primera_comunion._Komunioko_bazkaria|First Communion reception]]	+	==== [[#Banquete_de_primera_comunion._Komunioko_bazkaria|First Communion reception]] ====
	**Hot chocolate breakfast		**Hot chocolate breakfast
Línea 317:		Línea 316:
	**The First Communion reception today		**The First Communion reception today
−	*[[Regalos_de_primera_comunion._Ikustatea|First Communion presents]]	+	==== [[#Regalos_de_primera_comunion._Ikustatea|First Communion presents]] ====
	**Collecting in the neighbourhood		**Collecting in the neighbourhood
	**Communion gifts today		**Communion gifts today
−	=== [[Confirmacion._Sendotza|Confirmation]] ===	+	=== [[#Confirmacion._Sendotza|Confirmation]] ===
−	*[[La_confirmacion_rito_de_entrada_en_la_juventud|Confirmation, rite of entry into youth]]	+	==== [[#La_confirmacion_rito_de_entrada_en_la_juventud|Confirmation, rite of entry into youth]] ====
−	*[[Celebracion_de_la_confirmacion|Celebration of the Confirmation]]	+	==== [[#Celebracion_de_la_confirmacion|Celebration of the Confirmation]] ====
−	*[[La_confirmacion_en_tiempos_pasados|Confirmation in the past]]	+	==== [[#La_confirmacion_en_tiempos_pasados|Confirmation in the past]] ====
	**The pastoral visit		**The pastoral visit
Línea 334:		Línea 333:
	**Farcical formulas of the Confirmation		**Farcical formulas of the Confirmation
−	=== [[Trabajos_domesticos_realizados_por_los_niños|Housework done by children]] ===	+	=== [[#Trabajos_domesticos_realizados_por_los_niños|Chores done by children]] ===
−	*[[Iniciacion_infantil_en_las_labores_domesticas._Etxean_lagundu|Initiating children in housework]]	+	==== [[#Iniciacion_infantil_en_las_labores_domesticas._Etxean_lagundu|Initiating children to chores]] ====
−	*[[Tareas_comunes_a_niños_y_niñas|Common tasks for boys and girls]]	+	==== [[#Tareas_comunes_a_niños_y_niñas|Common tasks for boys and girls]] ====
−	*[[Labores_encomendadas_a_las_niñas|Jobs entrusted to girls]]	+	==== [[#Labores_encomendadas_a_las_niñas|Jobs entrusted to girls]] ====
	**''Urzayas''		**''Urzayas''
−	*[[Trabajos_propios_de_los_niños|Jobs done by boys]]	+	==== [[#Trabajos_propios_de_los_niños|Jobs done by boys]] ====
−	*[[Los_trabajos_infantiles_en_la_actualidad|Children's chores today]]	+	==== [[#Los_trabajos_infantiles_en_la_actualidad|Children's chores today]] ====
−	=== [[Juegos_y_actividades_infantiles|Children activities and games]] ===	+	=== [[#Juegos_y_actividades_infantiles|Children activities and games]] ===
−	=== [[Apendice_1_El_dia_de_Comunion_Komunioneko_eguna_y_la_Administracion_de_la_Confirmacion_en_Sara_(L)|Appendix 1: The Communion day and the Administration of the Confirmation in Sara (L)]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_1_El_dia_de_Comunion_Komunioneko_eguna_y_la_Administracion_de_la_Confirmacion_en_Sara_(L)|Appendix 1: The Communion day and the Administration of the Confirmation in Sara (L)]] ===
−	=== [[Apendice_2_Notas_sobre_el_sistema_escolar_y_la_alfabetizacion|Appendix 2: Notes on the school system and literacy]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_2_Notas_sobre_el_sistema_escolar_y_la_alfabetizacion|Appendix 2: Notes on the school system and literacy]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== VII. [[JUVENTUD._GAZTAROA|YOUTH]] ==	+	== VII. [[JUVENTUD._GAZTAROA/en|YOUTH]] ==
−	=== [[La_moceria._Herriko_gazteria|The ''mocería'' youth association]] ===	+	=== [[#La_moceria._Herriko_gazteria|The ''mocería'' youth association]] ===
−	*[[Mocerias_en_Alava|''Mocerías'' in Alava]]	+	==== [[#Mocerias_en_Alava|''Mocerías'' in Alava]] ====
	**''Mocerías'' at the turn of the century		**''Mocerías'' at the turn of the century
−	*[[Mocerias_en_Navarra|''Mocerías'' in Navarra]]	+	==== [[#Mocerias_en_Navarra|''Mocerías'' in Navarra]] ====
−	*[[Actividades_comunes_de_los_jovenes_en_otros_territorios|Communal activities of young people in other parts of the Basque Country]]	+	==== [[#Actividades_comunes_de_los_jovenes_en_otros_territorios|Communal activities of young people in other parts of the Basque Country]] ====
−	=== [[Atuendos_y_tocados|Outfits and headwear]] ===	+	=== [[#Atuendos_y_tocados|Outfits and headwear]] ===
−	*[[El_baile._Dantza|Dancing. Dantza]]	+	=== [[#El_baile._Dantza|Dancing. Dantza]] ===
−	*[[Edad_de_comienzo|Start age]]	+	==== [[#Edad_de_comienzo|Start age]] ====
−	*[[Lugares_de_baile_la_plaza__herriko_plaza|Dance venues: the square]]	+	==== [[#Lugares_de_baile_la_plaza__herriko_plaza|Dance venues: the square]] ====
−	*[[Horarios_de_baile|Dance times]]	+	==== [[#Horarios_de_baile|Dance times]] ====
−	*[[Clases_de_bailes|Dance classes]]	+	==== [[#Clases_de_bailes|Dance classes]] ====
	**Dancing alone		**Dancing alone
	**Partner dances		**Partner dances
−	*[[Apertura_y_cierre_del_baile|Starting and ending the dance]]	+	==== [[#Apertura_y_cierre_del_baile|Starting and ending the dance]] ====
	**The ''bastonero'' (dance master)		**The ''bastonero'' (dance master)
−	*[[Organizacion_del_baile|Organisation of the dance]]	+	==== [[#Organizacion_del_baile|Organisation of the dance]] ====
−	*[[Inicio_del_baile_y_emparejamiento|Start of the dance and pairing]]	+	==== [[#Inicio_del_baile_y_emparejamiento|Start of the dance and pairing]] ====
−	*[[Instrumentos_musicales|Musical instruments]]	+	==== [[#Instrumentos_musicales1|Musical instruments]] ====
	**Instruments from the past		**Instruments from the past
Línea 400:		Línea 399:
	**Modern instruments		**Modern instruments
−	*[[El_baile_en_romerias_y_fiestas_patronales|Dancing during pilgrimages and patron saint's festivities]]	+	==== [[#El_baile_en_romerias_y_fiestas_patronales|Dancing during pilgrimages and patron saint's festivities]] ====
−	*[[Bailes_privados|Private dances]]	+	==== [[#Bailes_privados|Private dances]] ====
	**Casinos, societies and social circles		**Casinos, societies and social circles
Línea 408:		Línea 407:
	**Discotheques and night clubs		**Discotheques and night clubs
−	*[[Limitaciones_a_la_libertad_de_bailar|Restrictions on freedom to dance]]	+	==== [[#Limitaciones_a_la_libertad_de_bailar|Restrictions on freedom to dance]] ====
	**Coercion of conscience		**Coercion of conscience
Línea 414:		Línea 413:
	**Lent and mourning		**Lent and mourning
−	*[[Transiciones_contemporaneas|Contemporary transitions]]	+	==== [[#Transiciones_contemporaneas4|Contemporary transitions]] ====
−	=== [[El_servicio_militar_obligatorio._Soldadutza|Compulsory military service]] ===	+	=== [[#El_servicio_militar_obligatorio._Soldadutza|Compulsory military service]] ===
−	*[[Despedida_de_quintos|Departure of the ''quintos'' (conscripts)]]	+	==== [[#Despedida_de_quintos|Departure of the ''quintos'' (conscripts)]] ====
−	*[[Celebraciones_de_quintos|Conscript celebrations]]	+	==== [[#Celebraciones_de_quintos|Conscript celebrations]] ====
−	=== [[La_puesta_de_largo|Presentation to society]] ===	+	=== [[#La_puesta_de_largo|Presentation to society]] ===
−	=== [[Asociaciones_religiosas_de_jovenes|Youth religious associations]] ===	+	=== [[#Asociaciones_religiosas_de_jovenes|Youth religious associations]] ===
−	*[[Congregacion_de_Hijas_de_Maria._Mariaren_alabak|Congregation of the Daughters of Mary]]	+	==== [[#Congregacion_de_Hijas_de_Maria._Mariaren_alabak|Congregation of the Daughters of Mary]] ====
−	*[[Congregacion_de_San_Luis_Gonzaga._Luistarrak|Congregation of San Luis Gonzaga]]	+	==== [[#Congregacion_de_San_Luis_Gonzaga._Luistarrak|Congregation of San Luis Gonzaga]] ====
−	*[[Otras_asociaciones_juveniles|Other youth associations]]	+	==== [[#Otras_asociaciones_juveniles|Other youth associations]] ====
−	=== [[Apendice_Reglamento_que_ha_de_regir_en_la_organizacion_de_las_cuadrillas_o_Sociedades._San_Martin_de_Unx_9_de_enero_1885|Appendix:Regulations for organising cuadrillas (companies of friends) or Societies. San Martín de Unx, 9 January 1885]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_Reglamento_que_ha_de_regir_en_la_organizacion_de_las_cuadrillas_o_Sociedades._San_Martin_de_Unx_9_de_enero_1885|Appendix:Regulations for organising cuadrillas (companies of friends) or Societies. San Martín de Unx, 9 January 1885]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== VIII. [[INICIOS_DE_LA_RELACION_AMOROSA|START OF THE LOVE RELATIONSHIP]] ==	+	== VIII. [[INICIOS_DE_LA_RELACION_AMOROSA/en|START OF THE ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIP]] ==
−	=== [[Lugares_y_ocasiones_de_encuentro|Meeting places and opportunities]] ===	+	=== [[#Lugares_y_ocasiones_de_encuentro|Meeting places and opportunities]] ===
−	*[[Puntos_de_encuentro_en_tiempos_pasados|Meeting points in the past]]	+	==== [[#Puntos_de_encuentro_en_tiempos_pasados|Meeting points in the past]] ====
	**When working		**When working
Línea 445:		Línea 444:
	**At the end of religious ceremonies		**At the end of religious ceremonies
−	*[[El_baile|Dances]]	+	==== [[#El_baile|Dances]] ====
−	*[[Acompañamiento_a_casa._Neska_laguntzea|Accompanying the girl home]]	+	==== [[#Acompañamiento_a_casa._Neska_laguntzea|Accompanying the girl home]] ====
−	*[[El_paseo|Walking out]]	+	==== [[#El_paseo|Walking out]] ====
−	=== [[Juegos_de_emparejamiento|Matchmaking games]] ===	+	=== [[#Juegos_de_emparejamiento|Matchmaking games]] ===
−	=== [[Ritos_y_plegarias_para_encontrar_novio|Rites and prayers to find a suitor]] ===	+	=== [[#Ritos_y_plegarias_para_encontrar_novio|Rites and prayers to find a suitor]] ===
−	=== [[Rondas_y_galanteos_a_las_mozas|Courting dances and wooing of young women]] ===	+	=== [[#Rondas_y_galanteos_a_las_mozas|Courting dances and wooing of young women]] ===
−	*[[Rondas_nocturnas|Night courting dances]]	+	==== [[#Rondas_nocturnas|Night courting dances]] ====
−	*[[Rondas_por_Santa_Agueda|St. Agatha courting dance]]	+	==== [[#Rondas_por_Santa_Agueda|St. Agatha courting dance]] ====
−	*[[Rondas_por_San_Juan|St. John courting dance]]	+	==== [[#Rondas_por_San_Juan|St. John courting dance]] ====
−	*[[Galanteo|Wooing]]	+	==== [[#Galanteo|Wooing]] ====
−	=== [[Elaboracion_de_roscas._Piperopilak|Preparing doughnuts]] ===	+	=== [[#Elaboracion_de_roscas._Piperopilak|Preparing doughnuts]] ===
−	=== [[Epoca_propicia_para_iniciar_relaciones|Propitious time to start relations]] ===	+	=== [[#Epoca_propicia_para_iniciar_relaciones|Propitious time to start a romantic relationship]] ===
−	=== [[Iniciativa_en_las_relaciones|Taking the lead in relations]] ===	+	=== [[#Iniciativa_en_las_relaciones|Taking the lead in romantic relations]] ===
−	*[[La_mediacion._Errekadua_bota|Matchmaking]]	+	==== [[#La_mediacion._Errekadua_bota|Matchmaking]] ====
	**Friends or relatives		**Friends or relatives
	**Matchmakers		**Matchmakers
−	*[[Matrimonios_convenidos_por_los_padres|Marriages arranged by the parents]]	+	==== [[#Matrimonios_convenidos_por_los_padres|Marriages arranged by the parents]] ====
	**Matches guided by economic interests		**Matches guided by economic interests
Línea 482:		Línea 481:
	**Arranged liaisons		**Arranged liaisons
−	*[[Interrupcion_del_noviazgo_por_presiones_paternas|Parental pressure ending the courtship]]	+	==== [[#Interrupcion_del_noviazgo_por_presiones_paternas|Parental pressure ending the courtship]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== IX. [[NOVIAZGO|COURTSHIP]] ==	+	== IX. [[NOVIAZGO/en|COURTSHIP]] ==
−	=== [[Formulas_de_declaracion._Babarrunak_jan|Ways of proposing]] ===	+	=== [[#Formulas_de_declaracion._Babarrunak_jan|Ways of declaring their love]] ===
−	*[[Intercambio_de_objetos._Seinalea_emon|Exchanging objects]]	+	==== [[#Intercambio_de_objetos._Seinalea_emon|Exchanging objects]] ====
−	=== [[Formalizacion_del_noviazgo._Ezkongaiak|Formalising the courtship]] ===	+	=== [[#Formalizacion_del_noviazgo._Ezkongaiak|Formalising the courtship]] ===
−	*[[Valor_del_noviazgo_y_su_ruptura|Value of the courtship and its ending]]	+	==== [[#Valor_del_noviazgo_y_su_ruptura|Value of the courtship and its ending]] ====
−	*[[Citas_de_novios|Sweethearts meeting]]	+	==== [[#Citas_de_novios|Sweethearts meeting]] ====
	**Meeting place		**Meeting place
	**Meeting days		**Meeting days
−	=== [[Relaciones_de_los_novios_con_los_amigos_solteros|Relationships between the couple and their single friends]] ===	+	=== [[#Relaciones_de_los_novios_con_los_amigos_solteros|Relationships between the couple and their single friends]] ===
−	=== [[Ambito_del_noviazgo|Realm of the courtship]] ===	+	=== [[#Ambito_del_noviazgo|Realm of the courtship]] ===
−	*[[Matrimonios_consanguineos|Intermarriage]]	+	==== [[#Matrimonios_consanguineos|Intermarriage]] ====
−	*[[Endogamia_local|Local inbreeding]]	+	==== [[#Endogamia_local|Local inbreeding]] ====
−	*[[Tributo_al_novio_forastero|Levy on a groom from another area]]	+	==== [[#Tributo_al_novio_forastero|Levy on a groom from another area]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== X. [[CAPITULACIONES_MATRIMONIALES|MARRIAGE SETTLEMENTS]] ==	+	== X. [[CAPITULACIONES_MATRIMONIALES/en|MARRIAGE SETTLEMENTS]] ==
−	=== [[La_peticion_de_mano|Request for the woman's hand in marriage]] ===	+	=== [[#La_peticion_de_mano|Request for the woman's hand in marriage]] ===
−	=== [[Capitulaciones_matrimoniales._Ezkontzako_kontratua|Marriage settlements]] ===	+	=== [[#Capitulaciones_matrimoniales._Ezkontzako_kontratua|Marriage settlements]] ===
−	>[[ALAVA|&emsp;ALAVA]]	+	==== [[#Alava5|Alava]] ====
−	*[[Las_mandas_o_la_carta_matrimonial|The ''mandas'' or marriage settlement]]	+	**The ''mandas'' or marriage settlement
		+	**Contents of the settlements
		+	**Entering into the settlements
−	*[[Contenido_de_las_mandas|Contents of the settlements]]	+	==== [[#Bizkaia5|Bizkaia]] ====
−	*[[Celebracion_de_las_mandas|Entering into the settlements]]	+	**Marriage settlements
		+	**Contents of the settlements
		+	**''Kontratuko bazkaria''
−	>[[BIZKAIA|&emsp;BIZKAIA]]	+	==== [[#Gipuzkoa4|Gipuzkoa]] ====
−	*[[Capitulaciones_matrimoniales|Marriage settlements]]	+	**The entailed estate
		+	**Contents of the settlements
		+	**Entering into the settlements
−	*[[Contenido_de_las_capitulaciones|Contents of the settlements]]	+	==== [[#Vasconia_Continental|Northern Basque Country]] ====
−	*[[Kontratuko_bazkaria|''Kontratuko bazkaria'']]	+	**The marriage contract
		+	**Contents of the settlements
		+	**''Kontratuko apairua''
−	>[[GIPUZKOA|&emsp;GIPUZKOA]]	+	==== [[#Navarra5|Navarra]] ====
−	*[[El_mayorazgo_maiorazgua|The entailed estate]]	+	**Marriage settlements
		+	**Contents of the settlements
		+	**Entering into the settlements
−	*[[Contenido_de_las_capitulaciones|Contents of the settlements]]	+	=== [[#Capitulaciones_matrimoniales_a_principios_de_siglo|Marriage settlements at the turn of the century]] ===
−	*[[Celebracion_de_las_capitulaciones|Entering into the settlements]]	+	==== [[#El_contrato_matrimonial|The marriage contract]] ====
−	>[[VASCONIA_CONTINENTAL|&emsp;NORTHERN BASQUE COUNTRY]]	+	==== [[#Contenido_de_las_capitulaciones|Contents of the settlements]] ====
−
−	*[[Le_contrat_de_mariage._Akordioak|The marriage contract]]
−
−	*[[Contenido_de_las_capitulaciones|Contents of the settlements]]
−
−	*[[Kontratuko_apairua|''Kontratuko apairua'']]
−
−	>[[NAVARRA|&emsp;NAVARRA]]
−
−	*[[Capitulaciones_matrimoniales|Marriage settlements]]
−
−	*[[Contenido_de_las_capitulaciones|Contents of the settlements]]
−
−	*[[Celebracion_de_las_capitulaciones|Entering into the settlements]]
−
−	=== [[Capitulaciones_matrimoniales_a_principios_de_siglo|Marriage settlements at the turn of the century]] ===
−
−	*[[El_contrato_matrimonial|The marriage contract]]
−
−	*[[Contenido_de_las_capitulaciones|Contents of the settlements]]
	**As regards the people		**As regards the people
	**As regards the goods		**As regards the goods
−	=== [[La_dote|The dowry]] ===	+	=== [[#La_dote|The dowry]] ===
−
−	>[[ALAVA|&emsp;ALAVA]]
−
−	*[[La_dote|The dowry]]
−
−	*[[Consecuencias_de_la_ruptura|Consequences of a rupture]]
−
−	>[[BIZKAIA|&emsp;BIZKAIA]]
−
−	*[[La_dote_dotea|The dowry]]
−	*[[Consecuencias_de_la_ruptura|Consequences of a rupture]]	+	==== [[#Alava6|Alava]] ====
−	>[[GIPUZKOA|&emsp;GIPUZKOA]]	+	**The dowry
		+	**Consequences of a rupture
−	*[[La_dote_ezkonsaria|The dowry]]	+	==== [[#Bizkaia6|Bizkaia]] ====
−	*[[Consecuencias_de_la_ruptura|Consequences of a rupture]]	+	**The dowry
		+	**Consequences of a rupture
−	>[[VASCONIA_CONTINENTAL|&emsp;NORTHERN BASQUE COUNTRY]]	+	==== [[#Gipuzkoa5|Gipuzkoa]] ====
−	*[[La_dote_truzoa_eta_sosa|The dowry]]	+	**The dowry
		+	**Consequences of a rupture
−	*[[Consecuencias_de_la_ruptura|Consequences of a rupture]]	+	==== [[#Vasconia_Continental1|Northern Basque Country]] ====
−	>[[NAVARRA|&emsp;NAVARRA]]	+	**The dowry
		+	**Consequences of a rupture
−	*[[La_dote|The dowry]]	+	==== [[#Navarra6|Navarra]] ====
−	*[[Consecuencias_de_la_ruptura|Consequences of a rupture]]	+	**The dowry
		+	**Consequences of a rupture
−	=== [[La_dote_a_principios_de_siglo|Dowry at the turn of the century]] ===	+	=== [[#La_dote_a_principios_de_siglo|Dowry at the turn of the century]] ===
−	*[[Contenido_de_la_dote|Contents of the dowry]]	+	==== [[#Contenido_de_la_dote|Contents of the dowry]] ====
−	*[[Constitucion_de_la_dote|Setting up the dowry]]	+	==== [[#Constitucion_de_la_dote|Setting up the dowry]] ====
	**Handing over the dowry		**Handing over the dowry
Línea 608:		Línea 592:
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XI. [[PREPARATIVOS_DE_LA_BODA._DEIUNE-ALDIA|WEDDING ARRANGEMENTS]] ==	+	== XI. [[PREPARATIVOS_DE_LA_BODA._DEIUNE-ALDIA/en|WEDDING ARRANGEMENTS]] ==
−	=== [[Requisitos_para_contraer_matrimonio|Requirements to get married]] ===	+	=== [[#Requisitos_para_contraer_matrimonio|Requirements to get married]] ===
−	=== [[Proclamas._Deiuneak|Banns]] ===	+	=== [[#Proclamas._Deiuneak|Banns]] ===
−	*[[Publicacion_de_las_proclamas|Publication of the banns]]	+	==== [[#Publicacion_de_las_proclamas|Publication of the banns]] ====
−	*[[Costumbres_en_el_periodo_de_proclamas|Customs during the banns of marriage period]]	+	==== [[#Costumbres_en_el_periodo_de_proclamas|Customs during the banns of marriage period]] ====
	**Congratulating		**Congratulating
	**''Bota-eguna''		**''Bota-eguna''
−	*[[Coplas_a_los_novios._Toberak|Ballads to the bride and groom]]	+	==== [[#Coplas_a_los_novios._Toberak|Ballads to the bride and groom]] ====
−	=== [[Despedida_de_soltero|Stag/hen party]] ===	+	=== [[#Despedida_de_soltero|Stag/hen party]] ===
−	*[[Celebracion_en_tiempos_pasados|Celebration in the past]]	+	==== [[#Celebracion_en_tiempos_pasados|Celebration in the past]] ====
−	*[[La_despedida_de_soltero_hoy|The stag/hen party today]]	+	==== [[#La_despedida_de_soltero_hoy|The stag/hen party today]] ====
−	=== [[Padrinos_de_boda|''Padrinos'' or wedding sponsors]] ===	+	=== [[#Padrinos_de_boda|''Padrinos'' or wedding sponsors]] ===
−	*[[Designacion_de_los_padrinos|Choice of the wedding sponsors]]	+	==== [[#Designacion_de_los_padrinos|Choice of the wedding sponsors]] ====
−	*[[Obligaciones_de_los_padrinos|Obligations of the wedding sponsors]]	+	==== [[#Obligaciones_de_los_padrinos|Obligations of the wedding sponsors]] ====
−	=== [[Invitaciones_de_boda|Wedding invitations]] ===	+	=== [[#Invitaciones_de_boda|Wedding invitations]] ===
−	*[[Incremento_del_numero_de_invitados|Increase in the number of guests]]	+	==== [[#Incremento_del_numero_de_invitados|Increase in the number of guests]] ====
−	*[[Comunicacion_de_las_invitaciones|Sending out the invitations]]	+	==== [[#Comunicacion_de_las_invitaciones|Sending out the invitations]] ====
−	=== [[Obsequios_de_boda|Wedding gifts]] ===	+	=== [[#Obsequios_de_boda|Wedding gifts]] ===
−	*[[Regalos_entre_los_novios|Gifts between the bride and groom]]	+	==== [[#Regalos_entre_los_novios|Gifts between the bride and groom]] ====
−	*[[Regalos_de_los_invitados|Gifts from the guests]]	+	==== [[#Regalos_de_los_invitados|Gifts from the guests]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XII. [[LA_BODA._EZKONTZA|THE WEDDING]] ==	+	== XII. [[LA_BODA._EZKONTZA/en|THE WEDDING. EZKONTZA]] ==
−	=== [[Tiempo_y_lugar_del_casamiento|Time and place of the marriage]] ===	+	=== [[#Tiempo_y_lugar_del_casamiento|Time and place of the marriage]] ===
−	*[[Las_bodas_dentro_del_año|Weddings within the year]]	+	==== [[#Las_bodas_dentro_del_año|Weddings within the year]] ====
−	*[[Boda_de_luto|Mourning wedding]]	+	==== [[#Boda_de_luto|Mourning wedding]] ====
−	*[[Dias_y_horas_de_celebracion|Dates and times held]]	+	==== [[#Dias_y_horas_de_celebracion|Dates and times held]] ====
−	*[[Lugar_de_celebracion|Venue]]	+	==== [[#Lugar_de_celebracion|Venue]] ====
−	*[[Ornamentacion_de_la_iglesia|Decoration of the church]]	+	==== [[#Ornamentacion_de_la_iglesia|Decoration of the church]] ====
−	*[[Musica_y_cantos_durante_la_ceremonia|Music and songs during the ceremony]]	+	==== [[#Musica_y_cantos_durante_la_ceremonia|Music and songs during the ceremony]] ====
−	=== [[El_cortejo_nupcial|The wedding entourage]] ===	+	=== [[#El_cortejo_nupcial|The wedding entourage]] ===
−	*[[El_cortejo_en_Vasconia_peninsular|The wedding entourage in the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)]]	+	==== [[#El_cortejo_en_Vasconia_peninsular|The wedding entourage in the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)]] ====
−	*[[El_cortejo_en_Vasconia_continental|The wedding entourage in the Northern Basque Country]]	+	==== [[#El_cortejo_en_Vasconia_continental|The wedding entourage in the Northern Basque Country]] ====
	**Symbolic levy on a groom from another area		**Symbolic levy on a groom from another area
−	*[[El_cortejo_nupcial_hoy|The wedding entourage today]]	+	==== [[#El_cortejo_nupcial_hoy|The wedding entourage today]] ====
−	*[[Indumentaria_de_los_asistentes_a_la_boda|Attire of the wedding guests]]	+	==== [[#Indumentaria_de_los_asistentes_a_la_boda|Attire of the wedding guests]] ====
	**The bride's wedding dress		**The bride's wedding dress
−	***Hasta mediados de la centuria	+	***Until the middle of the century
−	***Generalización del traje blanco	+	***Prevalence of the white dress
−	***Tocados y adornos	+	***Headwear and ornaments
−	***Luto	+	***Mourning
−	**El traje del novio	+	**The groom's suit
−	**Indumentaria de los invitados	+	**Attire of the guests
−	=== [[La_ceremonia_religiosa._Eliz-ezkontza|La ceremonia religiosa. Eliz-ezkontza]] ===	+	=== [[#La_ceremonia_religiosa._Eliz-ezkontza|The religious ceremony]] ===
−	*[[En_el_portico_del_templo|En el pórtico del templo]]	+	==== [[#En_el_portico_del_templo|In the church porch]] ====
−	**El casamiento	+	**The marriage
−	**Bendición de arras y anillos. ''Diruak eta eraztunak''	+	**Blessing of bands and rings
−	*[[En_la_iglesia|En la iglesia]]	+	==== [[#En_la_iglesia|In the church]] ====
−	**Misa de velaciones	+	**Nuptial mass
−	*[[La_ceremonia_religiosa_actual|La ceremonia religiosa actual]]	+	==== [[#La_ceremonia_religiosa_actual|The religious ceremony today]] ====
−	*[[Acta_del_matrimonio|Acta del matrimonio]]	+	==== [[#Acta_del_matrimonio|Marriage certificate]] ====
−	*[[Ofrenda_del_ramo_de_la_novia|Ofrenda del ramo de la novia]]	+	==== [[#Ofrenda_del_ramo_de_la_novia|Offering the bridal bouquet]] ====
−	=== [[Felicitaciones_homenaje_y_obsequios|Felicitaciones, homenaje y obsequios]] ===	+	=== [[#Felicitaciones_homenaje_y_obsequios|Congratulations, tribute and gifts]] ===
−	=== [[Regreso_de_la_comitiva_nupcial|Regreso de la comitiva nupcial]] ===	+	=== [[#Regreso_de_la_comitiva_nupcial|Return of the wedding entourage]] ===
−	=== [[Fotografias_de_boda|Fotografías de boda]] ===	+	=== [[#Fotografias_de_boda|Wedding photographs]] ===
−	=== [[Matrimonio_civil._Ezkontza_zibila|Matrimonio civil. Ezkontza zibila]] ===	+	=== [[#Matrimonio_civil._Ezkontza_zibila|Civil marriage]] ===
−	*[[Ceremonia|Ceremonia]]	+	==== [[#Ceremonia|Ceremony]] ====
−	*[[Valoracion_actual_del_matrimonio_civil|Valoración actual del matrimonio civil]]	+	==== [[#Valoracion_actual_del_matrimonio_civil|Current acceptance of civil marriage]] ====
−	**Frecuencia de matrimonios civiles	+	**Frequency of civil marriages
−	=== [[Apendice_1_Formulario_de_matrimonio_civil_en_Vasconia_peninsular|Apéndice 1: Formulario de matrimonio civil en Vasconia peninsular]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_1_Formulario_de_matrimonio_civil_en_Vasconia_peninsular|Appendix 1: Civil marriage form in the Southern Basque Country]] ===
−	=== [[Apendice_2_Ezkontza_euskeraz_Herriko_Etxean_(lparraldean)|Apéndice 2: Ezkontza euskeraz Herriko Etxean (lparraldean)]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_2_Ezkontza_euskeraz_Herriko_Etxean_(lparraldean)|Appendix 2: Ezkontza euskeraz Herriko Etxean (lparraldean)]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XIII. [[ENTRADA_EN_EL_DOMICILIO_CONYUGAL._ETXE-SARTZEA|ENTRADA EN EL DOMICILIO CONYUGAL. ETXE-SARTZEA]] ==	+	<div style="margin-left:0cm;"></div>
		+
		+	== XIII. [[ENTRADA_EN_EL_DOMICILIO_CONYUGAL._ETXE-SARTZEA/en|ENTERING THE MARITAL HOME. ETXE-SARTZEA]] ==
−	=== [[El_arreo_y_el_carro_de_boda._Eztai-gurdia|El arreo y el carro de boda. Eztai-gurdia]] ===	+	=== [[#El_arreo_y_el_carro_de_boda._Eztai-gurdia|Wedding cart and chattels]] ===
−	*[[El_carro_de_boda_en_los_textos_etnograficos_antiguos|El carro de boda en los textos etnográficos antiguos]]	+	==== [[#El_carro_de_boda_en_los_textos_etnograficos_antiguos|The wedding cart in old ethnographic texts]] ====
−	*[[El_carro_de_boda_en_la_encuesta_Etniker|El carro de boda en la encuesta Etniker]]	+	==== [[#El_carro_de_boda_en_la_encuesta_Etniker|The wedding cart in the Etniker survey]] ====
−	*[[Otras_formas_de_transportar_el_arreo|Otras formas de transportar el arreo]]	+	==== [[#Otras_formas_de_transportar_el_arreo|Other ways of transporting the bride's chattels]] ====
−	=== [[Conduccion_del_conyuge_adventicio_al_domicilio_conyugal|Conducción del cónyuge adventicio al domicilio conyugal]] ===	+	=== [[#Conduccion_del_conyuge_adventicio_al_domicilio_conyugal|Driving the non-local spouse to the marital home]] ===
−	=== [[Ritos_al_entrar_en_el_nuevo_hogar|Ritos al entrar en el nuevo hogar]] ===	+	=== [[#Ritos_al_entrar_en_el_nuevo_hogar|Rites when entering the new home]] ===
−	=== [[Inventario_y_exposicion_del_arreo|Inventario y exposición del arreo]] ===	+	=== [[#Inventario_y_exposicion_del_arreo|Inventory and displaying the chattels]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XIV. [[EL_BANQUETE_DE_BODAS._EZTEIAK|EL BANQUETE DE BODAS. EZTEIAK]] ==	+	== XIV. [[EL_BANQUETE_DE_BODAS._EZTEIAK/en|THE WEDDING RECEPTION. EZTEIAK]] ==
−	=== [[Invitados_al_banquete|Invitados al banquete]] ===	+	=== [[#Invitados_al_banquete/en|Guests to the reception]] ===
−	=== [[Participacion_de_los_mozos_en_las_nupcias|Participación de los mozos en las nupcias]] ===	+	=== [[#Participacion_de_los_mozos_en_las_nupcias|Involvement of young people in the wedding]] ===
−	=== [[Duracion_de_las_celebraciones_de_boda|Duración de las celebraciones de boda]] ===	+	=== [[#Duracion_de_las_celebraciones_de_boda|Length of the wedding celebrations]] ===
−	*[[Celebraciones_de_mas_de_dos_dias|Celebraciones de más de dos días]]	+	==== [[#Celebraciones_de_mas_de_dos_dias|Celebrations of over two days]] ====
−	*[[Celebraciones_de_dos_dias|Celebraciones de dos días]]	+	==== [[#Celebraciones_de_dos_dias|Two-day celebrations]] ====
−	*[[Celebraciones_de_un_solo_dia|Celebraciones de un solo día]]	+	==== [[#Celebraciones_de_un_solo_dia|Celebrations of just one day]] ====
−	=== [[Celebraciones_sin_banquete|Celebraciones sin banquete]] ===	+	=== [[#Celebraciones_sin_banquete|Celebrations without a wedding reception]] ===
−	=== [[Grandes_banquetes|Grandes banquetes]] ===	+	=== [[#Grandes_banquetes|Large receptions]] ===
−	*[[Lugares_de_celebracion|Lugares de celebración]]	+	==== [[#Lugares_de_celebracion|Venues]] ====
−	**Banquetes domésticos	+	**Home receptions
−	**Banquetes fuera de casa	+	**Receptions outside the home
−	*[[Preparacion_de_los_locales|Preparación de los locales]]	+	==== [[#Preparacion_de_los_locales|Preparing the venues]] ====
−	*[[Elaboracion_de_platos_y_servicio|Elaboración de platos y servicio]]	+	==== [[#Elaboracion_de_platos_y_servicio|Preparing dishes and service]] ====
−	*[[Pago_del_banquete|Pago del banquete]]	+	==== [[#Pago_del_banquete|Paying for the reception]] ====
−	*[[Composicion_del_banquete|Composición del banquete]]	+	==== [[#Composicion_del_banquete|Composition of the reception]] ====
−	*[[Disposicion_de_los_invitados_en_la_mesa|Disposición de los invitados en la mesa]]	+	==== [[#Disposicion_de_los_invitados_en_la_mesa|Seating of the guests at the table]] ====
−	**Bodas domésticas	+	**Home weddings
−	**Bodas fuera de casa	+	**Weddings outside the home
−	*[[Ritos_observados_en_el_banquete_de_boda|Ritos observados en el banquete de boda]]	+	==== [[#Ritos_observados_en_el_banquete_de_boda|Rituals during the wedding reception]] ====
−	**Ritos al inicio del banquete	+	**Rituals at the start of the reception
−	**Ritos durante el banquete	+	**Rituals during the reception
−	**Baile	+	**Dancing
−	**Cantos	+	**Singing
−	**Obsequios a los asistentes	+	**Gifts to the guests
−	*[[Otras_costumbres_relacionadas_con_el_banquete_nupcial|Otras costumbres relacionadas con el banquete nupcial]]	+	==== [[#Otras_costumbres_relacionadas_con_el_banquete_nupcial|Other customs related to the wedding reception]] ====
−	=== [[Costumbres_de_la_noche_de_bodas|Costumbres de la noche de bodas]] ===	+	=== [[#Costumbres_de_la_noche_de_bodas|Wedding night customs]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XV. [[OFRENDA_POSTNUPCIAL_Y_TORNABODA|OFRENDA POSTNUPCIAL Y TORNABODA]] ==	+	== XV. [[OFRENDA_POSTNUPCIAL_Y_TORNABODA/en|POST-WEDDING OFFERING AND CELEBRATIONS]] ==
−	=== [[Viaje_de_novios|Viaje de novios]] ===	+	=== [[#Viaje_de_novios|Honeymoon]] ===
−	*[[Partida_de_los_novios|Partida de los novios]]	+	==== [[#Partida_de_los_novios|The couple's departure]] ====
−	*[[Viajes_de_corta_duracion|Viajes de corta duración]]	+	==== [[#Viajes_de_corta_duracion|Short trips]] ====
−	*[[Visitas_a_familiares|Visitas a familiares]]	+	==== [[#Visitas_a_familiares|Visiting relatives]] ====
−	*[[Viajes_de_larga_duracion|Viajes de larga duración]]	+	==== [[#Viajes_de_larga_duracion|Long trips]] ====
−	=== [[Ofrenda_postnupcial|Ofrenda postnupcial]] ===	+	=== [[#Ofrenda_postnupcial|Post-wedding offering]] ===
−	*[[Ofrendas_funerarias_propter_nuptias._Eleiz_hartzea|Ofrendas funerarias propter nuptias. ''Eleiz hartzea'']]	+	==== [[#Ofrendas_funerarias_propter_nuptias._Eleiz_hartzea|Propter nuptias funeral offering]] ====
	**Gipuzkoa		**Gipuzkoa
Línea 808:		Línea 794:
	**Alava		**Alava
	**Navarra		**Navarra
−	**Vasconia continental	+	**Northern Basque Country
−	*[[Transiciones_contemporaneas|Transiciones contemporáneas]]	+	==== [[#Transiciones_contemporaneas5|Contemporary transitions]] ====
−	=== [[Comidas_de_tornaboda|Comidas de tornaboda]] ===	+	=== [[#Comidas_de_tornaboda|Post-wedding meals]] ===
−	=== [[Apendice_Descripciones_de_bodas_en_los_distintos_territorios_de_Vasconia|Apéndice: Descripciones de bodas en los distintos territorios de Vasconia]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_Descripciones_de_bodas_en_los_distintos_territorios_de_Vasconia|Appendix: Descriptions of weddings in the different areas of the Basque Country]] ===
−	*[[La_noce_au_Pays_de_Soule_aux_annees_20|La noce au Pays de Soule aux années 20]]	+	==== [[#La_noce_au_Pays_de_Soule_aux_annees_20|La noce au Pays de Soule aux années 20]] ====
−	*[[Gipuzkoako_Elosuan_1932.ean_egin_ziren_ezkontza-eztei_batzuen_berri|Gipuzkoako Elosuan 1932.ean egin ziren ezkontza-eztei batzuen berri]]	+	==== [[#Gipuzkoako_Elosuan_1932.ean_egin_ziren_ezkontza-eztei_batzuen_berri|Gipuzkoako Elosuan 1932.ean egin ziren ezkontza-eztei batzuen berri]] ====
−	*[[Una_boda_en_la_localidad_labortana_de_Sara_en_1943|Una boda en la localidad labortana de Sara en 1943]]	+	==== [[#Una_boda_en_la_localidad_labortana_de_Sara_en_1943|A wedding in the town of Sara in Labourd in 1943]] ====
−	*[[Una_boda_en_la_localidad_alavesa_de_Moreda_en_1991|Una boda en la localidad alavesa de Moreda en 1991]]	+	==== [[#Una_boda_en_la_localidad_alavesa_de_Moreda_en_1991|A wedding in the town of Moreda in Álava in 1991]] ====
−	*[[Bizkaiko_Ajangizen_1993.ean_egin_ziran_ezkontza-eztegu_batzuren_barri|Bizkaiko Ajangizen 1993.ean egin ziran ezkontza-eztegu batzuren barri]]	+	==== [[#Bizkaiko_Ajangizen_1993.ean_egin_ziran_ezkontza-eztegu_batzuren_barri|Bizkaiko Ajangizen 1993.ean egin ziran ezkontza-eztegu batzuren barri]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XVI. [[SOLTERIA_Y_CELIBATO._CASAMIENTO_DE_VIUDOS_Y_VIEJOS|SOLTERIA Y CELIBATO. CASAMIENTO DE VIUDOS Y VIEJOS]] ==	+	== XVI. [[SOLTERIA_Y_CELIBATO._CASAMIENTO_DE_VIUDOS_Y_VIEJOS/en|UNMARRIED STATUS AND CELIBACY. MARRIAGE OF WIDOWS AND WIDOWERS]] ==
−	=== [[La_solteria|La soltería]] ===	+	=== [[#La_solteria|Unmarried status]] ===
−	*[[Causas_de_la_solteria|Causas de la soltería]]	+	==== [[#Causas_de_la_solteria|Reasons for being unmarried]] ====
−	*[[Resistencia_al_modo_de_vida_rural|Resistencia al modo de vida rural]]	+	==== [[#Resistencia_al_modo_de_vida_rural|Resistance to the rural way of life]] ====
−	*[[Integracion_de_los_solteros_en_la_casa|Integración de los solteros en la casa]]	+	==== [[#Integracion_de_los_solteros_en_la_casa|Integration of unmarried people in the home]] ====
−	*[[Consideracion_social_de_los_solteros|Consideración social de los solteros]]	+	==== [[#Consideracion_social_de_los_solteros|Social standing of unmarried people]] ====
−	*[[Matrimonio_y_procreacion|Matrimonio y procreación]]	+	==== [[#Matrimonio_y_procreacion|Marriage and procreation]] ====
−	=== [[El_celibato_religioso|El celibato religioso]] ===	+	=== [[#El_celibato_religioso|Religious celibacy]] ===
−	*[[Rito_de_profesion_religiosa|Rito de profesión religiosa]]	+	==== [[#Rito_de_profesion_religiosa|Rite of Religious Progression]] ====
−	*[[La_carrera_sacerdotal|La carrera sacerdotal]]	+	==== [[#La_carrera_sacerdotal|Ecclesiastical career]] ====
−	=== [[Casamiento_de_viudos_y_viejos|Casamiento de viudos y viejos]] ===	+	=== [[#Casamiento_de_viudos_y_viejos|Marriage of widows and widowers]] ===
−	*[[Cencerradas_tzintzarrotsak_galarrosak|Cencerradas, ''tzintzarrotsak, galarrosak'']]	+	==== [[#Cencerradas_tzintzarrotsak_galarrosak|Cencerradas - banging on pots and pans]] ====
−	**País Vasco continental	+	**Northern Basque Country
	**Gipuzkoa		**Gipuzkoa
	**Bizkaia		**Bizkaia
Línea 857:		Línea 843:
	**Navarra		**Navarra
−	*[[Reaccion_ante_las_cencerradas|Reacción ante las cencerradas]]	+	==== [[#Reaccion_ante_las_cencerradas|Reaction to the ''cencerradas'']] ====
−	*[[Prohibiciones_civiles_y_eclesiasticas|Prohibiciones civiles y eclesiásticas]]	+	==== [[#Prohibiciones_civiles_y_eclesiasticas|Church and civil prohibitions]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XVII. [[UNIONES_LIBRES_E_HIJOS_NATURALES|UNIONES LIBRES E HIJOS NATURALES]] ==	+	== XVII. [[UNIONES_LIBRES_E_HIJOS_NATURALES/en|COMMON-LAW UNIONS AND ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN]] ==
−	=== [[Uniones_libres|Uniones libres]] ===	+	=== [[#Uniones_libres|Common-law unions]] ===
−	*[[Frecuencia_y_aceptacion|Frecuencia y aceptación]]	+	==== [[#Frecuencia_y_aceptacion|Frequency and acceptance]] ====
−	*[[Recursos_para_soslayar_la_presion_social|Recursos para soslayar la presión social]]	+	==== [[#Recursos_para_soslayar_la_presion_social|Resources to circumvent social pressure]] ====
−	=== [[Madres_solteras|Madres solteras]] ===	+	=== [[#Madres_solteras|Single mothers]] ===
−	=== [[Hijos_naturales|Hijos naturales]] ===	+	=== [[#Hijos_naturales|Illegitimate children]] ===
−	*[[Bautizo|Bautizo]]	+	==== [[#Bautizo1|Baptism]] ====
−	*[[Destino_de_los_niños|Destino de los niños]]	+	==== [[#Destino_de_los_niños|Fate of the children]] ====
−	=== [[El_adulterio|El adulterio]] ===	+	=== [[#El_adulterio|Adultery]] ===
−	=== [[Separacion_y_divorcio|Separación y divorcio]] ===	+	=== [[#Separacion_y_divorcio|Separation and divorce]] ===
−	{{#bookTitle:Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en Vasconia | Ritos_del_nacimiento_al_matrimonio_en_vasconia}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Índice de contenidos}}	+	{{#bookTitle:Rites from Birth to Marriage in the Basque Country | Ritos_del_nacimiento_al_matrimonio_en_vasconia/en}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Table of contents}}

---

Revisión actual del 12:23 6 feb 2020

I. BIRTH. JAIOTZA

Childhood beliefs about where children come from

The stork. Paris

Brought by the midwife or the doctor

Zerutik ekarriak

Found in nearby settings

Bought

Labour. Erditzea

From home to hospital births

Helpers during labour

• • The midwife
  • The doctor

Labour

• • Everyday life prior to labour
  • The position when giving birth
  • The action of giving birth

• • • Preparations
    • Labour
    • Delivery
    • Labour alone

• • The placenta and umbilical cord

Caring for the postpartum mother

Feeding the mother after giving birth

• • Diet and convalescence period
  • Harmful and beneficial food

Announcing the birth

Holding and showing the child

Looking after the newborn

First care

Checking the child

• • Head
  • Straightening the nose
  • Ears

Swaddling babies

Precautions taken

Breastfeeding

Nursing

Wet-nurses

Dangers for the nursing mother. "Getting hairy"

Extending breastfeeding

Breastfeeding today

Start of normal feeding

Burial of unbaptized infants

Under the eaves of the house

In the vegetable garden

In the limbo of the cemetery

Lack of coffin

People attending the burial

Appendix 1: Emaztia esperantxetan eta haur jaioberriaren jatekoa Nafarroa Beherako bi herritan

Appendix 2: Couvade

 

II. BELIEFS RELATED TO BIRTH

Cravings. Influence on the child

Guessing the sex of the child

Shape of the mother's belly

Signs in the face of the mother. Blanket

Course of the pregnancy

First step of the pregnant mother

Moon phase influence in conception

Divination procedures

Choosing the sex

Different beliefs about pregnancy and labour

Intercession of the saints for a safe labour

Importance of the moment of the birth

Child saludador healer

Pre-baptismal precautionsa

Not kissing the newborn

Charms

Holy water

Religious charms

Medals and other religious items

Curing the evil eye

 

III. BAPTISM. BATAIOA

Baptising newborns

Delaying baptism

Baptistery. Pontea

Emergency baptism

People attending the baptism

Baptism apparel

Holder of the child

Ritual entourage

Old baptism ritual

On entering the church

Way to the baptistery

In the baptistery

New baptism ritual

Offerings and gifts

Hospitality to mark the baptism

Refreshments for the entourage (Alava. Bizkaia. Gipuzkoa. Northern Basque Country (lying within France). Navarra)

Arrebuchas ritual where the godparents throw sweets and coins (Navarra. Alava. Bizkaia. Gipuzkoa. Northern Basque Country)

Godparenthood

Undertaking of the godparents

Spiritual kinship and affinity

Choice of godparents

Offering to be a godparent

The right to be a godparent

Sole godparent

Godparents of convenience

• Godparents by chance

Names of godparents and godchildren

Baptismal name

Gifts from the godparents

Christmas and Easter presents

 

IV. POSTPARTUM PERIOD

Requirements during the postpartum period

Using a tile as protection

Blessing the mother

The Purification of the Virgin Mary as the archetype

Names

Length of the postpartum quarantine

Churching ritual

Visiting the postpartum mother and celebrating the end of the postpartum period

Offering up of children in chapels and at shrines

Appendix: Blessing the mother ritual

 

V. EARLY CHILDHOOD. HAURTZAROA

The cradle. Sehaska

Wooden cradles

Wicker cradles: Moses basket

Cots

Substitute cradles. The half bushel

Cradle mattress and linen

Rocking the cradle

Making the cradle

More recent cradles

Looking after the child

Taking the baby for a stroll in the past

The first outings

Traditional ways of carrying the child

People looking after the child

• • The women of the household
  • Babysitters
  • Nursemaids

Taking the child for a walk nowadays

Childhood development milestones

The first steps

• • Learning implements. Baby walker
  • Popular beliefs

Infant babbling

• • Helping to start talking
  • Popular beliefs

Cutting the first teeth

Losing baby teeth

• • Tooth, baby tooth
  • Gift for lost tooth

The anniversary of the birth

Birthday

Birthday presents

 

VI. CHILDHOOD AND PUBERTY

Attending school

Ordinary school starting age

Starting school late

Early school starting age

Truancy

First Communion

Private communion and high mass communion

First Communion alone

Dates for holding the First Communion

Rite of passage to adolescence

First Communion dresses

• • Former attire
  • First Communion suit

First Communion reception

• • Hot chocolate breakfast
  • Family refreshments
  • The First Communion reception today

First Communion presents

• • Collecting in the neighbourhood
  • Communion gifts today

Confirmation

Confirmation, rite of entry into youth

Celebration of the Confirmation

Confirmation in the past

• • The pastoral visit
  • Confirmation at an indeterminate age
  • Farcical formulas of the Confirmation

Chores done by children

Initiating children to chores

Common tasks for boys and girls

Jobs entrusted to girls

• • Urzayas

Jobs done by boys

Children's chores today

Children activities and games

Appendix 1: The Communion day and the Administration of the Confirmation in Sara (L)

Appendix 2: Notes on the school system and literacy

 

VII. YOUTH

The mocería youth association

Mocerías in Alava

• • Mocerías at the turn of the century

Mocerías in Navarra

Communal activities of young people in other parts of the Basque Country

Outfits and headwear

Dancing. Dantza

Start age

Dance venues: the square

Dance times

Dance classes

• • Dancing alone
  • Partner dances

Starting and ending the dance

• • The bastonero (dance master)

Organisation of the dance

Start of the dance and pairing

Musical instruments

• • Instruments from the past

• • • Trikitrixa and accordion
    • Txistu and drum, bagpipes and dulzaina double reed instrument
    • Dance orchestras and municipal bands

• • Modern instruments

Dancing during pilgrimages and patron saint's festivities

Private dances

• • Casinos, societies and social circles
  • Dance parties
  • Discotheques and night clubs

Restrictions on freedom to dance

• • Coercion of conscience
  • Reproaching the congregants
  • Lent and mourning

Contemporary transitions

Compulsory military service

Departure of the quintos (conscripts)

Conscript celebrations

Presentation to society

Youth religious associations

Congregation of the Daughters of Mary

Congregation of San Luis Gonzaga

Other youth associations

Appendix:Regulations for organising cuadrillas (companies of friends) or Societies. San Martín de Unx, 9 January 1885

 

VIII. START OF THE ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIP

Meeting places and opportunities

Meeting points in the past

• • When working
  • The fountain
  • At the end of religious ceremonies

Dances

Accompanying the girl home

Walking out

Matchmaking games

Rites and prayers to find a suitor

Courting dances and wooing of young women

Night courting dances

St. Agatha courting dance

St. John courting dance

Wooing

Preparing doughnuts

Propitious time to start a romantic relationship

Taking the lead in romantic relations

Matchmaking

• • Friends or relatives
  • Matchmakers

Marriages arranged by the parents

• • Matches guided by economic interests
  • Calling
  • Arranged liaisons

Parental pressure ending the courtship

 

IX. COURTSHIP

Ways of declaring their love

Exchanging objects

Formalising the courtship

Value of the courtship and its ending

Sweethearts meeting

• • Meeting place
  • Meeting days

Relationships between the couple and their single friends

Realm of the courtship

Intermarriage

Local inbreeding

Levy on a groom from another area

 

X. MARRIAGE SETTLEMENTS

Request for the woman's hand in marriage

Marriage settlements

Alava

• • The mandas or marriage settlement
  • Contents of the settlements
  • Entering into the settlements

Bizkaia

• • Marriage settlements
  • Contents of the settlements
  • Kontratuko bazkaria

Gipuzkoa

• • The entailed estate
  • Contents of the settlements
  • Entering into the settlements

Northern Basque Country

• • The marriage contract
  • Contents of the settlements
  • Kontratuko apairua

Navarra

• • Marriage settlements
  • Contents of the settlements
  • Entering into the settlements

Marriage settlements at the turn of the century

The marriage contract

Contents of the settlements

• • As regards the people
  • As regards the goods

The dowry

Alava

• • The dowry
  • Consequences of a rupture

Bizkaia

• • The dowry
  • Consequences of a rupture

Gipuzkoa

• • The dowry
  • Consequences of a rupture

Northern Basque Country

• • The dowry
  • Consequences of a rupture

Navarra

• • The dowry
  • Consequences of a rupture

Dowry at the turn of the century

Contents of the dowry

Setting up the dowry

• • Handing over the dowry
  • Compensation in case of rupture

 

XI. WEDDING ARRANGEMENTS

Requirements to get married

Banns

Publication of the banns

Customs during the banns of marriage period

• • Congratulating
  • Bota-eguna

Ballads to the bride and groom

Stag/hen party

Celebration in the past

The stag/hen party today

Padrinos or wedding sponsors

Choice of the wedding sponsors

Obligations of the wedding sponsors

Wedding invitations

Increase in the number of guests

Sending out the invitations

Wedding gifts

Gifts between the bride and groom

Gifts from the guests

 

XII. THE WEDDING. EZKONTZA

Time and place of the marriage

Weddings within the year

Mourning wedding

Dates and times held

Venue

Decoration of the church

Music and songs during the ceremony

The wedding entourage

The wedding entourage in the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)

The wedding entourage in the Northern Basque Country

• • Symbolic levy on a groom from another area

The wedding entourage today

Attire of the wedding guests

• • The bride's wedding dress

• • • Until the middle of the century
    • Prevalence of the white dress
    • Headwear and ornaments
    • Mourning

• • The groom's suit
  • Attire of the guests

The religious ceremony

In the church porch

• • The marriage
  • Blessing of bands and rings

In the church

• • Nuptial mass

The religious ceremony today

Marriage certificate

Offering the bridal bouquet

Congratulations, tribute and gifts

Return of the wedding entourage

Wedding photographs

Civil marriage

Ceremony

Current acceptance of civil marriage

• • Frequency of civil marriages

Appendix 1: Civil marriage form in the Southern Basque Country

Appendix 2: Ezkontza euskeraz Herriko Etxean (lparraldean)

 

XIII. ENTERING THE MARITAL HOME. ETXE-SARTZEA

Wedding cart and chattels

The wedding cart in old ethnographic texts

The wedding cart in the Etniker survey

Other ways of transporting the bride's chattels

Driving the non-local spouse to the marital home

Rites when entering the new home

Inventory and displaying the chattels

 

XIV. THE WEDDING RECEPTION. EZTEIAK

Guests to the reception

Involvement of young people in the wedding

Length of the wedding celebrations

Celebrations of over two days

Two-day celebrations

Celebrations of just one day

Celebrations without a wedding reception

Large receptions

Venues

• • Home receptions
  • Receptions outside the home

Preparing the venues

Preparing dishes and service

Paying for the reception

Composition of the reception

Seating of the guests at the table

• • Home weddings
  • Weddings outside the home

Rituals during the wedding reception

• • Rituals at the start of the reception
  • Rituals during the reception
  • Dancing
  • Singing
  • Gifts to the guests

Other customs related to the wedding reception

Wedding night customs

 

XV. POST-WEDDING OFFERING AND CELEBRATIONS

Honeymoon

The couple's departure

Short trips

Visiting relatives

Long trips

Post-wedding offering

Propter nuptias funeral offering

• • Gipuzkoa
  • Bizkaia
  • Alava
  • Navarra
  • Northern Basque Country

Contemporary transitions

Post-wedding meals

Appendix: Descriptions of weddings in the different areas of the Basque Country

La noce au Pays de Soule aux années 20

Gipuzkoako Elosuan 1932.ean egin ziren ezkontza-eztei batzuen berri

A wedding in the town of Sara in Labourd in 1943

A wedding in the town of Moreda in Álava in 1991

Bizkaiko Ajangizen 1993.ean egin ziran ezkontza-eztegu batzuren barri

 

XVI. UNMARRIED STATUS AND CELIBACY. MARRIAGE OF WIDOWS AND WIDOWERS

Unmarried status

Reasons for being unmarried

Resistance to the rural way of life

Integration of unmarried people in the home

Social standing of unmarried people

Marriage and procreation

Religious celibacy

Rite of Religious Progression

Ecclesiastical career

Marriage of widows and widowers

Cencerradas - banging on pots and pans

• • Northern Basque Country
  • Gipuzkoa
  • Bizkaia
  • Alava
  • Navarra

Reaction to the cencerradas

Church and civil prohibitions

 

XVII. COMMON-LAW UNIONS AND ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN

Common-law unions

Frequency and acceptance

Resources to circumvent social pressure

Single mothers

Illegitimate children

Baptism

Fate of the children

Adultery

Separation and divorce