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= LANDSCAPE =
 
= LANDSCAPE =
  
−
== I. [[EL_PAISAJE_AGRARIO/en|THE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE]] ==
+
== I. [[EL_PAISAJE_AGRARIO/en|AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE]] ==
  
−
=== [[Paisaje_agrario_de_Alava|Agricultural landscape of Álava]] ===
+
=== [[#Paisaje_agrario_de_Alava|Agricultural landscape of Álava]] ===
  
−
=== [[Paisaje_agrario_de_Navarra|Agricultural landscape of Navarra]] ===
+
=== [[#Paisaje_agrario_de_Navarra|Agricultural landscape of Navarre]] ===
  
−
=== [[Paisaje_agrario_de_Bizkaia|Agricultural landscape of Bizkaia]] ===
+
=== [[#Paisaje_agrario_de_Bizkaia|Agricultural landscape of Bizkaia]] ===
  
−
=== [[Paisaje_agrario_de_Gipuzkoa|Agricultural landscape of Gipuzkoa]] ===
+
=== [[#Paisaje_agrario_de_Gipuzkoa|Agricultural landscape of Gipuzkoa]] ===
  
−
=== [[Paysages_d_Iparralde_trois_regards|Landscapes of the Northern Basque Country (lying within France): three aspects]] ===
+
=== [[#Paysages_d_Iparralde_trois_regards|Landscapes of the Northern Basque Country: three aspects]] ===
−
 
+
 
  
 
== II. [[TERRENOS_CULTIVADOS/en|FARMED LANDS]] ==
 
== II. [[TERRENOS_CULTIVADOS/en|FARMED LANDS]] ==
  
−
=== [[Clases_calidad_y_cultivos_de_las_tierras|Land types, quality and crops]] ===
+
=== [[#Clases_calidad_y_cultivos_de_las_tierras|Land types, quality and crops]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Consideraciones_generales1|General points]] ====
+
==== [[#Consideraciones_generales1|General points]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Clases_de_tierra_lur_motak|Types of land]] ====
+
==== [[#Clases_de_tierra_lur_motak|Types of land]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Roturacion_de_la_tierra|Ploughing the land]] ====
+
==== [[#Roturacion_de_la_tierra|Ploughing the land]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Primera_roturacion|First ploughing]] ====
+
==== [[#Primera_roturacion|First ploughing]] ====
  
 
**On common land
 
**On common land
 
**On private property
 
**On private property
  
−
==== [[##Cultivos|Crops]] ====
+
==== [[#Cultivos|Crops]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Regadio|Irrigation]] ====
 
==== [[#Regadio|Irrigation]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Denominaciones_y_descripcion_de_las_tierras_explotadas|Names and description of the farmed land]] ===
+
=== [[#Denominaciones_y_descripcion_de_las_tierras_explotadas|Names and description of the farmed land]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Denominaciones_castellanas_y_descripciones|Spanish names and descriptions]] ====
+
==== [[#Denominaciones_castellanas_y_descripciones|Spanish names and descriptions]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Denominaciones_euskericas_y_descripciones|Basque names and descriptions]] ====
+
==== [[#Denominaciones_euskericas_y_descripciones|Basque names and descriptions]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Dimensiones_de_las_parcelas|Sizes of the plots]] ===
+
=== [[#Dimensiones_de_las_parcelas|Sizes of the plots]] ===
  
−
==== [[##La_concentracion_parcelaria|Land consolidation]] ====
+
==== [[#La_concentracion_parcelaria|Land consolidation]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Situacion_y_separacion_entre_heredades|Situation and separation between fields]] ===
 
=== [[#Situacion_y_separacion_entre_heredades|Situation and separation between fields]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Cerramientos_de_muros_de_piedra._Itxiturak|Stone walls]] ====
+
==== [[#Cerramientos_de_muros_de_piedra._Itxiturak|Stone walls]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Heredades_predominantemente_abiertas|Predominantly open fields]] ====
+
==== [[#Heredades_predominantemente_abiertas|Predominantly open fields]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Cerramientos_actuales|Existing enclosures]] ====
+
==== [[#Cerramientos_actuales|Existing enclosures]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Amojonamiento._Mugarriak|Marking of boundaries]] ====
+
==== [[#Amojonamiento._Mugarriak|Marking of boundaries]] ====
  
−
==== [[Lindes_naturales|Natural boundaries]] ====
+
==== [[#Lindes_naturales|Natural boundaries]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Caminos_vecinales_auzobideak|Local roads]] ===
+
=== [[#Caminos_vecinales_auzobideak|Local roads]] ===
  
−
=== [[Lugares_de_reunion._Areas_de_contactos_sociales|Meeting places. Social contact areas]] ===
+
=== [[#Lugares_de_reunion._Areas_de_contactos_sociales|Meeting places. Social contact areas]] ===
  
−
=== [[Apendice_Mojones_de_jurisdiccion_herri_arteko_mugarriak|Appendix: Jurisdiction boundary stones]] ===
+
=== [[#Apendice_Mojones_de_jurisdiccion_herri_arteko_mugarriak|Appendix: Jurisdiction boundary stones]] ===
−
 
+
 
  
 
= CROPS =
 
= CROPS =
Línea 67: Línea 67:
 
== III. [[DISTRIBUCION_Y_ROTACION_DE_CULTIVOS._CALENDARIO_AGRICOLA/en|CROP DISTRIBUTION AND ROTATION. FARMING YEAR]] ==
 
== III. [[DISTRIBUCION_Y_ROTACION_DE_CULTIVOS._CALENDARIO_AGRICOLA/en|CROP DISTRIBUTION AND ROTATION. FARMING YEAR]] ==
  
−
=== [[Consideraciones_generales2|General points]] ===
+
=== [[#Consideraciones_generales2|General points]] ===
  
−
==== [[Dias_y_periodos_de_cultivo|Growth periods and days]] ====
+
==== [[#Dias_y_periodos_de_cultivo|Growth periods and days]] ====
  
−
==== [[Influencia_de_la_luna|Influence of the moon]] ====
+
==== [[#Influencia_de_la_luna|Influence of the moon]] ====
  
−
=== [[Distribucion_de_los_cultivos_en_los_distintos_tipos_de_heredades|Crop distribution in the different types of fields]] ===
+
=== [[#Distribucion_de_los_cultivos_en_los_distintos_tipos_de_heredades|Crop distribution in the different types of fields]] ===
  
−
=== [[Rotacion_de_cultivos|Crop rotation]] ===
+
=== [[#Rotacion_de_cultivos|Crop rotation]] ===
  
−
=== [[Calendario_agricola|Farming year]] ===
+
=== [[#Calendario_agricola|Farming year]] ===
  
−
==== [[Vertiente_mediterranea_de_Alava|Álava Mediterranean watershed]] ====
+
==== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea_de_Alava|Álava Mediterranean watershed]] ====
  
−
==== [[Vertiente_mediterranea_de_Navarra|Navarra Mediterranean watershed]] ====
+
==== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea_de_Navarra|Navarre Mediterranean watershed]] ====
  
−
==== [[Vertiente_atlantica|Atlantic watershed]] ====
+
==== [[#Vertiente_atlantica|Atlantic watershed]] ====
  
−
==== [[Ciclo_de_cada_cultivo|Cycle of each crop]] ====
+
==== [[#Ciclo_de_cada_cultivo|Cycle of each crop]] ====
  
−
=== [[Las_semillas_haziak|Seeds]] ===
+
=== [[#Las_semillas_haziak|Seeds]] ===
  
−
==== [[Seleccion_de_semillas|Seed selection]] ====
+
==== [[#Seleccion_de_semillas|Selecting the seeds]] ====
  
−
==== [[Obtencion_y_conservacion_de_semillas|Obtaining and preserving seeds]] ====
+
==== [[#Obtencion_y_conservacion_de_semillas|Obtaining and preserving seeds]] ====
  
−
==== [[Preparacion_de_semillas_para_la_siembra|Preparing seeds for sowing]] ====
+
==== [[#Preparacion_de_semillas_para_la_siembra|Preparing seeds for sowing]] ====
  
−
==== [[Preparacion_de_semilleros_o_sementeras|Preparing seedbeds or sowings]] ====
+
==== [[#Preparacion_de_semilleros_o_sementeras|Preparing seedbeds or sowings]] ====
  
−
=== [[Apendice_Refranes_relacionados_con_la_agricultura._Esaerak|Appendix: Sayings to do with agriculture]] ===
+
=== [[#Apendice_Refranes_relacionados_con_la_agricultura._Esaerak|Appendix: Sayings to do with agriculture]] ===
−
 
+
 
  
−
== IV. [[PREPARACION_DE_LA_TIERRA_DE_CULTIVO/en|PREPARING THE CULTIVATED LAND]] ==
+
== IV. [[PREPARACION_DE_LA_TIERRA_DE_CULTIVO/en|PREPARATION OF THE CULTIVATED LAND]] ==
  
−
=== [[Primera_roturacion_de_un_terreno|First ploughing of a piece of land]] ===
+
=== [[#Primera_roturacion_de_un_terreno|First ploughing of a piece of land]] ===
  
−
==== [[Roturacion_de_monte_bajo_o_con_arbolado|Ploughing scrubland or woodland]] ====
+
==== [[#Roturacion_de_monte_bajo_o_con_arbolado|Ploughing scrubland or woodland]] ====
  
−
==== [[Roturacion_de_terrenos_de_pasto|Ploughing pastureland]] ====
+
==== [[#Roturacion_de_terrenos_de_pasto|Ploughing pastureland]] ====
  
−
==== [[Tecnicas_modernas|Modern techniques]] ====
+
==== [[#Tecnicas_modernas|Modern techniques]] ====
  
−
=== [[La_tierra_de_labor|Arable land]] ===
+
=== [[#La_tierra_de_labor|Arable land]] ===
  
−
==== [[Preparacion_de_tierras_en_barbecho|Preparing the fallow land]] ====
+
==== [[#Preparacion_de_tierras_en_barbecho|Preparing the fallow land]] ====
  
−
==== [[Preparacion_de_las_tierras_de_cultivo|Preparing the cultivated land]] ====
+
==== [[#Preparacion_de_las_tierras_de_cultivo|Preparation of the cultivated land]] ====
  
−
**The Mediterranean side of the watershed
+
**Mediterranean side of the watershed
−
**The Atlantic side of the watershed
+
**Atlantic side of the watershed
  
−
=== [[El_abonado|Fertilising]] ===
+
=== [[#El_abonado|Fertilising]] ===
  
−
==== [[Estiercol|Manure]] ====
+
==== [[#Estiercol|Manure]] ====
  
 
**Mediterranean watershed  
 
**Mediterranean watershed  
 
**Atlantic watershed
 
**Atlantic watershed
  
−
==== [[Abonos_minerales_y_de_sintesis|Mineral and synthetic fertilisers]] ====
+
==== [[#Abonos_minerales_y_de_sintesis|Mineral and synthetic fertilisers]] ====
  
 
**Mediterranean watershed
 
**Mediterranean watershed
 
**Atlantic watershed
 
**Atlantic watershed
  
−
==== [[Compost_y_abonos_verdes|Compost and organic fertilisers]] ====
+
==== [[#Compost_y_abonos_verdes|Compost and organic fertilisers]] ====
  
−
=== [[El_uso_de_la_ceniza_errautsa|Use of ash]] ===
+
=== [[#El_uso_de_la_ceniza_errautsa|Use of ash]] ===
  
−
=== [[El_encalado|Liming]] ===
+
=== [[#El_encalado|Liming]] ===
  
−
==== [[Produccion_de_cal._Kareharria|Lime production]] ====
+
==== [[#Produccion_de_cal._Kareharria|Lime production]] ====
  
−
==== [[Uso_agricola_de_la_cal|Agricultural use of lime]] ====
+
==== [[#Uso_agricola_de_la_cal|Agricultural use of lime]] ====
−
 
+
 
  
 
== V. [[SIEMBRA_Y_CUIDADOS_DE_LOS_CULTIVOS/en|SOWING AND CARING FOR THE CROPS]] ==
 
== V. [[SIEMBRA_Y_CUIDADOS_DE_LOS_CULTIVOS/en|SOWING AND CARING FOR THE CROPS]] ==
  
−
=== [[Siembra_y_plantacion_ereitea_eta_landatzea|Sowing and planting]] ===
+
=== [[#Siembra_y_plantacion_ereitea_eta_landatzea|Sowing and planting]] ===
  
−
=== [[Diversidad_de_cultivos|Crop diversity]] ===
+
=== [[#Diversidad_de_cultivos|Crop diversity]] ===
  
−
=== [[Cultivos_para_consumo_humano|Crops for human consumption]] ===
+
=== [[#Cultivos_para_consumo_humano|Crops for human consumption]] ===
  
−
==== [[Cereales|Cereals]] ====
+
==== [[#Cereales|Cereals]] ====
  
 
**Wheat
 
**Wheat
Línea 159: Línea 159:
 
**Corn
 
**Corn
  
−
==== [[Legumbres_ortuariak|Pulses and beans]] ====
+
==== [[#Legumbres_ortuariak|Pulses and beans]] ====
  
 
**Beans
 
**Beans
Línea 166: Línea 166:
 
**Chickpeas, lentils and ''aizkol''
 
**Chickpeas, lentils and ''aizkol''
  
−
==== [[Hortalizas_subterraneas|Underground vegetables]] ====
+
==== [[#Hortalizas_subterraneas|Underground vegetables]] ====
  
 
**Roots: carrot, parsley and beetroot
 
**Roots: carrot, parsley and beetroot
Línea 180: Línea 180:
 
***Garlic
 
***Garlic
  
−
==== [[Hortalizas_aereas|Above ground vegetables]] ====
+
==== [[#Hortalizas_aereas|Above ground vegetables]] ====
  
 
**Leaves
 
**Leaves
Línea 199: Línea 199:
 
***Aubergines
 
***Aubergines
  
−
==== [[Plantas_medicinales|Medicinal plants]] ====
+
==== [[#Plantas_medicinales|Medicinal plants]] ====
  
−
==== [[Drogas|Drugs]] ====
+
==== [[#Drogas|Drugs]] ====
  
 
**Tobacco
 
**Tobacco
  
 
***Growing tobacco in Gipuzkoa
 
***Growing tobacco in Gipuzkoa
−
***The seedbeds
+
***Seedbeds
−
***The growers
+
***Growers
 
***Growing tobacco in Navarra
 
***Growing tobacco in Navarra
  
 
**Marihuana
 
**Marihuana
  
−
=== [[Cultivos_para_el_ganado|Crops for livestock]] ===
+
=== [[#Cultivos_para_el_ganado|Crops for livestock]] ===
  
−
==== [[Cereales2|Cereals]] ====
+
==== [[#Cereales2|Cereals]] ====
  
 
**Oats
 
**Oats
Línea 221: Línea 221:
 
**Corn
 
**Corn
  
−
==== [[Leguminosas|Legumes]] ====
+
==== [[#Leguminosas|Legumes]] ====
  
−
==== [[Menucias|Small fruit]] ====
+
==== [[#Menucias|Small fruit]] ====
  
−
==== [[Hortalizas_forrajeras|Forage vegetables]] ====
+
==== [[#Hortalizas_forrajeras|Forage vegetables]] ====
  
 
**Turnips
 
**Turnips
Línea 232: Línea 232:
 
**Carrots
 
**Carrots
  
−
=== [[##Cultivos_industriales|Industrial crops]] ===
+
=== [[#Cultivos_industriales|Industrial crops]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Remolacha_azucarera|Sugar beet]] ====
+
==== [[#Remolacha_azucarera|Sugar beet]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Patata|Potato]] ====
+
==== [[#Patata|Potato]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Hortalizas2|Vegetables]] ====
+
==== [[#Hortalizas2|Vegetables]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Otros_cultivos|Other crops]] ====
+
==== [[#Otros_cultivos|Other crops]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Setas2|Mushrooms]] ====
+
==== [[#Setas2|Mushrooms]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Cultivo_de_plantas_ornamentales|Ornamental plant crops]] ===
+
=== [[#Cultivo_de_plantas_ornamentales|Ornamental plant crops]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Cuidados_de_los_cultivos|Caring for the crops]] ===
 
=== [[#Cuidados_de_los_cultivos|Caring for the crops]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Escarda_jorra|Weeding]] ====
+
==== [[#Escarda_jorra|Weeding]] ====
  
 
**Cereals
 
**Cereals
Línea 255: Línea 255:
 
**Vegetables
 
**Vegetables
  
−
==== [[##Uso_de_plaguicidas|Use of pesticides]] ====
+
==== [[#Uso_de_plaguicidas|Use of pesticides]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Abonado_del_cereal|Fertilising cereals]] ====
+
==== [[#Abonado_del_cereal|Fertilising cereals]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Riego|Irrigation]] ====
+
==== [[#Riego|Irrigation]] ====
−
 
+
 
  
 
== VI. [[RECOLECCION_DE_LOS_CULTIVOS_Y_CONSERVACION/en|CROP HARVESTING AND PRESERVATION]] ==
 
== VI. [[RECOLECCION_DE_LOS_CULTIVOS_Y_CONSERVACION/en|CROP HARVESTING AND PRESERVATION]] ==
  
−
=== [[##Recoleccion_de_cultivos_para_consumo_humano|Harvesting crops for human consumption]] ===
+
=== [[#Recoleccion_de_cultivos_para_consumo_humano|Harvesting crops for human consumption]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Evolucion_de_la_siega_y_trilla_de_cereales|Evolution of reaping and threshing cereals]] ====
+
==== [[#Evolucion_de_la_siega_y_trilla_de_cereales|Evolution of reaping and threshing cereals]] ====
  
 
**Álava Mediterranean watershed: reaping, hauling, threshing, tossing, storing grain and straw;  harvesting today and baling
 
**Álava Mediterranean watershed: reaping, hauling, threshing, tossing, storing grain and straw;  harvesting today and baling
−
**Navarra Mediterranean watershed: reaping, hauling, threshing, tossing, storing grain and straw; harvesting today and baling  
+
**Navarre Mediterranean watershed: reaping, hauling, threshing, tossing, storing grain and straw; harvesting today and baling  
 
**Atlantic watershed: reaping, threshing, tossing; storage
 
**Atlantic watershed: reaping, threshing, tossing; storage
 
**Harvesting cereal today
 
**Harvesting cereal today
  
−
==== [[##Maiz_artoa|Corn]] ====
+
==== [[#Maiz_artoa|Corn]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Legumbres_ortuariak_rec|Pulses and beans]] ====
+
==== [[#Legumbres_ortuariak_rec|Pulses and beans]] ====
  
 
**Beans and pods
 
**Beans and pods
−
**Broad beans, ''baba''
+
**Broad beans
 
**Peas
 
**Peas
 
**Chickpeas and lentils
 
**Chickpeas and lentils
  
−
==== [[##Hortalizas_subterraneas_rec|Underground vegetables]] ====
+
==== [[#Hortalizas_subterraneas_rec|Underground vegetables]] ====
  
 
**Potatoes
 
**Potatoes
Línea 288: Línea 288:
 
**Leeks; onions and garlic
 
**Leeks; onions and garlic
  
−
* [[Hortalizas_aereas_rec|Above ground vegetables]]
+
==== [[Hortalizas_aereas_rec|Above ground vegetables]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Recoleccion_de_cultivos_para_el_ganado|Crops for livestock]] ===
+
=== [[#Recoleccion_de_cultivos_para_el_ganado|Crops for livestock]] ===
  
−
* [[Cereales_rec_ganado|Cereals]]
+
==== [[Cereales_rec_ganado|Cereals]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Hortalizas_forrajeras_rec_ganado|Forage vegetables]] ====
+
==== [[#Hortalizas_forrajeras_rec_ganado|Forage vegetables]] ====
  
 
**Turnips
 
**Turnips
Línea 301: Línea 301:
 
**Potatoes
 
**Potatoes
  
−
=== [[##Conservacion|Storage and preservation]] ===
+
=== [[#Conservacion|Storing]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Molinos_harineros_errotak|Flour mills]] ===
+
=== [[#Molinos_harineros_errotak|Flour mills]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Introduccion|Introduction]] ====
+
==== [[#Introduccion|Introduction]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Tipos_de_molino_errota_motak|Mill types]] ====
 
==== [[#Tipos_de_molino_errota_motak|Mill types]] ====
Línea 314: Línea 314:
 
**Bizkaia
 
**Bizkaia
 
**Gipuzkoa
 
**Gipuzkoa
−
**Navarra
+
**Navarre
  
−
==== [[##Decadencia_de_los_molinos|Decline of the mills]] ====
+
==== [[#Decadencia_de_los_molinos|Decline of the mills]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Los_componentes_de_un_molino_harinero|The components of a flour mill]] ====
+
==== [[#Los_componentes_de_un_molino_harinero|Components of a flour mill]] ====
  
−
==== [[##La_molienda_ehotzea|Milling]] ====
+
==== [[#La_molienda_ehotzea|Milling]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Calendario_del_molino|Milling year]] ====
+
==== [[#Calendario_del_molino|Milling year]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Molinos_vecinales_o_comunales|Communal and neighbourhood mills]] ====
+
==== [[#Molinos_vecinales_o_comunales|Communal and neighbourhood mills]] ====
−
 
+
 
  
 
== VII. [[LA_HIERBA_Y_OTROS_FORRAJES/en|GRASS AND OTHER FORAGE]] ==
 
== VII. [[LA_HIERBA_Y_OTROS_FORRAJES/en|GRASS AND OTHER FORAGE]] ==
  
−
=== [[##La_hierba_en_la_cultura_tradicional|Grass in the traditional culture]] ===
+
=== [[#La_hierba_en_la_cultura_tradicional|Grass in the traditional culture]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Creacion_y_mantenimiento_de_prados|Meadow creation and upkeep]] ====
 
==== [[#Creacion_y_mantenimiento_de_prados|Meadow creation and upkeep]] ====
Línea 336: Línea 336:
 
**Upkeep
 
**Upkeep
  
−
==== [[##Aprovechamiento|Use]] ====
+
==== [[#Aprovechamiento|Use]] ====
  
 
**Grazing
 
**Grazing
Línea 349: Línea 349:
 
***Haystacks
 
***Haystacks
  
−
=== [[##El_inicio_de_los_cambios|The start of the changes]] ===
+
=== [[#El_inicio_de_los_cambios|Start of the changes]] ===
  
−
=== [[##La_transformacion_de_los_años_1960|Changes in the 1960s]] ===
+
=== [[#La_transformacion_de_los_años_1960|Changes in the 1960s]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Ensilado|Silage]] ====
+
==== [[#Ensilado|Silage]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Siega_mecanica|Mechanical harvesting]] ====
+
==== [[#Siega_mecanica|Mechanical harvesting]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Los_primeros_tractores|The first tractors]] ====
+
==== [[#Los_primeros_tractores|First tractors]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Enfardado|Baling]] ====
+
==== [[#Enfardado|Baling]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Mecanizacion_progresiva|Progressive mechanisation]] ===
+
=== [[#Mecanizacion_progresiva|Progressive mechanisation]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Mecanizacion_de_la_recoleccion_de_la_hierba|Mechanisation of grass harvesting]] ====
+
==== [[#Mecanizacion_de_la_recoleccion_de_la_hierba|Mechanisation of grass harvesting]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Cambios_en_la_ganaderia_asociados_a_la_mecanizacion|Changes in livestock farming associated with mechanisation]] ====
 
==== [[#Cambios_en_la_ganaderia_asociados_a_la_mecanizacion|Changes in livestock farming associated with mechanisation]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Incremento_de_la_produccion_de_hierba|Increased grass production]] ====
+
==== [[#Incremento_de_la_produccion_de_hierba|Increased grass production]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Ultimas_modificaciones_en_la_alimentacion_de_las_vacas|Latest modifications to cattle feeding]] ====
+
==== [[#Ultimas_modificaciones_en_la_alimentacion_de_las_vacas|Latest modifications to cattle feeding]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Transformaciones_vinculadas_a_la_crisis_ganadera|Changes linked to the livestock crisis]] ====
 
==== [[#Transformaciones_vinculadas_a_la_crisis_ganadera|Changes linked to the livestock crisis]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Cultivo_de_hierba_en_el_area_mediterranea|Growing grass on the Mediterranean side of the watershed]] ===
+
=== [[#Cultivo_de_hierba_en_el_area_mediterranea|Growing grass on the Mediterranean side of the watershed]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Otros_forrajes|Other forage]] ===
+
=== [[#Otros_forrajes|Other forage]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Area_atlantica|The Atlantic side of the watershed]] ====
+
==== [[#Area_atlantica|Atlantic side of the watershed]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Area_mediterranea|The Mediterranean side of the watershed]] ====
+
==== [[#Area_mediterranea|Mediterranean side of the watershed]] ====
−
 
+
 
  
−
== VIII. [[CULTIVO_DE_LINO_Y_CAÑAMO/en|GROWING FLAX AND HEMP]] ==
+
== VIII. [[CULTIVO_DE_LINO_Y_CAÑAMO/en|CULTURE OF FLAX AND HEMP]] ==
  
−
=== [[##El_antiguo_cultivo_del_lino|The traditional crop of flax]] ===
+
=== [[#El_antiguo_cultivo_del_lino|Traditional flax crop]] ===
  
−
=== [[##El_lino_en_el_paisaje_agrario|Flax in the farmed landscape]] ===
+
=== [[#El_lino_en_el_paisaje_agrario|Flax in the farmed landscape]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Terrenos_de_cultivo|Cropland]] ===
+
=== [[#Terrenos_de_cultivo|Cropland]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Clases_de_lino_y_epoca_de_siembra_ereitea|Types of flax and sowing season]] ====
+
==== [[#Clases_de_lino_y_epoca_de_siembra_ereitea|Types of flax and sowing season]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Proceso_de_elaboracion|Production process]] ===
 
=== [[#Proceso_de_elaboracion|Production process]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Arranque_y_ablandamiento_ateratzea_eta_beratzea|Pulling up and softening]] ====
+
==== [[#Arranque_y_ablandamiento_ateratzea_eta_beratzea|Pulling up and softening]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Desespigar_garramatu_azkarbaketa|Threshing flax seeds]] ====
+
==== [[#Desespigar_garramatu_azkarbaketa|Threshing flax seeds]] ====
  
−
==== [[##El_empozado_del_lino_lihoa_urtaratu|Soaking flax]] ====
+
==== [[#El_empozado_del_lino_lihoa_urtaratu|Soaking flax]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Tratamiento_de_las_hebras_linugintza|Treating the strands]] ===
+
=== [[#Tratamiento_de_las_hebras_linugintza|Treating the strands]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Mazado_linarriketa|Breaking]] ====
+
==== [[#Mazado_linarriketa|Breaking]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Golpeo_en_la_agramadera_trankaketa|Scrutching in the scrutcher]] ====
+
==== [[#Golpeo_en_la_agramadera_trankaketa|Scrutching in the scrutcher]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Raido_suasketa|Heckling]] ====
+
==== [[#Raido_suasketa|Heckling]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Espadeo_ezpataz_jo|Distaff]] ====
+
==== [[#Espadeo_ezpataz_jo|Distaff]] ====
  
−
==== [[##La_carda_txarrasketa|Teasing]] ====
+
==== [[#La_carda_txarrasketa|Teasing]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Hilado_harigintza|Spinning]] ===
+
=== [[#Hilado_harigintza|Spinning]] ===
  
−
==== [[##La_rueca._Goruetan|Spinning wheel]] ====
+
==== [[#La_rueca._Goruetan|Spinning wheel]] ====
  
−
==== [[##El_huso_ardatza|Spindle]] ====
+
==== [[#El_huso_ardatza|Spindle]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Madejado_matazak_egitea|Skeining]] ====
+
==== [[#Madejado_matazak_egitea|Skeining]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Blanqueo._Egozketa|Bleaching]] ===
+
=== [[#Blanqueo._Egozketa|Bleaching]] ===
  
−
=== [[##El_ovillado_harilketa|Winding]] ===
+
=== [[#El_ovillado_harilketa|Winding]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Elaboracion_del_tejido_ehungintza|Making the fabric]] ===
 
=== [[#Elaboracion_del_tejido_ehungintza|Making the fabric]] ===
Línea 428: Línea 428:
 
=== [[#El_cañamo|Hemp]] ===
 
=== [[#El_cañamo|Hemp]] ===
  
−
=== [[##El_esparto|Esparto grass]] ===
+
=== [[#El_esparto|Esparto grass]] ===
−
 
+
 
  
 
= FRUIT TREES. OLIVES AND VINES =
 
= FRUIT TREES. OLIVES AND VINES =
  
−
== IX. [[CULTIVO_DE_ARBOLES_FRUTALES/en|GROWING FRUIT TREES]] ==
+
== IX. [[CULTIVO_DE_ARBOLES_FRUTALES/en|CULTURE OF FRUIT TREES]] ==
  
 
=== [[#Introduccion1|Introduction]] ===
 
=== [[#Introduccion1|Introduction]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Cultivo_de_arboles_frutales|Growing fruit trees]] ===
+
=== [[#Cultivo_de_arboles_frutales|Culture of fruit trees]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea1|Mediterranean watershed]] ====
 
==== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea1|Mediterranean watershed]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Vertiente_atlantica1|Atlantic watershed]] ====
+
==== [[#Vertiente_atlantica1|Atlantic watershed]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Plantacion_y_adquisicion_de_arboles|Planting and acquiring trees]] ===
 
=== [[#Plantacion_y_adquisicion_de_arboles|Planting and acquiring trees]] ===
Línea 447: Línea 447:
 
=== [[#Injertado_txertatzea_eztitzea|Grafting]] ===
 
=== [[#Injertado_txertatzea_eztitzea|Grafting]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Cuidados|Care]] ===
+
=== [[#Cuidados|Care]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Recoleccion_conservacion_y_aprovechamiento_de_la_fruta|Harvesting, storing and use of the fruit]] ===
+
=== [[#Recoleccion_conservacion_y_aprovechamiento_de_la_fruta|Harvesting, storing and use of the fruit]] ===
−
 
+
 
  
−
== X. [[CULTIVO_DEL_OLIVO_Y_LA_VID/en|GROWING OLIVES AND VINES]] ==
+
== X. [[CULTIVO_DEL_OLIVO_Y_LA_VID/en|CULTURE OF OLIVE TREES AND VINES]] ==
  
−
=== [[##El_olivo_olibondoa|The olive]] ===
+
=== [[#El_olivo_olibondoa|The olive tree]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Zonas_olivareras|Olive-growing areas]] ====
+
==== [[#Zonas_olivareras|Olive-growing areas]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Plantacion|Planting]] ====
+
==== [[#Plantacion|Planting]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Variedades_que_se_plantan|Varieties that are planted]] ====
+
==== [[#Variedades_que_se_plantan|Varieties that are planted]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Cuidados1|Care]] ====
+
==== [[#Cuidados1|Care]] ====
  
 
**Pruning
 
**Pruning
Línea 492: Línea 492:
 
==== [[#Trasplante|Transplanting]] ====
 
==== [[#Trasplante|Transplanting]] ====
  
−
=== [[##La_vid_mahatsondoa|Vines]] ===
+
=== [[#La_vid_mahatsondoa|Vines]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Antecedentes_historicos1|Historical background]] ====
 
==== [[#Antecedentes_historicos1|Historical background]] ====
Línea 510: Línea 510:
 
**Other tasks
 
**Other tasks
  
−
==== [[##Cultivo_actual_de_la_vid_en_la_vertiente_mediterranea|Vine growing today on the Mediterranean watershed]] ====
+
==== [[#Cultivo_actual_de_la_vid_en_la_vertiente_mediterranea|Vine growing today on the Mediterranean watershed]] ====
  
 
**Preparing the land
 
**Preparing the land
Línea 528: Línea 528:
 
***Pests
 
***Pests
  
−
==== [[##Cultivo_de_la_vid_en_la_vertiente_atlantica._Txakolina|Vine growing on the Atlantic watershed. ''Txakolina'']] ====
+
==== [[#Cultivo_de_la_vid_en_la_vertiente_atlantica._Txakolina|Vine growing on the Atlantic watershed. Txakolina]] ====
  
 
**Traditional vine growing
 
**Traditional vine growing
 
**Trained vines
 
**Trained vines
 
**Tasks to care for the vines
 
**Tasks to care for the vines
−
 
+
 
  
−
== XI. [[PRODUCCION_DE_ACEITE_VINO_TXAKOLI_Y_SIDRA/en|PRODUCTION OF OIL, WINE, TXAKOLI AND CIDER]] ==
+
== XI. [[PRODUCCION_DE_ACEITE_VINO_TXAKOLI_Y_SIDRA/en|PRODUCTION OF OIL, WINE, TXAKOLIN AND CIDER]] ==
  
 
=== [[#Aceite_olioa|Oil]] ===
 
=== [[#Aceite_olioa|Oil]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Recoleccion_de_la_oliva|Harvesting the olives]] ====
+
==== [[#Recoleccion_de_la_oliva|Harvesting the olives]] ====
  
 
**Time of year
 
**Time of year
 
**Method
 
**Method
  
−
==== [[##Limpieza_de_la_oliva|Cleaning the olives]] ====
+
==== [[#Limpieza_de_la_oliva|Cleaning the olives]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Elaboracion_del_aceite_de_oliva|Making olive oil]] ====
+
==== [[#Elaboracion_del_aceite_de_oliva|Making olive oil]] ====
  
 
**Time of year
 
**Time of year
Línea 563: Línea 563:
 
**Other applications: soap and a medicated paste made of wax and oil
 
**Other applications: soap and a medicated paste made of wax and oil
  
−
==== [[##Reforma_del_trujal_La_Equidad_Moreda_(A)|Refurbishment of the La Equidad olive oil press, Moreda (A)]] ====
+
==== [[#Reforma_del_trujal_La_Equidad_Moreda_(A)|Refurbishment of the La Equidad olive oil press, Moreda (A)]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Clasificacion_de_los_trujales|Classification of the olive oil presses]] ====
+
==== [[#Clasificacion_de_los_trujales|Classification of the olive oil presses]] ====
  
 
**Manual olive oil presses  
 
**Manual olive oil presses  
Línea 572: Línea 572:
 
**Electric olive oil presses
 
**Electric olive oil presses
  
−
=== [[##Apendices_Trujales_antiguos_de_Moreda_(A)|Appendices: Moreda (A) traditional olive oil presses]] ===
+
=== [[#Apendices_Trujales_antiguos_de_Moreda_(A)|Appendices: Moreda (A) traditional olive oil presses]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Trujal_del_Reten_de_la_Iglesia|Retén de la Iglesia olive oil press]] ====
+
==== [[#Trujal_del_Reten_de_la_Iglesia|Retén de la Iglesia olive oil press]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Trujal_de_Tomas_Laguardia|Tomás Laguardia olive oil press]] ====
+
==== [[#Trujal_de_Tomas_Laguardia|Tomás Laguardia olive oil press]] ====
  
−
=== [[Vino_ardoa|Wine]] ===
+
=== [[#Vino_ardoa|Wine]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Vendimia_tradicional_en_la_vertiente_mediterranea|Traditional grape harvest on the Mediterranean watershed]] ====
+
==== [[#Vendimia_tradicional_en_la_vertiente_mediterranea|Traditional grape harvest on the Mediterranean watershed]] ====
  
 
**Wine making
 
**Wine making
Línea 590: Línea 590:
 
**Changes to the wines
 
**Changes to the wines
  
−
**''Garapitero'' or wine duty collector
+
**Garapitero or wine duty collector
  
 
==== [[#Vendimia_actual_en_la_vertiente_mediterranea|The grape harvest today on the Mediterranean watershed]] ====
 
==== [[#Vendimia_actual_en_la_vertiente_mediterranea|The grape harvest today on the Mediterranean watershed]] ====
Línea 597: Línea 597:
 
**Types of reds
 
**Types of reds
  
−
***Whole grape or carbonic maceration system
+
**Whole grape or carbonic maceration system
−
***Bordeaux system. Sorting, destemming and crushing method
+
**Bordeaux system. Sorting, destemming and crushing method
  
 
==== [[#Otras_bebidas|Other beverages]] ====
 
==== [[#Otras_bebidas|Other beverages]] ====
  
−
=== [[#Txakoli|Txakoli]] ===
+
=== [[#Txakoli|Txakolin]] ===
  
−
==== [[Vendimia_mahats-biltzea_mahats-batzea|Grape harvest]] ====
+
==== [[#Vendimia_mahats-biltzea_mahats-batzea|Grape harvest]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Prensado_lagar_dolarea|Pressing: the wine press]] ====
 
==== [[#Prensado_lagar_dolarea|Pressing: the wine press]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Transformaciones_contemporaneas|Contemporary changes]] ====
+
==== [[#Transformaciones_contemporaneas|Contemporary changes]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Consejos_reguladores_y_denominaciones_de_origen._Jatorri_izenak|Regulatory boards and denominations of origin]] ====
+
==== [[#Consejos_reguladores_y_denominaciones_de_origen._Jatorri_izenak|Regulatory boards and denominations of origin]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Sidra_sagardoa|Cider]] ===
 
=== [[#Sidra_sagardoa|Cider]] ===
Línea 616: Línea 616:
 
==== [[#Antecedentes_historicos2|Historical background]] ====
 
==== [[#Antecedentes_historicos2|Historical background]] ====
  
−
==== [[##La_manzana_y_su_cultivo|Apples and their growing]] ====
+
==== [[#La_manzana_y_su_cultivo|Apples and their growing]] ====
  
−
==== [[Plagas_y_enfermedades_del_manzano|Apple diseases and pests]] ====
+
==== [[#Plagas_y_enfermedades_del_manzano|Apple diseases and pests]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Elaboracion_de_la_sidra._Sagardogintza|Cider making]] ====
 
==== [[#Elaboracion_de_la_sidra._Sagardogintza|Cider making]] ====
Línea 639: Línea 639:
 
==== [[#Manifestaciones_festivas_y_culturales_asociadas_a_la_sidra._Sagardotegiak|Cultural and festive events associated with cider]] ====
 
==== [[#Manifestaciones_festivas_y_culturales_asociadas_a_la_sidra._Sagardotegiak|Cultural and festive events associated with cider]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Bebidas_derivadas_de_la_sidra|Drinks from cider]] ====
+
==== [[#Bebidas_derivadas_de_la_sidra|Drinks from cider]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Apendice_1_Regulacion_de_una_bodega_cooperativa|Appendix 1: Regulations of a cooperative winery]] ===
 
=== [[#Apendice_1_Regulacion_de_una_bodega_cooperativa|Appendix 1: Regulations of a cooperative winery]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Apendice_2_Fabricacion_de_toneles|Appendix 2: Barrel manufacturing]] ===
+
=== [[#Apendice_2_Fabricacion_de_toneles|Appendix 2: Barrel manufacturing]] ===
−
 
+
 
  
 
= FARM TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS =
 
= FARM TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS =
Línea 650: Línea 650:
 
== XII. [[MOBILIARIO_AGRICOLA_TRADICIONAL/en|TRADITIONAL FARMING EQUIPMENT]] ==
 
== XII. [[MOBILIARIO_AGRICOLA_TRADICIONAL/en|TRADITIONAL FARMING EQUIPMENT]] ==
  
−
=== [[##Aperos_para_trabajar_la_tierra|Implements for working the land]] ===
+
=== [[#Aperos_para_trabajar_la_tierra|Implements for working the land]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Layas_laiak|Spades]] ====
+
==== [[#Layas_laiak|Spades]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Azada_aitzurra_y_sus_clases|Hoes and their types]] ====
 
==== [[#Azada_aitzurra_y_sus_clases|Hoes and their types]] ====
Línea 660: Línea 660:
 
**Large hoe
 
**Large hoe
  
−
=== [[Aperos_de_arrastre_para_trabajar_la_tierra|Pull-type implements to work the land]] ===
+
=== [[#Aperos_de_arrastre_para_trabajar_la_tierra|Pull-type implements to work the land]] ===
  
−
==== [[El_arado_goldea|The plough]] ====
+
==== [[#El_arado_goldea|The plough]] ====
  
−
==== [[El_arado_en_Vasconia_continental|The plough in the Northern Basque Country]] ====
+
==== [[#El_arado_en_Vasconia_continental|The plough in the Northern Basque Country]] ====
  
−
**''Nabarra''
+
**Nabarra
−
**''Goldea''
+
**Goldea
−
**''Goldenabarra''
+
**Goldenabarra
−
**''Adareta''
+
**Adareta
−
**''Urdamuturra''
+
**Urdamuturra
−
**''Golde itzulkorra''
+
**Golde itzulkorra
 
**Swivel plough
 
**Swivel plough
  
−
==== [[##El_arado_en_Vasconia_peninsular|The plough in the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)]] ====
+
==== [[#El_arado_en_Vasconia_peninsular|The plough in the Southern Basque Country]] ====
  
 
**Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia
 
**Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia
  
 
***Nabarra or knife to cut the ground
 
***Nabarra or knife to cut the ground
−
***''Exa''
+
***Exa
−
***''Golde txikia''. ''Golde nagusia'' or swivel plough
+
***Golde txikia. Golde nagusia or swivel plough
  
−
**Álava and Navarra
+
**Álava and Navarre
  
−
=== [[Herramientas_para_romper_terrones|Tools to break up clods]] ===
+
=== [[#Herramientas_para_romper_terrones|Tools to break up clods]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Aperos_para_desmenuzar_y_alisar_la_tierra|Implements to break up and smooth the soil]] ===
+
=== [[#Aperos_para_desmenuzar_y_alisar_la_tierra|Implements to break up and smooth the soil]] ===
  
−
==== [[Rastras._Zaranda|Rakes. ''Zaranda'']] ====
+
==== [[#Rastras._Zaranda|Rakes. Zaranda]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Area_are_handia|Aerator, ''are handia'']] ====
+
==== [[#Area_are_handia|Aerator, are handia]] ====
  
−
==== [[#Arralda._Hesia._Trapa._Narria|''Arralda''. ''Hesia''. ''Trapa''. ''Narria''. Digging implements]] ====
+
==== [[#Arralda._Hesia._Trapa._Narria|Arralda. Hesia. Trapa. Narria. Digging implements]] ====
  
−
==== [[#Alperra_rodillo|''Alperra'', roller]] ====
+
==== [[#Alperra_rodillo|Alperra, roller]] ====
  
−
=== [[Aperos_para_hacer_surcos|Implements to make furrows]] ===
+
=== [[#Aperos_para_hacer_surcos|Implements to make furrows]] ===
  
−
==== [[Cultivador|Cultivator]] ====
+
==== [[#Cultivador|Cultivator]] ====
  
−
==== [[Markoa_marcador|Markoa, marker]] ====
+
==== [[#Markoa_marcador|Markoa, marker]] ====
  
−
=== [[Arados_de_puas|Spike ploughs]] ===
+
=== [[#Arados_de_puas|Spike ploughs]] ===
  
−
==== [[#Itailak|''Itailak'']] ====
+
==== [[#Itailak|Itailak]] ====
  
−
==== [[Nabasaia._Lauhortza|''Nabasaia. Lauhortza'']] ====
+
==== [[#Nabasaia._Lauhortza|Nabasaia. Lauhortza]] ====
  
−
==== [[#Tragaz|''Tragaz'']] ====
+
==== [[#Tragaz|Tragaz]] ====
  
−
==== [[Plane|''Plané'']] ====
+
==== [[#Plane|Plané]] ====
  
−
==== [[#Makatza|''Makatza'']] ====
+
==== [[#Makatza|Makatza]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Grada|Disk plough]] ====
 
==== [[#Grada|Disk plough]] ====
  
−
=== [[Instrumentos_para_la_siega|Reaping instruments]] ===
+
=== [[#Instrumentos_para_la_siega|Reaping instruments]] ===
  
−
==== [[Hoz_igitaia_zerra|Sickle]] ====
+
==== [[#Hoz_igitaia_zerra|Sickle]] ====
  
 
**Names
 
**Names
−
**''Zoqueta'' hand protector
+
**Zoqueta hand protector
  
−
==== [[##Guadaña_dallo_sega_kodaina|Scythe]] ====
+
==== [[#Guadaña_dallo_sega_kodaina|Scythe]] ====
  
 
**Names
 
**Names
  
−
==== [[Instrumentos_para_afilar_guadañas_y_hoces|Instruments to sharpen scythes and sickles]] ====
+
==== [[#Instrumentos_para_afilar_guadañas_y_hoces|Instruments to sharpen scythes and sickles]] ====
  
−
==== [[Piedra_de_afilar._Zorrotzarria.|Sharpening stone]] ====
+
==== [[#Piedra_de_afilar._Zorrotzarria.|Sharpening stone]] ====
  
−
==== [[Instrumentos_para_afilar_diversos_aperos_geztera|Instruments to sharpen different implements]] ====
+
==== [[#Instrumentos_para_afilar_diversos_aperos_geztera|Instruments to sharpen different implements]] ====
  
−
=== [[Instrumentos_para_la_recogida_de_la_mies_y_la_hierba|Instruments to collect crops and grass]] ===
+
=== [[#Instrumentos_para_la_recogida_de_la_mies_y_la_hierba|Instruments to collect crops and grass]] ===
  
−
==== [[Horca_sardea|Pitchfork]] ====
+
==== [[#Horca_sardea|Pitchfork]] ====
  
−
==== [[Horcon._Bieldo|Large pitchfork. Hayfork]] ====
+
==== [[#Horcon._Bieldo|Large pitchfork. Hayfork]] ====
  
−
==== [[Horca_de_hierro|Iron pitchfork]] ====
+
==== [[#Horca_de_hierro|Iron pitchfork]] ====
  
−
==== [[Horca_metalica_de_puas_curvas._Sarde-aitzurra|Metal pitchfork with curved spikes]] ====
+
==== [[#Horca_metalica_de_puas_curvas._Sarde-aitzurra|Metal pitchfork with curved spikes]] ====
  
−
==== [[Arpa|Sacking]] ====
+
==== [[#Arpa|Sacking]] ====
  
−
==== [[Rastrillo_arrastelua_eskubera._Rastro|Small rake. Rake]] ====
+
==== [[#Rastrillo_arrastelua_eskubera._Rastro|Small rake. Rake]] ====
  
−
==== [[Enfardadora_manual|Manual baler]] ====
+
==== [[#Enfardadora_manual|Manual baler]] ====
  
−
==== [[Gancho._Makoa|Hook]] ====
+
==== [[#Gancho._Makoa|Hook]] ====
  
−
=== [[Instrumentos_para_desbrozar|Clearing instruments]] ===
+
=== [[#Instrumentos_para_desbrozar|Clearing instruments]] ===
  
−
==== [[Aihotza_podadera|''Aihotza'', pruning hook]] ====
+
==== [[#Aihotza_podadera|Aihotza, pruning hook]] ====
  
−
==== [[Rozon|Sickle]] ====
+
==== [[#Rozon|Sickle]] ====
  
−
==== [[Belagoia|''Belagoia'']] ====
+
==== [[#Belagoia|Belagoia]] ====
  
−
=== [[Instrumentos_para_trabajar_con_el_estiercol|Instruments to work with manure]] ===
+
=== [[#Instrumentos_para_trabajar_con_el_estiercol|Instruments to work with manure]] ===
  
−
=== [[Instrumentos_para_desgranar_el_trigo_y_el_maiz|Instruments to thresh wheat and corn]] ===
+
=== [[#Instrumentos_para_desgranar_el_trigo_y_el_maiz|Instruments to thresh wheat and corn]] ===
  
−
==== [[Mayal_trailua_txibita|''Mayal, trailua, txibita'']] ====
+
==== [[#Mayal_trailua_txibita|Mayal, trailua, txibita]] ====
  
−
==== [[Piedra_de_trillar_trigo_ogia_jotzeko_harria|Wheat threshing stones]] ====
+
==== [[#Piedra_de_trillar_trigo_ogia_jotzeko_harria|Wheat threshing stones]] ====
  
−
==== [[Trillos|Threshers]] ====
+
==== [[#Trillos|Threshers]] ====
  
−
=== [[Instrumentos_para_aventar_el_trigo|Instruments for winnowing wheat]] ===
+
=== [[#Instrumentos_para_aventar_el_trigo|Instruments for winnowing wheat]] ===
  
−
==== [[Allegadera|Threshing board]] ====
+
==== [[#Allegadera|Threshing board]] ====
  
−
==== [[Pala_para_aventar|Winnowing blade]] ====
+
==== [[#Pala_para_aventar|Winnowing blade]] ====
  
−
==== [[Criba_cedazo_galbahea|Sieve, sifter]] ====
+
==== [[#Criba_cedazo_galbahea|Sieve, sifter]] ====
  
−
==== [[Maquina_de_beldar|Winnowing fork machine]] ====
+
==== [[#Maquina_de_beldar|Winnowing fork machine]] ====
  
−
=== [[Desgranadora_de_maiz._Artoa_jotzeko_astoa|Corn thresher]] ===
+
=== [[#Desgranadora_de_maiz._Artoa_jotzeko_astoa|Corn thresher]] ===
  
−
=== [[Desgrane_de_leguminosas|Shelling legumes]] ===
+
=== [[#Desgrane_de_leguminosas|Shelling legumes]] ===
  
−
=== [[Instrumentos_para_cortar_madera|Instruments to cut wood]] ===
+
=== [[#Instrumentos_para_cortar_madera|Instruments to cut wood]] ===
  
−
==== [[Hacha_aizkora|Axe]] ====
+
==== [[#Hacha_aizkora|Axe]] ====
  
 
**Double-bladed axe
 
**Double-bladed axe
Línea 791: Línea 791:
 
**Wedge
 
**Wedge
  
−
==== [[Sierra_zerra._Serrucho|Saw, ''zerra'' Handsaw]] ====
+
==== [[#Sierra_zerra._Serrucho|Saw. Handsaw]] ====
  
 
**Mitre saw
 
**Mitre saw
 
**Felling trees using a mitre saw
 
**Felling trees using a mitre saw
−
**''Arpana''. Saw for timber
+
**Arpana. Saw for timber
 
**Sawhorse
 
**Sawhorse
  
−
=== [[Utiles_para_la_recogida_de_frutas|Utensils for harvesting fruit]] ===
+
=== [[#Utiles_para_la_recogida_de_frutas|Utensils for harvesting fruit]] ===
  
−
==== [[Vara_haga_kakoa|Pole, ''haga, kakoa'']] ====
+
==== [[#Vara_haga_kakoa|Pole, haga, kakoa]] ====
  
−
==== [[Pinzas|Pincers]] ====
+
==== [[#Pinzas|Pincers]] ====
  
−
=== [[Utiles_para_trabajar_las_vides|Utensils for looking after the vines]] ===
+
=== [[#Utiles_para_trabajar_las_vides|Utensils for looking after the vines]] ===
  
−
==== [[Rejon_herron|Iron bar with a sharp point, iron bar]] ====
+
==== [[#Rejon_herron|Iron bar with a sharp point, iron bar]] ====
  
−
==== [[Podon._Tajamatas|Sickle. Gardening machete]] ====
+
==== [[#Podon._Tajamatas|Sickle. Gardening machete]] ====
  
−
==== [[Gancho._Corquete|Hook. Billhook]] ====
+
==== [[#Gancho._Corquete|Hook. Billhook]] ====
  
−
==== [[Tijeras_de_podar_y_de_vendimiar|Harvesting and pruning shears]] ====
+
==== [[#Tijeras_de_podar_y_de_vendimiar|Harvesting and pruning shears]] ====
  
−
=== [[Utiles_de_transporte|Transport tools]] ===
+
=== [[#Utiles_de_transporte|Transport tools]] ===
  
−
==== [[Transporte_a_hombros|Transporting on shoulders]] ====
+
==== [[#Transporte_a_hombros|Transporting on shoulders]] ====
  
−
**''Antzadila''. Very flexible green branches.
+
**Antzadila. Velorto.
−
**''Kakola''
+
**Kakola
−
**Sheets. ''Maniriak''
+
**Sábanos. Maniriak
  
−
==== [[Instrumentos_de_transporte|Transport instruments]] ====
+
==== [[#Instrumentos_de_transporte|Transport instruments]] ====
  
−
**Baskets: ''saskia, zarea, zarana. Carpancho, cunacho'' large baskets. Hampers and esparto grass baskets. ''Otarria, otzarea''
+
**Baskets: saskia, zarea, zarana. Carpancho, cunacho, large baskets. Hampers and esparto grass baskets. Otarria, otzarea
 
**Hand biers
 
**Hand biers
 
**Handcart
 
**Handcart
  
−
=== [[Apendice_Almadias|Appendix: Timber rafts]] ===
+
=== [[#Apendice_Almadias|Appendix: Timber rafts]] ===
−
 
+
 
  
−
== XIII. [[UNIDADES_DE_MEDIDA/en|MEASUREMENTS UNITS]] ==
+
== XIII. [[UNIDADES_DE_MEDIDA/en|MEASUREMENT UNITS]] ==
  
−
=== [[Introduccion2|Introduction]] ===
+
=== [[#Introduccion2|Introduction]] ===
  
−
=== [[El_cuerpo_humano_patron_de_medida|The human body, yardstick]] ===
+
=== [[#El_cuerpo_humano_patron_de_medida|The human body as a yardstick]] ===
  
−
=== [[Medidas_de_longitud|Length measurements]] ===
+
=== [[#Medidas_de_longitud|Length measurements]] ===
  
−
==== [[Utensilios_de_medidas_de_longitud|Length measurement instruments]] ====
+
==== [[#Utensilios_de_medidas_de_longitud|Length measurement instruments]] ====
  
−
=== [[Medidas_de_superficie|Surface measurements]] ===
+
=== [[#Medidas_de_superficie|Surface measurements]] ===
  
−
=== [[Medidas_ponderales|Weight measurements]] ===
+
=== [[#Medidas_ponderales|Weight measurements]] ===
  
−
==== [[Utensilios_de_pesaje|Weighing instruments]] ====
+
==== [[#Utensilios_de_pesaje|Weighing instruments]] ====
  
−
=== [[Medidas_de_capacidad_y_utensilios_para_aridos|Capacity measurements and instruments for aggregates]] ===
+
=== [[#Medidas_de_capacidad_y_utensilios_para_aridos|Capacity measurements and instruments for aggregates]] ===
  
−
=== [[Medidas_de_capacidad_para_liquidos|Capacity measurements for liquids]] ===
+
=== [[#Medidas_de_capacidad_para_liquidos|Capacity measurements for liquids]] ===
  
−
=== [[Medidas_relacionadas_con_la_venta_de_madera_y_el_acarreo_de_hierba|Measurements related to the sale of timber and the grass transporting]] ===
+
=== [[#Medidas_relacionadas_con_la_venta_de_madera_y_el_acarreo_de_hierba|Measurements related to the sale of timber and the grass transporting]] ===
  
−
=== [[Transformaciones1|Changes]] ===
+
=== [[#Transformaciones1|Changes]] ===
  
−
=== [[Equivalencias|Equivalents]] ===
+
=== [[#Equivalencias|Equivalents]] ===
−
 
+
 
  
 
= WORKFORCE  =
 
= WORKFORCE  =
  
−
== XIV. [[MANO_DE_OBRA_Y_FUERZA_EMPLEADA_EN_LA_AGRICULTURA/en|WORKFORCE AND ANIMAL POWER USED IN AGRICULTURE]] ==
+
== XIV. [[MANO_DE_OBRA_Y_FUERZA_EMPLEADA_EN_LA_AGRICULTURA/en|WORKFORCE AND POWER USED IN AGRICULTURE]] ==
  
−
=== [[Fuerza_humana|Human power]] ===
+
=== [[#Fuerza_humana|Human power]] ===
  
−
==== [[El_trabajo_en_comun_de_la_familia|Shared work of the family]] ====
+
==== [[#El_trabajo_en_comun_de_la_familia|Shared work of the family]] ====
  
−
==== [[Labores_mas_propias_del_hombre|More typical work of the men]] ====
+
==== [[#Labores_mas_propias_del_hombre|More typical work of the men]] ====
  
−
==== [[Participacion_de_la_mujer|Women's involvement]] ====
+
==== [[#Participacion_de_la_mujer|Women's involvement]] ====
  
−
==== [[Tareas_de_las_personas_mayores|Tasks of the elderly]] ====
+
==== [[#Tareas_de_las_personas_mayores|Tasks of the elderly]] ====
  
−
==== [[Criado_morroia|Paid help]] ====
+
==== [[#Criado_morroia|Paid help]] ====
  
−
==== [[El_trabajo_infantil|Children's work]] ====
+
==== [[#El_trabajo_infantil|Children's work]] ====
  
−
=== [[Mutua_asistencia_vecinal|Neighbours helping each other]] ===
+
=== [[#Mutua_asistencia_vecinal|Neighbours helping each other]] ===
  
−
=== [[Contratacion_de_obreros_temporales|Contracting temporary workers]] ===
+
=== [[#Contratacion_de_obreros_temporales|Contracting temporary workers]] ===
  
−
==== [[Ajuste_de_criado_jornalero_en_la_plaza_publica|Taking on day labourers in the public square]] ====
+
==== [[#Ajuste_de_criado_jornalero_en_la_plaza_publica|Taking on day labourers in the public square]] ====
  
−
==== [[Temporeros_jornaletorak|Casual workers]] ====
+
==== [[#Temporeros_jornaletorak|Casual workers]] ====
  
−
==== [[Transiciones|Transitions]] ====
+
==== [[#Transiciones|Transitions]] ====
  
−
=== [[Prendas_de_trabajo._Jnzkerak|Work garments]] ===
+
=== [[#Prendas_de_trabajo._Jnzkerak|Work garments]] ===
  
−
==== [[Indumentaria_masculina|Men's clothing]] ====
+
==== [[#Indumentaria_masculina|Men's clothing]] ====
  
−
==== [[Indumentaria_femenina|Women's clothing]] ====
+
==== [[#Indumentaria_femenina|Women's clothing]] ====
  
−
==== [[Calzado|Footwear]] ====
+
==== [[#Calzado|Footwear]] ====
  
−
=== [[Fuerza_animal|Animal power]] ===
+
=== [[#Fuerza_animal|Animal power]] ===
  
−
==== [[Ganado_vacuno._Uztartu|Cattle]] ====
+
==== [[#Ganado_vacuno._Uztartu|Cattle]] ====
  
−
==== [[Ganado_caballar1|Horses]] ====
+
==== [[#Ganado_caballar1|Horses]] ====
  
−
==== [[Ganado_asnal1|Donkeys and Asses]] ====
+
==== [[#Ganado_asnal1|Donkeys and Asses]] ====
  
−
==== [[Hoy_dia|Nowadays]] ====
+
==== [[#Hoy_dia|Nowadays]] ====
  
−
=== [[Apendice_Condiciones_de_trabajo_de_los_jornaleros_y_precio_de_los_jornales_en_siglos_pasados_en_Viana_(N)|Appendix: Work conditions of the day labourers and day's wages in past centuries in Viana (N)]] ===
+
=== [[#Apendice_Condiciones_de_trabajo_de_los_jornaleros_y_precio_de_los_jornales_en_siglos_pasados_en_Viana_(N)|Appendix: Work conditions of the day labourers and day's wages in past centuries in Viana (N)]] ===
−
 
+
 
  
−
== XV. [[TRANSPORTE_ANIMAL._EL_CARRO_GURDIA/en|ANIMAL TRANSPORT. THE CART, ''GURDIA'']] ==
+
== XV. [[TRANSPORTE_ANIMAL._EL_CARRO_GURDIA/en|ANIMAL TRANSPORT. THE CART, GURDIA]] ==
  
−
=== [[El_carro_gurdia._La_galera|The cart. The hay wagon]] ===
+
=== [[#El_carro_gurdia._La_galera|The cart. The hay wagon]] ===
  
−
==== [[Iparralde_Sara_Donoztiri_Uhartehiri_Garazi_Liginaga|Northern Basque Country: Sara, Donoztiri, Uhartehiri, Garazi, Liginaga]] ====
+
==== [[#Iparralde_Sara_Donoztiri_Uhartehiri_Garazi_Liginaga|Northern Basque Country: Sara, Donoztiri, Uhartehiri, Garazi, Liginaga]] ====
  
−
==== [[Navarra_Bera_Urdiain_Amescoa_Aoiz_Valle_de_Arce_y_Oroz-Betelu_Viana_San_Martin_de_Unx_Obanos_Muez_y_Ugar_Valle_de_Roncal_Valtierra_Carcar|Navarra: Bera, Urdiain, Améscoa, Aoiz, Valle de Arce y Oroz-Betelu, Viana, San Martín de Unx, Obanos, Muez y Ugar, Valle de Roncal, Valtierra, Cárcar]] ====
+
==== [[#Navarra_Bera_Urdiain_Amescoa_Aoiz_Valle_de_Arce_y_Oroz-Betelu_Viana_San_Martin_de_Unx_Obanos_Muez_y_Ugar_Valle_de_Roncal_Valtierra_Carcar|Navarre: Bera, Urdiain, Améscoa, Aoiz, Valle de Arce and Oroz-Betelu, Viana, San Martín de Unx, Obanos, Muez and Ugar, Valle de Roncal, Valtierra, Cárcar]] ====
  
−
==== [[Alava_Valderejo_Bernedo_Moreda_Abezia_Apodaka_Treviño_y_La_Puebla_de_Arganzon_Berganzo_Pipaon_y_Ribera_Alta_Argandoña|Álava: Valderejo, Bernedo, Moreda, Abezia, Apodaka, Treviño y La Puebla de Arganzón, Berganzo, Pipaón y Ribera Alta, Argandoña]] ====
+
==== [[#Alava_Valderejo_Bernedo_Moreda_Abezia_Apodaka_Treviño_y_La_Puebla_de_Arganzon_Berganzo_Pipaon_y_Ribera_Alta_Argandoña|Álava: Valderejo, Bernedo, Moreda, Abezia, Apodaka, Treviño and La Puebla de Arganzón, Berganzo, Pipaón and Ribera Alta, Argandoña]] ====
  
−
==== [[Gipuzkoa_Berastegi_Beasain_Hondarribia_Elgoibar_Telleriarte_Zerain|Gipuzkoa: Berastegi, Beasain, Hondarribia, Elgoibar, Telleriarte, Zerain]] ====
+
==== [[#Gipuzkoa_Berastegi_Beasain_Hondarribia_Elgoibar_Telleriarte_Zerain|Gipuzkoa: Berastegi, Beasain, Hondarribia, Elgoibar, Telleriarte, Zerain]] ====
  
−
==== [[Bizkaia_Gautegiz_Arteaga_Abadiño_Amorebieta-Etxano_Bedarona_Urduliz_Valle_de_Carranza|Bizkaia: Gautegiz Arteaga, Abadiño, Amorebieta-Etxano, Bedarona, Urduliz, Valle de Carranza]] ====
+
==== [[#Bizkaia_Gautegiz_Arteaga_Abadiño_Amorebieta-Etxano_Bedarona_Urduliz_Valle_de_Carranza|Bizkaia: Gautegiz Arteaga, Abadiño, Amorebieta-Etxano, Bedarona, Urduliz, Valle de Carranza]] ====
  
−
=== [[La_narria_lera|The dray, ''lera'']] ===
+
=== [[#La_narria_lera|The rustic sled]] ===
  
−
==== [[Iparralde|Northern Basque Country]] ====
+
==== [[#Iparralde|Northern Basque Country]] ====
  
−
==== [[Navarra1|Navarra]] ====
+
==== [[#Navarra1|Navarre]] ====
  
−
==== [[Alava1|Álava]] ====
+
==== [[#Alava1|Álava]] ====
  
−
==== [[Gipuzkoa1|Gipuzkoa]] ====
+
==== [[#Gipuzkoa1|Gipuzkoa]] ====
  
−
==== [[Bizkaia1|Bizkaia]] ====
+
==== [[#Bizkaia1|Bizkaia]] ====
  
−
=== [[El_yugo_uztarria|The yoke]] ===
+
=== [[#El_yugo_uztarria|The yoke]] ===
  
−
==== [[Modo_de_uncir_los_bueyes|Way of yoking the oxen]] ====
+
==== [[#Modo_de_uncir_los_bueyes|Way of yoking the oxen]] ====
  
−
==== [[Complementos_del_yugo|Complements of the yoke]] ====
+
==== [[#Complementos_del_yugo|Complements of the yoke]] ====
  
 
**Tethering  
 
**Tethering  
Línea 944: Línea 944:
 
**Cart rope
 
**Cart rope
  
−
==== [[Yugos_de_las_caballerias|Horse yokes]] ====
+
==== [[#Yugos_de_las_caballerias|Horse yokes]] ====
  
−
==== [[Arneses_y_aparejos_de_los_ganados_caballar_y_asnal|Horse and ass harnesses and implements]] ====
+
==== [[#Arneses_y_aparejos_de_los_ganados_caballar_y_asnal|Horse and ass harnesses and implements]] ====
  
 
**Pack saddle, saddlecloth and blanket
 
**Pack saddle, saddlecloth and blanket
Línea 953: Línea 953:
 
**Draw reins
 
**Draw reins
  
−
==== [[Aparejos_de_transporte|Transport implements]] ====
+
==== [[#Aparejos_de_transporte|Transport implements]] ====
  
 
**Hooks
 
**Hooks
Línea 959: Línea 959:
 
**Saddlebags. ''Astotzarak''
 
**Saddlebags. ''Astotzarak''
 
**Other items
 
**Other items
−
 
+
 
  
−
== XVI. [[LA_MECANIZACION_DE_LA_AGRICULTURA/en|THE MECHANISATION OF AGRICULTURE]] ==
+
== XVI. [[LA_MECANIZACION_DE_LA_AGRICULTURA/en|MECHANISATION OF AGRICULTURE]] ==
  
−
=== [[Introduccion3|Introduction]] ===
+
=== [[#Introduccion3|Introduction]] ===
  
−
=== [[La_mecanizacion_en_una_localidad_alavesa|Mechanisation in a locality of Álava]] ===
+
=== [[#La_mecanizacion_en_una_localidad_alavesa|Mechanisation in a locality of Álava]] ===
  
−
==== [[El_arado_y_su_evolucion|The plough and its evolution]] ====
+
==== [[#El_arado_y_su_evolucion|The plough and its evolution]] ====
  
−
==== [[Industrializacion_de_los_aperos_de_labranza|Industrialisation of the farm implements]] ====
+
==== [[#Industrializacion_de_los_aperos_de_labranza|Industrialisation of the farm implements]] ====
  
−
==== [[La_aparicion_del_tractor|The appearance of the tractor]] ====
+
==== [[#La_aparicion_del_tractor|The appearance of the tractor]] ====
  
−
=== [[Aperos_utilizados_durante_el_ciclo_agricola|Implements used during the farming year]] ===
+
=== [[#Aperos_utilizados_durante_el_ciclo_agricola|Implements used during the farming year]] ===
  
−
==== [[Preparacion_de_la_tierra|Preparing the land]] ====
+
==== [[#Preparacion_de_la_tierra|Preparing the land]] ====
  
−
==== [[La_siembra|Sowing]] ====
+
==== [[#La_siembra|Sowing]] ====
  
−
==== [[Mantenimiento_de_los_cultivos|Care of the crops]] ====
+
==== [[#Mantenimiento_de_los_cultivos|Care of the crops]] ====
  
−
==== [[La_cosecha|Harvesting]] ====
+
==== [[#La_cosecha|Harvesting]] ====
  
−
=== [[Vertiente_mediterranea2|Mediterranean watershed]] ===
+
=== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea2|Mediterranean watershed]] ===
  
−
=== [[Vertiente_atlantica2|Atlantic watershed]] ===
+
=== [[#Vertiente_atlantica2|Atlantic watershed]] ===
  
−
=== [[La_mecanizacion_hoy_dia|Mechanisation today]] ===
+
=== [[#La_mecanizacion_hoy_dia|Mechanisation today]] ===
  
−
==== [[Vertiente_mediterranea3|Mediterranean watershed]] ====
+
==== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea3|Mediterranean watershed]] ====
  
−
==== [[Vertiente_atlantica3|Atlantic watershed]] ====
+
==== [[#Vertiente_atlantica3|Atlantic watershed]] ====
  
−
=== [[Maquinas_en_sociedad_y_de_propiedad_colectiva|Machines in society and collective property]] ===
+
=== [[#Maquinas_en_sociedad_y_de_propiedad_colectiva|Machines in society and collective property]] ===
−
 
+
 
  
 
= AGRICULTURAL TRADE AND LAND OWNERSHIP =
 
= AGRICULTURAL TRADE AND LAND OWNERSHIP =
Línea 1000: Línea 1000:
 
== XVII. [[APROVECHAMIENTO_PROPIO_Y_COMERCIO_AGRICOLA/en|OWN USE AND AGRICULTURAL TRADE]] ==
 
== XVII. [[APROVECHAMIENTO_PROPIO_Y_COMERCIO_AGRICOLA/en|OWN USE AND AGRICULTURAL TRADE]] ==
  
−
=== [[Compra_de_semillas_y_plantas._Haziak_eta_landareak|Buying seeds and plants]] ===
+
=== [[#Compra_de_semillas_y_plantas._Haziak_eta_landareak|Buying seeds and plants]] ===
  
−
==== [[Hoy_dia1|Nowadays]] ====
+
==== [[#Hoy_dia1|Nowadays]] ====
  
−
=== [[Compra_de_abonos._Ongarriak|Buying fertilisers]] ===
+
=== [[#Compra_de_abonos._Ongarriak|Buying fertilisers]] ===
  
−
=== [[Fabricacion_propia_de_aperos|Making one's own implements]] ===
+
=== [[#Fabricacion_propia_de_aperos|Manufacturing implements]] ===
  
−
=== [[Compra_de_aperos|Buying implements]] ===
+
=== [[#Compra_de_aperos|Buying implements]] ===
  
−
=== [[Reparacion_de_aperos|Repairing implements]] ===
+
=== [[#Reparacion_de_aperos|Repairing implements]] ===
  
−
=== [[Mercados_y_ferias_agricolas._Plaza._Azokak|Markets and agricultural fairs]] ===
+
=== [[#Mercados_y_ferias_agricolas._Plaza._Azokak|Markets and agricultural fairs]] ===
  
−
=== [[Venta_directa._Salmentak|Direct selling]] ===
+
=== [[#Venta_directa._Salmentak|Direct selling]] ===
  
−
=== [[Ferias_extraordinarias._Feriak|Special fairs]] ===
+
=== [[#Ferias_extraordinarias._Feriak|Special fairs]] ===
  
−
=== [[Servicios_prestados_por_vendedores_ambulantes|Services providers by peddlers]] ===
+
=== [[#Servicios_prestados_por_vendedores_ambulantes|Services providers by peddlers]] ===
  
−
==== [[Servicios_de_carniceria|Butchery services]] ====
+
==== [[#Servicios_de_carniceria|Butchery services]] ====
  
−
=== [[Ferias_ganaderas|Livestock fairs]] ===
+
=== [[#Ferias_ganaderas|Livestock fairs]] ===
  
−
=== [[Preparacion_de_los_productos_contratos_y_condiciones_de_pago|Preparing products, contracts and terms of payment]] ===
+
=== [[#Preparacion_de_los_productos_contratos_y_condiciones_de_pago|Preparing products, contracts and terms of payment]] ===
−
 
+
 
  
 
== XVIII. [[REGIMEN_DE_PROPIEDAD._PROPIEDAD_COMUNAL_Y_PROPIEDAD_PRIVADA/en|OWNERSHIP SYSTEM. COMMUNAL PROPERTY AND PRIVATE PROPERTY]] ==
 
== XVIII. [[REGIMEN_DE_PROPIEDAD._PROPIEDAD_COMUNAL_Y_PROPIEDAD_PRIVADA/en|OWNERSHIP SYSTEM. COMMUNAL PROPERTY AND PRIVATE PROPERTY]] ==
  
−
=== [[Propiedad_comunal_y_su_aprovechamiento|Communal property and its use]] ===
+
=== [[#Propiedad_comunal_y_su_aprovechamiento|Communal property and its use]] ===
  
−
==== [[Arrendamiento_de_comunales|Leasing commons]] ====
+
==== [[#Arrendamiento_de_comunales|Common property and its use]] ====
  
−
==== [[Otros_usos_del_monte_comunal|Other uses of common upland]] ====
+
==== [[#Otros_usos_del_monte_comunal|Other uses of common upland]] ====
  
−
=== [[Tierras_de_Misericordia_y_Arca_de_Misericordia|Tierras de Misericordia and Arca de Misericordia (ecclesiastic and secular wheat bank in time of hardship)]] ===
+
=== [[#Tierras_de_Misericordia_y_Arca_de_Misericordia|Tierras de Misericordia and Arca de Misericordia (Ecclesiastic and Secular Land and Wheat Bank in Time of Hardship)]] ===
  
−
=== [[Propietarios_que_explotan_directamente_sus_tierras|Owners who directly farmed their land]] ===
+
=== [[#Propietarios_que_explotan_directamente_sus_tierras|Owners who directly farmed their land]] ===
  
−
=== [[Propietarios_que_explotan_mediante_inquilinos|Owners who farmed by means of tenants]] ===
+
=== [[#Propietarios_que_explotan_mediante_inquilinos|Owners who farmed by means of tenants]] ===
  
−
==== [[Precio_de_la_renta_y_su_fijacion|Price of the rent and how it was set]] ====
+
==== [[#Precio_de_la_renta_y_su_fijacion|Price of the rent and how it was set]] ====
  
−
==== [[Pago_en_especie_o_en_metalico|Payment in kind or in cash]] ====
+
==== [[#Pago_en_especie_o_en_metalico|Payment in kind or in cash]] ====
  
 
**Terms of payment
 
**Terms of payment
 
**Payment times
 
**Payment times
  
−
=== [[Situacion_hoy_dia|Situation today]] ===
+
=== [[#Situacion_hoy_dia|Situation today]] ===
  
−
=== [[Imbricacion_de_propiedad_comunal_y_propiedad_privada|Overlapping of communal and private property]] ===
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=== [[#Imbricacion_de_propiedad_comunal_y_propiedad_privada|Overlapping of common and private property]] ===
  
−
==== [[Tiempo_de_derrota|Time of ruin]] ====
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==== [[#Tiempo_de_derrota|Time of ruin]] ====
  
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==== [[Arboles_de_propiedad_privada_en_terreno_comunal|Privately-owned trees on common land]] ====
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==== [[#Arboles_de_propiedad_privada_en_terreno_comunal|Privately-owned trees on common land]] ====
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= BELIEFS AND RITES =
 
= BELIEFS AND RITES =
Línea 1061: Línea 1061:
 
== XIX. [[PRACTICAS_Y_RITOS_DE_PROTECCION_EN_LA_AGRICULTURA/en|PROTECTION CUSTOMS AND RITES IN AGRICULTURE]] ==
 
== XIX. [[PRACTICAS_Y_RITOS_DE_PROTECCION_EN_LA_AGRICULTURA/en|PROTECTION CUSTOMS AND RITES IN AGRICULTURE]] ==
  
−
=== [[Proteccion_de_los_sembrados_y_plantas|Protecting seedbeds and plants]] ===
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=== [[#Proteccion_de_los_sembrados_y_plantas|Protecting seedbeds and plants]] ===
  
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==== [[Proteccion_contra_plagas|Protecting against pests]] ====
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==== [[#Proteccion_contra_plagas|Protecting against pests]] ====
  
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==== [[Proteccion_contra_jabalies_basurdeak_y_tejones_azkonarrak|Protecting against wild boars and badgers]] ====
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==== [[#Proteccion_contra_jabalies_basurdeak_y_tejones_azkonarrak|Protecting against wild boars and badgers]] ====
  
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==== [[Proteccion_contra_los_conejos|Protecting against rabbits]] ====
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==== [[#Proteccion_contra_los_conejos|Protecting against rabbits]] ====
  
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==== [[Proteccion_contra_los_pajaros._Espantapajaros_txorimaloa_txori-jabolea|Protecting against birds. Scarecrows]] ====
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==== [[#Proteccion_contra_los_pajaros._Espantapajaros_txorimaloa_txori-jabolea|Protecting against birds. Scarecrows]] ====
  
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=== [[Ritos_y_practicas_simbolicas_fuegos_solsticiales|Rites and symbolic customs: solstice fires]] ===
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=== [[#Ritos_y_practicas_simbolicas_fuegos_solsticiales|Symbolic customs and rites: solstice fires]] ===
  
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==== [[Practicas_en_torno_a_la_fiesta_de_san_Juan_Bautista|Customs around St. John the Baptist's Feast Day]] ====
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==== [[#Practicas_en_torno_a_la_fiesta_de_san_Juan_Bautista|Customs around St. John the Baptist's Feast Day]] ====
  
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==== [[Antiguas_creencias_relacionadas_con_la_fertilidad_de_la_tierra|Old beliefs relating to the fertility of the earth]] ====
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==== [[#Antiguas_creencias_relacionadas_con_la_fertilidad_de_la_tierra|Old beliefs relating to the fertility of the earth]] ====
  
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==== [[Imagenes_de_santos_y_practicas_magicas|Saints' images and magic]] ====
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==== [[#Imagenes_de_santos_y_practicas_magicas|Saints' images and magic]] ====
  
−
==== [[La_implantacion_de_El_mayo._Donilatxa|Erecting the maypole]] ====
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==== [[#La_implantacion_de_El_mayo._Donilatxa|Erecting the maypole]] ====
  
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=== [[Bendicion_de_los_campos_y_las_semillas|Blessing the fields and seeds]] ===
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=== [[#Bendicion_de_los_campos_y_las_semillas|Blessing the fields and seeds]] ===
  
−
==== [[Bendicion_e_implantacion_de_cruces|Blessing and erecting crosses]] ====
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==== [[#Bendicion_e_implantacion_de_cruces|Blessing and erecting crosses]] ====
  
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==== [[Ramos_bendecidos|Blessed branches]] ====
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==== [[#Ramos_bendecidos|Blessed branches]] ====
  
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==== [[Ritos_de_bendicion_de_los_campos|Rites to bless the fields]] ====
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==== [[#Ritos_de_bendicion_de_los_campos|Rites to bless the fields]] ====
  
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==== [[Bendicion_de_semillas|Blessing seeds]] ====
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==== [[#Bendicion_de_semillas|Blessing seeds]] ====
  
−
=== [[Toques_de_campanas_y_conjuros_contras_las_tormentas._Traslado_de_imagenes_de_santos|Bell-ringing and spells against storms. Moving the saint's images]] ===
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=== [[#Toques_de_campanas_y_conjuros_contras_las_tormentas._Traslado_de_imagenes_de_santos|Bell-ringing and spells against storms. Moving the saint's images]] ===
  
−
==== [[Toques_de_campanas|Bell-ringing]] ====
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==== [[#Toques_de_campanas|Bell-ringing]] ====
  
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==== [[Piedritas_recogidas_en_Pascua|Pebbles collected at Easter]] ====
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==== [[#Piedritas_recogidas_en_Pascua|Pebbles collected at Easter]] ====
  
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==== [[Conjuros_realizados_desde_la_iglesia_o_ermita._Konjuruak|Incantations from the church or chapel]] ====
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==== [[#Conjuros_realizados_desde_la_iglesia_o_ermita._Konjuruak|Incantations from the church or chapel]] ====
  
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==== [[Invocaciones_a_santa_Barbara|Praying to Saint Barbara]] ====
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==== [[#Invocaciones_a_santa_Barbara|Praying to Saint Barbara]] ====
  
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==== [[Imagenes_de_santos|Saints' images]] ====
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==== [[#Imagenes_de_santos|Saints' images]] ====
  
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=== [[Rogativas_letaniak|Prayers]] ===
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=== [[#Rogativas_letaniak|Prayers]] ===
  
−
==== [[Letanias_de_san_Marcos|St. Mark litanies]] ====
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==== [[#Letanias_de_san_Marcos|St. Mark litanies]] ====
  
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==== [[Rogativas_de_la_Ascension_Asentzio_errogatibak|Ascension prayers]] ====
+
==== [[#Rogativas_de_la_Ascension_Asentzio_errogatibak|Ascension prayers]] ====
  
−
==== [[Rogativas_ocasionales|Occasional prayers]] ====
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==== [[#Rogativas_ocasionales|Occasional prayers]] ====
  
−
==== [[Rogativas_a_santuarios|Prayers at shrines]] ====
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==== [[#Rogativas_a_santuarios|Prayers at shrines]] ====
  
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==== [[Traslacion_procesional_de_imagenes|Moving images in processions]] ====
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==== [[#Traslacion_procesional_de_imagenes|Moving images in processions]] ====
  
−
=== [[Santos_protectores_de_las_cosechas|Saints protecting crops]] ===
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=== [[#Santos_protectores_de_las_cosechas|Saints protecting crops]] ===
  
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==== [[San_Gregorio_Ostiense|St. Gregory of Ostia]] ====
+
==== [[#San_Gregorio_Ostiense|St. Gregory of Ostia]] ====
  
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==== [[San_Isidro_labrador|St. Isidore the Labourer]] ====
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==== [[#San_Isidro_labrador|St. Isidore the Labourer]] ====
  
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==== [[San_Fausto_labrador|St. Faustus the Labourer]] ====
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==== [[#San_Fausto_labrador|St. Faustus the Labourer]] ====
  
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=== [[Accion_de_gracias_por_las_cosechas|Harvest thanksgiving]] ===
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=== [[#Accion_de_gracias_por_las_cosechas|Harvest thanksgiving]] ===
−
{{#bookTitle:Agriculture in the Basque Country | Agricultura_en_vasconia/en}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Table of contents}}
+
{{#bookTitle:Agriculture in the Basque Country|Agricultura_en_vasconia/en}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Table of contents}}

Revisión actual del 15:18 6 feb 2020

Otros idiomas:
Inglés • ‎Español • ‎Euskera • ‎Francés

Contenido de esta página

LANDSCAPE

I. AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE

Agricultural landscape of Álava

Agricultural landscape of Navarre

Agricultural landscape of Bizkaia

Agricultural landscape of Gipuzkoa

Landscapes of the Northern Basque Country: three aspects

 

II. FARMED LANDS

Land types, quality and crops

General points

Types of land

Ploughing the land

First ploughing

    • On common land
    • On private property

Crops

Irrigation

Names and description of the farmed land

Spanish names and descriptions

Basque names and descriptions

Sizes of the plots

Land consolidation

Situation and separation between fields

Stone walls

Predominantly open fields

Existing enclosures

Marking of boundaries

Natural boundaries

Local roads

Meeting places. Social contact areas

Appendix: Jurisdiction boundary stones

 

CROPS

III. CROP DISTRIBUTION AND ROTATION. FARMING YEAR

General points

Growth periods and days

Influence of the moon

Crop distribution in the different types of fields

Crop rotation

Farming year

Álava Mediterranean watershed

Navarre Mediterranean watershed

Atlantic watershed

Cycle of each crop

Seeds

Selecting the seeds

Obtaining and preserving seeds

Preparing seeds for sowing

Preparing seedbeds or sowings

Appendix: Sayings to do with agriculture

 

IV. PREPARATION OF THE CULTIVATED LAND

First ploughing of a piece of land

Ploughing scrubland or woodland

Ploughing pastureland

Modern techniques

Arable land

Preparing the fallow land

Preparation of the cultivated land

    • Mediterranean side of the watershed
    • Atlantic side of the watershed

Fertilising

Manure

    • Mediterranean watershed
    • Atlantic watershed

Mineral and synthetic fertilisers

    • Mediterranean watershed
    • Atlantic watershed

Compost and organic fertilisers

Use of ash

Liming

Lime production

Agricultural use of lime

 

V. SOWING AND CARING FOR THE CROPS

Sowing and planting

Crop diversity

Crops for human consumption

Cereals

    • Wheat
      • Mediterranean watershed
      • Atlantic watershed
    • Corn

Pulses and beans

    • Beans
    • Broad beans
    • Peas
    • Chickpeas, lentils and aizkol

Underground vegetables

    • Roots: carrot, parsley and beetroot
    • Stems
      • Potatoes
      • Asparagus
    • Leaves
      • Leek
      • Onions
      • Garlic

Above ground vegetables

    • Leaves
      • Lettuce
      • Cabbages
      • Chard
      • Endive, chicory, spinach, celery, cardoon and borage
      • Parsley
    • Flowers: cauliflowers and artichokes
    • Fruit
      • Peppers and chilli
      • Tomatoes
      • Cucumbers, pumpkins and courgettes
      • Melons and watermelons
      • Aubergines

Medicinal plants

Drugs

    • Tobacco
      • Growing tobacco in Gipuzkoa
      • Seedbeds
      • Growers
      • Growing tobacco in Navarra
    • Marihuana

Crops for livestock

Cereals

    • Oats
    • Barley
    • Rye
    • Corn

Legumes

Small fruit

Forage vegetables

    • Turnips
    • Beetroot
    • Pumpkins
    • Carrots

Industrial crops

Sugar beet

Potato

Vegetables

Other crops

Mushrooms

Ornamental plant crops

Caring for the crops

Weeding

    • Cereals
    • Pulses and beans
    • Potatoes
    • Vegetables

Use of pesticides

Fertilising cereals

Irrigation

 

VI. CROP HARVESTING AND PRESERVATION

Harvesting crops for human consumption

Evolution of reaping and threshing cereals

    • Álava Mediterranean watershed: reaping, hauling, threshing, tossing, storing grain and straw; harvesting today and baling
    • Navarre Mediterranean watershed: reaping, hauling, threshing, tossing, storing grain and straw; harvesting today and baling
    • Atlantic watershed: reaping, threshing, tossing; storage
    • Harvesting cereal today

Corn

Pulses and beans

    • Beans and pods
    • Broad beans
    • Peas
    • Chickpeas and lentils

Underground vegetables

    • Potatoes
    • Asparagus
    • Leeks; onions and garlic

Above ground vegetables

Crops for livestock

Cereals

Forage vegetables

    • Turnips
    • Beetroot
    • Pumpkins
    • Potatoes

Storing

Flour mills

Introduction

Mill types

Mills in the surveyed populations

    • Álava
    • Bizkaia
    • Gipuzkoa
    • Navarre

Decline of the mills

Components of a flour mill

Milling

Milling year

Communal and neighbourhood mills

 

VII. GRASS AND OTHER FORAGE

Grass in the traditional culture

Meadow creation and upkeep

    • Enclosing, ploughing and cultivation
    • Upkeep

Use

    • Grazing
    • Green reaping
    • Hay making
      • Reaping
      • Drying
      • Collecting and transporting
      • Storage
      • Consumption
      • Haystacks

Start of the changes

Changes in the 1960s

Silage

Mechanical harvesting

First tractors

Baling

Progressive mechanisation

Mechanisation of grass harvesting

Changes in livestock farming associated with mechanisation

Increased grass production

Latest modifications to cattle feeding

Changes linked to the livestock crisis

Growing grass on the Mediterranean side of the watershed

Other forage

Atlantic side of the watershed

Mediterranean side of the watershed

 

VIII. CULTURE OF FLAX AND HEMP

Traditional flax crop

Flax in the farmed landscape

Cropland

Types of flax and sowing season

Production process

Pulling up and softening

Threshing flax seeds

Soaking flax

Treating the strands

Breaking

Scrutching in the scrutcher

Heckling

Distaff

Teasing

Spinning

Spinning wheel

Spindle

Skeining

Bleaching

Winding

Making the fabric

Hemp

Esparto grass

 

FRUIT TREES. OLIVES AND VINES

IX. CULTURE OF FRUIT TREES

Introduction

Culture of fruit trees

Mediterranean watershed

Atlantic watershed

Planting and acquiring trees

Grafting

Care

Harvesting, storing and use of the fruit

 

X. CULTURE OF OLIVE TREES AND VINES

The olive tree

Olive-growing areas

Planting

Varieties that are planted

Care

    • Pruning
      • Time of year
      • Tools
    • Ways of pruning
    • Use of the pruned olive-tree branches
    • Tilling and digging
      • Time of year
      • Horse-driven and manual work
      • Mechanised work
    • Fertilising and irrigation
      • Time of year for fertilising
      • Types of fertilisers
      • Ways of fertilising
      • Irrigation
    • Pests and treatments
      • Winter
      • Spring
      • Summer

Transplanting

Vines

Historical background

Traditional vine growing on the Mediterranean watershed

    • Varieties
    • Tilling
    • Planting
    • Pruning
    • Grafting
    • Primary-shoot thinning
    • Fertilising
    • Secondary-shoot thinning
    • Fruit set
    • Pests
    • Other tasks

Vine growing today on the Mediterranean watershed

    • Preparing the land
    • Soil analysis
    • Pulling up the old vines and replanting
    • Vine varieties
    • Planting tasks
    • Planting procedures followed
    • Caring for the plants
      • Grafting
      • Pruning
      • Fertilising and irrigation
      • Tilling and digging
      • Use of herbicides
      • Treatments
      • Pests

Vine growing on the Atlantic watershed. Txakolina

    • Traditional vine growing
    • Trained vines
    • Tasks to care for the vines

 

XI. PRODUCTION OF OIL, WINE, TXAKOLIN AND CIDER

Oil

Harvesting the olives

    • Time of year
    • Method

Cleaning the olives

Making olive oil

    • Time of year
    • Delivering and weighing the olives. Their storage
    • Crushing
    • The hopper
    • The auger
    • The crusher
    • The beaters
    • The tank
    • The press
    • The stoning room
    • The oil vats
    • The waste holding tanks
    • Distribution of the oil
    • Other applications: soap and a medicated paste made of wax and oil

Refurbishment of the La Equidad olive oil press, Moreda (A)

Classification of the olive oil presses

    • Manual olive oil presses
    • Hydraulic olive oil presses
    • Olive oil presses with petrol engine
    • Electric olive oil presses

Appendices: Moreda (A) traditional olive oil presses

Retén de la Iglesia olive oil press

Tomás Laguardia olive oil press

Wine

Traditional grape harvest on the Mediterranean watershed

    • Wine making
      • Traditional wine-making at home
      • New procedures
      • Wine making in cave-winery
    • Changes to the wines
    • Garapitero or wine duty collector

The grape harvest today on the Mediterranean watershed

    • Wine making in industrial wineries
    • Types of reds
    • Whole grape or carbonic maceration system
    • Bordeaux system. Sorting, destemming and crushing method

Other beverages

Txakolin

Grape harvest

Pressing: the wine press

Contemporary changes

Regulatory boards and denominations of origin

Cider

Historical background

Apples and their growing

Apple diseases and pests

Cider making

    • Pre-treatment
    • Crushing
    • Maceration
    • Pressing
    • Fermentation and storage
    • Bottling

Changes to the cider

    • Acidity
    • Cloudiness
    • Forming of mould
    • Decolouring or blackening
    • Other changes to the cider

Cultural and festive events associated with cider

Drinks from cider

Appendix 1: Regulations of a cooperative winery

Appendix 2: Barrel manufacturing

 

FARM TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS

XII. TRADITIONAL FARMING EQUIPMENT

Implements for working the land

Spades

Hoes and their types

    • Hay hooks
    • Hand hoes. Rake
    • Large hoe

Pull-type implements to work the land

The plough

The plough in the Northern Basque Country

    • Nabarra
    • Goldea
    • Goldenabarra
    • Adareta
    • Urdamuturra
    • Golde itzulkorra
    • Swivel plough

The plough in the Southern Basque Country

    • Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia
      • Nabarra or knife to cut the ground
      • Exa
      • Golde txikia. Golde nagusia or swivel plough
    • Álava and Navarre

Tools to break up clods

Implements to break up and smooth the soil

Rakes. Zaranda

Aerator, are handia

Arralda. Hesia. Trapa. Narria. Digging implements

Alperra, roller

Implements to make furrows

Cultivator

Markoa, marker

Spike ploughs

Itailak

Nabasaia. Lauhortza

Tragaz

Plané

Makatza

Disk plough

Reaping instruments

Sickle

    • Names
    • Zoqueta hand protector

Scythe

    • Names

Instruments to sharpen scythes and sickles

Sharpening stone

Instruments to sharpen different implements

Instruments to collect crops and grass

Pitchfork

Large pitchfork. Hayfork

Iron pitchfork

Metal pitchfork with curved spikes

Sacking

Small rake. Rake

Manual baler

Hook

Clearing instruments

Aihotza, pruning hook

Sickle

Belagoia

Instruments to work with manure

Instruments to thresh wheat and corn

Mayal, trailua, txibita

Wheat threshing stones

Threshers

Instruments for winnowing wheat

Threshing board

Winnowing blade

Sieve, sifter

Winnowing fork machine

Corn thresher

Shelling legumes

Instruments to cut wood

Axe

    • Double-bladed axe
    • Sharpening
    • Wedge

Saw. Handsaw

    • Mitre saw
    • Felling trees using a mitre saw
    • Arpana. Saw for timber
    • Sawhorse

Utensils for harvesting fruit

Pole, haga, kakoa

Pincers

Utensils for looking after the vines

Iron bar with a sharp point, iron bar

Sickle. Gardening machete

Hook. Billhook

Harvesting and pruning shears

Transport tools

Transporting on shoulders

    • Antzadila. Velorto.
    • Kakola
    • Sábanos. Maniriak

Transport instruments

    • Baskets: saskia, zarea, zarana. Carpancho, cunacho, large baskets. Hampers and esparto grass baskets. Otarria, otzarea
    • Hand biers
    • Handcart

Appendix: Timber rafts

 

XIII. MEASUREMENT UNITS

Introduction

The human body as a yardstick

Length measurements

Length measurement instruments

Surface measurements

Weight measurements

Weighing instruments

Capacity measurements and instruments for aggregates

Capacity measurements for liquids

Measurements related to the sale of timber and the grass transporting

Changes

Equivalents

 

WORKFORCE

XIV. WORKFORCE AND POWER USED IN AGRICULTURE

Human power

Shared work of the family

More typical work of the men

Women's involvement

Tasks of the elderly

Paid help

Children's work

Neighbours helping each other

Contracting temporary workers

Taking on day labourers in the public square

Casual workers

Transitions

Work garments

Men's clothing

Women's clothing

Footwear

Animal power

Cattle

Horses

Donkeys and Asses

Nowadays

Appendix: Work conditions of the day labourers and day's wages in past centuries in Viana (N)

 

XV. ANIMAL TRANSPORT. THE CART, GURDIA

The cart. The hay wagon

Northern Basque Country: Sara, Donoztiri, Uhartehiri, Garazi, Liginaga

Navarre: Bera, Urdiain, Améscoa, Aoiz, Valle de Arce and Oroz-Betelu, Viana, San Martín de Unx, Obanos, Muez and Ugar, Valle de Roncal, Valtierra, Cárcar

Álava: Valderejo, Bernedo, Moreda, Abezia, Apodaka, Treviño and La Puebla de Arganzón, Berganzo, Pipaón and Ribera Alta, Argandoña

Gipuzkoa: Berastegi, Beasain, Hondarribia, Elgoibar, Telleriarte, Zerain

Bizkaia: Gautegiz Arteaga, Abadiño, Amorebieta-Etxano, Bedarona, Urduliz, Valle de Carranza

The rustic sled

Northern Basque Country

Navarre

Álava

Gipuzkoa

Bizkaia

The yoke

Way of yoking the oxen

Complements of the yoke

    • Tethering
    • Hood
    • Borders
    • Cart rope

Horse yokes

Horse and ass harnesses and implements

    • Pack saddle, saddlecloth and blanket
    • Headgear and blinkers
    • Draft collar. Leather draft collar
    • Draw reins

Transport implements

    • Hooks
    • Biers
    • Saddlebags. Astotzarak
    • Other items

 

XVI. MECHANISATION OF AGRICULTURE

Introduction

Mechanisation in a locality of Álava

The plough and its evolution

Industrialisation of the farm implements

The appearance of the tractor

Implements used during the farming year

Preparing the land

Sowing

Care of the crops

Harvesting

Mediterranean watershed

Atlantic watershed

Mechanisation today

Mediterranean watershed

Atlantic watershed

Machines in society and collective property

 

AGRICULTURAL TRADE AND LAND OWNERSHIP

XVII. OWN USE AND AGRICULTURAL TRADE

Buying seeds and plants

Nowadays

Buying fertilisers

Manufacturing implements

Buying implements

Repairing implements

Markets and agricultural fairs

Direct selling

Special fairs

Services providers by peddlers

Butchery services

Livestock fairs

Preparing products, contracts and terms of payment

 

XVIII. OWNERSHIP SYSTEM. COMMUNAL PROPERTY AND PRIVATE PROPERTY

Communal property and its use

Common property and its use

Other uses of common upland

Tierras de Misericordia and Arca de Misericordia (Ecclesiastic and Secular Land and Wheat Bank in Time of Hardship)

Owners who directly farmed their land

Owners who farmed by means of tenants

Price of the rent and how it was set

Payment in kind or in cash

    • Terms of payment
    • Payment times

Situation today

Overlapping of common and private property

Time of ruin

Privately-owned trees on common land

 

BELIEFS AND RITES

XIX. PROTECTION CUSTOMS AND RITES IN AGRICULTURE

Protecting seedbeds and plants

Protecting against pests

Protecting against wild boars and badgers

Protecting against rabbits

Protecting against birds. Scarecrows

Symbolic customs and rites: solstice fires

Customs around St. John the Baptist's Feast Day

Old beliefs relating to the fertility of the earth

Saints' images and magic

Erecting the maypole

Blessing the fields and seeds

Blessing and erecting crosses

Blessed branches

Rites to bless the fields

Blessing seeds

Bell-ringing and spells against storms. Moving the saint's images

Bell-ringing

Pebbles collected at Easter

Incantations from the church or chapel

Praying to Saint Barbara

Saints' images

Prayers

St. Mark litanies

Ascension prayers

Occasional prayers

Prayers at shrines

Moving images in processions

Saints protecting crops

St. Gregory of Ostia

St. Isidore the Labourer

St. Faustus the Labourer

Harvest thanksgiving

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