Revisión del 12:45 30 oct 2017 (ver código) Admin (discusión | contribuciones) (Página creada con «== XVI. SYMBOLS TO PROTECT THE HOUSE ==») ← Edición anterior		Revisión actual del 11:10 6 feb 2020 (ver código) Admin (discusión | contribuciones)
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Línea 1:		Línea 1:
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	<languages></languages>		<languages></languages>
−	= CASA Y TERRITORIO =	+	= HOUSE AND TERRITORY =
−	== I. [[EL_POBLAMIENTO_EN_VASCONIA|THE SETTLEMENT OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY]] ==	+	== I. [[EL_POBLAMIENTO_EN_VASCONIA/en|SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY]] ==
−	=== [[Variacion_latitudinal_en_el_poblamiento|Latitudinal settlement patterns]] ===	+	=== [[#Variacion_latitudinal_en_el_poblamiento|Latitudinal settlement patterns]] ===
−	=== [[Factores_geograficos_e_historicos|Historical and geographical factors]] ===	+	=== [[#Factores_geograficos_e_historicos|Historical and geographical factors]] ===
−	*[[El_caso_de Luzaide_Valcarlos_(N)|The Luzaide/ Valcarlos  (N) case]]	+	==== [[#El_caso_de Luzaide_Valcarlos_(N)|The Luzaide/Valcarlos  (N) case]] ====
−	*[[La_barranca_(N)|La barranca (N)]]	+	==== [[#La_barranca_(N)|La barranca (N)]] ====
−	=== [[Poblamiento_disperso|Dispersed settlements]] ===	+	=== [[#Poblamiento_disperso|Dispersed settlements]] ===
−	*[[Antecedentes_remotos|Distant past]]	+	==== [[#Antecedentes_remotos|Distant past]] ====
−	*[[Antecedentes_historicos|Historical background]]	+	==== [[#Antecedentes_historicos|Historical background]] ====
−	*[[Ejemplos_de_poblamiento_disperso|Examples of dispersed settlements]]	+	==== [[#Ejemplos_de_poblamiento_disperso|Examples of dispersed settlements]] ====
−	*[[Creacion_de_nuevos_caserios|Establishing new homesteads]]	+	==== [[#Creacion_de_nuevos_caserios|Establishing new homesteads]] ====
−	=== [[Poblamiento_concentrado|Establishing new homesteads]] ===	+	=== [[#Poblamiento_concentrado|Establishing new homesteads]] ===
−	*[[Antecedentes|Background]]	+	==== [[#Antecedentes|Background]] ====
−	*[[Ejemplos_de_poblamiento_concentrado|Examples of concentrated settlement]]	+	==== [[#Ejemplos_de_poblamiento_concentrado|Examples of concentrated settlement]] ====
−	*[[Crecimiento_de_las_poblaciones_actuales|Growth of the current settlements]]	+	==== [[#Crecimiento_de_las_poblaciones_actuales|Growth of the current settlements]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== II. [[RELACION_DE_LA_CASA_CON_EL_SUELO_EL_CLIMA_Y_LA_ACTIVIDAD|RELATIONSHIP OF THE HOUSE WITH THE SOIL, CLIMATE AND ACTIVITY]] ==	+	== II. [[RELACION_DE_LA_CASA_CON_EL_SUELO_EL_CLIMA_Y_LA_ACTIVIDAD/en|RELATIONSHIP OF THE HOUSE WITH THE SOIL, CLIMATE AND ACTIVITY]] ==
−	=== [[La_casa_y_su_entorno|The house and its setting]] ===	+	=== [[#La_casa_y_su_entorno|The house and its setting]] ===
−	*[[La_relacion_de_la_casa_con_el_suelo|The relationship of the house with the soil]]	+	==== [[#La_relacion_de_la_casa_con_el_suelo|Relationship of the house with the soil]] ====
	**Influence of the substrate		**Influence of the substrate
Línea 43:		Línea 42:
	**Influence of the terrain		**Influence of the terrain
−	*[[La_relacion_de_la_casa_con_el_clima|The relationship of the house with the climate]]	+	==== [[#La_relacion_de_la_casa_con_el_clima|The relationship of the house with the climate]] ====
	**Walls, openings and orientation		**Walls, openings and orientation
Línea 50:		Línea 49:
	**Examples and current situation		**Examples and current situation
−	=== [[La_casa_y_la_actividad_de_sus_moradores|The house and the activity of its dwellers]] ===	+	=== [[#La_casa_y_la_actividad_de_sus_moradores|The house and the activity of its dwellers]] ===
−	*[[Actividad_agropecuaria|Agriculture]]	+	==== [[#Actividad_agropecuaria|Agriculture]] ====
−	*[[Actividad_comercial|Commercial]]	+	==== [[#Actividad_comercial|Commercial]] ====
−	*[[Adaptaciones_actuales|Current adaptations]]	+	==== [[#Adaptaciones_actuales|Current adaptations]] ====
−	=== [[Apendice_la_influencia_de_la_produccion_en_los_tipos_de_caserios|Appendix: Influence of the production on the types of homesteads]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_la_influencia_de_la_produccion_en_los_tipos_de_caserios|Appendix: Influence of the production on the types of homesteads]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== III. [[DENOMINACION_ORIENTACION_Y_SITURACION_DE_LAS_CASAS|NAME, ORIENTATION AND LOCATION OF THE HOUSES]] ==	+	== III. [[DENOMINACION_ORIENTACION_Y_SITURACION_DE_LAS_CASAS/en|NAME, ORIENTATION AND LOCATION OF THE HOUSES]] ==
−	=== [[Delimitacion_del_concepto_de_casa_y_denominaciones|Definition of the house concept and names]] ===	+	=== [[#Delimitacion_del_concepto_de_casa_y_denominaciones|Definition of the house concept and names]] ===
−	=== [[Denominacion_de_la_casa|Name of the house]] ===	+	=== [[#Denominacion_de_la_casa|Name of the house]] ===
−	*[[Nombre_apellido_y_apodo_del_dueño|Name, surname and nickname of the owner]]	+	==== [[#Nombre_apellido_y_apodo_del_dueño|Name, surname and nickname of the owner]] ====
−	*[[Oficio_y_actividad_del_propietario|Trade and activity of the owner]]	+	==== [[#Oficio_y_actividad_del_propietario|Trade and activity of the owner]] ====
−	*[[Toponimia|Place name]]	+	==== [[#Toponimia|Place name]] ====
−	*[[Casas_de_vecinos_en_poblacion_concentrada|Neighbouring houses in concentrated settlement]]	+	==== [[#Casas_de_vecinos_en_poblacion_concentrada|Neighbouring houses in concentrated settlement]] ====
−	=== [[Orientacion_de_la_casa|Orientation of the house]] ===	+	=== [[#Orientacion_de_la_casa|Orientation of the house]] ===
−	*[[Orientacion_al_este_eguzki-begian|East facing]]	+	==== [[#Orientacion_al_este_eguzki-begian|East facing]] ====
−	*[[Orientacion_al_sur|South facing]]	+	==== [[#Orientacion_al_sur|South facing]] ====
−	*[[Orientacion_en_nucleos_de_poblacion_concentrada|Orientation in concentrated settlements]]	+	==== [[#Orientacion_en_nucleos_de_poblacion_concentrada|Orientation in concentrated settlements]] ====
−	=== [[Casas_y_tierras_en_poblamientos_disperso_y_mixto|Houses and lands in mixed and disperse settlements]] ===	+	=== [[#Casas_y_tierras_en_poblamientos_disperso_y_mixto|Houses and lands in mixed and disperse settlements]] ===
−	=== [[Situacion_de_las_casas_de_regimen_concentrado|Location of houses in concentrated arrangements]] ===	+	=== [[#Situacion_de_las_casas_de_regimen_concentrado|Location of houses in concentrated arrangements]] ===
−	*[[Casas_separadas_por_muros_medianiles|Houses separated by party walls]]	+	==== [[#Casas_separadas_por_muros_medianiles|Houses separated by party walls]] ====
−	*[[Casas_separadas_por_belenas_arteak_mokarteak|Houses separated by ''belenas'' (run or yard between houses)]]	+	==== [[#Casas_separadas_por_belenas_arteak_mokarteak|Houses separated by yards]] ====
−	*[[Casas_separadas_por_la_era_o_por_la_rain|Houses separated by bare land used for threshing or la rain]]	+	==== [[#Casas_separadas_por_la_era_o_por_la_rain|Houses separated by the threshing floor]] ====
−	=== [[Terreno_contiguo_a_la_casa|Land adjoined to the house]] ===	+	=== [[#Terreno_contiguo_a_la_casa|Land adjoined to the house]] ===
−	*[[El_rain_larraina|''El rain, larraina'']]	+	==== [[#El_rain_larraina|The threshing floor]] ====
−	*[[Baratza_huerta_o_huerto|''Baratza'', market or vegetable garden]]	+	==== [[#Baratza_huerta_o_huerto|Market or vegetable garden]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	= ESTRUCTURA DE LA CASA =	+	= STRUCTURE OF THE HOUSE =
−	== IV. [[MODELOS_COMARCALES_DE_CASAS|REGIONAL HOUSE MODELS]] ==	+	== IV. [[MODELOS_COMARCALES_DE_CASAS/en|REGIONAL HOUSE MODELS]] ==
−	=== [[Consideraciones_generales|General points]] ===	+	=== [[#Consideraciones_generales|General points]] ===
−	=== [[Modelos_de_casas_alavesas|Álava house models]] ===	+	=== [[#Modelos_de_casas_alavesas|Álava house models]] ===
−	*[[La_casa_riojano-alavesa_(Moreda_de_Alava)|The typical Rioja-Alavesa House (Moreda de Álava)]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_riojano-alavesa_(Moreda_de_Alava)|The typical Rioja-Alavesa house (Moreda de Álava)]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_de_la_Llanada|The typical La Llanada house]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_de_la_Llanada|The typical La Llanada house]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_de_la_Montaña_(Bernedo)|The typical Montaña Alavesa house (Bernedo)]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_de_la_Montaña_(Bernedo)|The typical Montaña Alavesa house (Bernedo)]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_de_la_villa_de_Agurain|The typical house of the charter town of Agurain]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_de_la_villa_de_Agurain|The typical house in the charter town of Agurain]] ====
−	=== [[Modelos_de_casas_vizcainas|Bizkaia house models]] ===	+	=== [[#Modelos_de_casas_vizcainas|Bizkaia house models]] ===
−	*[[La_casa_de_las_Encartaciones_(Valle_de_Carranza)|The typical house of Las Encartaciones (Carranza Valley)]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_de_las_Encartaciones_(Valle_de_Carranza)|The typical house of Las Encartaciones (Carranza Valley)]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_de_Busturialdea_(Gautegiz-Arteaga)|The typical Busturialdea house (Gautegiz-Arteaga)]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_de_Busturialdea_(Gautegiz-Arteaga)|The typical Busturialdea house (Gautegiz-Arteaga)]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_del_Duranguesado_(Abadiño)|The typical house of El Duranguesado (Abadiño)]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_del_Duranguesado_(Abadiño)|The typical house of El Duranguesado (Abadiño)]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_del_Valle_de_Arratia_y_estribaciones_de_Gorbeia_(Zeanuri)|The typical house of the Arratia Valley and Estribaciones del Gorbeia (Zeanuri)]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_del_Valle_de_Arratia_y_estribaciones_de_Gorbeia_(Zeanuri)|The typical house of the Arratia Valley and Estribaciones del Gorbeia (Zeanuri)]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_del_casco_antiguo_de_la_villa_de_Durango|The typical house of Durango old town]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_del_casco_antiguo_de_la_villa_de_Durango|The typical house of Durango old town]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_de_la_villa_de_Gernika-Lumo|The typical house of the charter town of Gernika-Lumo]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_de_la_villa_de_Gernika-Lumo|The typical house of the charter town of Gernika-Lumo]] ====
−	=== [[Modelos_de_casas_guipuzcoanas|Gipuzkoa house models]] ===	+	=== [[#Modelos_de_casas_guipuzcoanas|Gipuzkoa house models]] ===
−	*[[La_casa_del_Goierri_(Ataun)|The typical El Goierri house (Ataun)]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_del_Goierri_(Ataun)|The typical Goierri house (Ataun)]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_de_Beasain|The typical Beasain house]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_de_Beasain|The typical Beasain house]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_de_Zerain|The typical Zerain house]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_de_Zerain|The typical Zerain house]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_del_Alto_Deba_(Elosua)|The Alto Deba house  (Elosua)]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_del_Alto_Deba_(Elosua)|The Alto Deba house  (Elosua)]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_del_Bajo_Deba_(Elgoibar)|The typical Bajo Deba house (Elgoibar)]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_del_Bajo_Deba_(Elgoibar)|The typical Bajo Deba house (Elgoibar)]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_de_Urola_Kosta_(Aia)|The typical Urola Kosta house (Aia)]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_de_Urola_Kosta_(Aia)|The typical Urola Kosta house (Aia)]] ====
−	=== [[Modelos_de_casas_navarras|Navarra house models]] ===	+	=== [[#Modelos_de_casas_navarras|Navarre house models]] ===
−	*[[La_casa_de_la_vertiente_atlantica_(Bera)|The typical house of the Atlantic side of the watershed (Bera)]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_de_la_vertiente_atlantica_(Bera)|The typical house of the Atlantic side of the watershed (Bera)]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_pirenaica_(Valle_de_Roncal)|The typical Pyrenean house (Roncal Valley)]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_pirenaica_(Valle_de_Roncal)|The typical Pyrenean house (Roncal Valley)]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_de_la_Navarra_Media_(Allo)|The typical Navarra Media house (Allo)]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_de_la_Navarra_Media_(Allo)|The typical Mid-Navarre house (Allo)]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_popular_o_de_arrabal_(Viana)|The typical arrabal or popular house (Viana)]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_popular_o_de_arrabal_(Viana)|The typical arrabal or popular house (Viana)]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_de_Valdorba|The typical Valdorba house]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_de_Valdorba|The typical Valdorba house]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_de_la_Ribera_del_Ebro_(Valtierra)|The typical Ribera del Ebro house (Valtierra)]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_de_la_Ribera_del_Ebro_(Valtierra)|The typical Ribera del Ebro house (Valtierra)]] ====
−	*[[La_vivienda_en_cuevas_(La_Ribera)|Cave houses (La Ribera)]]	+	==== [[#La_vivienda_en_cuevas_(La_Ribera)|Cave houses (La Ribera)]] ====
−	=== [[Modelos_de_casas_de_Vasconia_Continental|Northern Basque Country house models]] ===	+	=== [[#Modelos_de_casas_de_Vasconia_Continental|Northern Basque Country house models]] ===
−	*[[La_casa_de_Lapurdi_(Sara)|The typical Lapurdi house (Sara)]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_de_Lapurdi_(Sara)|The typical Lapurdi house (Sara)]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_de_Ainhoa_(L)|The typical Ainhoa house (L)]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_de_Ainhoa_(L)|The typical Ainhoa house (L)]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_de_Amikuze_(Huarte-Hiri-BN)|The typical Amikuze house (Huarte-Hiri-BN)]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_de_Amikuze_(Huarte-Hiri-BN)|The typical Amikuze house (Huarte-Hiri-BN)]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_de_Arberoa_(Donoztiri-BN)|The typical Arberoa house (Donoztiri-BN)]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_de_Arberoa_(Donoztiri-BN)|The typical Arberoa house (Donoztiri-BN)]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_de_Heleta_(BN)|The typical Heleta house (BN)]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_de_Heleta_(BN)|The typical Heleta house (BN)]] ====
−	*[[La_casa_de_Zuberoa_(Liginaga)|The typical Zuberoa house (Liginaga)]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_de_Zuberoa_(Liginaga)|The typical Zuberoa house (Liginaga)]] ====
−	=== [[Casas_de_pescadores|Fishermen's houses]] ===	+	=== [[#Casas_de_pescadores|Fishermen's houses]] ===
−	=== [[Apendice_Transiciones_seculares_de_la_casa_en_Vasconia_continental|Appendix: Secular transition of houses in the Northern Basque Country]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_Transiciones_seculares_de_la_casa_en_Vasconia_continental|Appendix: Secular transition of houses in the Northern Basque Country]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== V. [[TEJADO|ROOFING]] ==	+	== V. [[TEJADO/en|ROOFING]] ==
−	=== [[Relajacion_de_la_fachada_con_el_tejado|Connecting the frontage and the roof]] ===	+	=== [[#Relajacion_de_la_fachada_con_el_tejado|Connecting the frontage and the roof]] ===
−	=== [[Tipos_de_tejado|Types of roof]] ===	+	=== [[#Tipos_de_tejado|Types of roof]] ===
−	*[[Grado_de_inclinacion|Roof pitch]]	+	==== [[#Grado_de_inclinacion|Roof pitch]] ====
	**Historical evolution of roofing in Roncesvalles (N)		**Historical evolution of roofing in Roncesvalles (N)
−	*[[Forma_y_numero_de_vertientes._Urak_isuriak|Shape and number of slopes]]	+	==== [[#Forma_y_numero_de_vertientes._Urak_isuriak|Shape and number of slopes]] ====
	**The climate factor		**The climate factor
Línea 198:		Línea 197:
	**Geographical distribution of the number of slopes		**Geographical distribution of the number of slopes
−	=== [[Apendice_1_Relacion_del_tejado_con_aspectos_economicos_y_climaticos|Appendix 1: Relationship between the roof and climate and economic aspects]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_1_Relacion_del_tejado_con_aspectos_economicos_y_climaticos|Appendix 1: Relationship between the roof and climate and economic aspects]] ===
−	=== [[Materiales_de_la_cubierta|Roofing materials]] ===	+	=== [[#Materiales_de_la_cubierta|Roofing materials]] ===
−	*[[El_soporte_de_madera|Timber frame]]	+	==== [[#El_soporte_de_madera|Timber frame]] ====
−	*[[La_teja_teila|Roof tile, ''teila'']]	+	==== [[#La_teja_teila|The roof tile]] ====
−	**The origin of the roof tiles	+	**The origin of roof tiles
	**The curved tile		**The curved tile
	**The flat tile		**The flat tile
−	*[[Cubierta_de_madera_tablillas_oholak|Wooden roof: shingles]]	+	==== [[#Cubierta_de_madera_tablillas_oholak|Wooden roof: shingles]] ====
−	*[[Cubierta_de_piedra_losas_harri-losak|Stone roof: slates]]	+	==== [[#Cubierta_de_piedra_losas_harri-losak|Stone roof: slates]] ====
−	*[[Nuevos_materiales|New materials]]	+	==== [[#Nuevos_materiales|New materials]] ====
−	=== [[Estructura_del_tejado|Roof structure]] ===	+	=== [[#Estructura_del_tejado|Roof structure]] ===
−	*[[Generalidades._Gailurra_kapirioak_latak|General points. ''Gailurra'' (peak), ''kapirioak'' (rafters), ''latak'' (plank)]]	+	==== [[#Generalidades._Gailurra_kapirioak_latak|General points]] ====
−	*[[Estructuras_sustentadas_en_postes|Post-supported structures]]	+	==== [[#Estructuras_sustentadas_en_postes|Post-supported structures]] ====
−	*[[Estructuras_con_tijeras|Shear beam structures]]	+	==== [[#Estructuras_con_tijeras|Shear beam structures]] ====
−	*[[Cañizos_y_bovedas_de_yeso|Thatched and plaster vaults]]	+	==== [[#Cañizos_y_bovedas_de_yeso|Thatched and plaster vaults]] ====
−	=== [[Los_aleros._Boladua|Eaves. ''Boladua'']] ===	+	=== [[#Los_aleros._Boladua|Eaves]] ===
−	=== [[Salida_al_tejado._La_chimenea|Ways out onto the roof. The chimney]] ===	+	=== [[#Salida_al_tejado._La_chimenea|Ways out onto the roof. The chimney]] ===
−	=== [[Transformaciones|Transformations]] ===	+	=== [[#Transformaciones|Transformations]] ===
−	=== [[Apendice_2_Diversidad_de_vertientes_en_casas_de_planta_rectangular|Appendix 2: Different slopes for houses with rectangular floor plan]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_2_Diversidad_de_vertientes_en_casas_de_planta_rectangular|Appendix 2: Different slopes for houses with rectangular floor plan]] ===
−	=== [[Apendice_3_Chimenea_materiales_de_combustion_y_clima|Appendix 3: Chimney, fuel and climate]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_3_Chimenea_materiales_de_combustion_y_clima|Appendix 3: Chimney, fuel and climate]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== VI. [[CIMIENTOS_Y_PAREDES|FOUNDATIONS AND WALLS]] ==	+	== VI. [[CIMIENTOS_Y_PAREDES/en|FOUNDATIONS AND WALLS]] ==
−	=== [[Cimientos_oinarriak|Foundations, ''oinarriak'']] ===	+	=== [[#Cimientos_oinarriak|Foundations]] ===
−	*[[Cimientos_sobre_sustratos_duros|Foundations on hard substrates]]	+	==== [[#Cimientos_sobre_sustratos_duros|Foundations on hard substrates]] ====
−	*[[Cimientos_sobre_sustratos_menos_solidos|Foundations on less solid substrates]]	+	==== [[#Cimientos_sobre_sustratos_menos_solidos|Foundations on less solid substrates]] ====
−	=== [[Muros_exteriores_hormak|Outside walls]] ===	+	=== [[#Muros_exteriores_hormak|Outside walls]] ===
−	*[[Materiales_de_construccion|Construction materials]]	+	==== [[#Materiales_de_construccion|Construction materials]] ====
−	**Stone.	+	**Stone
−	**Timber.	+	**Timber
	**Earth, brick, adobe and rammed earth		**Earth, brick, adobe and rammed earth
−	*[[Muros_con_entramados_de_madera|Walls with timber latticework]]	+	==== [[#Muros_con_entramados_de_madera|Walls with timber latticework]] ====
−	*[[Muros_de_piedra_labrada|Masonry walls]]	+	==== [[#Muros_de_piedra_labrada|Masonry walls]] ====
−	*[[Morteros_murteak|Mortar]]	+	==== [[#Morteros_murteak|Mortar]] ====
−	*[[Construccion_de_los_muros|Construction of the walls]]	+	==== [[#Construccion_de_los_muros|Construction of the walls]] ====
−	*[[Enlucido_de_los_muros|Plastering of the walls]]	+	==== [[#Enlucido_de_los_muros|Plastering of the walls]] ====
−	*[[Los_muros_en_la_actualidad|Walls today]]	+	==== [[#Los_muros_en_la_actualidad|Walls today]] ====
−	*[[Las_cuevas|Caves]]	+	==== [[#Las_cuevas|Caves]] ====
−	=== [[Estructura_interna_de_madera|Timber internal structure]] ===	+	=== [[#Estructura_interna_de_madera|Timber internal structure]] ===
−	*[[Uso_generalizado_de_la_madera|Widespread use of timber]]	+	==== [[#Uso_generalizado_de_la_madera|Widespread use of timber]] ====
−	*[[Tipos_de_madera|Types of timber]]	+	==== [[#Tipos_de_madera|Types of timber]] ====
−	*[[El_poyal_altzarria|Bench base]]	+	==== [[#El_poyal_altzarria|Bench base]] ====
−	*[[Estructura._Ageak_pilareak|Structure]]	+	==== [[#Estructura._Ageak_pilareak|Structure]] ====
−	=== [[Muros_interiores_y_tabiques_hesiak_tabikak|Inside walls and partitions]] ===	+	=== [[#Muros_interiores_y_tabiques_hesiak_tabikak|Inside walls and partitions]] ===
−	=== [[Suelos|Floors]] ===	+	=== [[#Suelos|Floors]] ===
−	*[[Suelo_en_entrada_y_cuadra|Floor in the entrance and stable]]	+	==== [[#Suelo_en_entrada_y_cuadra|Floor in the entrance and stable]] ====
−	*[[Suelo_en_la_vivienda|Floor in the dwelling]]	+	==== [[#Suelo_en_la_vivienda|Floor in the dwelling]] ====
−	=== [[Escaleras_eskailerak|Stairs]] ===	+	=== [[#Escaleras_eskailerak|Stairs]] ===
−	*[[Escaleras_interiores|Indoor stairs]]	+	==== [[#Escaleras_interiores|Indoor stairs]] ====
−	*[[Escaleras_exteriores|Outdoor stairs]]	+	==== [[#Escaleras_exteriores|Outdoor stairs]] ====
−	*[[Escaleras_de_viviendas_urbanas|Urban dwelling stairs]]	+	==== [[#Escaleras_de_viviendas_urbanas|Urban dwelling stairs]] ====
−	=== [[Techos|Roofs]] ===	+	=== [[#Techos|Roofs]] ===
−	*[[Techos_de_tabla|Plank roofs]]	+	==== [[#Techos_de_tabla|Plank roofs]] ====
−	*[[Techos_de_bovedilla|Vault roofs]]	+	==== [[#Techos_de_bovedilla|Vault roofs]] ====
−	=== [[Procedencia_de_los_materiales_de_construccion|Origin of the construction materials]] ===	+	=== [[#Procedencia_de_los_materiales_de_construccion|Origin of the construction materials]] ===
−	*[[Piedra._Kareharria_hareharria|Stone]]	+	==== [[#Piedra._Kareharria_hareharria|Stone]] ====
−	*[[Cal_y_yeso._Kisua_igeltsua|Lime and plaster]]	+	==== [[#Cal_y_yeso._Kisua_igeltsua|Lime and plaster]] ====
−	*[[Madera._Haritza|Timber]]	+	==== [[#Madera._Haritza|Timber]] ====
−	*[[Teja_ladrillo_y_adobe|Roof tiles, bricks and adobe]]	+	==== [[#Teja_ladrillo_y_adobe|Roof tiles, bricks and adobe]] ====
−	*[[Nuevos_materiales|New materials]]	+	==== [[#Nuevos_materiales2|New materials]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== VII. [[PUERTAS_Y_VENTANAS|DOORS AND WINDOWS]] ==	+	== VII. [[PUERTAS_Y_VENTANAS/en|DOORS AND WINDOWS]] ==
−	=== [[Orientacion_de_los_huecos_de_la_casa|Orientation of the house openings]] ===	+	=== [[#Orientacion_de_los_huecos_de_la_casa|Orientation of the house openings]] ===
−	=== [[Disposicion_de_los_huecos_en_la_fachada|Arrangement of the openings on the frontage]] ===	+	=== [[#Disposicion_de_los_huecos_en_la_fachada|Arrangement of the openings on the frontage]] ===
−	=== [[Huecos|Openings]] ===	+	=== [[#Huecos|Openings]] ===
−	*[[Puerta_principal._Ateak_albateak|Main door]]	+	==== [[#Puerta_principal._Ateak_albateak|Main door]] ====
	**Álava		**Álava
	**Bizkaia		**Bizkaia
	**Gipuzkoa		**Gipuzkoa
−	**Navarra	+	**Navarre
	**Northern Basque Country		**Northern Basque Country
−	*[[Ventanas._Leihoak_leihatilak|Windows]]	+	==== [[#Ventanas._Leihoak_leihatilak|Windows]] ====
	**Álava		**Álava
	**Bizkaia		**Bizkaia
	**Gipuzkoa		**Gipuzkoa
−	**Navarra	+	**Navarre
	**Northern Basque Country		**Northern Basque Country
−	*[[Balcones._Balkoiak|Balconies]]	+	==== [[#Balcones._Balkoiak|Balconies]] ====
−	=== [[Puertas_interiores|Inside doors]] ===	+	=== [[#Puertas_interiores|Inside doors]] ===
−	=== [[Sistemas_de_cierre_de_puertas_y_ventanas|Door and window closing mechanisms]] ===	+	=== [[#Sistemas_de_cierre_de_puertas_y_ventanas|Door and window closing mechanisms]] ===
−	*[[Cierre_de_la_puerta_de_entrada_o_principal|Closing the main or entrance door]]	+	==== [[#Cierre_de_la_puerta_de_entrada_o_principal|Closing the main or entrance door]] ====
	**Bars		**Bars
Línea 348:		Línea 347:
	**Other locks		**Other locks
−	*[[Cierre_de_las_puertas_interiores._Pestillos._Kisketak|Closing inside doors]]	+	==== [[#Cierre_de_las_puertas_interiores._Pestillos._Kisketak|Closing inside doors]] ====
−	*[[Cierre_de_las_ventanas._Andavillas_pasadores|Closing windows. Latches, bolts]]	+	==== [[#Cierre_de_las_ventanas._Andavillas_pasadores|Closing windows]] ====
−	*[[Verjas_de_proteccion|Grilles]]	+	==== [[#Verjas_de_proteccion|Grilles]] ====
−	=== [[Transformaciones_recientes|Recent transformations]] ===	+	=== [[#Transformaciones_recientes|Recent transformations]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== VIII. [[DISTRIBUCION_INTERNA_DE_LA_CASA|INTERNAL LAYOUT OF THE HOUSE]] ==	+	== VIII. [[DISTRIBUCION_INTERNA_DE_LA_CASA/en|INTERNAL LAYOUT OF THE HOUSE]] ==
−	=== [[Consideraciones_generales|General points]] ===	+	=== [[#Consideraciones_generales3|General points]] ===
−	=== [[Casas_de_ambito_rural|Rural houses]] ===	+	=== [[#Casas_de_ambito_rural|Rural houses]] ===
−	*[[Bizkaia|Bizkaia]]	+	==== [[#Bizkaia4|Bizkaia]] ====
	**Livestock homesteads. Encartaciones and Arratia-Orozko		**Livestock homesteads. Encartaciones and Arratia-Orozko
	**Agricultural homesteads. Uribe, Busturialdea and Durangaldea		**Agricultural homesteads. Uribe, Busturialdea and Durangaldea
−	*[[Gipuzkoa|Gipuzkoa]]	+	==== [[#Gipuzkoa3|Gipuzkoa]] ====
	**Goierri		**Goierri
−	**Alto and Medio Deba	+	**High and Mid-Deba
−	**Oria Medio	+	**Mid-Oria
−	**Donostia and Bajo Bidasoa	+	**Donostia and Lower Bidasoa
−	*[[Vasconia_continental|Northern Basque Country]]	+	==== [[#Vasconia_continental3|Northern Basque Country]] ====
−	*[[Alava|Álava]]	+	==== [[#Alava4|Álava]] ====
−	**Estribaciones del Gorbeia	+	**Surroundings of Gorbeia Mountain
−	**Occidente alavés	+	**West Álava
	**La Llanada		**La Llanada
	**La Montaña		**La Montaña
−	**Rioja alavesa	+	**Rioja Alavesa
−	*[[Navarra|Navarra]]	+	==== [[#Navarra4|Navarre]] ====
	**Northern Sub-Pyrenean and Pyrenean area. La Montaña		**Northern Sub-Pyrenean and Pyrenean area. La Montaña
Línea 391:		Línea 390:
	**Southern zone. La Ribera		**Southern zone. La Ribera
−	=== [[Viviendas_de_pescadores|Fishermen's dwellings]] ===	+	=== [[#Viviendas_de_pescadores|Fishermen's dwellings]] ===
−	=== [[Viviendas_de_nucleos_urbanos|Urban dwellings]] ===	+	=== [[#Viviendas_de_nucleos_urbanos|Urban dwellings]] ===
−	=== [[Casas_modernas|Modern houses]] ===	+	=== [[#Casas_modernas|Modern houses]] ===
−	=== [[Apendice_casas_nobles_palacios_jauregiak|Appendix: Mansions. Palaces]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_casas_nobles_palacios_jauregiak|Appendix: Mansions. Palaces]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== IX. [[ORNAMENTACION_DE_LA_CASA|HOUSE DECORATION]] ==	+	== IX. [[ORNAMENTACION_DE_LA_CASA/en|HOUSE DECORATION]] ==
−	=== [[Consideraciones_generales|General points]] ===	+	=== [[#Consideraciones_generales4/en|General points]] ===
−	=== [[Muros_exteriores_fachada|Outside walls. Frontage]] ===	+	=== [[#Muros_exteriores_fachada|Outside walls. Frontage]] ===
−	*[[Fachadas_revocadas_y_con_piedra_a_la_vista|Bare stone and plastered frontages]]	+	==== [[#Fachadas_revocadas_y_con_piedra_a_la_vista|Exposed stone and plastered frontages]] ====
−	*[[Entramado_de_madera|Timber latticework]]	+	==== [[#Entramado_de_madera|Timber trusses]] ====
−	*[[Ornamentaciones_elaboradas|Elaborate decorations]]	+	==== [[#Ornamentaciones_elaboradas|Elaborate decorations]] ====
−	*[[Adornos_vegetales|Plant decorations]]	+	==== [[#Adornos_vegetales|Plant decorations]] ====
−	=== [[Tejado_from_ix|Roofing]] ===	+	=== [[#Tejado1|Roofing]] ===
−	=== [[Aleros_etxe-hegala|Eaves]] ===	+	=== [[#Aleros_etxe-hegala|Eaves]] ===
−	=== [[Puertas_y_ventanas|Doors and windows]] ===	+	=== [[#Puertas_y_ventanas|Doors and windows]] ===
−	*[[Herrajes|Ironwork]]	+	==== [[#Herrajes|Ironwork]] ====
−	*[[Tallas_en_dinteles|Carvings on lintels]]	+	==== [[#Tallas_en_dinteles|Carvings on lintels]] ====
−	*[[Verjas_ornamentales|Decorative grilles]]	+	==== [[#Verjas_ornamentales|Decorative grilles]] ====
−	=== [[Escudos_armarriak|Coat-of-arms]] ===	+	=== [[#Escudos_armarriak|Coats-of-arms]] ===
−	=== [[Inscripciones|Inscriptions]] ===	+	=== [[#Inscripciones|Inscriptions]] ===
−	=== [[Decoracion_interior|Interior decoration]] ===	+	=== [[#Decoracion_interior|Interior decoration]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	= HOGAR Y MOBILIARIO DOMÉSTICO =	+	= HOME AND HOME FURNISHINGS =
−	== X. [[HOGAR_ALUMBRADO_Y_COCINA|FIREPLACE, LIGHTING AND KITCHEN]] ==	+	== X. [[HOGAR_ALUMBRADO_Y_COCINA/en|HEARTH, LIGHTING AND KITCHEN]] ==
−	=== [[Hogar_beheko_sua_supazterra|Fireplace]] ===	+	=== [[#Hogar_beheko_sua_supazterra|Fireplace]] ===
−	*[[Denominaciones|Names]]	+	==== [[#Denominaciones52|Names]] ====
−	*[[Sitio_que_ocupa_el_hogar|Location of the fireplace]]	+	==== [[#Sitio_que_ocupa_el_hogar|Location of the fireplace]] ====
	**Central fireplace		**Central fireplace
Línea 447:		Línea 446:
	**Description		**Description
−	*[[Combustible_empleado_en_el_hogar_errekina|Fuel used in the fireplace]]	+	==== [[#Combustible_empleado_en_el_hogar_errekina|Fuel used in the fireplace]] ====
	**Most common fuels		**Most common fuels
	**Mediterranean side of the watershed		**Mediterranean side of the watershed
−	*[[Encender_o_reavivar_el_fuego|Lighting or rekindling the fire]]	+	==== [[#Encender_o_reavivar_el_fuego|Lighting or rekindling the fire]] ====
	**The flint. New lighting systems		**The flint. New lighting systems
Línea 458:		Línea 457:
	**Initially stocking the fire		**Initially stocking the fire
−	*[[Suertes_de_leña_o_fogueras|Types of firewood]]	+	==== [[#Suertes_de_leña_o_fogueras|Types of firewood]] ====
−	*[[Base_y_fondo_del_fogon._Su_azpikoa|Base and back of the stove]]	+	==== [[#Base_y_fondo_del_fogon._Su_azpikoa|Base and back of the stove]] ====
	**Cast-iron plate		**Cast-iron plate
−	***Decorative motifs	+	**Decorative motifs
−	**The hearth	+	==== [[#El llar_laratza|Hearth]] ====
−	*[[Chimenea_y_salida_de_humos._Tximinia|Chimney and vent]]	+	==== [[#Chimenea_y_salida_de_humos._Tximinia|Chimney and vent]] ====
	**Low heat chimney		**Low heat chimney
Línea 474:		Línea 473:
	**Cleaning the chimney		**Cleaning the chimney
−	=== [[Horno_de_fabricar_el_pan_ogi-labea|Bread oven]] ===	+	=== [[#Horno_de_fabricar_el_pan_ogi-labea|Bread oven]] ===
−	*[[Sitio_que_ocupa_y_forma_del_horno|Oven location and type]]	+	==== [[#Sitio_que_ocupa_y_forma_del_horno|Oven location and type]] ====
	**Ovens in the kitchen or attached to the house		**Ovens in the kitchen or attached to the house
	**Exempted ovens		**Exempted ovens
−	*[[Materiales_de_construccion_del_horno|Oven construction materials]]	+	==== [[#Materiales_de_construccion_del_horno|Oven construction materials]] ====
−	*[[Utilizacion_del_horno|Use of the oven]]	+	==== [[#Utilizacion_del_horno|Use of the oven]] ====
−	=== [[Alumbrado_de_la_casa_etxeko_argia|House lighting]] ===	+	=== [[#Alumbrado_de_la_casa_etxeko_argia|House lighting]] ===
−	*[[Procedimientos_antiguos_de_alumbrado_tea_azaoa|Old lighting systems]]	+	==== [[#Procedimientos_antiguos_de_alumbrado_tea_azaoa|Old lighting systems]] ====
−	*[[Lampara_o_candil_de_aceite_kriseilua|Oil lamp]]	+	==== [[#Lampara_o_candil_de_aceite_kriseilua|Oil lamp]] ====
−	*[[Velas_kandelak|Candles]]	+	==== [[#Velas_kandelak|Candles]] ====
−	*[[Candil_de_petroleo_petrolio-ontzia|Petrol lamp]]	+	==== [[#Candil_de_petroleo_petrolio-ontzia|Petrol lamp]] ====
−	*[[Lampara_de_carburo_karburo-argia|Carbide lamp]]	+	==== [[#Lampara_de_carburo_karburo-argia|Carbide lamp]] ====
−	*[[Luz_electrica|Electric light]]	+	==== [[#Luz_electrica|Electric light]] ====
−	=== [[Cocina_sukaldea_ezkaratza|Kitchen]] ===	+	=== [[#Cocina_sukaldea_ezkaratza|Kitchen]] ===
−	*[[Hornillos|Hob]]	+	==== [[#Hornillos|Hob]] ====
−	*[[Cocina_economica_y_transiciones_posteriores|Energy-saving stove and subsequent transitions]]	+	==== [[#Cocina_economica_y_transiciones_posteriores|Energy-saving stove and subsequent transitions]] ====
−	*[[La_cocina_centro_de_la_vida_familiar|The kitchen, the centre of family life]]	+	==== [[#La_cocina_centro_de_la_vida_familiar|The kitchen, the centre of family life]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XI. [[EQUIPO_MOBILIAR_DEL_HOGAR_Y_DE_LA_COCINA|KITCHEN AND HEARTH FURNITURE AND FIXTURES]] ==	+	== XI. [[EQUIPO_MOBILIAR_DEL_HOGAR_Y_DE_LA_COCINA/en|HEARTH AND KITCHEN FURNITURE AND FIXTURES]] ==
−	=== [[Enseres_del_hogar|Hearth tools]] ===	+	=== [[#Enseres_del_hogar|Hearth utensils]] ===
−	*[[Arquetipo_de_dos_localidades|Archetypical of two places]]	+	==== [[#Arquetipo_de_dos_localidades|Archetypical of two places]] ====
	**Beasain (G)		**Beasain (G)
	**Sangüesa (N)		**Sangüesa (N)
−	*[[Denominaciones_y_descripcion|Names and description]]	+	==== [[#Denominaciones_y_descripcion|Names and description]] ====
	**Firedogs		**Firedogs
Línea 532:		Línea 531:
	**Copper heater		**Copper heater
−	=== [[Mobiliario_de_la_cocina|Kitchen furniture and furnishings]] ===	+	=== [[#Mobiliario_de_la_cocina|Kitchen furniture]] ===
−	*[[Escaño_zizeilu_y_otros_asientos|Seats and other seating]]	+	==== [[#Escaño_zizeilu_y_otros_asientos|The armchair and other seating]] ====
−	*[[Fregadera_harraska|Sink]]	+	==== [[#Fregadera_harraska|Sink]] ====
−	*[[Haustegia_cenicero|''Haustegia'', ashtray]]	+	==== [[Ash bucket]] ====
−	*[[Cantarera_edarrategia|Pottery]]	+	==== [[#Cantarera_edarrategia|Pottery]] ====
−	*[[Mesas_y_otros_elementos|Tables and other items]]	+	==== [[#Mesas_y_otros_elementos|Tables and other items]] ====
	**Tables		**Tables
Línea 548:		Línea 547:
	**Cans		**Cans
−	*[[Armarios_alacenas_y_espeteras|Cupboards, cabinets and kitchen rack]]	+	==== [[#Armarios_alacenas_y_espeteras|Cupboards, cabinets and racks]] ====
	**Dressers		**Dressers
Línea 554:		Línea 553:
	**Kitchen rack		**Kitchen rack
−	*[[La_fresquera_y_su_evolucion|Pantries and their evolution]]	+	==== [[#La_fresquera_y_su_evolucion|Pantries and their evolution]] ====
−	=== [[Ajuar_de_la_cocina|Kitchen fittings]] ===	+	=== [[#Ajuar_de_la_cocina|Kitchen furnishings]] ===
−	*[[Engalanamiento_de_la_chimenea._Tximini-zapia|Decorating the fireplace]]	+	==== [[#Engalanamiento_de_la_chimenea._Tximini-zapia|Decorating the fireplace]] ====
−	*[[Objetos_colocados_en_la_repisa_en_la_campana_o_en_el_hogar._Tximini-uztarria|Items placed on the mantelpiece, on the hood or on the hearth]]	+	==== [[#Objetos_colocados_en_la_repisa_en_la_campana_o_en_el_hogar._Tximini-uztarria|Items placed on the mantelpiece, on the hood or on the hearth]] ====
−	*[[Consideraciones_generales_del_ajuar|General points about the fittings]]	+	==== [[#Consideraciones_generales_del_ajuar|General points about the goods]] ====
−	*[[Descripciones_del_ajuar|Descriptions of the fittings]]	+	==== [[#Descripciones_del_ajuar|Descriptions of the furnishings]] ====
	**Northern Basque Country		**Northern Basque Country
Línea 570:		Línea 569:
	**Álava		**Álava
	**Gipuzkoa		**Gipuzkoa
−	**Navarra	+	**Navarre
−	*[[Fabricacion_artesanal_del_mobiliario_de_la_cocina|Artisan production of the kitchen furniture]]	+	==== [[#Fabricacion_artesanal_del_mobiliario_de_la_cocina|Artisan production of the kitchen furniture]] ====
	**Domestic production		**Domestic production
	**Non-domestic production		**Non-domestic production
−	*[[Transiciones_en_el_ajuar_y_mobiliario_domesticos|Transitions in the household furniture and fittings]]	+	==== [[#Transiciones_en_el_ajuar_y_mobiliario_domesticos|Transitions in the household furniture and fittings]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XII. [[EQUIPO_MOBILIAR_SALA_DORMITORIOS_Y_ASEO|FURNITURE AND FIXTURES: LIVING ROOM, BEDROOMS AND PERSONAL HYGIENE]] ==	+	== XII. [[EQUIPO_MOBILIAR_SALA_DORMITORIOS_Y_ASEO/en|FURNITURE AND FIXTURES: LIVING ROOM, BEDROOMS AND PERSONAL HYGIENE]] ==
−	=== [[Ajuar_de_la_sala_o_comedor|Living room or dining room fittings]] ===	+	=== [[#Ajuar_de_la_sala_o_comedor|Living room or dining room fittings]] ===
−	*[[Mobiliario|Furniture]]	+	==== [[#Mobiliario|Furniture]] ====
−	*[[Imagenes_religiosas|Religious images]]	+	==== [[#Imagenes_religiosas|Religious images]] ====
−	*[[Fotografias_familiares_expuestas|Family photographs on display]]	+	==== [[#Fotografias_familiares_expuestas|Family photographs on display]] ====
−	=== [[Ajuar_del_dormitorio|Bedroom fittings]] ===	+	=== [[#Ajuar_del_dormitorio|Bedroom fittings]] ===
−	*[[El_dormitorio_como_estancia|The bedroom as a room]]	+	==== [[#El_dormitorio_como_estancia|The bedroom as a room]] ====
−	*[[Consideraciones_generales|General points]]	+	==== [[#Consideraciones_generales5|General points]] ====
−	*[[Camas_oheak|Beds]]	+	==== [[#Camas_oheak|Beds]] ====
−	*[[Baules_comodas_y_armarios._Eskapolota_arropa-kutxa|Trunks, chests of drawers and wardrobes]]	+	==== [[#Baules_comodas_y_armarios._Eskapolota_arropa-kutxa|Trunks, chests of drawers and wardrobes]] ====
−	*[[Muebles_auxiliares|Occasional furniture]]	+	==== [[#Muebles_auxiliares|Occasional furniture]] ====
	**Wash stand and basin		**Wash stand and basin
−	*[[Cortinas_y_alfombras|Wash stand and basin]]	+	==== [[#Cortinas_y_alfombras|Curtains and rugs]] ====
−	*[[Imagenes_religiosas|Religious images]]	+	==== [[#Imagenes_religiosas1|Religious images]] ====
	**Crucifix		**Crucifix
Línea 613:		Línea 612:
	**Holy water font		**Holy water font
−	=== [[El_aseo_y_su_ajuar|Washing facilities and fittings]] ===	+	=== [[#El_aseo_y_su_ajuar|Washing facilities and fittings]] ===
−	*[[Excusado_o_retrete_komuna|Outhouse or toilet]]	+	==== [[#Excusado_o_retrete_komuna|Outhouse or toilet]] ====
−	*[[Aseo|Washing facilities]]	+	==== [[#Aseo|Washing facilities]] ====
−	*[[Transiciones_del_cuarto_de_baño_y_su_ajuar|Transitions of the bathroom and its fittings]]	+	==== [[#Transiciones_del_cuarto_de_baño_y_su_ajuar|Transitions of the bathroom and its fittings]] ====
−	=== [[Instrumentos_musicales_radio_television_y_nuevas_tecnologias|Musical instruments. Radio, television and new technologies]] ===	+	=== [[#Instrumentos_musicales_radio_television_y_nuevas_tecnologias|Musical instruments. Radio, television and new technologies]] ===
−	*[[Instrumentos_musicales|Musical instruments]]	+	==== [[#Instrumentos_musicales|Musical instruments]] ====
−	*[[Radio_television_y_nuevas_tecnologias|Radio, television and new technologies]]	+	==== [[#Radio_television_y_nuevas_tecnologias|Radio, television and new technologies]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XIII. [[LIMPIEZA_DE_LA_CASA_ROPA_Y_VAJILLA|CLEANING THE HOUSE, CLOTHES AND DISHES]] ==	+	== XIII. [[LIMPIEZA_DE_LA_CASA_ROPA_Y_VAJILLA/en|CLEANING THE HOUSE, CLOTHES AND DISHES]] ==
−	=== [[Limpieza_de_la_casa|Cleaning the house]] ===	+	=== [[#Limpieza_de_la_casa|Cleaning the house]] ===
−	*[[Limpieza_de_la_casa_extremar_garbi-ikuzia|Cleaning the house, thoroughly]]	+	==== [[#Limpieza_de_la_casa_extremar_garbi-ikuzia|Cleaning the house, thoroughly]] ====
	**Cleaning products and utensils		**Cleaning products and utensils
Línea 639:		Línea 638:
	**Insect extermination		**Insect extermination
−	*[[Limpieza_de_suelos|Cleaning floors]]	+	==== [[#Limpieza_de_suelos|Cleaning floors]] ====
	**Sweeping		**Sweeping
Línea 645:		Línea 644:
	**Waxing		**Waxing
−	*[[Encalado_zuritu_y_pintado_de_fachadas_e_interiores|Whitewashing and painting frontages and inside]]	+	==== [[#Encalado_zuritu_y_pintado_de_fachadas_e_interiores|Whitewashing and painting frontages and inside]] ====
−	=== [[Lavado_de_la_ropa|Washing clothes]] ===	+	=== [[#Lavado_de_la_ropa|Washing clothes]] ===
−	*[[Lavado_de_la_ropa_en_el_rio_o_en_el_lavadero_publico|Washing clothes in the river or in the public washhouse]]	+	==== [[#Lavado_de_la_ropa_en_el_rio_o_en_el_lavadero_publico|Washing clothes in the river or in the public washhouse]] ====
−	*[[Lavanderas_o_colanderas|Laundresses or washerwomen]]	+	==== [[#Lavanderas_o_colanderas|Laundresses or washerwomen]] ====
−	*[[La_colada_bogadea_egin_lixiba_jo|The laundry]]	+	==== [[#La_colada_bogadea_egin_lixiba_jo|The laundry]] ====
	**Names		**Names
	**Transitions		**Transitions
−	*[[Secado_y_planchado_de_la_ropa|Drying and ironing the clothes]]	+	==== [[#Secado_y_planchado_de_la_ropa|Drying and ironing the clothes]] ====
−	*[[Teñido_domestico_de_la_ropa|Hanging out the clothes at home]]	+	==== [[#Teñido_domestico_de_la_ropa|Hanging out the clothes at home]] ====
−	=== [[Lavado_de_la_vajilla_harrikoa_egin|Washing dishes]] ===	+	=== [[#Lavado_de_la_vajilla_harrikoa_egin|Washing dishes]] ===
−	*[[Lavadoras_y_lavavajillas|Washers and dishwashers]]	+	==== [[#Lavadoras_y_lavavajillas|Washers and dishwashers]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	= CONSTRUCCIONES ANEJAS A LA CASA =	+	= OUTBUILDINGS ADJOINING THE HOUSE =
−	== XIV. [[ESPACIOS_PARA_LABORES_AGRICOLAS_Y_CONSTRUCCIONES_COMPLEMENTARIAS|SPACES FOR FARMING WORK AND COMPLEMENTARY BUILDINGS]] ==	+	== XIV. [[ESPACIOS_PARA_LABORES_AGRICOLAS_Y_CONSTRUCCIONES_COMPLEMENTARIAS/en|SPACES FOR FARMING WORK AND OUTBUILDINGS]] ==
−	=== [[Espacios_domesticos_para_aperos_productos_y_ganado|Spaces at home for implements, products and livestock]] ===	+	=== [[#Espacios_domesticos_para_aperos_productos_y_ganado|Spaces at home for implements, products and livestock]] ===
−	*[[Portal_y_carrejo._Atariko_tresneria|Porch and carriage porch]]	+	==== [[#Portal_y_carrejo._Atariko_tresneria|Porch and carriage porch]] ====
−	*[[Desvan_o_sobrao_ganbara|Attic or loft]]	+	==== [[#Desvan_o_sobrao_ganbara|Attic or loft]] ====
−	*[[Establo_korta_ikuilua|Stable]]	+	==== [[#Establo_korta_ikuilua|Stable]] ====
−	=== [[Construcciones_complementarias|Complementary buildings]] ===	+	=== [[#Construcciones_complementarias|Outbuildings]] ===
−	*[[Generalidades|General points]]	+	==== [[#Generalidades1|General points]] ====
−	*[[Cuadras_corrales_descubiertos|Open stalls, pens,]]	+	==== [[#Cuadras_corrales_descubiertos|Stalls, pens, enclosures]] ====
−	*[[Cabañas_bordas_o_pajares._Lastategia|Huts, cabins or haylofts]]	+	==== [[#Cabañas_bordas_o_pajares._Lastategia|Huts, cabins, haylofts]] ====
−	*[[Chabolas_etxeordeak_tejabanak|Shacks]]	+	==== [[#Chabolas_etxeordeak_tejabanak|Shacks]] ====
−	*[[Estercolero_ongarritegia|Dung storage]]	+	==== [[#Estercolero_ongarritegia|Dung storage]] ====
−	*[[Gallinero_oilategia|Chicken house]]	+	==== [[#Gallinero_oilategia|Chicken house]] ====
−	*[[Cochiquera_txerritokia|Pigsty]]	+	==== [[#Cochiquera_txerritokia|Pigsty]] ====
−	*[[Cobertizo_para_ovejas_artegia|Shelter for sheep]]	+	==== [[#Cobertizo_para_ovejas_artegia|Shelter for sheep]] ====
−	*[[Abejeras_erlategiak|Beehives]]	+	==== [[#Abejeras_erlategiak|Beehives]] ====
−	*[[Animales_domesticos_que_guardan_la_casa|Domestic animals that guard the house]]	+	==== [[#Animales_domesticos_que_guardan_la_casa|Domestic animals that guard the house]] ====
−	*[[Lagos_y_bodegas|Lakes and cellars]]	+	==== [[#Lagos_y_bodegas|Lakes and cellars]] ====
−	*[[Pozos|Wells]]	+	==== [[#Pozos|Wells]] ====
−	*[[Refugios_y_cabañas_de_campo._Txabolak|Field shelters and huts]]	+	==== [[#Refugios_y_cabañas_de_campo._Txabolak|Field shelters and huts]] ====
−	=== [[Apendice_1_corrales_de_campo_en_navarra|Appendix 1: Field pens in Navarra]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_1_corrales_de_campo_en_navarra|Appendix 1: Field pens in Navarre]] ===
−	=== [[Apendice_2_horreos_garaiak|Appendix 2: Granaries]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_2_horreos_garaiak|Appendix 2: Granaries]] ===
−	=== [[Apendice_3_chabolas_de_carboneros_ikazkinen_txabolak|Appendix 3: Charcoal maker shacks]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_3_chabolas_de_carboneros_ikazkinen_txabolak|Appendix 3: Charcoal maker shacks]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	= CREENCIAS Y RITOS DOMÉSTICOS =	+	= DOMESTIC BELIEFS AND RITES =
−	== XV. [[RITOS_ENTORNO_AL_FUEGO_DOMESTICO|RITES AROUND THE HOUSEHOLD FIRE]] ==	+	== XV. [[RITOS_EN_TORNO_AL_FUEGO_DOMESTICO/en|RITES AROUND THE HOUSEHOLD FIRE]] ==
−	=== [[Las_brasas_del_hogar_sua_biltzen_sua_batzen|The embers of the hearth]] ===	+	=== [[#Las_brasas_del_hogar_sua_biltzen_sua_batzen|The embers of the hearth]] ===
−	=== [[El_fuego_del_hogar_en_dias_senalados|Lighting the hearth on set days]] ===	+	=== [[#El_fuego_del_hogar_en_dias_senalados|Lighting the hearth on set days]] ===
−	*[[El_tronco_de_Navidad._Gabon-subila|The Christmas log]]	+	==== [[#El_tronco_de_Navidad._Gabon-subila|The Christmas log]] ====
−	*[[El_fuego_nuevo_de_Pascua._Su_berria|The new fire at Easter]]	+	==== [[#El_fuego_nuevo_de_Pascua._Su_berria|New fire at Easter]] ====
−	=== [[Incorporacion_a_la_casa_de_un_animal_recien_adquirido_etxerako_izan|Bringing a recently purchased animals into the house]] ===	+	=== [[#Incorporacion_a_la_casa_de_un_animal_recien_adquirido_etxerako_izan|Bringing a recently purchased animals into the house]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XVI. [[SIMBOLOS_PROTECTORES_DE_LA_CASA|SYMBOLS TO PROTECT THE HOUSE]] ==	+	== XVI. [[SIMBOLOS_PROTECTORES_DE_LA_CASA/en|SYMBOLS TO PROTECT THE HOUSE]] ==
−	=== [[Ritos_al_iniciar_la_construccion_de_la_casa|Ritos al iniciar la construcción de la casa]] ===	+	=== [[#Ritos_al_iniciar_la_construccion_de_la_casa|Rites when starting to build the house]] ===
−	=== [[Ritos_al_finalizar_el_tejado_monjorra_bizkar-festa|Ritos al finalizar el tejado. Monjorra, bizkar-festa]] ===	+	=== [[#Ritos_al_finalizar_el_tejado_monjorra_bizkar-festa|Rites when finishing the roof]] ===
−	=== [[Bendicion_de_la_casa|Bendición de la casa]] ===	+	=== [[#Bendicion_de_la_casa|Blessing the house]] ===
−	=== [[Ritos_contra_la_tormenta_y_el_rayo|Ritos contra la tormenta y el rayo]] ===	+	=== [[#Ritos_contra_la_tormenta_y_el_rayo|Rites against thunderstorms and lightning]] ===
−	*[[El_hacha_con_el_filo_apuntando_a_la_tormenta._Aizkora_ahoaz_gorantza|El hacha con el filo apuntando a la tormenta. Aizkora ahoaz gorantza]]	+	==== [[#El_hacha_con_el_filo_apuntando_a_la_tormenta._Aizkora_ahoaz_gorantza|An axe with the sharp edge pointing upwards to the thunderstorm]] ====
−	*[[Piedras_contra_la_tormenta._Tximistarri|Piedras contra la tormenta. Tximistarri]]	+	==== [[#Piedras_contra_la_tormenta._Tximistarri|Stones against the thunderstorm]] ====
−	*[[Sanjuan_haritza_el_roble_de_San_Juan|Sanjuan haritza, el roble de San Juan]]	+	==== [[#Sanjuan_haritza_el_roble_de_San_Juan|''Sanjuan haritza'', St John's oak]] ====
−	*[[Quema_de_hierbas_el_dia_de_San_Juan|Quema de hierbas el día de San Juan]]	+	==== [[#Quema_de_hierbas_el_dia_de_San_Juan|Burning herbs on St John's Day]] ====
−	*[[Arantza_zuria_espino_albar|Arantza zuria, espino albar]]	+	==== [[#Arantza_zuria_espino_albar|''Arantza zuria'', hawthorn]] ====
−	*[[Laurel_bendecido_ereinotz_bedeinkatua|Laurel bendecido, ereinotz bedeinkatua]]	+	==== [[#Laurel_bendecido_ereinotz_bedeinkatua|Blessed bay leaves]] ====
−	*[[Quema_del_laurel_bendecido|Quema del laurel bendecido]]	+	==== [[#Quema_del_laurel_bendecido|Burning the blessed bay leaves]] ====
−	*[[Eguzki-lorea_flor_de_cardo|Eguzki-lorea, flor de cardo]]	+	==== [[#Eguzki-lorea_flor_de_cardo|''Eguzki-lorea'', thistle flower]] ====
−	=== [[Ritos_religiosos_de_proteccion_de_la_casa|Ritos religiosos de protección de la casa]] ===	+	=== [[#Ritos_religiosos_de_proteccion_de_la_casa|Religious rites to protect the house]] ===
−	*[[El_agua_bendita_ur_bedeinkatua|El agua bendita, ur bedeinkatua]]	+	==== [[#El_agua_bendita_ur_bedeinkatua|Holy water]] ====
−	*[[Las_candelas_bendecidas_kandela_bedeinkatua|Las candelas bendecidas, kandela bedeinkatua]]	+	==== [[#Las_candelas_bendecidas_kandela_bedeinkatua|Blessed candles]] ====
−	*[[Invocaciones_a_Santa_Barbara|Invocaciones a Santa Bárbara]]	+	==== [[#Invocaciones_a_Santa_Barbara|Praying to Saint Barbara]] ====
−	*[[Conjuros._Campanas|Conjuros. Campanas]]	+	==== [[#Conjuros._Campanas|Spells. Chimes]] ====
−	=== [[Simbolos_e_imagenes_religiosas|Símbolos e imágenes religiosas]] ===	+	=== [[#Simbolos_e_imagenes_religiosas|Religious symbols and images]] ===
−	*[[Cruces|Cruces]]	+	==== [[#Cruces|Crosses]] ====
−	*[[Placas_del_Sagrado_Corazon._Ateko_Jesusen_Bihotza|Placas del Sagrado Corazón. Ateko Jesusen Bihotza]]	+	==== [[#Placas_del_Sagrado_Corazon._Ateko_Jesusen_Bihotza|Sacred Heart plaques]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	= FAMILIA =	+	= FAMILY =
−	== XVII. [[FAMILIA_Y_PARENTESCO|FAMILIA Y PARENTESCO]] ==	+	== XVII. [[FAMILIA_Y_PARENTESCO/en|FAMILY AND KINSHIP]] ==
−	=== [[Familia_parentesco_parentela|Familia. Parentesco. Parentela]] ===	+	=== [[#Familia_parentesco_parentela|Family. Kinship. Parentage]] ===
−	*[[En_localidades_vascofonas|En localidades vascófonas]]	+	==== [[#En_localidades_vascofonas|In Basque-speaking locations]] ====
−	**Etxekoak	+	**Household
−	**Familia/sendia	+	**Family
−	**Senitartekoak/ahaideak	+	**Relatives
−	*[[En_localidades_castellanohablantes|En localidades castellanohablantes]]	+	==== [[#En_localidades_castellanohablantes|In Spanish-speaking locations]] ====
−	**Familia	+	**Family
−	**Parentesco	+	**Kinship
−	**Parentela	+	**Parentage
−	**Otros parentescos	+	**Other relations
−	*[[Extension_de_la_comunidad_familiar|Extensión de la comunidad familiar]]	+	==== [[#Extension_de_la_comunidad_familiar|Extended family community]] ====
−	=== [[Nombres_y_grados_de_parentesco|Nombres y grados de parentesco]] ===	+	=== [[#Nombres_y_grados_de_parentesco|Names and degree of kinship]] ===
−	*[[Denominaciones_euskericas|Denominaciones euskéricas]]	+	==== [[#Denominaciones_euskericas|Basque categories]] ====
−	*[[Denominaciones_castellanas|Denominaciones castellanas]]	+	==== [[#Denominaciones_castellanas|Spanish categories]] ====
−	=== [[Nombres_familiares|Nombres familiares]] ===	+	=== [[#Nombres_familiares|Family names]] ===
−	*[[Nombre_familiar_o_apellido|Nombre familiar o apellido]]	+	==== [[#Nombre_familiar_o_apellido|Family name or surname]] ====
−	*[[Nombres_de_pila_mas_usuales|Nombres de pila más usuales]]	+	==== [[#Nombres_de_pila_mas_usuales|Most common first names]] ====
−	*[[Como_se_nombran_las_personas|Cómo se nombran las personas]]	+	==== [[#Como_se_nombran_las_personas|Way of referring to people]] ====
−	**Apodos, ezizenak	+	**Nicknames
−	*[[Apellido_de_la_mujer_casada|Apellido de la mujer casada]]	+	==== [[#Apellido_de_la_mujer_casada|A married woman's surname]] ====
−	=== [[Nombres_y_formulas_entre_parientes|Nombres y fórmulas entre parientes]] ===	+	=== [[#Nombres_y_formulas_entre_parientes|Names and forms of address between relatives]] ===
−	*[[De_los_hijos_a_los_padres|De los hijos a los padres]]	+	==== [[#De_los_hijos_a_los_padres|By children to parents]] ====
−	*[[De_los_esposos_entre_si|De los esposos entre sí]]	+	==== [[#De_los_esposos_entre_si|Between spouses]] ====
−	*[[De_los_padres_a_los_hijos|De los padres a los hijos]]	+	==== [[#De_los_padres_a_los_hijos|By parents to children]] ====
−	*[[Tratamientos|Tratamientos]]	+	==== [[#Tratamientos|Forms of address]] ====
−	**Berori/berorika (usted)	+	**Formal you
−	**Zu/zuka (usted-tú)	+	**Informal you
−	**Hitanoa/hika (tuteo coloquial)	+	**Colloquial use of informal you
−	**Alteración en el tratamiento	+	**Change of the form of address
−	**Otros tratamientos. Las almas en pena	+	**Other forms of address. Lost souls
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XVIII. [[PATRIMONIO_FAMILIAR_Y_SU_TRANSMISION|PATRIMONIO FAMILIAR Y SU TRANSMISIÓN]] ==	+	== XVIII. [[PATRIMONIO_FAMILIAR_Y_SU_TRANSMISION/en|FAMILY ASSETS AND THEIR TRANSFER]] ==
−	=== [[Patrimonio_familiar_ondasunak|Patrimonio familiar. Ondasunak]] ===	+	=== [[#Patrimonio_familiar_ondasunak|Family assets]] ===
−	*[[Concepto_de_patrimonio_familiar|Concepto de patrimonio familiar]]	+	==== [[#Concepto_de_patrimonio_familiar|Family assets concept]] ====
−	*[[Conservacion_e_indivision_del_patrimonio_familiar|Conservación e indivisión del patrimonio familiar]]	+	==== [[#Conservacion_e_indivision_del_patrimonio_familiar|Safeguarding and indivisum of the family assets]] ====
−	*[[Enajenacion_de_los_bienes_troncales|Enajenación de los bienes troncales]]	+	==== [[#Enajenacion_de_los_bienes_troncales|Disposal of the core assets]] ====
−	=== [[Condominio_de_bienes_aportados_al_matrimonio_dana_biona|Condominio de bienes aportados al matrimonio. Dana biona]] ===	+	=== [[#Condominio_de_bienes_aportados_al_matrimonio_dana_biona|Co-ownership of assets contributed to the marriage]] ===
−	*[[Consentimiento_de_la_mujer_para_la_enajenacion_de_bienes|Consentimiento de la mujer para la enajenación de bienes]]	+	==== [[#Consentimiento_de_la_mujer_para_la_enajenacion_de_bienes|Consent of the wife to dispose of assets]] ====
−	*[[Transiciones|Transiciones]]	+	==== [[#Transiciones1|Transitions]] ====
−	=== [[Capitulaciones_o_mandas_matrimoniales_ezkonpapera|Capitulaciones o mandas matrimoniales, ezkonpapera]] ===	+	=== [[#Capitulaciones_o_mandas_matrimoniales_ezkonpapera|Marital property agreements or settlements]] ===
−	*[[Capitulaciones_matrimoniales|Capitulaciones matrimoniales]]	+	==== [[#Capitulaciones_matrimoniales|Marital property agreements]] ====
−	*[[Mandas_matrimoniales|Mandas matrimoniales]]	+	==== [[#Mandas_matrimoniales|Marital settlements]] ====
−	*[[Transformaciones|Transformaciones]]	+	==== [[#Transformaciones3|Transformations]] ====
−	=== [[Libertad_de_testar_y_troncalidad_en_el_regimen_foral_trongaleko_ondasunak|Libertad de testar y troncalidad en el régimen foral. Trongaleko ondasunak]] ===	+	=== [[#Libertad_de_testar_y_troncalidad_en_el_regimen_foral_trongaleko_ondasunak|Freedom to bequeath and blood line of inheritance in the charter system]] ===
−	*[[La_eleccion_del_heredero._Premua_andregaia._Etxegaia|La elección del heredero. Premua, andregaia. Etxegaia]]	+	==== [[#La_eleccion_del_heredero._Premua_andregaia._Etxegaia|Choice of heir]] ====
−	*[[Cohabitacion_de_los_matrimonios_mayor_y_joven|Cohabitación de los matrimonios mayor y joven]]	+	==== [[#Cohabitacion_de_los_matrimonios_mayor_y_joven|Cohabitation of young and older married couples]] ====
−	*[[El_heredero_y_los_demas_hijos|El heredero y los demás hijos]]	+	==== [[#El_heredero_y_los_demas_hijos|The heir and other children]] ====
−	*[[Testamento_de_hermandad._Alkar-poderoso|Testamento de hermandad. Alkar-poderoso]]	+	==== [[#Testamento_de_hermandad._Alkar-poderoso|Joint will]] ====
−	=== [[Testamento_en_territorio_en_regimen_de_derecho_comun|Testamento en territorio en régimen de derecho común]] ===	+	=== [[#Testamento_en_territorio_en_regimen_de_derecho_comun|Wills in territory of the common law system]] ===
−	*[[Sistema_hereditario|Sistema hereditario]]	+	==== [[#Sistema_hereditario|Hereditary system]] ====
−	*[[Cohabitacion_de_los_matrimonios_mayor_y_joven|Cohabitación de los matrimonios mayor y joven]]	+	==== [[#Cohabitacion_de_los_matrimonios_mayor_y_joven1|Cohabitation of young and older married couples]] ====
−	*[[El_heredero_y_los_demas_hijos|El heredero y los demás hijos]]	+	==== [[#El_heredero_y_los_demas_hijos1|The heir and other children]] ====
−	*[[Situacion_del_conyuge_superviviente|Situación del cónyuge superviviente]]	+	==== [[#Situacion_del_conyuge_superviviente|Situation of the surviving spouse]] ====
−	=== [[La_sucesion_intestada|La sucesión intestada]] ===	+	=== [[#La_sucesion_intestada|Intestate inheritance]] ===
−	=== [[La_sucesion_de_hijos_naturales_seme_bortak|La sucesión de hijos naturales, seme bortak]] ===	+	=== [[#La_sucesion_de_hijos_naturales_seme_bortak|The inheritance of natural children]] ===
−	=== [[Testamento_del_tio_sin_hijos|Testamento del tío sin hijos]] ===	+	=== [[#Testamento_del_tio_sin_hijos|Will of the childless uncle]] ===
−	=== [[Testamento_a_favor_de_no_parientes|Testamento a favor de no parientes]] ===	+	=== [[#Testamento_a_favor_de_no_parientes|Legacies to non-relatives]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XIX. [[VIDA_Y_FUNCIONES_DE_LOS_ESPOSOS|VIDA Y FUNCIONES DE LOS ESPOSOS]] ==	+	== XIX. [[VIDA_Y_FUNCIONES_DE_LOS_ESPOSOS/en|LIFE AND DUTIES OF THE SPOUSES]] ==
−	=== [[Vida_en_comun_de_los_esposos|Vida en común de los esposos]] ===	+	=== [[#Vida_en_comun_de_los_esposos|Communal life of the spouses]] ===
−	*[[Vida_en_comun_en_el_trabajo|Vida en común en el trabajo]]	+	==== [[#Vida_en_comun_en_el_trabajo|Communal life in the workplace]] ====
−	*[[Vida_en_comun_en_los_dias_festivos|Vida en común en los días festivos]]	+	==== [[#Vida_en_comun_en_los_dias_festivos|Communal life on official holidays]] ====
−	*[[Colocacion_de_la_mujer_en_la_mesa|Colocación de la mujer en la mesa]]	+	==== [[#Colocacion_de_la_mujer_en_la_mesa|Seating arrangement of the wife at the table]] ====
−	=== [[Funciones_y_ocupaciones_del_marido_y_de_la_esposa|Funciones y ocupaciones del marido y de la esposa]] ===	+	=== [[#Funciones_y_ocupaciones_del_marido_y_de_la_esposa|Duties and occupations of the husband and the wife]] ===
−	*[[Funciones_y_ocupaciones_del_marido|Funciones y ocupaciones del marido]]	+	==== [[#Funciones_y_ocupaciones_del_marido|Duties and occupations of the husband]] ====
−	*[[Funciones_y_ocupaciones_de_la_mujer|Funciones y ocupaciones de la mujer]]	+	==== [[#Funciones_y_ocupaciones_de_la_mujer|Duties and occupations of the wife]] ====
−	=== [[Autoridad_en_la_sociedad_conyugal|Autoridad en la sociedad conyugal]] ===	+	=== [[#Autoridad_en_la_sociedad_conyugal|Authority in the marital partnership]] ===
−	*[[Derechos_cuasiparitarios|Derechos cuasiparitarios]]	+	==== [[#Derechos_cuasiparitarios|Nearly equal rights]] ====
−	*[[Dominacion_del_marido_por_la_mujer|Dominación del marido por la mujer]]	+	==== [[#Dominacion_del_marido_por_la_mujer|How the husband is called by the wife]] ====
−	*[[Desavenencias_conyugales|Desavenencias conyugales]]	+	==== [[#Desavenencias_conyugales|Marital rifts]] ====
−	**Causas de las desavenencias o enfados	+	**Causes of the rifts or disagreements
−	**Separaciones matrimoniales	+	**Marital separations
−	*[[Cortesia_y_etiqueta|Cortesía y etiqueta]]	+	==== [[#Cortesia_y_etiqueta|Civility and etiquette]] ====
−	=== [[Vida_social_de_los_esposos|Vida social de los esposos]] ===	+	=== [[#Vida_social_de_los_esposos|Social life of the spouses]] ===
−	*[[Vida_social_conjunta|Vida social conjunta]]	+	==== [[#Vida_social_conjunta|Social life together]] ====
−	*[[Relaciones_de_las_mujeres_casadas|Relaciones de las mujeres casadas]]	+	==== [[#Relaciones_de_las_mujeres_casadas|Relations of the married women]] ====
−	*[[Relaciones_de_los_hombres_casados|Relaciones de los hombres casados]]	+	==== [[#Relaciones_de_los_hombres_casados|Relations of the married men]] ====
−	*[[Situacion_actual|Situación actual]]	+	==== [[#Situacion_actual|Current situation]] ====
−	=== [[Autoridad_de_los_padres_sobre_los_hijos_gurasoen_aginpidea|Autoridad de los padres sobre los hijos. Gurasoen aginpidea]] ===	+	=== [[#Autoridad_de_los_padres_sobre_los_hijos_gurasoen_aginpidea|Authority of parents over the children]] ===
−	*[[Autoridad_cuasiabsoluta_o_autoridad_compartida|Autoridad cuasiabsoluta o autoridad compartida]]	+	==== [[#Autoridad_cuasiabsoluta_o_autoridad_compartida|Shared authority or nearly absolute authority]] ====
−	*[[Transmision_de_la_autoridad|Transmisión de la autoridad]]	+	==== [[#Transmision_de_la_autoridad|Transfer of the authority]] ====
−	*[[Patria_potestad_y_emancipacion|Patria potestad y emancipación]]	+	==== [[#Patria_potestad_y_emancipacion|Parental authority and emancipation]] ====
−	*[[Signos_de_respeto_hacia_los_mayores|Signos de respeto hacia los mayores]]	+	==== [[#Signos_de_respeto_hacia_los_mayores|Showing respect to older people]] ====
−	*[[Relacion_tio-sobrino|Relación tío-sobrino]]	+	==== [[#Relacion_tio-sobrino|Uncle-nephew relationship]] ====
−	=== [[La_educacion_de_los_ninos|La educación de los niños]] ===	+	=== [[#La_educacion_de_los_ninos|Educating the children]] ===
−	*[[Papel_principal_de_la_mujer|Papel principal de la mujer]]	+	==== [[#Papel_principal_de_la_mujer|Main role of women]] ====
−	*[[Reparto_de_responsabilidades_entre_los_padres|Reparto de responsabilidades entre los padres]]	+	==== [[#Reparto_de_responsabilidades_entre_los_padres|Division of responsibilities between the parents]] ====
−	*[[Formacion_del_peculio_personal|Formación del peculio personal]]	+	==== [[#Formacion_del_peculio_personal|Setting up personal wherewithal]] ====
−	=== [[Papel_de_la_mujer_en_la_transmision_de_los_valores_y_creencias|Papel de la mujer en la transmisión de los valores y creencias]] ===	+	=== [[#Papel_de_la_mujer_en_la_transmision_de_los_valores_y_creencias|Role of the woman in the passing on of values and beliefs]] ===
−	*[[Papel_del_hombre_en_la_transmision_cultural|Papel del hombre en la transmisión cultural]]	+	==== [[#Papel_del_hombre_en_la_transmision_cultural|Role of the man in passing on the cultural heritage]] ====
−	=== [[La_adopcion_urikoak_bortes|La adopción. Urikoak, bortes]] ===	+	=== [[#La_adopcion_urikoak_bortes|Adoption]] ===
−	*[[Frecuencia_y_denominaciones|Frecuencia y denominaciones]]	+	==== [[#Frecuencia_y_denominaciones|Frequency and names]] ====
−	*[[Consideraciones_generales|Consideraciones generales]]	+	==== [[#Consideraciones_generales6|General points]] ====
−	*[[Motivaciones|Motivaciones]]	+	==== [[#Motivaciones|Reasons]] ====
−	**Sustitución del niño muerto	+	**Replacing a dead child
−	**Causas económicas o razones benéficas	+	**Economic grounds or charitable reasons
−	**Matrimonios sin hijos	+	**Childless couples
−	**Adopciones temporales	+	**Fostering
−	*[[Adopcion_de_parientes|Adopción de parientes]]	+	==== [[#Adopcion_de_parientes|Adopting relatives]] ====
−	=== [[Transformaciones_en_la_familia_y_en_las_costumbres|Transformaciones en la familia y en las costumbres]] ===	+	=== [[#Transformaciones_en_la_familia_y_en_las_costumbres|Changes in the family and to customs]] ===
−	*[[Disminucion_de_la_actividad_agraria|Disminución de la actividad agraria]]	+	==== [[#Disminucion_de_la_actividad_agraria|Decline in farming activity]] ====
−	*[[Bienes_y_herencia|Bienes y herencia]]	+	==== [[#Bienes_y_herencia|Assets and inheritance]] ====
−	*[[Trabajo_de_la_mujer_fuera_de_casa|Trabajo de la mujer fuera de casa]]	+	==== [[#Trabajo_de_la_mujer_fuera_de_casa|Women working outside the home]] ====
−	*[[Solapamiento_de_generaciones_y_estructura_familiar|Solapamiento de generaciones y estructura familiar]]	+	==== [[#Solapamiento_de_generaciones_y_estructura_familiar|Generation overlap and family structure]] ====
−	*[[Relaciones_entre_padres_e_hijos._La_autoridad_paterna|Relaciones entre padres e hijos. La autoridad paterna]]	+	==== [[#Relaciones_entre_padres_e_hijos._La_autoridad_paterna|Relations between parents and children Parental authority]] ====
−	*[[Los_ritos_de_paso_en_la_actualidad|Los ritos de paso en la actualidad]]	+	==== [[#Los_ritos_de_paso_en_la_actualidad|Rites of passage nowadays]] ====
−	*[[La_religiosidad_hoy_en_dia|La religiosidad hoy en día]]	+	==== [[#La_religiosidad_hoy_en_dia|Religious belief today]] ====
−	*[[Tradicion_oral_educacion_y_escuela|Tradición oral, educación y escuela]]	+	==== [[#Tradicion_oral_educacion_y_escuela|Oral tradition, education and school]] ====
−	*[[Cambios_de_costumbres|Cambios de costumbres]]	+	==== [[#Cambios_de_costumbres|Changes in customs]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XX. [[RELACIONES_CON_LA_FAMILIA_Y_LOS_PARIENTES|RELACIONES CON LA FAMILIA Y LOS PARIENTES]] ==	+	== XX. [[RELACIONES_CON_LA_FAMILIA_Y_LOS_PARIENTES/en|RELATIONS WITH FAMILY AND RELATIVES]] ==
−	=== [[Relaciones_con_la_familia|Relaciones con la familia]] ===	+	=== [[#Relaciones_con_la_familia|Relations with the family]] ===
−	*[[Intervencion_de_los_padres_de_los_esposos|Intervención de los padres de los esposos]]	+	==== [[#Intervencion_de_los_padres_de_los_esposos|Intervention of the parents of the spouses]] ====
−	**Desavenencias	+	**Rifts
−	*[[Tratamiento_y_atenciones_para_con_los_suegros|Tratamiento y atenciones para con los suegros]]	+	==== [[#Tratamiento_y_atenciones_para_con_los_suegros|Treatment and care of the in-laws]] ====
−	=== [[Relaciones_de_los_consortes_con_sus_familias_de_origen|Relaciones de los consortes con sus familias de origen]] ===	+	=== [[#Relaciones_de_los_consortes_con_sus_familias_de_origen|Relations of the spouses with their families of origin]] ===
−	=== [[Reuniones_de_parientes|Reuniones de parientes]] ===	+	=== [[#Reuniones_de_parientes|Gatherings of relatives]] ===
−	*[[Calendario_festivo|Calendario festivo]]	+	==== [[#Calendario_festivo|Calendar of festivities]] ====
−	*[[Reuniones_con_motivo_de_ritos_de_paso|Reuniones con motivo de ritos de paso]]	+	==== [[#Reuniones_con_motivo_de_ritos_de_paso|Gatherings to mark rites of passage]] ====
−	**Ceremonias funerarias	+	**Funeral ceremonies
−	=== [[Orden_de_los_parientes_en_las_ceremonias|Orden de los parientes en las ceremonias]] ===	+	=== [[#Orden_de_los_parientes_en_las_ceremonias|Order of relatives at the ceremonies]] ===
−	*[[Orden_de_los_parientes_en_las_bodas|Orden de los parientes en las bodas]]	+	==== [[#Orden_de_los_parientes_en_las_bodas|Order of relatives at weddings]] ====
−	*[[Orden_de_los_parientes_en_los_bautizos._Apadrinamiento|Orden de los parientes en los bautizos. Apadrinamiento]]	+	==== [[#Orden_de_los_parientes_en_los_bautizos._Apadrinamiento|Order of relatives at baptisms. God-parents]] ====
−	*[[Orden_de_los_parientes_en_los_cortejos_funebres|Orden de los parientes en los cortejos fúnebres]]	+	==== [[#Orden_de_los_parientes_en_los_cortejos_funebres|Order of relatives in funeral cortèges]] ====
−	*[[Marcas_de_duelo_y_su_duracion|Marcas de duelo y su duración]]	+	==== [[#Marcas_de_duelo_y_su_duracion|Signs of mourning and its length]] ====
−	=== [[Recuerdos_historicos_de_la_casa_y_de_la_familia|Recuerdos históricos de la casa y de la familia]] ===	+	=== [[#Recuerdos_historicos_de_la_casa_y_de_la_familia|Historical memories of the house and the family]] ===
−	*[[Recuerdos_de_los_antepasados|Recuerdos de los antepasados]]	+	==== [[#Recuerdos_de_los_antepasados|Recollections of the ancestors]] ====
−	*[[Recuerdos_de_casas_singulares_del_vecindario|Recuerdos de casas singulares del vecindario]]	+	==== [[#Recuerdos_de_casas_singulares_del_vecindario|Memories of unusual houses in the neighbourhood]] ====
−	*[[Leyendas_relativas_a_la_casa_y_a_sus_antiguos_moradores|Leyendas relativas a la casa y a sus antiguos moradores]]	+	==== [[#Leyendas_relativas_a_la_casa_y_a_sus_antiguos_moradores|Legends relating to the house and its former dwellers]] ====
−	**La casa más antigua de la localidad	+	**The oldest local house
−	*[[La_memoria_de_los_antepasados_de_la_casa._Gure_arbasoak|La memoria de los antepasados de la casa. Gure arbasoak]]	+	==== [[#La_memoria_de_los_antepasados_de_la_casa._Gure_arbasoak|Remembering the ancestors of the house]] ====
−	*[[Obligaciones_para_con_los_antepasados|Obligaciones para con los antepasados]]	+	==== [[#Obligaciones_para_con_los_antepasados|Obligations regarding one's ancestors]] ====
−	*[[Etxeko_sepulturea._La_sepultura_de_la_casa|Etxeko sepulturea. La sepultura de la casa]]	+	==== [[#Etxeko_sepulturea._La_sepultura_de_la_casa|Family burial place]] ====
−	*[[Aniversarios|Aniversarios]]	+	==== [[#Aniversarios|Anniversaries]] ====
−	*[[Ofrendas|Ofrendas]]	+	==== [[#Ofrendas1|Offerings]] ====
−	**Ofrenda de pan	+	**Bread offerings
−	**Ofrenda de luz y de limosna	+	**Alms and offering light
−	*[[El_culto_a_los_difuntos_de_la_familia_hoy_dia|El culto a los difuntos de la familia hoy día]]	+	==== [[#El_culto_a_los_difuntos_de_la_familia_hoy_dia|Worshipping the family’s dead nowadays]] ====
−	=== [[Recuerdos_de_familia|Recuerdos de familia]] ===	+	=== [[#Recuerdos_de_familia|Family memories]] ===
−	*[[Fotografias_y_diplomas|Fotografías y diplomas]]	+	==== [[#Fotografias_y_diplomas|Photographs and diplomas]] ====
−	*[[Ropa_vajilla_y_enseres|Ropa, vajilla y enseres]]	+	==== [[#Ropa_vajilla_y_enseres|Clothes, crockery and belongings]] ====
−	*[[Prendas_y_objetos_significativos|Prendas y objetos significativos]]	+	==== [[#Prendas_y_objetos_significativos|Significant items and garments]] ====
−	**Joyas	+	**Jewels
−	*[[Objetos_religiosos_y_funerarios|Objetos religiosos y funerarios]]	+	==== [[#Objetos_religiosos_y_funerarios|Funeral and religious items]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XXI. [[HONOR_DE_LA_FAMILIA|HONOR DE LA FAMILIA]] ==	+	== XXI. [[HONOR_DE_LA_FAMILIA/en|FAMILY HONOUR]] ==
−	=== [[Honor_de_la_casa_y_de_la_familia_etxearen_ondra|Honor de la casa y de la familia. Etxearen ondra]] ===	+	=== [[#Honor_de_la_casa_y_de_la_familia_etxearen_ondra|Honour of the  house and of the family]] ===
−	*[[Sentimiento_del_honor_de_la_casa_y_de_la_familia|Sentimiento del honor de la casa y de la familia]]	+	==== [[#Sentimiento_del_honor_de_la_casa_y_de_la_familia|Importance of the honour of the house and of the family]] ====
−	*[[Solidaridad_entre_parientes|Solidaridad entre parientes]]	+	==== [[#Solidaridad_entre_parientes|Solidarity between relatives]] ====
−	**Labores agrícolas y trabajos urgentes. Estukurako beharrak	+	**Agricultural jobs and urgent work
−	**Desgracia, enfermedad grave o muerte	+	**Misfortune, serious illness or death
−	**Orfandad. Umezurtzak	+	**Orphanhood
−	**Ayuda económica	+	**Financial help
−	*[[Parientes_ricos_y_parientes_pobres|Parientes ricos y parientes pobres]]	+	==== [[#Parientes_ricos_y_parientes_pobres|Rich relatives and poor relatives]] ====
−	**Prestación de ayuda	+	**Providing help
−	**Indiferencia	+	**Indifference
−	*[[Los_parientes_emigrados|Los parientes emigrados]]	+	==== [[#Los_parientes_emigrados|Relatives who emigrated]] ====
−	**Regreso a la casa familiar	+	**Returning to the family home
−	*[[Cumplimientos_y_visitas._Bisitak|Cumplimientos y visitas. Bisitak]]	+	==== [[#Cumplimientos_y_visitas._Bisitak|Observance and visits]] ====
−	*[[Querellas_y_reconciliacion._Haserreak_eta_konponketak|Querellas y reconciliación. Haserreak eta konponketak]]	+	==== [[#Querellas_y_reconciliacion._Haserreak_eta_konponketak|Quarrels and reconciliation]] ====
−	**Motivaciones de las desavenencias	+	**Reasons for rifts
−	**Consecuencias de las desavenencias	+	**Consequences of the rifts
−	**Resolución de las desavenencias	+	**Settling the rifts
−	**Ofensas	+	**Grievances
−	*[[El_Consejo_de_Familia._Biltzea|El Consejo de Familia. Biltzea]]	+	==== [[#El_Consejo_de_Familia._Biltzea|Family Council]] ====
−	=== [[Efectos_del_parentesco|Efectos del parentesco]] ===	+	=== [[#Efectos_del_parentesco|Effects of the kinship]] ===
−	*[[Hospitalidad|Hospitalidad]]	+	==== [[#Hospitalidad|Hospitality]] ====
−	**Visitas ordinarias	+	**Ordinary visits
−	**Fiestas patronales y navideñas	+	**Patron saint festivities and Christmas
−	**Estudios	+	**Studies
−	*[[Pago_de_deudas|Pago de deudas]]	+	==== [[#Pago_de_deudas|Settling debts]] ====
−	*[[Valor_del_testimonio_entre_parientes|Valor del testimonio entre parientes]]	+	==== [[#Valor_del_testimonio_entre_parientes|Value of evidence between parents]] ====
−	*[[Condicion_de_los_ancianos_y_enfermos|Condición de los ancianos y enfermos]]	+	==== [[#Condicion_de_los_ancianos_y_enfermos|Status of the elderly and ill]] ====
−	**Transiciones	+	**Transitions
−	*[[Los_criados_morroiak|Los criados, morroiak]]	+	==== [[#Los_criados_morroiak|Servants]] ====
−	**Relaciones entre dueños y criados	+	**Relations between masters and servants
−	**Contratación de criados	+	**Contracting servants
−	*[[Las_criadas_neskatoak|Las criadas, neskatoak]]	+	==== [[#Las_criadas_neskatoak|Maids]] ====
−	*[[Contratacion_de_obreros_temporales|Contratación de obreros temporales]]	+	==== [[#Contratacion_de_obreros_temporales1|Contracting temporary workers]] ====
−	*[[Contratacion_de_artesanos._Arotzak_harginak|Contratación de artesanos. Arotzak, harginak]]	+	==== [[#Contratacion_de_artesanos._Arotzak_harginak|Contracting craftspeople]] ====
−	{{#bookTitle:Casa y familia en Vasconia | Casa_y_familia_en_vasconia}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Índice de contenidos}}	+	{{#bookTitle:House and Family in the Basque Country | Casa_y_familia_en_vasconia/en}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Table of contents}}

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Revisión actual del 11:10 6 feb 2020

HOUSE AND TERRITORY

I. SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY

Latitudinal settlement patterns

Historical and geographical factors

The Luzaide/Valcarlos (N) case

La barranca (N)

Dispersed settlements

Distant past

Historical background

Examples of dispersed settlements

Establishing new homesteads

Establishing new homesteads

Background

Examples of concentrated settlement

Growth of the current settlements

 

II. RELATIONSHIP OF THE HOUSE WITH THE SOIL, CLIMATE AND ACTIVITY

The house and its setting

Relationship of the house with the soil

• • Influence of the substrate
  • Presence of water in the subsoil
  • Use of the soil materials
  • Influence of the terrain

The relationship of the house with the climate

• • Walls, openings and orientation
  • The roof and adjoining buildings
  • The southern area with lower rainfall
  • Examples and current situation

The house and the activity of its dwellers

Agriculture

Commercial

Current adaptations

Appendix: Influence of the production on the types of homesteads

 

III. NAME, ORIENTATION AND LOCATION OF THE HOUSES

Definition of the house concept and names

Name of the house

Name, surname and nickname of the owner

Trade and activity of the owner

Place name

Neighbouring houses in concentrated settlement

Orientation of the house

East facing

South facing

Orientation in concentrated settlements

Houses and lands in mixed and disperse settlements

Location of houses in concentrated arrangements

Houses separated by party walls

Houses separated by yards

Houses separated by the threshing floor

Land adjoined to the house

The threshing floor

Market or vegetable garden

 

STRUCTURE OF THE HOUSE

IV. REGIONAL HOUSE MODELS

General points

Álava house models

The typical Rioja-Alavesa house (Moreda de Álava)

The typical La Llanada house

The typical Montaña Alavesa house (Bernedo)

The typical house in the charter town of Agurain

Bizkaia house models

The typical house of Las Encartaciones (Carranza Valley)

The typical Busturialdea house (Gautegiz-Arteaga)

The typical house of El Duranguesado (Abadiño)

The typical house of the Arratia Valley and Estribaciones del Gorbeia (Zeanuri)

The typical house of Durango old town

The typical house of the charter town of Gernika-Lumo

Gipuzkoa house models

The typical Goierri house (Ataun)

The typical Beasain house

The typical Zerain house

The Alto Deba house (Elosua)

The typical Bajo Deba house (Elgoibar)

The typical Urola Kosta house (Aia)

Navarre house models

The typical house of the Atlantic side of the watershed (Bera)

The typical Pyrenean house (Roncal Valley)

The typical Mid-Navarre house (Allo)

The typical arrabal or popular house (Viana)

The typical Valdorba house

The typical Ribera del Ebro house (Valtierra)

Cave houses (La Ribera)

Northern Basque Country house models

The typical Lapurdi house (Sara)

The typical Ainhoa house (L)

The typical Amikuze house (Huarte-Hiri-BN)

The typical Arberoa house (Donoztiri-BN)

The typical Heleta house (BN)

The typical Zuberoa house (Liginaga)

Fishermen's houses

Appendix: Secular transition of houses in the Northern Basque Country

 

V. ROOFING

Connecting the frontage and the roof

Types of roof

Roof pitch

• • Historical evolution of roofing in Roncesvalles (N)

Shape and number of slopes

• • The climate factor
  • Grouped houses
  • The shape of the dwelling
  • Relationship between the number of slopes and the status
  • Different reasons
  • Geographical distribution of the number of slopes

Appendix 1: Relationship between the roof and climate and economic aspects

Roofing materials

Timber frame

The roof tile

• • The origin of roof tiles
  • The curved tile
  • The flat tile

Wooden roof: shingles

Stone roof: slates

New materials

Roof structure

General points

Post-supported structures

Shear beam structures

Thatched and plaster vaults

Eaves

Ways out onto the roof. The chimney

Transformations

Appendix 2: Different slopes for houses with rectangular floor plan

Appendix 3: Chimney, fuel and climate

 

VI. FOUNDATIONS AND WALLS

Foundations

Foundations on hard substrates

Foundations on less solid substrates

Outside walls

Construction materials

• • Stone
  • Timber
  • Earth, brick, adobe and rammed earth

Walls with timber latticework

Masonry walls

Mortar

Construction of the walls

Plastering of the walls

Walls today

Caves

Timber internal structure

Widespread use of timber

Types of timber

Bench base

Structure

Inside walls and partitions

Floors

Floor in the entrance and stable

Floor in the dwelling

Stairs

Indoor stairs

Outdoor stairs

Urban dwelling stairs

Roofs

Plank roofs

Vault roofs

Origin of the construction materials

Stone

Lime and plaster

Timber

Roof tiles, bricks and adobe

New materials

 

VII. DOORS AND WINDOWS

Orientation of the house openings

Arrangement of the openings on the frontage

Openings

Main door

• • Álava
  • Bizkaia
  • Gipuzkoa
  • Navarre
  • Northern Basque Country

Windows

• • Álava
  • Bizkaia
  • Gipuzkoa
  • Navarre
  • Northern Basque Country

Balconies

Inside doors

Door and window closing mechanisms

Closing the main or entrance door

• • Bars
  • Latches
  • Other locks

Closing inside doors

Closing windows

Grilles

Recent transformations

 

VIII. INTERNAL LAYOUT OF THE HOUSE

General points

Rural houses

Bizkaia

• • Livestock homesteads. Encartaciones and Arratia-Orozko
  • Agricultural homesteads. Uribe, Busturialdea and Durangaldea

Gipuzkoa

• • Goierri
  • High and Mid-Deba
  • Mid-Oria
  • Donostia and Lower Bidasoa

Northern Basque Country

Álava

• • Surroundings of Gorbeia Mountain
  • West Álava
  • La Llanada
  • La Montaña
  • Rioja Alavesa

Navarre

• • Northern Sub-Pyrenean and Pyrenean area. La Montaña
  • Southern Sub-Pyrenean area. Mid zone.
  • Southern zone. La Ribera

Fishermen's dwellings

Urban dwellings

Modern houses

Appendix: Mansions. Palaces

 

IX. HOUSE DECORATION

General points

Outside walls. Frontage

Exposed stone and plastered frontages

Timber trusses

Elaborate decorations

Plant decorations

Roofing

Eaves

Doors and windows

Ironwork

Carvings on lintels

Decorative grilles

Coats-of-arms

Inscriptions

Interior decoration

 

HOME AND HOME FURNISHINGS

X. HEARTH, LIGHTING AND KITCHEN

Fireplace

Names

Location of the fireplace

• • Central fireplace
  • Side fireplace
  • Description

Fuel used in the fireplace

• • Most common fuels
  • Mediterranean side of the watershed

Lighting or rekindling the fire

• • The flint. New lighting systems
  • Rekindling fire
  • Initially stocking the fire

Types of firewood

Base and back of the stove

• • Cast-iron plate

• • Decorative motifs

Hearth

Chimney and vent

• • Low heat chimney
  • Energy-saving stove chimney
  • Cleaning the chimney

Bread oven

Oven location and type

• • Ovens in the kitchen or attached to the house
  • Exempted ovens

Oven construction materials

Use of the oven

House lighting

Old lighting systems

Oil lamp

Candles

Petrol lamp

Carbide lamp

Electric light

Kitchen

Hob

Energy-saving stove and subsequent transitions

The kitchen, the centre of family life

 

XI. HEARTH AND KITCHEN FURNITURE AND FIXTURES

Hearth utensils

Archetypical of two places

• • Beasain (G)
  • Sangüesa (N)

Names and description

• • Firedogs
  • Pincers
  • Tongs
  • Stove shovel
  • Trivet
  • Drum
  • Griddle
  • Spits
  • Ash shovel
  • Bellows
  • Boilers
  • Copper heater

Kitchen furniture

The armchair and other seating

Sink

Ash bucket

Pottery

Tables and other items

• • Tables
  • Troughs
  • Cans

Cupboards, cabinets and racks

• • Dressers
  • Plate rack
  • Kitchen rack

Pantries and their evolution

Kitchen furnishings

Decorating the fireplace

Items placed on the mantelpiece, on the hood or on the hearth

General points about the goods

Descriptions of the furnishings

• • Northern Basque Country
  • Bizkaia
  • Álava
  • Gipuzkoa
  • Navarre

Artisan production of the kitchen furniture

• • Domestic production
  • Non-domestic production

Transitions in the household furniture and fittings

 

XII. FURNITURE AND FIXTURES: LIVING ROOM, BEDROOMS AND PERSONAL HYGIENE

Living room or dining room fittings

Furniture

Religious images

Family photographs on display

Bedroom fittings

The bedroom as a room

General points

Beds

Trunks, chests of drawers and wardrobes

Occasional furniture

• • Wash stand and basin

Curtains and rugs

Religious images

• • Crucifix
  • Religious paintings or laminates
  • Photographs
  • Holy water font

Washing facilities and fittings

Outhouse or toilet

Washing facilities

Transitions of the bathroom and its fittings

Musical instruments. Radio, television and new technologies

Musical instruments

Radio, television and new technologies

 

XIII. CLEANING THE HOUSE, CLOTHES AND DISHES

Cleaning the house

Cleaning the house, thoroughly

• • Cleaning products and utensils
  • Daily and weekly cleaning
  • Spring-cleaning and cleaning on set dates
  • Insect extermination

Cleaning floors

• • Sweeping
  • Mopping and sandblasting
  • Waxing

Whitewashing and painting frontages and inside

Washing clothes

Washing clothes in the river or in the public washhouse

Laundresses or washerwomen

The laundry

• • Names
  • Transitions

Drying and ironing the clothes

Hanging out the clothes at home

Washing dishes

Washers and dishwashers

 

OUTBUILDINGS ADJOINING THE HOUSE

XIV. SPACES FOR FARMING WORK AND OUTBUILDINGS

Spaces at home for implements, products and livestock

Porch and carriage porch

Attic or loft

Stable

Outbuildings

General points

Stalls, pens, enclosures

Huts, cabins, haylofts

Shacks

Dung storage

Chicken house

Pigsty

Shelter for sheep

Beehives

Domestic animals that guard the house

Lakes and cellars

Wells

Field shelters and huts

Appendix 1: Field pens in Navarre

Appendix 2: Granaries

Appendix 3: Charcoal maker shacks

 

DOMESTIC BELIEFS AND RITES

XV. RITES AROUND THE HOUSEHOLD FIRE

The embers of the hearth

Lighting the hearth on set days

The Christmas log

New fire at Easter

Bringing a recently purchased animals into the house

 

XVI. SYMBOLS TO PROTECT THE HOUSE

Rites when starting to build the house

Rites when finishing the roof

Blessing the house

Rites against thunderstorms and lightning

An axe with the sharp edge pointing upwards to the thunderstorm

Stones against the thunderstorm

Sanjuan haritza, St John's oak

Burning herbs on St John's Day

Arantza zuria, hawthorn

Blessed bay leaves

Burning the blessed bay leaves

Eguzki-lorea, thistle flower

Religious rites to protect the house

Holy water

Blessed candles

Praying to Saint Barbara

Spells. Chimes

Religious symbols and images

Crosses

Sacred Heart plaques

 

FAMILY

XVII. FAMILY AND KINSHIP

Family. Kinship. Parentage

In Basque-speaking locations

• • Household
  • Family
  • Relatives

In Spanish-speaking locations

• • Family
  • Kinship
  • Parentage
  • Other relations

Extended family community

Names and degree of kinship

Basque categories

Spanish categories

Family names

Family name or surname

Most common first names

Way of referring to people

• • Nicknames

A married woman's surname

Names and forms of address between relatives

By children to parents

Between spouses

By parents to children

Forms of address

• • Formal you
  • Informal you
  • Colloquial use of informal you
  • Change of the form of address
  • Other forms of address. Lost souls

 

XVIII. FAMILY ASSETS AND THEIR TRANSFER

Family assets

Family assets concept

Safeguarding and indivisum of the family assets

Disposal of the core assets

Co-ownership of assets contributed to the marriage

Consent of the wife to dispose of assets

Transitions

Marital property agreements or settlements

Marital property agreements

Marital settlements

Transformations

Freedom to bequeath and blood line of inheritance in the charter system

Choice of heir

Cohabitation of young and older married couples

The heir and other children

Joint will

Wills in territory of the common law system

Hereditary system

Cohabitation of young and older married couples

The heir and other children

Situation of the surviving spouse

Intestate inheritance

The inheritance of natural children

Will of the childless uncle

Legacies to non-relatives

 

XIX. LIFE AND DUTIES OF THE SPOUSES

Communal life of the spouses

Communal life in the workplace

Communal life on official holidays

Seating arrangement of the wife at the table

Duties and occupations of the husband and the wife

Duties and occupations of the husband

Duties and occupations of the wife

Authority in the marital partnership

Nearly equal rights

How the husband is called by the wife

Marital rifts

• • Causes of the rifts or disagreements
  • Marital separations

Civility and etiquette

Social life of the spouses

Social life together

Relations of the married women

Relations of the married men

Current situation

Authority of parents over the children

Shared authority or nearly absolute authority

Transfer of the authority

Parental authority and emancipation

Showing respect to older people

Uncle-nephew relationship

Educating the children

Main role of women

Division of responsibilities between the parents

Setting up personal wherewithal

Role of the woman in the passing on of values and beliefs

Role of the man in passing on the cultural heritage

Adoption

Frequency and names

General points

Reasons

• • Replacing a dead child
  • Economic grounds or charitable reasons
  • Childless couples
  • Fostering

Adopting relatives

Changes in the family and to customs

Decline in farming activity

Assets and inheritance

Women working outside the home

Generation overlap and family structure

Relations between parents and children Parental authority

Rites of passage nowadays

Religious belief today

Oral tradition, education and school

Changes in customs

 

XX. RELATIONS WITH FAMILY AND RELATIVES

Relations with the family

Intervention of the parents of the spouses

• • Rifts

Treatment and care of the in-laws

Relations of the spouses with their families of origin

Gatherings of relatives

Calendar of festivities

Gatherings to mark rites of passage

• • Funeral ceremonies

Order of relatives at the ceremonies

Order of relatives at weddings

Order of relatives at baptisms. God-parents

Order of relatives in funeral cortèges

Signs of mourning and its length

Historical memories of the house and the family

Recollections of the ancestors

Memories of unusual houses in the neighbourhood

Legends relating to the house and its former dwellers

• • The oldest local house

Remembering the ancestors of the house

Obligations regarding one's ancestors

Family burial place

Anniversaries

Offerings

• • Bread offerings
  • Alms and offering light

Worshipping the family’s dead nowadays

Family memories

Photographs and diplomas

Clothes, crockery and belongings

Significant items and garments

• • Jewels

Funeral and religious items

 

XXI. FAMILY HONOUR

Honour of the house and of the family

Importance of the honour of the house and of the family

Solidarity between relatives

• • Agricultural jobs and urgent work
  • Misfortune, serious illness or death
  • Orphanhood
  • Financial help

Rich relatives and poor relatives

• • Providing help
  • Indifference

Relatives who emigrated

• • Returning to the family home

Observance and visits

Quarrels and reconciliation

• • Reasons for rifts
  • Consequences of the rifts
  • Settling the rifts
  • Grievances

Family Council

Effects of the kinship

Hospitality

• • Ordinary visits
  • Patron saint festivities and Christmas
  • Studies

Settling debts

Value of evidence between parents

Status of the elderly and ill

• • Transitions

Servants

• • Relations between masters and servants
  • Contracting servants

Maids

Contracting temporary workers

Contracting craftspeople