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Línea 8: Línea 8:
 
==== [[#Canto_del_gallo._Oilarra_kukurruka|Rooster crowing]] ====
 
==== [[#Canto_del_gallo._Oilarra_kukurruka|Rooster crowing]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Comportamiento_del_ganado_y_de_los_gatos|Behaviour of livestock and cats]] ====
+
==== [[#Comportamiento_del_ganado_y_de_los_gatos|Behaviour of livestock and cats]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Canto_o_presencia_de_aves_nocturnas._Le_cri_de_la_chouette|Singing or presence of night birds. ''Le cri de la chouette'']] ====
+
==== [[#Canto_o_presencia_de_aves_nocturnas._Le_cri_de_la_chouette|Screeching or presence of night birds]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Presencia_de_cuervos_y_otras_aves._Belak_pikak_karraskari|Presence of crows and other birds]] ====
 
==== [[#Presencia_de_cuervos_y_otras_aves._Belak_pikak_karraskari|Presence of crows and other birds]] ====
Línea 16: Línea 16:
 
==== [[#Presencia_de_insectos._Euli_baltzak|Presence of insects]] ====
 
==== [[#Presencia_de_insectos._Euli_baltzak|Presence of insects]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Presagios_relacionados_con_hechos_y_acontecimientos|Omens related with facts and events]] ===
+
=== [[#Presagios_relacionados_con_hechos_y_acontecimientos|Omens related with facts and events]] ===
  
−
==== [[#El_sonido_de_las_campanas._Kanpaiotsak|Bells ringing]] ====
+
==== [[#El_sonido_de_las_campanas._Kanpaiotsak|Bells tolling]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Pagar_medir_o_pesar_lo_justo|Paying, measuring or weighing just enough]] ====
 
==== [[#Pagar_medir_o_pesar_lo_justo|Paying, measuring or weighing just enough]] ====
Línea 24: Línea 24:
 
==== [[#Ruidos_y_otras_coincidencias|Noises and other coincidences]] ====
 
==== [[#Ruidos_y_otras_coincidencias|Noises and other coincidences]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Presagios_derivados_del_acto_de_morir._Hilaren_begi_irekiak|Omens resulting from the act of dying]] ====
+
==== [[#Presagios_derivados_del_acto_de_morir._Hilaren_begi_irekiak|Omens resulting from the act of dying]] ====
 
 
 
 
  
Línea 31: Línea 31:
 
=== [[#La_agonia._Hiltamua|Death throes]] ===
 
=== [[#La_agonia._Hiltamua|Death throes]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Denominaciones32|Names]] ====
+
==== [[#Denominaciones32|Names]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Signos_fisicos_de_agonia|Physical signs of death throes]] ====
 
==== [[#Signos_fisicos_de_agonia|Physical signs of death throes]] ====
  
−
==== [[##El_toque_de_agonia._Agonia-kanpaia_agoniako_zeinua|Death tolls]] ====
+
==== [[#El_toque_de_agonia._Agonia-kanpaia_agoniako_zeinua|Death knells]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Asistencia_al_agonizante|Caring for the person in their dying moments ]] ====
+
==== [[#Asistencia_al_agonizante|Caring for the person in their dying moments ]] ====
  
 
**Care and attention
 
**Care and attention
Línea 44: Línea 44:
 
**Contemporary changes
 
**Contemporary changes
  
−
==== [[##Rezos_durante_la_agonia._Agoniako_otoitzak|Prayers during the death throes]] ====
+
==== [[#Rezos_durante_la_agonia._Agoniako_otoitzak|Prayers during the death throes]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Otras_practicas_religiosas._Agoniako_kandela|Other religious practices]] ====
 
==== [[#Otras_practicas_religiosas._Agoniako_kandela|Other religious practices]] ====
Línea 53: Línea 53:
 
**Possessed by spirits
 
**Possessed by spirits
  
−
==== [[##Remedios_contra_la_prolongacion_de_la_agonia|Remedies to stop the death throes dragging on]] ====
+
==== [[#Remedios_contra_la_prolongacion_de_la_agonia|Remedies to stop the death throes dragging on]] ====
  
−
**''Meza enkomendadua''
+
**Mass for the dying
−
**Offering lights and fasts
+
**Light offering and fasts
 
**Facilitating the exiting of the soul
 
**Facilitating the exiting of the soul
  
−
=== [[##La_muerte._Heriotza|The death]] ===
+
=== [[#La_muerte._Heriotza|Death]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Denominaciones33|Names]] ====
+
==== [[#Denominaciones33|Names]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Causas_fisicas_de_la_muerte|Physical causes of death]] ====
 
==== [[#Causas_fisicas_de_la_muerte|Physical causes of death]] ====
Línea 71: Línea 71:
 
**Death spirits
 
**Death spirits
  
−
==== [[##Sustitucion_de_la_muerte|Replacing death]] ====
+
==== [[#Sustitucion_de_la_muerte|Replacing death]] ====
 
 
 
 
  
−
== III. [[VIATICO_Y_EXTREMAUNCION._AZKEN_SAKRAMENDUAK/en|VIATICUM AND EXTREME UNCTION]] ==
+
== III. [[VIATICO_Y_EXTREMAUNCION._AZKEN_SAKRAMENDUAK/en|VIATICUM AND ANOINTING]] ==
  
−
=== [[##Ritos_cristianos_del_pasaje_de_la_muerte|Christian rites of the passage from life to death]] ===
+
=== [[#Ritos_cristianos_del_pasaje_de_la_muerte|Christian rites of the passage from life to death]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Denominaciones34|Names]] ===
 
=== [[#Denominaciones34|Names]] ===
  
−
=== [[#La_recepcion_de_los_Ultimos_Sacramentos._Eleizakoak|Receiving the Last Sacraments]] ===
+
=== [[#La_recepcion_de_los_Ultimos_Sacramentos._Eleizakoak|Receiving the Last Rites]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Avisos_al_cura_y_al_medico|Notifying the priest and doctor]] ====
 
==== [[#Avisos_al_cura_y_al_medico|Notifying the priest and doctor]] ====
Línea 91: Línea 91:
 
==== [[#El_Viatico._Gure_Jauna|Viaticum]] ====
 
==== [[#El_Viatico._Gure_Jauna|Viaticum]] ====
  
−
**Viaticum  in the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)
+
**Viaticum  in the Northern Basque Country
−
**Viaticum in Navarra
+
**Viaticum in Navarre
 
**Viaticum in Gipuzkoa
 
**Viaticum in Gipuzkoa
 
**Viaticum in Bizkaia
 
**Viaticum in Bizkaia
−
**Viaticum in Alava
+
**Viaticum in Álava
  
−
==== [[##La_Extremauncion._Oleadura|Extreme Unction]] ====
+
==== [[#La_Extremauncion._Oleadura|Anointing]] ====
  
−
=== [[#Apendice_1_Derniers_Sacrements_Azken_Sakramendia_a_Mendive_(BN)|Appendix 1: Derniers Sacrements a Mendive (BN)]] ===
+
=== [[#Apendice_1_Derniers_Sacrements_Azken_Sakramendia_a_Mendive_(BN)|Appendix 1: Last Rites in Mendive (BN)]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Apendice_2_La_administracion_del_Viatico_y_de_la_Extremauncion_segun_el_antiguo_Ritual_Romano|Appendix 2: Administration of Viaticum and Extreme Unction according to the old Roman Ritual]] ===
+
=== [[#Apendice_2_La_administracion_del_Viatico_y_de_la_Extremauncion_segun_el_antiguo_Ritual_Romano|Appendix 2: Administration of Viaticum and Anointing according to the old Roman Ritual]] ===
 
 
 
 
  
−
== IV. [[CREENCIAS_SOBRE_EL_DESTINO_DEL_ALMA/en|BELIEFS ABOUT THE SOUL'S DESTINY]] ==
+
== IV. [[CREENCIAS_SOBRE_EL_DESTINO_DEL_ALMA/en|BELIEFS ABOUT THE SOUL’S DESTINY]] ==
  
−
=== [[##Separacion_del_alma_y_el_cuerpo|Separation of the soul and body]] ===
+
=== [[#Separacion_del_alma_y_el_cuerpo|Separation of the soul and body]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Señales_de_salvacion_o_condenacion|Signs of salvation or damnation]] ===
+
=== [[#Señales_de_salvacion_o_condenacion|Signs of salvation or damnation]] ===
  
−
==== [[#El_semblante_del_cadaver|The countenance of the corpse]] ====
+
==== [[#El_semblante_del_cadaver|Countenance of the corpse]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Signos_de_la_naturaleza|Signs of nature]] ====
 
==== [[#Signos_de_la_naturaleza|Signs of nature]] ====
Línea 125: Línea 125:
 
=== [[#Signos_de_duelo_de_la_casa_mortuoria|Signs of mourning of the bereaved household]] ===
 
=== [[#Signos_de_duelo_de_la_casa_mortuoria|Signs of mourning of the bereaved household]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Ocultacion_de_los_espejos|Concealing  the mirrors]] ====
+
==== [[#Ocultacion_de_los_espejos|Covering mirrors]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Ocultacion_de_otros_enseres|Concealing other belongings]] ====
+
==== [[#Ocultacion_de_otros_enseres|Concealing other belongings]] ====
  
−
==== [[#Cubrimiento_de_las_paredes|Covering the walls]] ====
+
==== [[#Cubrimiento_de_las_paredes|Covering walls]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Cierre_de_ventanas|Closing windows]] ====
 
==== [[#Cierre_de_ventanas|Closing windows]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Signos_de_duelo_en_el_exterior_de_la_casa|Signs of mourning outside the house]] ====
+
==== [[#Signos_de_duelo_en_el_exterior_de_la_casa|Signs of mourning outside the house]] ====
  
−
=== [[#Intervencion_de_los_vecinos_durante_el_duelo|Role of the neighbours during the mourning period]] ===
+
=== [[#Intervencion_de_los_vecinos_durante_el_duelo|Role of neighbours during the mourning period]] ===
  
−
==== [[##La_vecindad_y_los_vecinos_en_relacion_con_la_casa_mortuoria|The neighbourhood and neighbours with regard to the bereaved household]] ====
+
==== [[#La_vecindad_y_los_vecinos_en_relacion_con_la_casa_mortuoria|The neighbourhood and neighbours with regard to the bereaved household]] ====
  
 
**Organisation of the neighbourhood hierarchy
 
**Organisation of the neighbourhood hierarchy
−
**The first neighbour
+
**The first or nearest neighbour
 
**Reconciliation and friendship between neighbours
 
**Reconciliation and friendship between neighbours
  
−
==== [[#Ayudas_prestadas_por_los_vecinos|Help provided by the neighbours]] ====
+
==== [[#Ayudas_prestadas_por_los_vecinos|Help provided by neighbours]] ====
  
 
**Household chores and tasks
 
**Household chores and tasks
Línea 149: Línea 149:
 
**Customarily established help
 
**Customarily established help
  
−
=== [[##La_cruz_parroquial_en_la_casa_mortuoria|The parish cross in the bereaved household]] ===
+
=== [[#La_cruz_parroquial_en_la_casa_mortuoria|The parish cross in the bereaved household]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Apendice_Role_des_voisins_durant_le_rite_funeraire_a_Osses/Ortzaize_(BN)|Appendix: Rôle des voisins durant le rite funéraire à Ossès/Ortzaize (BN)]] ===
+
=== [[#Apendice_Role_des_voisins_durant_le_rite_funeraire_a_Osses/Ortzaize_(BN)|Appendix: Role of neighbours during funeral rites in Ossès/Ortzaize (BN)]] ===
 
 
 
 
  
−
== VI. [[COMUNICACION_DE_LA_MUERTE/en|COMMUNICATING THE DEATH]] ==
+
== VI. [[COMUNICACION_DE_LA_MUERTE/en|NOTIFYING THE DEATH]] ==
  
 
=== [[#Avisos._Hil-mezuak|Notifications]] ===
 
=== [[#Avisos._Hil-mezuak|Notifications]] ===
Línea 162: Línea 162:
 
==== [[#Avisadores_del_fallecimiento|Death announcers]] ====
 
==== [[#Avisadores_del_fallecimiento|Death announcers]] ====
  
−
Relatives and neighbours
+
**Relatives and neighbours
−
The first settlers
+
**First neighbours
−
Youths  
+
**Youths  
−
Female announcers
+
**Female announcers
−
Messengers and ''auroros'' choirs
+
**Messengers and ''auroros'' choirs
  
−
==== [[##Transiciones_contemporaneas_Avisos|Contemporary transitions]] ====
+
==== [[#Transiciones_contemporaneas_Avisos|Contemporary transitions]] ====
  
−
=== [[#Los_toques_de_campana._Hil-kanpaiak_hil-zeinuak|Bell ringing]] ===
+
=== [[#Los_toques_de_campana._Hil-kanpaiak_hil-zeinuak|Bell-ringing]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Denominaciones35|Names]] ====
 
==== [[#Denominaciones35|Names]] ====
Línea 178: Línea 178:
 
==== [[#Persona_encargada_de_tocar_las_campanas|Person in charge of ringing the bells]] ====
 
==== [[#Persona_encargada_de_tocar_las_campanas|Person in charge of ringing the bells]] ====
  
−
==== [[#El_lenguaje_de_los_tañidos|The language of the tolling of the bells]] ====
+
==== [[#El_lenguaje_de_los_tañidos|Language of the tolling of the bells]] ====
  
 
**Religious status and sex differences  
 
**Religious status and sex differences  
Línea 190: Línea 190:
 
==== [[#Toques_de_entierro|Burial bell tolls]] ====
 
==== [[#Toques_de_entierro|Burial bell tolls]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Las_esquelas|Death notices]] ===
+
=== [[#Las_esquelas|Death notices]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Esquelas_de_periodicos|Newspaper death notices]] ====
+
==== [[#Esquelas_de_periodicos|Newspaper death notices]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Esquelas_de_la_calle|Street death notices]] ====
+
==== [[#Esquelas_de_la_calle|Street death notices]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Antiguedad_de_las_esquelas|Antiquity of the death notices]] ====
+
==== [[#Antiguedad_de_las_esquelas|Antiquity of the death notices]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Esquela_radiofonica|Radio death notices]] ====
 
==== [[#Esquela_radiofonica|Radio death notices]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Los_recordatorios|Memorials]] ===
+
=== [[#Los_recordatorios|Memorials]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Anuncio_de_la_muerte_a_los_animales_domesticos|Telling domesticated animals of the death]] ===
 
=== [[#Anuncio_de_la_muerte_a_los_animales_domesticos|Telling domesticated animals of the death]] ===
Línea 209: Línea 209:
 
**Producing more wax  
 
**Producing more wax  
 
**Requesting wax and avoiding the death of the bees
 
**Requesting wax and avoiding the death of the bees
−
**The death of the owner
+
**Death of the owner
−
**The new owner
+
**New owner
 
**Signs of mourning
 
**Signs of mourning
  
−
==== [[##Aviso_a_los_animales_del_establo|Telling the barn animals]] ====
+
==== [[#Aviso_a_los_animales_del_establo|Telling the barn animals]] ====
 
 
 
 
  
 
== VII. [[AMORTAJAMIENTO._HILAREN_BEZTITZEA/en|SHROUD]] ==
 
== VII. [[AMORTAJAMIENTO._HILAREN_BEZTITZEA/en|SHROUD]] ==
  
−
=== [[##Fallecimiento_y_el_acto_de_cerrar_los_ojos|Death and act of closing the eyelids]] ===
+
=== [[#Fallecimiento_y_el_acto_de_cerrar_los_ojos|Death and act of closing the eyelids]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Lavado_y_amortajamiento|ashing and shrouding]] ===
+
=== [[#Lavado_y_amortajamiento|Washing and shrouding]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Modos_de_lavar_el_cadaver._Gorpu-garbitzea|Ways of washing the corpse]] ====
 
==== [[#Modos_de_lavar_el_cadaver._Gorpu-garbitzea|Ways of washing the corpse]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Adecentamiento_del_cuerpo_muerto|Cleansing the corpse]] ====
+
==== [[#Adecentamiento_del_cuerpo_muerto|Cleansing the corpse]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Disposicion_de_manos_y_pies|Arranging the hands and feet]] ====
 
==== [[#Disposicion_de_manos_y_pies|Arranging the hands and feet]] ====
  
−
==== [[##La_sal_sobre_el_cadaver|Salt on the corpse]] ====
+
==== [[#La_sal_sobre_el_cadaver|Salt on the corpse]] ====
  
−
==== [[##La_mortaja_y_sus_tipos|The shroud and its types]] ====
+
==== [[#La_mortaja_y_sus_tipos|The shroud and its types]] ====
  
 
**Cloth shroud
 
**Cloth shroud
Línea 238: Línea 238:
 
=== [[#Objetos_que_acompañan_al_cadaver|Objects that accompany the corpse]] ===
 
=== [[#Objetos_que_acompañan_al_cadaver|Objects that accompany the corpse]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Simbolos_piadosos|Pious symbols]] ====
+
==== [[#Simbolos_piadosos|Pious symbols]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Bulas_de_difuntos._Hilen_buldak|Death indulgences]] ====
 
==== [[#Bulas_de_difuntos._Hilen_buldak|Death indulgences]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Objetos_profanos|Secular objects]] ====
+
==== [[#Objetos_profanos|Secular objects]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Quema_de_hierbas|Burning herbs]] ===
+
=== [[#Quema_de_hierbas|Burning herbs]] ===
 
 
 
 
  
−
== VIII. [[EL_VELATORIO._GAUBELA/en|THE WAKE. ''GAUBELA'']] ==
+
== VIII. [[EL_VELATORIO._GAUBELA/en|THE WAKE. GAUBELA]] ==
  
 
=== [[#El_velatorio|The wake]] ===
 
=== [[#El_velatorio|The wake]] ===
Línea 253: Línea 253:
 
==== [[#Vigilia_diurna|Daytime vigil]] ====
 
==== [[#Vigilia_diurna|Daytime vigil]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Rezo_del_rosario_al_anochecer|Reciting the Rosary at dusk]] ====
+
==== [[#Rezo_del_rosario_al_anochecer|Reciting the rosary at dusk]] ====
  
 
==== [[#La_vigilia_nocturna._Hilbeilagaba|Night-time vigil]] ====
 
==== [[#La_vigilia_nocturna._Hilbeilagaba|Night-time vigil]] ====
  
 
**Names
 
**Names
−
**The wake in the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)
+
**The wake in the Northern Basque Country
−
**The wake in the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)
+
**The wake in the Southern Basque Country
 
**Looking after the lamp
 
**Looking after the lamp
 
**Meals during the wake
 
**Meals during the wake
Línea 265: Línea 265:
 
==== [[#Vigencia_del_velatorio|Validity of the wake]] ====
 
==== [[#Vigencia_del_velatorio|Validity of the wake]] ====
  
−
=== [[##La_estancia_mortuoria|The room with the deceased]] ===
+
=== [[#La_estancia_mortuoria|The room with the deceased]] ===
  
−
==== [[##La_cruz|Cross]] ====
+
==== [[#La_cruz|Cross]] ====
  
−
==== [[##La_luz._Argia_lagun|Light]] ====
+
==== [[#La_luz._Argia_lagun|Light]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Agua_bendita1|Holy water]] ====
 
==== [[#Agua_bendita1|Holy water]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Disposicion_del_cadaver|Laying out the corpse]] ===
+
=== [[#Disposicion_del_cadaver|Laying out the corpse]] ===
  
 
==== [[#El_cadaver_en_el_lecho_mortuorio|The corpse on the death bed]] ====
 
==== [[#El_cadaver_en_el_lecho_mortuorio|The corpse on the death bed]] ====
  
−
==== [[##El_cadaver_en_la_estancia_principal|The corpse in the main room]] ====
+
==== [[#El_cadaver_en_la_estancia_principal|The corpse in the main room]] ====
  
 
==== [[#En_la_camara_mortuoria._Hil-ohea|In the death chamber]] ====
 
==== [[#En_la_camara_mortuoria._Hil-ohea|In the death chamber]] ====
  
−
=== [[##El_ataud._Hilkutxa|The coffin]] ===
+
=== [[#El_ataud._Hilkutxa|The coffin. Hilkutxa]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Denominaciones36|Names]] ====
 
==== [[#Denominaciones36|Names]] ====
Línea 291: Línea 291:
 
==== [[#Funciones_del_carpintero|Duties of the carpenter]] ====
 
==== [[#Funciones_del_carpintero|Duties of the carpenter]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Andas_y_angarillas._Andak_eta_kolportak|Trolleys and stretchers]] ===
+
=== [[#Andas_y_angarillas._Andak_eta_kolportak|Trolleys and stretchers]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Quema_del_jergon._Lastaira_erre|Burning the pallet]] ===
+
=== [[#Quema_del_jergon._Lastaira_erre|Burning the pallet]] ===
 
 
 
 
  
−
== IX. [[CAMINOS_MORTUORIOS._HILBIDEAK/en|CORPSE WAYS]] ==
+
== IX. [[CAMINOS_MORTUORIOS._HILBIDEAK/en|CORPSE WAYS. HILBIDEAK]] ==
  
 
=== [[#Denominaciones37|Names]] ===
 
=== [[#Denominaciones37|Names]] ===
Línea 304: Línea 304:
 
==== [[#Vasconia_peninsular._Andabideak|Southern Basque Country]] ====
 
==== [[#Vasconia_peninsular._Andabideak|Southern Basque Country]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Vasconia_continental._Eleizbideak|Northern Basque Country]] ====
+
==== [[#Vasconia_continental._Eleizbideak|Northern Basque Country]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_villas_con_poblacion_rural|Corpse ways in charter towns with a rural population]] ===
+
=== [[#Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_villas_con_poblacion_rural|Corpse ways in charter towns with a rural population]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_localidades_de_poblacion_concentrada|Corpse ways in localities with a concentrated population]] ===
 
=== [[#Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_localidades_de_poblacion_concentrada|Corpse ways in localities with a concentrated population]] ===
Línea 314: Línea 314:
 
=== [[#Arreglo_de_los_caminos_mortuorios|Upkeep of the corpse ways]] ===
 
=== [[#Arreglo_de_los_caminos_mortuorios|Upkeep of the corpse ways]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Significacion_juridica_de_los_caminos_mortuorios|Legal significance of the corpse ways]] ===
+
=== [[#Significacion_juridica_de_los_caminos_mortuorios|Legal significance of the corpse ways]] ===
 
 
 
 
  
−
== X. [[LA_CONDUCCION_DEL_CADAVER_A_LA_IGLESIA/en|TAKING THE CORPSE TO THE CHURCH]] ==
+
== X. [[LA_CONDUCCION_DEL_CADAVER_A_LA_IGLESIA/en|TAKING THE CORPSE TO CHURCH]] ==
  
−
=== [[##Los_anderos._Hil-ohezaleak|The bearers]] ===
+
=== [[#Los_anderos._Hil-ohezaleak|The bearers]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Denominaciones38|Names]] ====
 
==== [[#Denominaciones38|Names]] ====
Línea 336: Línea 336:
 
==== [[#Anderos_designados_por_el_moribundo|Bearers nominated by the dying person]] ====
 
==== [[#Anderos_designados_por_el_moribundo|Bearers nominated by the dying person]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Orientacion_del_cadaver|Orientation of the corpse]] ====
+
==== [[#Orientacion_del_cadaver|Orientation of the corpse]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Evolucion_en_las_formas_de_transportar_el_cadaver|Developments in the ways to transport the corpse]] ====
+
==== [[#Evolucion_en_las_formas_de_transportar_el_cadaver|Developments in the ways to transport the corpse]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Turnos_en_la_conduccion|Taking turns in bearing the corpse]] ====
+
==== [[#Turnos_en_la_conduccion|Taking turns in bearing the corpse]] ====
  
−
=== [[##El_levantamiento_del_cadaver._Gorputz_altxatzea|Removal of the corpse]] ===
+
=== [[#El_levantamiento_del_cadaver._Gorputz_altxatzea|Removal of the corpse]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Vasconia_peninsular|Southern Basque Country]] ====
 
==== [[#Vasconia_peninsular|Southern Basque Country]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Vasconia_continental1|Northern Basque Country]] ====
+
==== [[#Vasconia_continental1|Northern Basque Country]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Casas_de_acogida._Gorpuetxeak|Hospitality house]] ====
 
==== [[#Casas_de_acogida._Gorpuetxeak|Hospitality house]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Casa_matriz_o_del_patron|Mother house or of the patron saint]] ====
+
==== [[#Casa_matriz_o_del_patron|Mother house or of the patron saint]] ====
 
 
 
 
  
 
== XI. [[EL_CORTEJO_FUNEBRE._SEGIZIOA/en|THE FUNERAL CORTEGE]] ==
 
== XI. [[EL_CORTEJO_FUNEBRE._SEGIZIOA/en|THE FUNERAL CORTEGE]] ==
  
−
=== [[##La_composicion_del_cortejo_funebre|Composition of the funeral cortege]] ===
+
=== [[#La_composicion_del_cortejo_funebre|Composition of the funeral cortege]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Denominaciones39|Names]] ====
+
==== [[#Denominaciones39|Names]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Encabezamiento_de_la_comitiva._Kurutzeketaria|Head of the procession]] ====
 
==== [[#Encabezamiento_de_la_comitiva._Kurutzeketaria|Head of the procession]] ====
  
−
==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Alava|The funeral cortege in Alava]] ====
+
==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Alava|The funeral cortege in Álava]] ====
  
 
==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Bizkaia|The funeral cortege in Bizkaia]] ====
 
==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Bizkaia|The funeral cortege in Bizkaia]] ====
Línea 367: Línea 367:
 
==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Gipuzkoa|The funeral cortege in Gipuzkoa]] ====
 
==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Gipuzkoa|The funeral cortege in Gipuzkoa]] ====
  
−
==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Navarra|The funeral cortege in Navarra]] ====
+
==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Navarra|The funeral cortege in Navarre]] ====
  
 
==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Vasconia_continental|The funeral cortege  in the Northern Basque Country]] ====
 
==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Vasconia_continental|The funeral cortege  in the Northern Basque Country]] ====
Línea 377: Línea 377:
 
=== [[#Paradas_del_cortejo_funebre._Itxoinaldiak|Stops of the funeral cortege]] ===
 
=== [[#Paradas_del_cortejo_funebre._Itxoinaldiak|Stops of the funeral cortege]] ===
  
−
=== [[##El_cortejo_funebre_hoy|The funeral cortege today]] ===
+
=== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_hoy|The funeral cortege today]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Entierro_de_niño|A child's burial]] ===
 
=== [[#Entierro_de_niño|A child's burial]] ===
Línea 387: Línea 387:
 
==== [[#Vasconia_peninsular1|Southern Basque Country]] ====
 
==== [[#Vasconia_peninsular1|Southern Basque Country]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Los_padrinos_en_el_entierro_de_niño|The godparents at a child's burial]] ====
+
==== [[#Los_padrinos_en_el_entierro_de_niño|The godparents at a child's burial]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Entierro_de_joven|A youth's burial]] ===
+
=== [[#Entierro_de_joven|A youth's burial]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Las_plañideras._Erostariak|The mourners]] ===
 
=== [[#Las_plañideras._Erostariak|The mourners]] ===
Línea 402: Línea 402:
 
== XII. [[LA_INDUMENTARIA_EN_EL_CORTEJO_FUNEBRE/en|ATTIRE IN THE FUNERAL CORTEGE]] ==
 
== XII. [[LA_INDUMENTARIA_EN_EL_CORTEJO_FUNEBRE/en|ATTIRE IN THE FUNERAL CORTEGE]] ==
  
−
=== [[##Indumentaria_antigua_de_duelo|Old mourning attire]] ===
+
=== [[#Indumentaria_antigua_de_duelo|Old mourning attire]] ===
  
−
==== [[##La_capa._Kapa_handia|The cape]] ====
+
==== [[#La_capa._Kapa_handia|The cape]] ====
  
 
==== [[#El_manton._Mantua|The shawl]] ====
 
==== [[#El_manton._Mantua|The shawl]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Indumentaria_tradicional_de_los_hombres|Traditional men's attire]] ===
+
=== [[#Indumentaria_tradicional_de_los_hombres|Traditional men's attire]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Indumentaria_tradicional_de_las_mujeres|Traditional women's attire]] ===
+
=== [[#Indumentaria_tradicional_de_las_mujeres|Traditional women's attire]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Indumentaria_de_los_parientes_y_vecinos|Attire of the relative and neighbours]] ===
 
=== [[#Indumentaria_de_los_parientes_y_vecinos|Attire of the relative and neighbours]] ===
Línea 419: Línea 419:
 
== XIII. [[PORTADORES_DE_OFRENDAS_EN_EL_CORTEJO/en|OFFERING BEARERS IN THE CORTEGE]] ==
 
== XIII. [[PORTADORES_DE_OFRENDAS_EN_EL_CORTEJO/en|OFFERING BEARERS IN THE CORTEGE]] ==
  
−
=== [[#La_portadora_de_la_ofrenda._Denominaciones|The bearer of the offering. Names]] ===
+
=== [[#La_portadora_de_la_ofrenda._Denominaciones|The offering bearer. Names]] ===
  
−
==== [[#La_ofrendera_de_pan._Aurrogia|The bread offering]] ====
+
==== [[#La_ofrendera_de_pan._Aurrogia|The bread offering-bearer]] ====
  
−
==== [[#La_ofrendera_de_luces._Ezkoanderea|The light offering]] ====
+
==== [[#La_ofrendera_de_luces._Ezkoanderea|The light offering-bearer]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Antiguas_ofrendas_de_animales_en_el_cortejo|Cortege animal offerings in the past]] ===
 
=== [[#Antiguas_ofrendas_de_animales_en_el_cortejo|Cortege animal offerings in the past]] ===
Línea 437: Línea 437:
 
==== [[#Generalizacion_de_ramos_y_coronas|Prevalence of flowers and wreaths]] ====
 
==== [[#Generalizacion_de_ramos_y_coronas|Prevalence of flowers and wreaths]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Significaciones_atribuidas|Attributed meanings]] ====
+
==== [[#Significaciones_atribuidas|Attributed meanings]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Emplazamiento_en_el_cortejo|Position in the cortege]] ====
 
==== [[#Emplazamiento_en_el_cortejo|Position in the cortege]] ====
 
 
 
 
  
−
== XIV. [[EXEQUIAS._HILETAK/en|OBSEQUIES]] ==
+
<div style="margin-left:0cm;"></div>
  
−
=== [[##El_cadaver_durante_las_exequias|The corpse during the obsequies]] ===
+
== XIV. [[EXEQUIAS._HILETAK/en|OBSEQUIES. HILETAK]] ==
 +
 
 +
=== [[#El_cadaver_durante_las_exequias|The corpse during the obsequies]] ===
  
 
==== [[#El_feretro_en_el_portico|The coffin in the gateway]] ====
 
==== [[#El_feretro_en_el_portico|The coffin in the gateway]] ====
Línea 450: Línea 452:
 
==== [[#Inhumacion_previa_al_funeral|Burial prior to the funeral service]] ====
 
==== [[#Inhumacion_previa_al_funeral|Burial prior to the funeral service]] ====
  
−
==== [[##El_catafalco_o_tumbano|The catafalque or burial mound]] ====
+
==== [[#El_catafalco_o_tumbano|The catafalque or burial mound]] ====
  
−
==== [[##El_funeral_de_cuerpo_presente|The funeral with the body present]] ====
+
==== [[#El_funeral_de_cuerpo_presente|The funeral with the body present]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Disposicion_del_duelo_familiar_en_la_iglesia|Arrangement of the family mourners in the church]] ===
 
=== [[#Disposicion_del_duelo_familiar_en_la_iglesia|Arrangement of the family mourners in the church]] ===
Línea 458: Línea 460:
 
==== [[#El_duelo_masculino._Luto-bankua|Male mourners]] ====
 
==== [[#El_duelo_masculino._Luto-bankua|Male mourners]] ====
  
−
==== [[##El_duelo_femenino._Jarlekua|Family mourners]] ====
+
==== [[#El_duelo_femenino._Jarlekua|Family mourners]] ====
  
−
==== [[##El_duelo_familiar_en_la_actualidad|Family mourners today]] ====
+
==== [[#El_duelo_familiar_en_la_actualidad|Family mourners today]] ====
  
−
=== [[##La_misa_del_funeral._Hileta-meza|The funeral mass]] ===
+
=== [[#La_misa_del_funeral._Hileta-meza|The funeral mass]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Denominaciones41|Names]] ====
 
==== [[#Denominaciones41|Names]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Clases_de_funerales|Types of funeral]] ====
+
==== [[#Clases_de_funerales|Types of funeral]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Satiras_a_las_clases_de_funeral|Satires on the types of funeral]] ====
 
==== [[#Satiras_a_las_clases_de_funeral|Satires on the types of funeral]] ====
Línea 476: Línea 478:
 
==== [[#Misas_de_«a_tiempo»|«A tiempo» masses (concelebrated by different priests)]] ====
 
==== [[#Misas_de_«a_tiempo»|«A tiempo» masses (concelebrated by different priests)]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Funerales_de_parvulos._Aingeru-meza|Infant funerals]] ====
+
==== [[#Funerales_de_parvulos._Aingeru-meza|Infant funerals]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Apendice_Las_exequias_segun_el_Ritual_Romano|Appendix: Obsequies according to the Roman Ritual]] ===
+
=== [[#Apendice_Las_exequias_segun_el_Ritual_Romano|Appendix: Obsequies according to the Roman Ritual]] ===
 
&emsp;
 
&emsp;
  
 
== XV. [[DIAS_EXEQUIALES/en|OBSEQUIAL DAYS]] ==
 
== XV. [[DIAS_EXEQUIALES/en|OBSEQUIAL DAYS]] ==
  
−
=== [[##Novenario._Bederatziurrena|Novena]] ===
+
=== [[#Novenario._Bederatziurrena|Novena]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Denominaciones42|Names]] ====
 
==== [[#Denominaciones42|Names]] ====
  
−
==== [[#El_novenario_en_los_años_veinte|The novena in the Twenties]] ====
+
==== [[#El_novenario_en_los_años_veinte|The novena in the twenties]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Perduracion_y_transformacion_del_novenario|Persistence and transformation of the novena]] ====
 
==== [[#Perduracion_y_transformacion_del_novenario|Persistence and transformation of the novena]] ====
  
−
==== [[##El_novenario_en_el_Pais_Vasco_continental|The novena in the Northern Basque Country]] ====
+
==== [[#El_novenario_en_el_Pais_Vasco_continental|The novena in the Northern Basque Country]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Rezo_del_rosario_durante_el_novenario|Reciting the rosary during the novena]] ====
 
==== [[#Rezo_del_rosario_durante_el_novenario|Reciting the rosary during the novena]] ====
Línea 497: Línea 499:
 
=== [[#Honras._Ondrak|Funeral rites]] ===
 
=== [[#Honras._Ondrak|Funeral rites]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Funcion_mensual_de_almas_y_Ogerrena|Month's Mind]] ===
+
=== [[#Funcion_mensual_de_almas_y_Ogerrena|Month's Mind]] ===
  
−
=== [[#Misa_de_aniversario._Urteburuko_meza|Anniversary Mass]] ===
+
=== [[#Misa_de_aniversario._Urteburuko_meza|Anniversary mass]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Denominaciones43|Names]] ====
+
==== [[#Denominaciones43|Names]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Pais_Vasco_peninsular|Southern Basque Country]] ====
 
==== [[#Pais_Vasco_peninsular|Southern Basque Country]] ====
Línea 511: Línea 513:
 
==== [[#Denominaciones44|Names]] ====
 
==== [[#Denominaciones44|Names]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Pais_Vasco_continental2|Northern Basque Country]] ====
+
==== [[#Pais_Vasco_continental2|Northern Basque Country]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Pais_Vasco_peninsular1|Southern Basque Country]] ====
 
==== [[#Pais_Vasco_peninsular1|Southern Basque Country]] ====
Línea 517: Línea 519:
 
==== [[#Misas_gregorianas._San_Gregorioren_mezak|Gregorian masses]] ====
 
==== [[#Misas_gregorianas._San_Gregorioren_mezak|Gregorian masses]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Apendice_Gastos_de_entierro|Appendix: Burial costs]] ===
+
=== [[#Apendice_Gastos_de_entierro|Appendix: Burial costs]] ===
 
&emsp;
 
&emsp;
  
−
== XVI. [[LAS_SEPULTURAS_EN_LAS_IGLESIAS._JARLEKUAK._FUESAS/en|GRAVES IN CHURCHES. PITS]] ==
+
== XVI. [[LAS_SEPULTURAS_EN_LAS_IGLESIAS._JARLEKUAK._FUESAS/en|BURIAL SITES IN CHURCHES. JARLEKUAK. FUESAS]] ==
  
−
=== [[##Denominaciones45|Names]] ===
+
=== [[#Denominaciones45|Names]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Vigencia_de_las_sepulturas_simbolicas|Validity of the symbolic graves]] ===
+
=== [[#Vigencia_de_las_sepulturas_simbolicas|Validity of the symbolic burial sites]] ===
  
−
==== [[#Sepultura_domestica|Household grave]] ====
+
==== [[#Sepultura_domestica|Household burial site]] ====
  
−
==== [[#Sepultura_colectiva|Collective grave]] ====
+
==== [[#Sepultura_colectiva|Collective burial site]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Supresion_de_las_sepulturas|Abolition of the graves]] ====
+
==== [[#Supresion_de_las_sepulturas|Abolition of the burial sites]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Ajuar_de_la_sepultura|Burial goods]] ===
+
=== [[#Ajuar_de_la_sepultura|Burial goods]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Paño_o_mantel._Zamaua|Cloth or tablecloth]] ====
 
==== [[#Paño_o_mantel._Zamaua|Cloth or tablecloth]] ====
Línea 539: Línea 541:
  
 
**Woodcutter
 
**Woodcutter
−
**''Grave''. Pit
+
**Grave. Pit
 
**''Argizaiola''
 
**''Argizaiola''
 
**Candlestick
 
**Candlestick
  
−
==== [[#Ezkoa._Cerilla|Match]] ====
+
==== [[#Ezkoa._Cerilla|Beeswax]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Adornos_de_las_velas|Candle decorations]] ====
 
==== [[#Adornos_de_las_velas|Candle decorations]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Elaboracion_artesanal_de_velas_y_cerillas|Making candles and matches by hand]] ====
+
==== [[#Elaboracion_artesanal_de_velas_y_cerillas|Making candles and strips of candles by hand]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Cesto_de_ofrendas._Ezkozarea|Hamper of offerings]] ====
 
==== [[#Cesto_de_ofrendas._Ezkozarea|Hamper of offerings]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Reclinatorio._Kadira|Kneeler]] ====
+
==== [[#Reclinatorio._Kadira|Kneeler]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Custodia_de_los_enseres|Custody of the belongings]] ====
 
==== [[#Custodia_de_los_enseres|Custody of the belongings]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Activacion_de_la_sepultura._Ezkoen_piztea|Activation of the grave]] ===
+
=== [[#Activacion_de_la_sepultura._Ezkoen_piztea|Activation of the burial site]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Primacia_de_la_dueña_de_la_casa|Primacy of the lady of the house]] ====
+
==== [[#Primacia_de_la_dueña_de_la_casa|Primacy of the lady of the house]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Participacion_de_la_serora|Sister's involvement]] ====
 
==== [[#Participacion_de_la_serora|Sister's involvement]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Funciones_de_la_serora_el_dia_de_las_exequias|Duties of the sister on the day of the obsequies]] ====
+
==== [[#Funciones_de_la_serora_el_dia_de_las_exequias|Duties of the sister on the day of the obsequies]] ====
  
−
=== [[#Toma_de_posesion_de_la_sepultura._Sepultura_hartzea|Taking possession of the grave]] ===
+
=== [[#Toma_de_posesion_de_la_sepultura._Sepultura_hartzea|Taking possession of the burial site]] ===
  
−
=== [[#Duracion_del_duelo_en_la_sepultura._Ogi-hastea_eta_ogi-uztea|Length of the mourning at the grave]] ===
+
=== [[#Duracion_del_duelo_en_la_sepultura._Ogi-hastea_eta_ogi-uztea|Length of the mourning at the burial site]] ===
 
&emsp;
 
&emsp;
  
−
== XVII. [[OFRENDAS_Y_SUFRAGIOS_EN_LA_SEPULTURA._ARGIAK_OLATAK_HILOTOITZAK/en|OFFERINGS AND SUFFRAGES AT THE GRAVE]] ==
+
== XVII. [[OFRENDAS_Y_SUFRAGIOS_EN_LA_SEPULTURA._ARGIAK_OLATAK_HILOTOITZAK/en|OFFERINGS AND SUFFRAGES AT THE GRAVE. ARGIAK, OLATAK, HILOTOITZAK]] ==
  
−
=== [[##Ofrenda_de_luces._Argi_egitea/en|Light offering]] ===
+
=== [[#Ofrenda_de_luces._Argi_egitea/en|Light offering]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Creencias|Beliefs]] ====
 
==== [[#Creencias|Beliefs]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Ofrenda_de_luces_en_las_exequias|Light offering at the obsequies]] ====
+
==== [[#Ofrenda_de_luces_en_las_exequias|Light offering at the obsequies]] ====
  
 
**Gipuzkoa
 
**Gipuzkoa
−
**Navarra
+
**Navarre
−
**Alava
+
**Álava
 
**Bizkaia
 
**Bizkaia
 
**Northern Basque Country
 
**Northern Basque Country
Línea 585: Línea 587:
  
 
**Gipuzkoa
 
**Gipuzkoa
−
**Navarra
+
**Navarre
−
**Alava
+
**Álava
 
**Bizkaia
 
**Bizkaia
 
**Northern Basque Country
 
**Northern Basque Country
Línea 596: Línea 598:
 
==== [[#Tipos_de_pan_numero_y_peso|Types of bread, number and weight]] ====
 
==== [[#Tipos_de_pan_numero_y_peso|Types of bread, number and weight]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Denominaciones46|Names]] ====
+
==== [[#Denominaciones46|Names]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Oferentes_y_recipendiarios|Offerings and recipients]] ====
+
==== [[#Oferentes_y_recipendiarios|Offerers and recipients]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Rito_de_ofrenda_en_las_exequias|Offering ritual at the obsequies ]] ====
 
==== [[#Rito_de_ofrenda_en_las_exequias|Offering ritual at the obsequies ]] ====
Línea 608: Línea 610:
 
==== [[#Ofrendas_en_la_misa_de_aniversario|Offerings at the anniversary mass]] ====
 
==== [[#Ofrendas_en_la_misa_de_aniversario|Offerings at the anniversary mass]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Ofrendas_en_dias_señalados|Offerings on certain days]] ====
+
==== [[#Ofrendas_en_dias_señalados|Offerings on certain days]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Reparto_del_pan_de_ofrenda|Distribution of the offering bread]] ====
+
==== [[#Reparto_del_pan_de_ofrenda|Distribution of the offering bread]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Ofrendas_de_dinero_en_la_sepultura._Errespontsuak|Money offerings at the grave]] ===
 
=== [[#Ofrendas_de_dinero_en_la_sepultura._Errespontsuak|Money offerings at the grave]] ===
Línea 616: Línea 618:
 
==== [[#Denominaciones47|Names]] ====
 
==== [[#Denominaciones47|Names]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Los_responsos_del_dia_del_entierro|The responsories of the day of the burial]] ====
+
==== [[#Los_responsos_del_dia_del_entierro|The responsories of the day of the burial]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Responsos_en_el_periodo_de_luto|Responsories during the period of mourning]] ====
+
==== [[#Responsos_en_el_periodo_de_luto|Responsories during the period of mourning]] ====
  
 
**On feast days
 
**On feast days
 
**Ordinary days
 
**Ordinary days
  
−
==== [[##Responsos_en_determinados_dias_del_año|Responsories on certain days of the year]] ====
+
==== [[#Responsos_en_determinados_dias_del_año|Responsories on certain days of the year]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Evolucion_del_estipendio_de_los_responsos|Evolution of the stipend of the responsories]] ====
 
==== [[#Evolucion_del_estipendio_de_los_responsos|Evolution of the stipend of the responsories]] ====
Línea 631: Línea 633:
 
==== [[#Fuentes_historicas|Historical sources]] ====
 
==== [[#Fuentes_historicas|Historical sources]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Fuentes_etnograficas1|Ethnographic sources]] ====
+
==== [[#Fuentes_etnograficas1|Ethnographic sources]] ====
 
&emsp;
 
&emsp;
  
 
== XVIII. [[SEPELIO/en|ACT OF BURIAL]] ==
 
== XVIII. [[SEPELIO/en|ACT OF BURIAL]] ==
  
−
=== [[##La_asistencia_al_sepelio|Attending the burial act]] ===
+
=== [[#La_asistencia_al_sepelio|Attending the burial act]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Asistentes_de_oficio|Ex officio attendees]] ====
 
==== [[#Asistentes_de_oficio|Ex officio attendees]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Ausencia_de_las_mujeres|Women not attending]] ====
+
==== [[#Ausencia_de_las_mujeres|Women not attending]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Presencia_del_duelo_tras_el_sepelio|Bereavement after the burial]] ====
 
==== [[#Presencia_del_duelo_tras_el_sepelio|Bereavement after the burial]] ====
Línea 648: Línea 650:
 
==== [[#Cortejo_directo_al_cementerio|Direct cortege to the cemetery]] ====
 
==== [[#Cortejo_directo_al_cementerio|Direct cortege to the cemetery]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Comitiva_numerosa|Large procession]] ====
+
==== [[#Comitiva_numerosa|Large procession]] ====
  
 
==== [[#El_sepelio_hoy|The burial today]] ====
 
==== [[#El_sepelio_hoy|The burial today]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Ritos_en_el_cementerio|Rituals in the cemetery]] ===
+
=== [[#Ritos_en_el_cementerio|Rituals in the cemetery]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Rescate_de_simbolos_religiosos|Retrieval of religious symbols]] ====
 
==== [[#Rescate_de_simbolos_religiosos|Retrieval of religious symbols]] ====
Línea 658: Línea 660:
 
==== [[#Arrojar_un_puñado_de_tierra|Throwing a handful of earth]] ====
 
==== [[#Arrojar_un_puñado_de_tierra|Throwing a handful of earth]] ====
  
−
=== [[#La_inhumacion._Lurra_ematea|The Interment]] ===
+
=== [[#La_inhumacion._Lurra_ematea|The interment]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Orientacion_de_la_tumba|Orientation of the tomb]] ===
 
=== [[#Orientacion_de_la_tumba|Orientation of the tomb]] ===
  
−
==== [[##En_la_iglesia_y_en_su_entorno|In the church and in its surroundings]] ====
+
==== [[#En_la_iglesia_y_en_su_entorno|In the church and in its surroundings]] ====
  
−
==== [[##En_el_cementerio|In the cemetery]] ====
+
==== [[#En_el_cementerio|In the cemetery]] ====
  
 
**Orientation with respect to the Sun
 
**Orientation with respect to the Sun
Línea 682: Línea 684:
 
=== [[#Agapes_y_refrigerios_a_los_asistentes|Feast and refreshments for the attendees]] ===
 
=== [[#Agapes_y_refrigerios_a_los_asistentes|Feast and refreshments for the attendees]] ===
  
−
==== [[#La_«caridad»_en_Alava|The «goodwill» in Alava]] ====
+
==== [[#La_«caridad»_en_Alava|Goodwill in Álava]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Karidadea_en_Gipuzkoa|''Karidadea'' in Gipuzkoa]] ====
+
==== [[#Karidadea_en_Gipuzkoa|''Karidadea'' in Gipuzkoa]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Otros_refrigerios|Other refreshments]] ====
 
==== [[#Otros_refrigerios|Other refreshments]] ====
Línea 692: Línea 694:
 
==== [[#A_los_sacerdotes|To the priests]] ====
 
==== [[#A_los_sacerdotes|To the priests]] ====
  
−
==== [[##A_los_portadores_del_feretro|To the coffin bearers]] ====
+
==== [[#A_los_portadores_del_feretro|To the coffin bearers]] ====
  
−
==== [[##A_los_niños|To children]] ====
+
==== [[#A_los_niños|To children]] ====
  
 
==== [[#A_los_auroros|To the auroros choirs]] ====
 
==== [[#A_los_auroros|To the auroros choirs]] ====
Línea 700: Línea 702:
 
==== [[#Limosnas_a_los_pobres|Alms to the poor]] ====
 
==== [[#Limosnas_a_los_pobres|Alms to the poor]] ====
  
−
=== [[##La_comida_de_entierro._Entierro-bazkaria|The burial meal]] ===
+
=== [[#La_comida_de_entierro._Entierro-bazkaria|The burial meal]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Denominaciones48|Names]] ====
+
==== [[#Denominaciones48|Names]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Lugar_de_la_comida|Place of the meal]] ====
+
==== [[#Lugar_de_la_comida|Place of the meal]] ====
  
 
**At the house of the deceased  
 
**At the house of the deceased  
Línea 714: Línea 716:
 
**Relatives
 
**Relatives
 
**Neighbours
 
**Neighbours
−
**Mezakoak
+
**''Mezakoak''
 
**Other guests
 
**Other guests
 
**Top table
 
**Top table
Línea 737: Línea 739:
 
**Salvatierra (A)
 
**Salvatierra (A)
  
−
==== [[##Comidas_de_honras_y_aniversarios|Anniversary and funeral rites meals]] ====
+
==== [[#Comidas_de_honras_y_aniversarios|Anniversary and funeral rites meals]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Valoraciones_actuales|Current valuations]] ====
 
==== [[#Valoraciones_actuales|Current valuations]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Apendice_Antiguas_restricciones_legales_sobre_banquetes_funebres|Appendix: Some legal restrictions about funeral feasts]] ===
+
=== [[#Apendice_Antiguas_restricciones_legales_sobre_banquetes_funebres|Appendix: Some legal restrictions about funeral feasts]] ===
 
&emsp;
 
&emsp;
  
−
== XX. [[EL_LUTO._DOLUA/en|THE MOURNING]] ==
+
== XX. [[EL_LUTO._DOLUA/en|THE MOURNING. DOLUA]] ==
  
 
=== [[#Denominaciones49|Names]] ===
 
=== [[#Denominaciones49|Names]] ===
Línea 754: Línea 756:
 
==== [[#Asistencia_a_bailes_y_fiestas|Attending dances and parties]] ====
 
==== [[#Asistencia_a_bailes_y_fiestas|Attending dances and parties]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Presencia_en_bares_y_establecimientos_publicos|Presence in bars and public establishments]] ====
+
==== [[#Presencia_en_bares_y_establecimientos_publicos|Presence in bars and public establishments]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Celebraciones_domesticas|Household celebrations]] ====
 
==== [[#Celebraciones_domesticas|Household celebrations]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Actividades_ruidosas|Noisy activities]] ====
+
==== [[#Actividades_ruidosas|Noisy activities]] ====
  
 
=== [[#El_luto_en_la_indumentaria._Doluko_arropa|Mourning apparel]] ===
 
=== [[#El_luto_en_la_indumentaria._Doluko_arropa|Mourning apparel]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Luto_de_las_mujeres|Women's mourning apparel]] ====
+
==== [[#Luto_de_las_mujeres|Women's mourning apparel]] ====
  
 
**Mourning veil
 
**Mourning veil
Línea 770: Línea 772:
 
**''Kaputxina''
 
**''Kaputxina''
  
−
==== [[##Luto_de_los_hombres|Men's mourning apparel]] ====
+
==== [[#Luto_de_los_hombres|Men's mourning apparel]] ====
  
 
**''Kapa''
 
**''Kapa''
 
**''Kapa ttipia'' and ''taulerra''
 
**''Kapa ttipia'' and ''taulerra''
  
−
==== [[##Luto_de_los_niños|Children's mourning apparel]] ====
+
==== [[#Luto_de_los_niños|Children's mourning apparel]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Lutos_menos_rigurosos|Less rigorous mourning]] ====
+
==== [[#Lutos_menos_rigurosos|Less rigorous mourning]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Teñido_casero_de_prendas_para_el_luto|Home dying of garments for the mourning]] ====
+
==== [[#Teñido_casero_de_prendas_para_el_luto|Home dying of garments for the mourning]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Marcas_de_duelo_en_el_exterior_de_la_casa|Signs of mourning on the outside of the house]] ===
 
=== [[#Marcas_de_duelo_en_el_exterior_de_la_casa|Signs of mourning on the outside of the house]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Colgaduras|Drapery]] ====
+
==== [[#Colgaduras|Drapery]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Ocultacion_de_los_escudos|Concealing  the coats-of-arms]] ====
 
==== [[#Ocultacion_de_los_escudos|Concealing  the coats-of-arms]] ====
Línea 791: Línea 793:
 
=== [[#Otras_manifestaciones_de_luto|Other displays of mourning]] ===
 
=== [[#Otras_manifestaciones_de_luto|Other displays of mourning]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Cambios_operados_en_el_luto|Changes to the mourning]] ===
+
=== [[#Cambios_operados_en_el_luto|Changes to the mourning]] ===
 
&emsp;
 
&emsp;
  
Línea 805: Línea 807:
 
**Northern Basque Country
 
**Northern Basque Country
  
−
=== [[##2_de_noviembre._Conmemoracion_de_los_Fieles_Difuntos_o_Dia_de_las_Animas._Arimen_eguna|2 November Commemoration of the Faithful Departed or All Souls' Day]] ===
+
=== [[#2_de_noviembre._Conmemoracion_de_los_Fieles_Difuntos_o_Dia_de_las_Animas._Arimen_eguna|2 November Commemoration of the Faithful Departed or All Souls' Day]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Ofrendas_en_la_iglesia1|Offerings at the church]] ====
+
==== [[#Ofrendas_en_la_iglesia1|Offerings at the church]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Visitas_al_cementerio|Visits to the cemetery]] ====
 
==== [[#Visitas_al_cementerio|Visits to the cemetery]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Novenario_por_las_Animas_del_Purgatorio|Novena for the Spirits  in Purgatory]] ====
+
==== [[#Novenario_por_las_Animas_del_Purgatorio|Novena for the Spirits  in Purgatory]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Reparto_de_las_ofrendas_a_los_niños|Distribution of the offerings to children]] ====
+
==== [[#Reparto_de_las_ofrendas_a_los_niños|Distribution of the offerings to children]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Indulgencias_por_los_difuntos|Indulgences for the deceased]] ====
+
==== [[#Indulgencias_por_los_difuntos|Indulgences for the deceased]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Conmemoraciones_de_difuntos_a_lo_largo_del_año|Commemoration of the dead during the year]] ===
 
=== [[#Conmemoraciones_de_difuntos_a_lo_largo_del_año|Commemoration of the dead during the year]] ===
Línea 824: Línea 826:
 
== XXII. [[ASOCIACIONES_EN_TORNO_A_LA_MUERTE/en|ASSOCIATIONS AROUND DEATH]] ==
 
== XXII. [[ASOCIACIONES_EN_TORNO_A_LA_MUERTE/en|ASSOCIATIONS AROUND DEATH]] ==
  
−
=== [[##Caracteristicas_generales_de_las_Cofradias_religiosas|General characteristics of the religious brotherhoods]] ===
+
=== [[#Caracteristicas_generales_de_las_Cofradias_religiosas|General characteristics of the religious brotherhoods]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Cofradia_de_la_Vera_Cruz|Brotherhood of the True Cross]] ===
+
=== [[#Cofradia_de_la_Vera_Cruz|Brotherhood of the True Cross]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Cofradia_del_Santo_Rosario|Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary]] ===
 
=== [[#Cofradia_del_Santo_Rosario|Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary]] ===
Línea 832: Línea 834:
 
=== [[#Cofradia_de_Animas|Brotherhood of the Spirits]] ===
 
=== [[#Cofradia_de_Animas|Brotherhood of the Spirits]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Cofradias_religiosas_bajo_otras_denominaciones_(San_Blas_San_Nicolas_Pescadores_y_Mareantes_Santiago_Apostol_San_Francisco_Javier_San_Roque_San_Sebastian_Santa_Ana_San_Jose_Santisimo_Sacramento_Santa_Fe_Antorchas_Ntra._Sra._de_las_Cuevas|Religious brotherhoods under other names (San Blas, San Nicolás, Fishermen and Seafarers Santiago Apóstol, San Francisco Javier, San Roque, San Sebastián, Santa Ana, San José, Blessed Sacrament, Santa Fe, Antorchas, Our Lady of the Grottoes)]] ===
+
=== [[#Cofradias_religiosas_bajo_otras_denominaciones_(San_Blas_San_Nicolas_Pescadores_y_Mareantes_Santiago_Apostol_San_Francisco_Javier_San_Roque_San_Sebastian_Santa_Ana_San_Jose_Santisimo_Sacramento_Santa_Fe_Antorchas_Ntra._Sra._de_las_Cuevas|Religious brotherhoods under other names (San Blas, San Nicolás, Fishermen and Seafarers Santiago Apóstol, San Francisco Javier, San Roque, San Sebastián, Santa Ana, San José, Blessed Sacrament, Santa Fe, Antorchas, Our Lady of the Grottoes)]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Cofradias_vinculadas_a_Santuarios|Brotherhoods linked to shrines]] ===
+
=== [[#Cofradias_vinculadas_a_Santuarios|Brotherhoods linked to shrines]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Cofradias_vecinales_en_Bizkaia|Neighbourhood brotherhoods in Bizkaia]] ===
+
=== [[#Cofradias_vecinales_en_Bizkaia|Neighbourhood brotherhoods in Bizkaia]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Cofradia_de_San_Miguel_de_Alzusta_en_Zeanuri|Brotherhood of San Miguel de Alzusta in Zeanuri]] ====
+
==== [[#Cofradia_de_San_Miguel_de_Alzusta_en_Zeanuri|Brotherhood of San Miguel de Alzusta in Zeanuri]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Cofradia_de_San_Adrian_de_Argiñeta_en_Elorrio|Brotherhood of San Adrián de Argiñeta in Elorrio]] ====
 
==== [[#Cofradia_de_San_Adrian_de_Argiñeta_en_Elorrio|Brotherhood of San Adrián de Argiñeta in Elorrio]] ====
  
−
=== [[#Cofradia_de_la_Trinidad_de_Sanguesa_(Navarra)|Brotherhood of the Sangüesa Trinity (Navarra)]] ===
+
=== [[#Cofradia_de_la_Trinidad_de_Sanguesa_(Navarra)|Brotherhood of the Sangüesa Trinity (Navarre)]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Cofradia_de_los_Sacerdotes_de_Aramayona_(Alava)|Brotherhood of the Aramayona Priests (Alava)]] ===
+
=== [[#Cofradia_de_los_Sacerdotes_de_Aramayona_(Alava)|Brotherhood of the Aramayona Priests (Álava)]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Hermandades_y_Asociaciones_mutuas_de_caracter_funerario|Brotherhoods and Funeral Mutual Associations]] ===
 
=== [[#Hermandades_y_Asociaciones_mutuas_de_caracter_funerario|Brotherhoods and Funeral Mutual Associations]] ===
Línea 852: Línea 854:
 
==== [[#Estatutos_de_la_Hermandad_de_la_Santa_Vera_Cruz_del_lugar_de_Villanueva_de_Valdegovia|Charter of the Brotherhood of the Holy True Cross of the village of Villanueva de Valdegovía]] ====
 
==== [[#Estatutos_de_la_Hermandad_de_la_Santa_Vera_Cruz_del_lugar_de_Villanueva_de_Valdegovia|Charter of the Brotherhood of the Holy True Cross of the village of Villanueva de Valdegovía]] ====
  
−
==== [[#Libro_de_la_Cofradia_del_Sto._Rosario_de_este_pueblo_de_S._Roman|Book of the Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary of this town of S. Román]] ====
+
==== [[#Libro_de_la_Cofradia_del_Sto._Rosario_de_este_pueblo_de_S._Roman|Book of the Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary of this town of San Román]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Regla_y_Estatutos_de_la_Cofradia_de_Animas._Llodio|Rules and Charter of the Brotherhood of Spirits. Llodio]] ====
 
==== [[#Regla_y_Estatutos_de_la_Cofradia_de_Animas._Llodio|Rules and Charter of the Brotherhood of Spirits. Llodio]] ====
Línea 858: Línea 860:
 
==== [[#Statuts_ou_Reglements_des_Confreres_de_la_Confrerie_de_Saint-Blaise_du_quartier_d_Amots_en_la_Paroisse_de_St-Pe_du_14_fevrier_1779|Statuts ou Règlements des Confrères de la Confrérie de Saint-Blaise du quartier d'Amots, en la Paroisse de St-Pé, du 14 fevrier 1779]] ====
 
==== [[#Statuts_ou_Reglements_des_Confreres_de_la_Confrerie_de_Saint-Blaise_du_quartier_d_Amots_en_la_Paroisse_de_St-Pe_du_14_fevrier_1779|Statuts ou Règlements des Confrères de la Confrérie de Saint-Blaise du quartier d'Amots, en la Paroisse de St-Pé, du 14 fevrier 1779]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Reglamento_reformado_de_la_Cofradia_de_la_Natividad_de_Nuestra_Señora_de_los_Reverendos_Sacerdotes_del_Valle_de_Aramayona_Provincia_de_Alava_Diocesis_de_Vitoria|Reformed Rules of the Brotherhood of the Nativity of Our Lady of the Reverend Priests of Aramayona Valley, Province of Alava, Diocese of Vitoria]] ====
+
==== [[#Reglamento_reformado_de_la_Cofradia_de_la_Natividad_de_Nuestra_Señora_de_los_Reverendos_Sacerdotes_del_Valle_de_Aramayona_Provincia_de_Alava_Diocesis_de_Vitoria|Reformed Rules of the Brotherhood of the Nativity of Our Lady of the Reverend Priests of Aramayona Valley, Province of Álava, Diocese of Vitoria]] ====
  
−
==== [[#Hermandad_de_Difuntos_«Bakartasuna»_(La_Soledad)._Zeanuri|«Bakartasuna» Brotherhood of the Dead (Solitude). Zeanuri]] ====
+
==== [[#Hermandad_de_Difuntos_«Bakartasuna»_(La_Soledad)._Zeanuri|Bakartasuna Brotherhood of the Dead. Zeanuri]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Reglamento_de_la_Hermandad_de_la_VeraCruz_fundada_el_año_de_1882_en_Alonsotegui|Rules of the Brotherhood of the True Cross, founded in Alonsótegui in 1882]] ====
+
==== [[#Reglamento_de_la_Hermandad_de_la_VeraCruz_fundada_el_año_de_1882_en_Alonsotegui|Rules of the Brotherhood of the True Cross, founded in Alonsótegui in 1882]] ====
 
&emsp;
 
&emsp;
  
 
== XXIII. [[LUGARES_Y_MODOS_DE_ENTERRAMIENTO/en|BURIAL PLACES AND METHODS]] ==
 
== XXIII. [[LUGARES_Y_MODOS_DE_ENTERRAMIENTO/en|BURIAL PLACES AND METHODS]] ==
  
−
=== [[##La_inhumacion_en_la_casa._Etxekanderearen_baratzea|Internment on the homestead]] ===
+
=== [[#La_inhumacion_en_la_casa._Etxekanderearen_baratzea|Internment on the homestead]] ===
  
−
=== [[##La_inhumacion_junto_a_la_iglesia|Internment next to the church]] ===
+
=== [[#La_inhumacion_junto_a_la_iglesia|Internment next to the church]] ===
  
 
=== [[#La_inhumacion_en_el_interior_de_la_iglesia|Internment inside the church]] ===
 
=== [[#La_inhumacion_en_el_interior_de_la_iglesia|Internment inside the church]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Prohibiciones_legales_de_sepultar_en_iglesias|Legal restrictions regarding burial in churches]] ===
+
=== [[#Prohibiciones_legales_de_sepultar_en_iglesias|Legal restrictions regarding burial in churches]] ===
  
−
=== [[##El_cementerio._Hilerria|The cemetery]] ===
+
=== [[#El_cementerio._Hilerria|The cemetery]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Denominaciones50|Names]] ====
 
==== [[#Denominaciones50|Names]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Ubicacion_del_cementerio|Location of the cemetery]] ====
+
==== [[#Ubicacion_del_cementerio|Location of the cemetery]] ====
  
 
**Next to the place of worship
 
**Next to the place of worship
Línea 887: Línea 889:
 
==== [[#Distribucion_del_espacio_del_cementerio|Distribution of the cemetery area]] ====
 
==== [[#Distribucion_del_espacio_del_cementerio|Distribution of the cemetery area]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Derecho_de_inhumacion_en_la_sepultura|Right of internment in the grave]] ====
+
==== [[#Derecho_de_inhumacion_en_la_sepultura|Right of internment in the grave]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Modos_de_enterramiento|Burial methods]] ====
 
==== [[#Modos_de_enterramiento|Burial methods]] ====
Línea 901: Línea 903:
 
**Stelae
 
**Stelae
  
−
==== [[##Tierra_no_bendecida|Unconsecrated ground]] ====
+
==== [[#Tierra_no_bendecida|Unconsecrated ground]] ====
  
 
**Limbo
 
**Limbo
Línea 909: Línea 911:
 
&emsp;
 
&emsp;
  
−
== XXIV. [[APARECIDOS_Y_ANIMAS_ERRANTES._ARIMA_HERRATUAK/en|GHOSTS AND WANDERING SPIRITS]] ==
+
== XXIV. [[APARECIDOS_Y_ANIMAS_ERRANTES._ARIMA_HERRATUAK/en|APPARITIONS AND WANDERING SPIRITS. ARIMA HERRATUAK]] ==
  
−
=== [[##Creencias_sobre_aparecidos|Beliefs about ghosts]] ===
+
=== [[#Creencias_sobre_aparecidos|Beliefs about apparitions]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Modos_de_aparicion_de_las_animas|Types of spirit apparitions]] ===
+
=== [[#Modos_de_aparicion_de_las_animas|Types of spirit apparitions]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Sonidos_y_ruidos_extraños._Herotsegileak|Sounds and strong noises]] ====
+
==== [[#Sonidos_y_ruidos_extraños._Herotsegileak|Sounds and strong noises]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Luces_y_resplandores._Argi-egileak|Lights and glows]] ====
 
==== [[#Luces_y_resplandores._Argi-egileak|Lights and glows]] ====
Línea 921: Línea 923:
 
==== [[#Sombras._Gerixetiak|Shadows]] ====
 
==== [[#Sombras._Gerixetiak|Shadows]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Olores._Arimen_usaina|Smells]] ====
+
==== [[#Olores._Arimen_usaina|Smells]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Forma_corporea|Bodily form]] ====
 
==== [[#Forma_corporea|Bodily form]] ====
Línea 935: Línea 937:
 
==== [[#Caminos_y_encrucijadas|Paths and crossroads]] ====
 
==== [[#Caminos_y_encrucijadas|Paths and crossroads]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Moradas_de_animas|Spirit abodes]] ====
+
==== [[#Moradas_de_animas|Spirit abodes]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Testigos_de_las_apariciones|Witnesses of the apparitions]] ===
 
=== [[#Testigos_de_las_apariciones|Witnesses of the apparitions]] ===
Línea 943: Línea 945:
 
==== [[#Prevenciones|Preventions]] ====
 
==== [[#Prevenciones|Preventions]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Normas_y_formulas_dialogadas._Zer_arrangura_duk?|Dialogues and rules]] ====
+
==== [[#Normas_y_formulas_dialogadas._Zer_arrangura_duk?|Dialogues and rules]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Cautelas_y_acreditaciones._Atzamarren_erreunea|Precautions and accreditations]] ====
 
==== [[#Cautelas_y_acreditaciones._Atzamarren_erreunea|Precautions and accreditations]] ====
Línea 956: Línea 958:
 
**Fulfilling promises
 
**Fulfilling promises
  
−
=== [[##Presentimientos_y_temores_a_apariciones|Premonitions and fear of apparitions]] ===
+
=== [[#Presentimientos_y_temores_a_apariciones|Premonitions and fear of apparitions]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Prohibicion_de_dar_vueltas_al_cementerio|Ban on going round and round the cemetery]] ====
 
==== [[#Prohibicion_de_dar_vueltas_al_cementerio|Ban on going round and round the cemetery]] ====
Línea 966: Línea 968:
 
=== [[#Narraciones_de_aparecidos_tradicionalizadas|Traditionalised ghost stories]] ===
 
=== [[#Narraciones_de_aparecidos_tradicionalizadas|Traditionalised ghost stories]] ===
  
−
==== [[#El_cura-cazador_errante._Abade-txakurrak|The travelling ghost hunger-priest]] ====
+
==== [[#El_cura-cazador_errante._Abade-txakurrak|The travelling ghost hunter-priest]] ====
  
 
==== [[#El_cura_a_falta_de_una_misa._Gauerdiko_meza|The priest one mass away]] ====
 
==== [[#El_cura_a_falta_de_una_misa._Gauerdiko_meza|The priest one mass away]] ====
Línea 978: Línea 980:
 
==== [[#Argi-egilea._Anima_luminosa|Shining spirit]] ====
 
==== [[#Argi-egilea._Anima_luminosa|Shining spirit]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Atzamarren_erreunea._Huella_de_fuego|Fire footprint]] ====
+
==== [[#Atzamarren_erreunea._Huella_de_fuego|Fire footprint]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Txarri-elia._La_piara_de_cerdos|The swine herd]] ====
 
==== [[#Txarri-elia._La_piara_de_cerdos|The swine herd]] ====
Línea 984: Línea 986:
 
==== [[#Zazpi_estatuz_ez_ondoratu._Alejarse_siete_estadios|Moving away in seven stages]] ====
 
==== [[#Zazpi_estatuz_ez_ondoratu._Alejarse_siete_estadios|Moving away in seven stages]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Mallabiko_abadea._El_cura-cazador_errante|The travelling ghost hunger-priest]] ====
+
==== [[#Mallabiko_abadea._El_cura-cazador_errante|The travelling ghost hunter-priest]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Gauerdiko_meza._El_cura_a_falta_de_una_misa|The priest one mass away]] ====
 
==== [[#Gauerdiko_meza._El_cura_a_falta_de_una_misa|The priest one mass away]] ====
Línea 990: Línea 992:
 
==== [[#Zorrak_pagatu_arte_neskato._Sirvienta_por_deudora|Debtor servant girl]] ====
 
==== [[#Zorrak_pagatu_arte_neskato._Sirvienta_por_deudora|Debtor servant girl]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Arima_herratua_(ame_errante)_qui_ecrit_sur_un_papier_un|''Arima herratua'' (âme errante) qui écrit sur un papier nu]] ====
+
==== [[#Arima_herratua_(ame_errante)_qui_ecrit_sur_un_papier_nu|''Arima herratua'' (âme errante) qui écrit sur un papier nu]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Arima_korotik_gora_joan._Aparicion_en_iglesia|Apparition in church]] ====
 
==== [[#Arima_korotik_gora_joan._Aparicion_en_iglesia|Apparition in church]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Kuadrilea_kantaren-kantaren._Grupo_de_animas_junto_al_cementerio|Group of spirits next to the cemetery]] ====
+
==== [[#Kuadrilea_kantaren-kantaren._Grupo_de_animas_junto_al_cementerio|Group of spirits next to the cemetery]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Gaitzerua_eta_ezkoa._La_candela_bajo_el_celemin|The lamp under the bushel]] ====
 
==== [[#Gaitzerua_eta_ezkoa._La_candela_bajo_el_celemin|The lamp under the bushel]] ====
 
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== XXV. [[LES_RITES_FUNERAIRES_EN_PAYS_BASQUE_NORD_OU_IPARRALDE_(SINTHESE)/en|LES RITES FUNERAIRES EN PAYS BASQUE NORD OU IPARRALDE (SINTHESE)]] ==
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== XXV. [[LOS_RITOS_FUNERARIOS_EN_IPARRALDE/en|FUNERAL RITES IN THE NORTHERN BASQUE COUNTRY]] ==
  
 
{{#bookTitle:Funeral Rites in the Basque Country | Ritos_funerarios_en_vasconia/en}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Table of contents}}
 
{{#bookTitle:Funeral Rites in the Basque Country | Ritos_funerarios_en_vasconia/en}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Table of contents}}

Revisión actual del 13:15 18 feb 2020

Otros idiomas:
Inglés • ‎Español • ‎Euskera • ‎Francés

Contenido de esta página

I. OMENS OF DEATH

Animal-related omens

Dog howling

Rooster crowing

Behaviour of livestock and cats

Screeching or presence of night birds

Presence of crows and other birds

Presence of insects

Omens related with facts and events

Bells tolling

Paying, measuring or weighing just enough

Noises and other coincidences

Omens resulting from the act of dying

 

II. DEATH THROES AND DEATH

Death throes

Names

Physical signs of death throes

Death knells

Caring for the person in their dying moments

    • Care and attention
    • Visiting the dying person
    • Watching over the person in their dying moments
    • Contemporary changes

Prayers during the death throes

Other religious practices

Causes for the death throes dragging on

    • Feuds and grievances
    • Possessed by spirits

Remedies to stop the death throes dragging on

    • Mass for the dying
    • Light offering and fasts
    • Facilitating the exiting of the soul

Death

Names

Physical causes of death

Extraordinary causes of death

    • Spells
    • Evil eye
    • Death spirits

Replacing death

 

III. VIATICUM AND ANOINTING

Christian rites of the passage from life to death

Names

Receiving the Last Rites

Notifying the priest and doctor

Preparing the room of the sick person

    • Home altar
    • Decorating the house

Viaticum

    • Viaticum in the Northern Basque Country
    • Viaticum in Navarre
    • Viaticum in Gipuzkoa
    • Viaticum in Bizkaia
    • Viaticum in Álava

Anointing

Appendix 1: Last Rites in Mendive (BN)

Appendix 2: Administration of Viaticum and Anointing according to the old Roman Ritual

 

IV. BELIEFS ABOUT THE SOUL’S DESTINY

Separation of the soul and body

Signs of salvation or damnation

Countenance of the corpse

Signs of nature

Problems when removing the coffin from the house

Incorrupt bodies

Practices to ensure salvation

 

V. HOUSEHOLD MOURNING AND HELP FROM NEIGHBOURS

Signs of mourning of the bereaved household

Covering mirrors

Concealing other belongings

Covering walls

Closing windows

Signs of mourning outside the house

Role of neighbours during the mourning period

The neighbourhood and neighbours with regard to the bereaved household

    • Organisation of the neighbourhood hierarchy
    • The first or nearest neighbour
    • Reconciliation and friendship between neighbours

Help provided by neighbours

    • Household chores and tasks
    • Primacy of family support
    • Customarily established help

The parish cross in the bereaved household

Appendix: Role of neighbours during funeral rites in Ossès/Ortzaize (BN)

 

VI. NOTIFYING THE DEATH

Notifications

Recipients of the notification

Death announcers

    • Relatives and neighbours
    • First neighbours
    • Youths
    • Female announcers
    • Messengers and auroros choirs

Contemporary transitions

Bell-ringing

Names

Time of the death knell

Person in charge of ringing the bells

Language of the tolling of the bells

    • Religious status and sex differences
    • Death knell for children
    • Social categories

Validity of the death knells

Death knells in chapels

Burial bell tolls

Death notices

Newspaper death notices

Street death notices

Antiquity of the death notices

Radio death notices

Memorials

Telling domesticated animals of the death

Telling the bees

    • Survival of the beehive
    • Producing more wax
    • Requesting wax and avoiding the death of the bees
    • Death of the owner
    • New owner
    • Signs of mourning

Telling the barn animals

 

VII. SHROUD

Death and act of closing the eyelids

Washing and shrouding

Ways of washing the corpse

Cleansing the corpse

Arranging the hands and feet

Salt on the corpse

The shroud and its types

    • Cloth shroud
    • Religious habits
    • Festive garments

Objects that accompany the corpse

Pious symbols

Death indulgences

Secular objects

Burning herbs

 

VIII. THE WAKE. GAUBELA

The wake

Daytime vigil

Reciting the rosary at dusk

Night-time vigil

    • Names
    • The wake in the Northern Basque Country
    • The wake in the Southern Basque Country
    • Looking after the lamp
    • Meals during the wake

Validity of the wake

The room with the deceased

Cross

Light

Holy water

Laying out the corpse

The corpse on the death bed

The corpse in the main room

In the death chamber

The coffin. Hilkutxa

Names

Making the coffin

Classes and types of coffins

Duties of the carpenter

Trolleys and stretchers

Burning the pallet

 

IX. CORPSE WAYS. HILBIDEAK

Names

Corpse ways in localities with a scattered population

Southern Basque Country

Northern Basque Country

Corpse ways in charter towns with a rural population

Corpse ways in localities with a concentrated population

The paths of the parish cross and the Viaticum

Upkeep of the corpse ways

Legal significance of the corpse ways

 

X. TAKING THE CORPSE TO CHURCH

The bearers

Names

Neighbours as bearers

    • Northern Basque Country
    • Southern Basque Country

Youth bearers in Álava

Relatives and neighbours as bearers

Friends and relatives as bearers

Bearers nominated by the dying person

Orientation of the corpse

Developments in the ways to transport the corpse

Taking turns in bearing the corpse

Removal of the corpse

Southern Basque Country

Northern Basque Country

Hospitality house

Mother house or of the patron saint

 

XI. THE FUNERAL CORTEGE

Composition of the funeral cortege

Names

Head of the procession

The funeral cortege in Álava

The funeral cortege in Bizkaia

The funeral cortege in Gipuzkoa

The funeral cortege in Navarre

The funeral cortege in the Northern Basque Country

Brotherhoods and Associations in the cortege

Prayers and songs during the bearing of the corpse

Stops of the funeral cortege

The funeral cortege today

A child's burial

Names

Northern Basque Country

Southern Basque Country

The godparents at a child's burial

A youth's burial

The mourners

Historical documentation

Ethnographic sources

Crying and wailing

 

XII. ATTIRE IN THE FUNERAL CORTEGE

Old mourning attire

The cape

The shawl

Traditional men's attire

Traditional women's attire

Attire of the relative and neighbours

Bereavement dress today

 

XIII. OFFERING BEARERS IN THE CORTEGE

The offering bearer. Names

The bread offering-bearer

The light offering-bearer

Cortege animal offerings in the past

Floral wreaths and flowers in the funeral cortege

Flowers at the start of the century

Artificial wreaths and flowers

Homemade crosses and wreaths

Prevalence of flowers and wreaths

Attributed meanings

Position in the cortege

 

XIV. OBSEQUIES. HILETAK

The corpse during the obsequies

The coffin in the gateway

Burial prior to the funeral service

The catafalque or burial mound

The funeral with the body present

Arrangement of the family mourners in the church

Male mourners

Family mourners

Family mourners today

The funeral mass

Names

Types of funeral

Satires on the types of funeral

The social standing of the funeral

Burial mass and Funeral rites

«A tiempo» masses (concelebrated by different priests)

Infant funerals

Appendix: Obsequies according to the Roman Ritual

 

XV. OBSEQUIAL DAYS

Novena

Names

The novena in the twenties

Persistence and transformation of the novena

The novena in the Northern Basque Country

Reciting the rosary during the novena

Funeral rites

Month's Mind

Anniversary mass

Names

Southern Basque Country

Northern Basque Country

Mass offerings

Names

Northern Basque Country

Southern Basque Country

Gregorian masses

Appendix: Burial costs

 

XVI. BURIAL SITES IN CHURCHES. JARLEKUAK. FUESAS

Names

Validity of the symbolic burial sites

Household burial site

Collective burial site

Abolition of the burial sites

Burial goods

Cloth or tablecloth

Light holders

    • Woodcutter
    • Grave. Pit
    • Argizaiola
    • Candlestick

Beeswax

Candle decorations

Making candles and strips of candles by hand

Hamper of offerings

Kneeler

Custody of the belongings

Activation of the burial site

Primacy of the lady of the house

Sister's involvement

Duties of the sister on the day of the obsequies

Taking possession of the burial site

Length of the mourning at the burial site

 

XVII. OFFERINGS AND SUFFRAGES AT THE GRAVE. ARGIAK, OLATAK, HILOTOITZAK

Light offering

Beliefs

Light offering at the obsequies

    • Gipuzkoa
    • Navarre
    • Álava
    • Bizkaia
    • Northern Basque Country

Light offerings during the mourning period

    • Gipuzkoa
    • Navarre
    • Álava
    • Bizkaia
    • Northern Basque Country

Bread offering

Extent and validity of the bread offering

Types of bread, number and weight

Names

Offerers and recipients

Offering ritual at the obsequies

Bread offering at the novena

Offerings during the year of mourning

Offerings at the anniversary mass

Offerings on certain days

Distribution of the offering bread

Money offerings at the grave

Names

The responsories of the day of the burial

Responsories during the period of mourning

    • On feast days
    • Ordinary days

Responsories on certain days of the year

Evolution of the stipend of the responsories

Animal offerings in the past

Historical sources

Ethnographic sources

 

XVIII. ACT OF BURIAL

Attending the burial act

Ex officio attendees

Women not attending

Bereavement after the burial

Cortege to the limes

Direct cortege to the cemetery

Large procession

The burial today

Rituals in the cemetery

Retrieval of religious symbols

Throwing a handful of earth

The interment

Orientation of the tomb

In the church and in its surroundings

In the cemetery

    • Orientation with respect to the Sun
    • Orientation with respect to the church
    • Orientation with respect to the floor plan of the cemetery
    • Random distribution

 

XIX. RETURNING TO THE HOUSE OF THE DECEASED AND FUNERAL FEAST

Return of the cortege to the house of the deceased

Northern Basque Country

Southern Basque Country

Feast and refreshments for the attendees

Goodwill in Álava

Karidadea in Gipuzkoa

Other refreshments

Gifts to the participants in the obsequies

To the priests

To the coffin bearers

To children

To the auroros choirs

Alms to the poor

The burial meal

Names

Place of the meal

    • At the house of the deceased
    • In inns and taverns
    • Preparing the room and the meal

Diners

    • Relatives
    • Neighbours
    • Mezakoak
    • Other guests
    • Top table
    • Prayers

Composition of the meal

The burial meal at different places

    • Beskoitze (L)
    • Izpura (BN)
    • Ezpeize-Ündüreiñe (Z)
    • Basabüria (Haute Soule)
    • Aria (N)
    • Allo (N)
    • Mezkiriz (N)
    • Berastegi (G)
    • Elosua (G)
    • Abadiano (B)
    • Zeanuri (B)
    • Ribera Alta (A)
    • Salvatierra (A)

Anniversary and funeral rites meals

Current valuations

Appendix: Some legal restrictions about funeral feasts

 

XX. THE MOURNING. DOLUA

Names

Duration of the mourning

Restrictions during the mourning period

Attending dances and parties

Presence in bars and public establishments

Household celebrations

Noisy activities

Mourning apparel

Women's mourning apparel

    • Mourning veil
    • Mantalina
    • Shawl
    • Mantaleta
    • Kaputxina

Men's mourning apparel

    • Kapa
    • Kapa ttipia and taulerra

Children's mourning apparel

Less rigorous mourning

Home dying of garments for the mourning

Signs of mourning on the outside of the house

Drapery

Concealing the coats-of-arms

Extending the mourning to the domesticated animals

Other displays of mourning

Changes to the mourning

 

XXI. COMMEMORATION OF THE DEAD

1 November All Saints' Day

Offerings at the church

Visiting the cemetery

    • Southern Basque Country
    • Northern Basque Country

2 November Commemoration of the Faithful Departed or All Souls' Day

Offerings at the church

Visits to the cemetery

Novena for the Spirits in Purgatory

Distribution of the offerings to children

Indulgences for the deceased

Commemoration of the dead during the year

Caring for the graves

 

XXII. ASSOCIATIONS AROUND DEATH

General characteristics of the religious brotherhoods

Brotherhood of the True Cross

Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary

Brotherhood of the Spirits

Religious brotherhoods under other names (San Blas, San Nicolás, Fishermen and Seafarers Santiago Apóstol, San Francisco Javier, San Roque, San Sebastián, Santa Ana, San José, Blessed Sacrament, Santa Fe, Antorchas, Our Lady of the Grottoes)

Brotherhoods linked to shrines

Neighbourhood brotherhoods in Bizkaia

Brotherhood of San Miguel de Alzusta in Zeanuri

Brotherhood of San Adrián de Argiñeta in Elorrio

Brotherhood of the Sangüesa Trinity (Navarre)

Brotherhood of the Aramayona Priests (Álava)

Brotherhoods and Funeral Mutual Associations

Appendix

Charter of the Brotherhood of the Holy True Cross of the village of Villanueva de Valdegovía

Book of the Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary of this town of San Román

Rules and Charter of the Brotherhood of Spirits. Llodio

Statuts ou Règlements des Confrères de la Confrérie de Saint-Blaise du quartier d'Amots, en la Paroisse de St-Pé, du 14 fevrier 1779

Reformed Rules of the Brotherhood of the Nativity of Our Lady of the Reverend Priests of Aramayona Valley, Province of Álava, Diocese of Vitoria

Bakartasuna Brotherhood of the Dead. Zeanuri

Rules of the Brotherhood of the True Cross, founded in Alonsótegui in 1882

 

XXIII. BURIAL PLACES AND METHODS

Internment on the homestead

Internment next to the church

Internment inside the church

Legal restrictions regarding burial in churches

The cemetery

Names

Location of the cemetery

    • Next to the place of worship
    • Cemeteries around chapels
    • Cemeteries in the outskirts

Distribution of the cemetery area

Right of internment in the grave

Burial methods

    • The burial mound
    • Grave in the ground with flagstone
    • The pantheon
    • The crypt

Headstone

    • Crosses
    • Stelae

Unconsecrated ground

    • Limbo
    • Area for people who have committed suicide and non-believers
    • Specific cases
    • Civil burials

 

XXIV. APPARITIONS AND WANDERING SPIRITS. ARIMA HERRATUAK

Beliefs about apparitions

Types of spirit apparitions

Sounds and strong noises

Lights and glows

Shadows

Smells

Bodily form

Other types of apparition

Apparition times

Apparition scenarios

The house and outside the home

Paths and crossroads

Spirit abodes

Witnesses of the apparitions

Reaction to the apparitions

Preventions

Dialogues and rules

Precautions and accreditations

Ways of driving them away

Petitions to the spirits

    • Masses
    • Prayers
    • Settling debts
    • Fulfilling promises

Premonitions and fear of apparitions

Ban on going round and round the cemetery

Fear of burial places

Practices associated with beliefs in spirits

Traditionalised ghost stories

The travelling ghost hunter-priest

The priest one mass away

Debtor servant girl

Appendix: Ghost stories

Thundering spirit

Shining spirit

Fire footprint

The swine herd

Moving away in seven stages

The travelling ghost hunter-priest

The priest one mass away

Debtor servant girl

Arima herratua (âme errante) qui écrit sur un papier nu

Apparition in church

Group of spirits next to the cemetery

The lamp under the bushel

 

XXV. FUNERAL RITES IN THE NORTHERN BASQUE COUNTRY

Obtenido de «https://atlasetnografico.labayru.eus/index.php?title=Indice_Ritos_funerarios_en_vasconia/en&oldid=153171»