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Línea 2: Línea 2:
 
== I. [[PRESAGIOS DE MUERTE. HERIOTZAREN ZANTZUAK/en|OMENS OF DEATH]] ==
 
== I. [[PRESAGIOS DE MUERTE. HERIOTZAREN ZANTZUAK/en|OMENS OF DEATH]] ==
  
−
=== [[Presagios_relacionados_con_animales|Animal-related omens]] ===
+
=== [[#Presagios_relacionados_con_animales|Animal-related omens]] ===
  
−
==== [[Aullido_del_perro._Txakurraren_oihua_zakurraren_uhuria|Dog howling]] ====
+
==== [[#Aullido_del_perro._Txakurraren_oihua_zakurraren_uhuria|Dog howling]] ====
  
−
==== [[Canto_del_gallo._Oilarra_kukurruka|Rooster crowing]] ====
+
==== [[#Canto_del_gallo._Oilarra_kukurruka|Rooster crowing]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Comportamiento_del_ganado_y_de_los_gatos|Behaviour of livestock and cats]] ====
 
==== [[#Comportamiento_del_ganado_y_de_los_gatos|Behaviour of livestock and cats]] ====
  
−
==== [[#Canto_o_presencia_de_aves_nocturnas._Le_cri_de_la_chouette|Singing or presence of night birds. ''Le cri de la chouette'']] ====
+
==== [[#Canto_o_presencia_de_aves_nocturnas._Le_cri_de_la_chouette|Screeching or presence of night birds]] ====
  
−
==== [[Presencia_de_cuervos_y_otras_aves._Belak_pikak_karraskari|Presence of crows and other birds]] ====
+
==== [[#Presencia_de_cuervos_y_otras_aves._Belak_pikak_karraskari|Presence of crows and other birds]] ====
  
−
==== [[Presencia_de_insectos._Euli_baltzak|Presence of insects]] ====
+
==== [[#Presencia_de_insectos._Euli_baltzak|Presence of insects]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Presagios_relacionados_con_hechos_y_acontecimientos|Omens related with facts and events]] ===
 
=== [[#Presagios_relacionados_con_hechos_y_acontecimientos|Omens related with facts and events]] ===
  
−
==== [[El_sonido_de_las_campanas._Kanpaiotsak|Bells ringing]] ====
+
==== [[#El_sonido_de_las_campanas._Kanpaiotsak|Bells tolling]] ====
  
−
==== [[Pagar_medir_o_pesar_lo_justo|Paying, measuring or weighing just enough]] ====
+
==== [[#Pagar_medir_o_pesar_lo_justo|Paying, measuring or weighing just enough]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Ruidos_y_otras_coincidencias|Noises and other coincidences]] ====
 
==== [[#Ruidos_y_otras_coincidencias|Noises and other coincidences]] ====
Línea 29: Línea 29:
 
== II. [[AGONIA_Y_MUERTE._AGONIA_ETA_HERIOTZA/en|DEATH THROES AND DEATH]] ==
 
== II. [[AGONIA_Y_MUERTE._AGONIA_ETA_HERIOTZA/en|DEATH THROES AND DEATH]] ==
  
−
=== [[La_agonia._Hiltamua|Death throes]] ===
+
=== [[#La_agonia._Hiltamua|Death throes]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Denominaciones32|Names]] ====
 
==== [[#Denominaciones32|Names]] ====
Línea 35: Línea 35:
 
==== [[#Signos_fisicos_de_agonia|Physical signs of death throes]] ====
 
==== [[#Signos_fisicos_de_agonia|Physical signs of death throes]] ====
  
−
==== [[#El_toque_de_agonia._Agonia-kanpaia_agoniako_zeinua|Death tolls]] ====
+
==== [[#El_toque_de_agonia._Agonia-kanpaia_agoniako_zeinua|Death knells]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Asistencia_al_agonizante|Caring for the person in their dying moments ]] ====
 
==== [[#Asistencia_al_agonizante|Caring for the person in their dying moments ]] ====
Línea 46: Línea 46:
 
==== [[#Rezos_durante_la_agonia._Agoniako_otoitzak|Prayers during the death throes]] ====
 
==== [[#Rezos_durante_la_agonia._Agoniako_otoitzak|Prayers during the death throes]] ====
  
−
==== [[Otras_practicas_religiosas._Agoniako_kandela|Other religious practices]] ====
+
==== [[#Otras_practicas_religiosas._Agoniako_kandela|Other religious practices]] ====
  
−
==== [[Causas_de_la_prolongacion_de_la_agonia|Causes for the death throes dragging on]] ====
+
==== [[#Causas_de_la_prolongacion_de_la_agonia|Causes for the death throes dragging on]] ====
  
 
**Feuds and grievances
 
**Feuds and grievances
Línea 55: Línea 55:
 
==== [[#Remedios_contra_la_prolongacion_de_la_agonia|Remedies to stop the death throes dragging on]] ====
 
==== [[#Remedios_contra_la_prolongacion_de_la_agonia|Remedies to stop the death throes dragging on]] ====
  
−
**''Meza enkomendadua''
+
**Mass for the dying
−
**Offering lights and fasts
+
**Light offering and fasts
 
**Facilitating the exiting of the soul
 
**Facilitating the exiting of the soul
  
−
=== [[#La_muerte._Heriotza|The death]] ===
+
=== [[#La_muerte._Heriotza|Death]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Denominaciones33|Names]] ====
 
==== [[#Denominaciones33|Names]] ====
  
−
==== [[Causas_fisicas_de_la_muerte|Physical causes of death]] ====
+
==== [[#Causas_fisicas_de_la_muerte|Physical causes of death]] ====
  
−
==== [[Causas_prodigiosas_de_la_muerte|Extraordinary causes of death]] ====
+
==== [[#Causas_prodigiosas_de_la_muerte|Extraordinary causes of death]] ====
  
 
**Spells
 
**Spells
Línea 74: Línea 74:
 
 
 
 
  
−
== III. [[VIATICO_Y_EXTREMAUNCION._AZKEN_SAKRAMENDUAK/en|VIATICUM AND EXTREME UNCTION]] ==
+
== III. [[VIATICO_Y_EXTREMAUNCION._AZKEN_SAKRAMENDUAK/en|VIATICUM AND ANOINTING]] ==
  
 
=== [[#Ritos_cristianos_del_pasaje_de_la_muerte|Christian rites of the passage from life to death]] ===
 
=== [[#Ritos_cristianos_del_pasaje_de_la_muerte|Christian rites of the passage from life to death]] ===
  
−
=== [[Denominaciones34|Names]] ===
+
=== [[#Denominaciones34|Names]] ===
  
−
=== [[#La_recepcion_de_los_Ultimos_Sacramentos._Eleizakoak|Receiving the Last Sacraments]] ===
+
=== [[#La_recepcion_de_los_Ultimos_Sacramentos._Eleizakoak|Receiving the Last Rites]] ===
  
−
==== [[Avisos_al_cura_y_al_medico|Notifying the priest and doctor]] ====
+
==== [[#Avisos_al_cura_y_al_medico|Notifying the priest and doctor]] ====
  
−
==== [[Acondicionamiento_de_la_habitacion_del_enfermo|Preparing the room of the sick  person]] ====
+
==== [[#Acondicionamiento_de_la_habitacion_del_enfermo|Preparing the room of the sick  person]] ====
  
 
**Home altar
 
**Home altar
 
**Decorating the house
 
**Decorating the house
  
−
==== [[El_Viatico._Gure_Jauna|Viaticum]] ====
+
==== [[#El_Viatico._Gure_Jauna|Viaticum]] ====
  
−
**Viaticum  in the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)
+
**Viaticum  in the Northern Basque Country
−
**Viaticum in Navarra
+
**Viaticum in Navarre
 
**Viaticum in Gipuzkoa
 
**Viaticum in Gipuzkoa
 
**Viaticum in Bizkaia
 
**Viaticum in Bizkaia
−
**Viaticum in Alava
+
**Viaticum in Álava
  
−
==== [[#La_Extremauncion._Oleadura|Extreme Unction]] ====
+
==== [[#La_Extremauncion._Oleadura|Anointing]] ====
  
−
=== [[Apendice_1_Derniers_Sacrements_Azken_Sakramendia_a_Mendive_(BN)|Appendix 1: Derniers Sacrements a Mendive (BN)]] ===
+
=== [[#Apendice_1_Derniers_Sacrements_Azken_Sakramendia_a_Mendive_(BN)|Appendix 1: Last Rites in Mendive (BN)]] ===
  
−
=== [[#Apendice_2_La_administracion_del_Viatico_y_de_la_Extremauncion_segun_el_antiguo_Ritual_Romano|Appendix 2: Administration of Viaticum and Extreme Unction according to the old Roman Ritual]] ===
+
=== [[#Apendice_2_La_administracion_del_Viatico_y_de_la_Extremauncion_segun_el_antiguo_Ritual_Romano|Appendix 2: Administration of Viaticum and Anointing according to the old Roman Ritual]] ===
 
 
 
 
  
−
== IV. [[CREENCIAS_SOBRE_EL_DESTINO_DEL_ALMA/en|BELIEFS ABOUT THE SOUL'S DESTINY]] ==
+
== IV. [[CREENCIAS_SOBRE_EL_DESTINO_DEL_ALMA/en|BELIEFS ABOUT THE SOUL’S DESTINY]] ==
  
 
=== [[#Separacion_del_alma_y_el_cuerpo|Separation of the soul and body]] ===
 
=== [[#Separacion_del_alma_y_el_cuerpo|Separation of the soul and body]] ===
Línea 110: Línea 110:
 
=== [[#Señales_de_salvacion_o_condenacion|Signs of salvation or damnation]] ===
 
=== [[#Señales_de_salvacion_o_condenacion|Signs of salvation or damnation]] ===
  
−
==== [[El_semblante_del_cadaver|The countenance of the corpse]] ====
+
==== [[#El_semblante_del_cadaver|Countenance of the corpse]] ====
  
−
==== [[Signos_de_la_naturaleza|Signs of nature]] ====
+
==== [[#Signos_de_la_naturaleza|Signs of nature]] ====
  
−
==== [[Dificultades_para_sacar_el_ataud_de_la_casa|Problems when removing the coffin from the house]] ====
+
==== [[#Dificultades_para_sacar_el_ataud_de_la_casa|Problems when removing the coffin from the house]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Los_cuerpos_incorruptos|Incorrupt bodies]] ====
 
==== [[#Los_cuerpos_incorruptos|Incorrupt bodies]] ====
  
−
=== [[Practicas_para_asegurar_la_salvacion|Practices to ensure salvation]] ===
+
=== [[#Practicas_para_asegurar_la_salvacion|Practices to ensure salvation]] ===
 
 
 
 
  
 
== V. [[DUELO_DOMESTICO_Y_AYUDA_VECINAL/en|HOUSEHOLD MOURNING AND HELP FROM NEIGHBOURS]] ==
 
== V. [[DUELO_DOMESTICO_Y_AYUDA_VECINAL/en|HOUSEHOLD MOURNING AND HELP FROM NEIGHBOURS]] ==
  
−
=== [[Signos_de_duelo_de_la_casa_mortuoria|Signs of mourning of the bereaved household]] ===
+
=== [[#Signos_de_duelo_de_la_casa_mortuoria|Signs of mourning of the bereaved household]] ===
  
−
==== [[#Ocultacion_de_los_espejos|Concealing  the mirrors]] ====
+
==== [[#Ocultacion_de_los_espejos|Covering mirrors]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Ocultacion_de_otros_enseres|Concealing other belongings]] ====
 
==== [[#Ocultacion_de_otros_enseres|Concealing other belongings]] ====
  
−
==== [[Cubrimiento_de_las_paredes|Covering the walls]] ====
+
==== [[#Cubrimiento_de_las_paredes|Covering walls]] ====
  
−
==== [[Cierre_de_ventanas|Closing windows]] ====
+
==== [[#Cierre_de_ventanas|Closing windows]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Signos_de_duelo_en_el_exterior_de_la_casa|Signs of mourning outside the house]] ====
 
==== [[#Signos_de_duelo_en_el_exterior_de_la_casa|Signs of mourning outside the house]] ====
  
−
=== [[#Intervencion_de_los_vecinos_durante_el_duelo|Role of the neighbours during the mourning period]] ===
+
=== [[#Intervencion_de_los_vecinos_durante_el_duelo|Role of neighbours during the mourning period]] ===
  
 
==== [[#La_vecindad_y_los_vecinos_en_relacion_con_la_casa_mortuoria|The neighbourhood and neighbours with regard to the bereaved household]] ====
 
==== [[#La_vecindad_y_los_vecinos_en_relacion_con_la_casa_mortuoria|The neighbourhood and neighbours with regard to the bereaved household]] ====
  
 
**Organisation of the neighbourhood hierarchy
 
**Organisation of the neighbourhood hierarchy
−
**The first neighbour
+
**The first or nearest neighbour
 
**Reconciliation and friendship between neighbours
 
**Reconciliation and friendship between neighbours
  
−
==== [[Ayudas_prestadas_por_los_vecinos|Help provided by the neighbours]] ====
+
==== [[#Ayudas_prestadas_por_los_vecinos|Help provided by neighbours]] ====
  
 
**Household chores and tasks
 
**Household chores and tasks
Línea 151: Línea 151:
 
=== [[#La_cruz_parroquial_en_la_casa_mortuoria|The parish cross in the bereaved household]] ===
 
=== [[#La_cruz_parroquial_en_la_casa_mortuoria|The parish cross in the bereaved household]] ===
  
−
=== [[#Apendice_Role_des_voisins_durant_le_rite_funeraire_a_Osses/Ortzaize_(BN)|Appendix: Rôle des voisins durant le rite funéraire à Ossès/Ortzaize (BN)]] ===
+
=== [[#Apendice_Role_des_voisins_durant_le_rite_funeraire_a_Osses/Ortzaize_(BN)|Appendix: Role of neighbours during funeral rites in Ossès/Ortzaize (BN)]] ===
 
 
 
 
  
−
== VI. [[COMUNICACION_DE_LA_MUERTE/en|COMMUNICATING THE DEATH]] ==
+
== VI. [[COMUNICACION_DE_LA_MUERTE/en|NOTIFYING THE DEATH]] ==
  
−
=== [[Avisos._Hil-mezuak|Notifications]] ===
+
=== [[#Avisos._Hil-mezuak|Notifications]] ===
  
−
==== [[Destinatarios_de_la_notificacion|Recipients of the notification]] ====
+
==== [[#Destinatarios_de_la_notificacion|Recipients of the notification]] ====
  
−
==== [[Avisadores_del_fallecimiento|Death announcers]] ====
+
==== [[#Avisadores_del_fallecimiento|Death announcers]] ====
  
−
Relatives and neighbours
+
**Relatives and neighbours
−
The first settlers
+
**First neighbours
−
Youths  
+
**Youths  
−
Female announcers
+
**Female announcers
−
Messengers and ''auroros'' choirs
+
**Messengers and ''auroros'' choirs
  
 
==== [[#Transiciones_contemporaneas_Avisos|Contemporary transitions]] ====
 
==== [[#Transiciones_contemporaneas_Avisos|Contemporary transitions]] ====
  
−
=== [[Los_toques_de_campana._Hil-kanpaiak_hil-zeinuak|Bell ringing]] ===
+
=== [[#Los_toques_de_campana._Hil-kanpaiak_hil-zeinuak|Bell-ringing]] ===
  
−
==== [[Denominaciones35|Names]] ====
+
==== [[#Denominaciones35|Names]] ====
  
−
==== [[Momento_del_toque_a_muerto|Time of the death knell]] ====
+
==== [[#Momento_del_toque_a_muerto|Time of the death knell]] ====
  
−
==== [[Persona_encargada_de_tocar_las_campanas|Person in charge of ringing the bells]] ====
+
==== [[#Persona_encargada_de_tocar_las_campanas|Person in charge of ringing the bells]] ====
  
−
==== [[El_lenguaje_de_los_tañidos|The language of the tolling of the bells]] ====
+
==== [[#El_lenguaje_de_los_tañidos|Language of the tolling of the bells]] ====
  
 
**Religious status and sex differences  
 
**Religious status and sex differences  
Línea 184: Línea 184:
 
**Social categories
 
**Social categories
  
−
==== [[Vigencia_de_los_toques_a_muerto|Validity of the death knells]] ====
+
==== [[#Vigencia_de_los_toques_a_muerto|Validity of the death knells]] ====
  
−
==== [[Toques_a_muerto_en_ermitas|Death knells in chapels]] ====
+
==== [[#Toques_a_muerto_en_ermitas|Death knells in chapels]] ====
  
−
==== [[Toques_de_entierro|Burial bell tolls]] ====
+
==== [[#Toques_de_entierro|Burial bell tolls]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Las_esquelas|Death notices]] ===
 
=== [[#Las_esquelas|Death notices]] ===
Línea 198: Línea 198:
 
==== [[#Antiguedad_de_las_esquelas|Antiquity of the death notices]] ====
 
==== [[#Antiguedad_de_las_esquelas|Antiquity of the death notices]] ====
  
−
==== [[Esquela_radiofonica|Radio death notices]] ====
+
==== [[#Esquela_radiofonica|Radio death notices]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Los_recordatorios|Memorials]] ===
 
=== [[#Los_recordatorios|Memorials]] ===
  
−
=== [[Anuncio_de_la_muerte_a_los_animales_domesticos|Telling domesticated animals of the death]] ===
+
=== [[#Anuncio_de_la_muerte_a_los_animales_domesticos|Telling domesticated animals of the death]] ===
  
−
==== [[Aviso_a_las_abejas._Erletxuak_erletxuak|Telling the bees]] ====
+
==== [[#Aviso_a_las_abejas._Erletxuak_erletxuak|Telling the bees]] ====
  
 
**Survival of the beehive
 
**Survival of the beehive
 
**Producing more wax  
 
**Producing more wax  
 
**Requesting wax and avoiding the death of the bees
 
**Requesting wax and avoiding the death of the bees
−
**The death of the owner
+
**Death of the owner
−
**The new owner
+
**New owner
 
**Signs of mourning
 
**Signs of mourning
  
Línea 220: Línea 220:
 
=== [[#Fallecimiento_y_el_acto_de_cerrar_los_ojos|Death and act of closing the eyelids]] ===
 
=== [[#Fallecimiento_y_el_acto_de_cerrar_los_ojos|Death and act of closing the eyelids]] ===
  
−
=== [[#Lavado_y_amortajamiento|ashing and shrouding]] ===
+
=== [[#Lavado_y_amortajamiento|Washing and shrouding]] ===
  
−
==== [[Modos_de_lavar_el_cadaver._Gorpu-garbitzea|Ways of washing the corpse]] ====
+
==== [[#Modos_de_lavar_el_cadaver._Gorpu-garbitzea|Ways of washing the corpse]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Adecentamiento_del_cuerpo_muerto|Cleansing the corpse]] ====
 
==== [[#Adecentamiento_del_cuerpo_muerto|Cleansing the corpse]] ====
  
−
==== [[Disposicion_de_manos_y_pies|Arranging the hands and feet]] ====
+
==== [[#Disposicion_de_manos_y_pies|Arranging the hands and feet]] ====
  
 
==== [[#La_sal_sobre_el_cadaver|Salt on the corpse]] ====
 
==== [[#La_sal_sobre_el_cadaver|Salt on the corpse]] ====
Línea 236: Línea 236:
 
**Festive garments
 
**Festive garments
  
−
=== [[Objetos_que_acompañan_al_cadaver|Objects that accompany the corpse]] ===
+
=== [[#Objetos_que_acompañan_al_cadaver|Objects that accompany the corpse]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Simbolos_piadosos|Pious symbols]] ====
 
==== [[#Simbolos_piadosos|Pious symbols]] ====
  
−
==== [[Bulas_de_difuntos._Hilen_buldak|Death indulgences]] ====
+
==== [[#Bulas_de_difuntos._Hilen_buldak|Death indulgences]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Objetos_profanos|Secular objects]] ====
 
==== [[#Objetos_profanos|Secular objects]] ====
Línea 247: Línea 247:
 
 
 
 
  
−
== VIII. [[EL_VELATORIO._GAUBELA/en|THE WAKE. ''GAUBELA'']] ==
+
== VIII. [[EL_VELATORIO._GAUBELA/en|THE WAKE. GAUBELA]] ==
  
−
=== [[El_velatorio|The wake]] ===
+
=== [[#El_velatorio|The wake]] ===
  
−
==== [[Vigilia_diurna|Daytime vigil]] ====
+
==== [[#Vigilia_diurna|Daytime vigil]] ====
  
−
==== [[#Rezo_del_rosario_al_anochecer|Reciting the Rosary at dusk]] ====
+
==== [[#Rezo_del_rosario_al_anochecer|Reciting the rosary at dusk]] ====
  
−
==== [[La_vigilia_nocturna._Hilbeilagaba|Night-time vigil]] ====
+
==== [[#La_vigilia_nocturna._Hilbeilagaba|Night-time vigil]] ====
  
 
**Names
 
**Names
−
**The wake in the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)
+
**The wake in the Northern Basque Country
−
**The wake in the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)
+
**The wake in the Southern Basque Country
 
**Looking after the lamp
 
**Looking after the lamp
 
**Meals during the wake
 
**Meals during the wake
  
−
==== [[Vigencia_del_velatorio|Validity of the wake]] ====
+
==== [[#Vigencia_del_velatorio|Validity of the wake]] ====
  
 
=== [[#La_estancia_mortuoria|The room with the deceased]] ===
 
=== [[#La_estancia_mortuoria|The room with the deceased]] ===
Línea 271: Línea 271:
 
==== [[#La_luz._Argia_lagun|Light]] ====
 
==== [[#La_luz._Argia_lagun|Light]] ====
  
−
==== [[Agua_bendita1|Holy water]] ====
+
==== [[#Agua_bendita1|Holy water]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Disposicion_del_cadaver|Laying out the corpse]] ===
 
=== [[#Disposicion_del_cadaver|Laying out the corpse]] ===
  
−
==== [[El_cadaver_en_el_lecho_mortuorio|The corpse on the death bed]] ====
+
==== [[#El_cadaver_en_el_lecho_mortuorio|The corpse on the death bed]] ====
  
 
==== [[#El_cadaver_en_la_estancia_principal|The corpse in the main room]] ====
 
==== [[#El_cadaver_en_la_estancia_principal|The corpse in the main room]] ====
Línea 281: Línea 281:
 
==== [[#En_la_camara_mortuoria._Hil-ohea|In the death chamber]] ====
 
==== [[#En_la_camara_mortuoria._Hil-ohea|In the death chamber]] ====
  
−
=== [[#El_ataud._Hilkutxa|The coffin]] ===
+
=== [[#El_ataud._Hilkutxa|The coffin. Hilkutxa]] ===
  
−
==== [[Denominaciones36|Names]] ====
+
==== [[#Denominaciones36|Names]] ====
  
−
==== [[La_fabricacion_del_ataud|Making the coffin]] ====
+
==== [[#La_fabricacion_del_ataud|Making the coffin]] ====
  
−
==== [[Clases_y_tipos_de_ataudes|Classes and types of coffins]] ====
+
==== [[#Clases_y_tipos_de_ataudes|Classes and types of coffins]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Funciones_del_carpintero|Duties of the carpenter]] ====
 
==== [[#Funciones_del_carpintero|Duties of the carpenter]] ====
Línea 296: Línea 296:
 
 
 
 
  
−
== IX. [[CAMINOS_MORTUORIOS._HILBIDEAK/en|CORPSE WAYS]] ==
+
== IX. [[CAMINOS_MORTUORIOS._HILBIDEAK/en|CORPSE WAYS. HILBIDEAK]] ==
  
−
=== [[Denominaciones37|Names]] ===
+
=== [[#Denominaciones37|Names]] ===
  
−
=== [[Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_localidades_de_poblacion_dispersa|Corpse ways in localities with a scattered population]] ===
+
=== [[#Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_localidades_de_poblacion_dispersa|Corpse ways in localities with a scattered population]] ===
  
−
==== [[Vasconia_peninsular._Andabideak|Southern Basque Country]] ====
+
==== [[#Vasconia_peninsular._Andabideak|Southern Basque Country]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Vasconia_continental._Eleizbideak|Northern Basque Country]] ====
 
==== [[#Vasconia_continental._Eleizbideak|Northern Basque Country]] ====
Línea 308: Línea 308:
 
=== [[#Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_villas_con_poblacion_rural|Corpse ways in charter towns with a rural population]] ===
 
=== [[#Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_villas_con_poblacion_rural|Corpse ways in charter towns with a rural population]] ===
  
−
=== [[Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_localidades_de_poblacion_concentrada|Corpse ways in localities with a concentrated population]] ===
+
=== [[#Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_localidades_de_poblacion_concentrada|Corpse ways in localities with a concentrated population]] ===
  
−
=== [[Los_caminos_de_la_cruz_parroquial_y_del_Viatico|The paths of the parish cross and the Viaticum]] ===
+
=== [[#Los_caminos_de_la_cruz_parroquial_y_del_Viatico|The paths of the parish cross and the Viaticum]] ===
  
−
=== [[Arreglo_de_los_caminos_mortuorios|Upkeep of the corpse ways]] ===
+
=== [[#Arreglo_de_los_caminos_mortuorios|Upkeep of the corpse ways]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Significacion_juridica_de_los_caminos_mortuorios|Legal significance of the corpse ways]] ===
 
=== [[#Significacion_juridica_de_los_caminos_mortuorios|Legal significance of the corpse ways]] ===
 
 
 
 
  
−
== X. [[LA_CONDUCCION_DEL_CADAVER_A_LA_IGLESIA/en|TAKING THE CORPSE TO THE CHURCH]] ==
+
== X. [[LA_CONDUCCION_DEL_CADAVER_A_LA_IGLESIA/en|TAKING THE CORPSE TO CHURCH]] ==
  
 
=== [[#Los_anderos._Hil-ohezaleak|The bearers]] ===
 
=== [[#Los_anderos._Hil-ohezaleak|The bearers]] ===
  
−
==== [[Denominaciones38|Names]] ====
+
==== [[#Denominaciones38|Names]] ====
  
−
==== [[Anderos_vecinos|Neighbours as bearers]] ====
+
==== [[#Anderos_vecinos|Neighbours as bearers]] ====
  
 
**Northern Basque Country
 
**Northern Basque Country
 
**Southern Basque Country
 
**Southern Basque Country
  
−
==== [[Anderos_mozos_en_Alava|Youth bearers in Álava]] ====
+
==== [[#Anderos_mozos_en_Alava|Youth bearers in Álava]] ====
  
−
==== [[Anderos_vecinos_y_familiares|Relatives and neighbours as bearers]] ====
+
==== [[#Anderos_vecinos_y_familiares|Relatives and neighbours as bearers]] ====
  
−
==== [[Anderos_familiares_y_amigos|Friends and relatives as bearers]] ====
+
==== [[#Anderos_familiares_y_amigos|Friends and relatives as bearers]] ====
  
−
==== [[Anderos_designados_por_el_moribundo|Bearers nominated by the dying person]] ====
+
==== [[#Anderos_designados_por_el_moribundo|Bearers nominated by the dying person]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Orientacion_del_cadaver|Orientation of the corpse]] ====
 
==== [[#Orientacion_del_cadaver|Orientation of the corpse]] ====
Línea 359: Línea 359:
 
==== [[#Denominaciones39|Names]] ====
 
==== [[#Denominaciones39|Names]] ====
  
−
==== [[Encabezamiento_de_la_comitiva._Kurutzeketaria|Head of the procession]] ====
+
==== [[#Encabezamiento_de_la_comitiva._Kurutzeketaria|Head of the procession]] ====
  
−
==== [[El_cortejo_funebre_en_Alava|The funeral cortege in Alava]] ====
+
==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Alava|The funeral cortege in Álava]] ====
  
−
==== [[El_cortejo_funebre_en_Bizkaia|The funeral cortege in Bizkaia]] ====
+
==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Bizkaia|The funeral cortege in Bizkaia]] ====
  
−
==== [[El_cortejo_funebre_en_Gipuzkoa|The funeral cortege in Gipuzkoa]] ====
+
==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Gipuzkoa|The funeral cortege in Gipuzkoa]] ====
  
−
==== [[El_cortejo_funebre_en_Navarra|The funeral cortege in Navarra]] ====
+
==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Navarra|The funeral cortege in Navarre]] ====
  
−
==== [[El_cortejo_funebre_en_Vasconia_continental|The funeral cortege  in the Northern Basque Country]] ====
+
==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Vasconia_continental|The funeral cortege  in the Northern Basque Country]] ====
  
−
=== [[Cofradias_y_Asociaciones_en_el_cortejo|Brotherhoods and Associations in the cortege]] ===
+
=== [[#Cofradias_y_Asociaciones_en_el_cortejo|Brotherhoods and Associations in the cortege]] ===
  
−
=== [[Rezos_y_cantos_durante_la_conduccion_del_cadaver|Prayers and songs during the bearing of the corpse]] ===
+
=== [[#Rezos_y_cantos_durante_la_conduccion_del_cadaver|Prayers and songs during the bearing of the corpse]] ===
  
−
=== [[Paradas_del_cortejo_funebre._Itxoinaldiak|Stops of the funeral cortege]] ===
+
=== [[#Paradas_del_cortejo_funebre._Itxoinaldiak|Stops of the funeral cortege]] ===
  
 
=== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_hoy|The funeral cortege today]] ===
 
=== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_hoy|The funeral cortege today]] ===
  
−
=== [[Entierro_de_niño|A child's burial]] ===
+
=== [[#Entierro_de_niño|A child's burial]] ===
  
−
==== [[Denominaciones40|Names]] ====
+
==== [[#Denominaciones40|Names]] ====
  
−
==== [[Vasconia_continental4|Northern Basque Country]] ====
+
==== [[#Vasconia_continental4|Northern Basque Country]] ====
  
−
==== [[Vasconia_peninsular1|Southern Basque Country]] ====
+
==== [[#Vasconia_peninsular1|Southern Basque Country]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Los_padrinos_en_el_entierro_de_niño|The godparents at a child's burial]] ====
 
==== [[#Los_padrinos_en_el_entierro_de_niño|The godparents at a child's burial]] ====
Línea 391: Línea 391:
 
=== [[#Entierro_de_joven|A youth's burial]] ===
 
=== [[#Entierro_de_joven|A youth's burial]] ===
  
−
=== [[Las_plañideras._Erostariak|The mourners]] ===
+
=== [[#Las_plañideras._Erostariak|The mourners]] ===
  
−
==== [[Documentacion_historica|Historical documentation]] ====
+
==== [[#Documentacion_historica|Historical documentation]] ====
  
−
==== [[Fuentes_etnograficas|Ethnographic sources]] ====
+
==== [[#Fuentes_etnograficas|Ethnographic sources]] ====
  
−
==== [[Lloros_y_lamentos|Crying and wailing]] ====
+
==== [[#Lloros_y_lamentos|Crying and wailing]] ====
 
 
 
 
  
Línea 406: Línea 406:
 
==== [[#La_capa._Kapa_handia|The cape]] ====
 
==== [[#La_capa._Kapa_handia|The cape]] ====
  
−
==== [[El_manton._Mantua|The shawl]] ====
+
==== [[#El_manton._Mantua|The shawl]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Indumentaria_tradicional_de_los_hombres|Traditional men's attire]] ===
 
=== [[#Indumentaria_tradicional_de_los_hombres|Traditional men's attire]] ===
Línea 412: Línea 412:
 
=== [[#Indumentaria_tradicional_de_las_mujeres|Traditional women's attire]] ===
 
=== [[#Indumentaria_tradicional_de_las_mujeres|Traditional women's attire]] ===
  
−
=== [[Indumentaria_de_los_parientes_y_vecinos|Attire of the relative and neighbours]] ===
+
=== [[#Indumentaria_de_los_parientes_y_vecinos|Attire of the relative and neighbours]] ===
  
−
=== [[El_vestir_de_los_componentes_del_duelo_hoy|Bereavement dress today]] ===
+
=== [[#El_vestir_de_los_componentes_del_duelo_hoy|Bereavement dress today]] ===
 
 
 
 
  
 
== XIII. [[PORTADORES_DE_OFRENDAS_EN_EL_CORTEJO/en|OFFERING BEARERS IN THE CORTEGE]] ==
 
== XIII. [[PORTADORES_DE_OFRENDAS_EN_EL_CORTEJO/en|OFFERING BEARERS IN THE CORTEGE]] ==
  
−
=== [[La_portadora_de_la_ofrenda._Denominaciones|The bearer of the offering. Names]] ===
+
=== [[#La_portadora_de_la_ofrenda._Denominaciones|The offering bearer. Names]] ===
  
−
==== [[La_ofrendera_de_pan._Aurrogia|The bread offering]] ====
+
==== [[#La_ofrendera_de_pan._Aurrogia|The bread offering-bearer]] ====
  
−
==== [[La_ofrendera_de_luces._Ezkoanderea|The light offering]] ====
+
==== [[#La_ofrendera_de_luces._Ezkoanderea|The light offering-bearer]] ====
  
−
=== [[Antiguas_ofrendas_de_animales_en_el_cortejo|Cortege animal offerings in the past]] ===
+
=== [[#Antiguas_ofrendas_de_animales_en_el_cortejo|Cortege animal offerings in the past]] ===
  
−
=== [[Ramos_y_coronas_de_flores_en_el_cortejo_funebre|Floral wreaths and flowers in the funeral cortege]] ===
+
=== [[#Ramos_y_coronas_de_flores_en_el_cortejo_funebre|Floral wreaths and flowers in the funeral cortege]] ===
  
−
==== [[Las_flores_a_principios_de_siglo|Flowers at the start of the century]] ====
+
==== [[#Las_flores_a_principios_de_siglo|Flowers at the start of the century]] ====
  
−
==== [[Flores_y_coronas_artificiales|Artificial wreaths and flowers]] ====
+
==== [[#Flores_y_coronas_artificiales|Artificial wreaths and flowers]] ====
  
−
==== [[Coronas_y_cruces_artesanales|Homemade crosses and wreaths]] ====
+
==== [[#Coronas_y_cruces_artesanales|Homemade crosses and wreaths]] ====
  
−
==== [[Generalizacion_de_ramos_y_coronas|Prevalence of flowers and wreaths]] ====
+
==== [[#Generalizacion_de_ramos_y_coronas|Prevalence of flowers and wreaths]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Significaciones_atribuidas|Attributed meanings]] ====
 
==== [[#Significaciones_atribuidas|Attributed meanings]] ====
Línea 442: Línea 442:
 
 
 
 
  
−
== XIV. [[EXEQUIAS._HILETAK/en|OBSEQUIES]] ==
+
<div style="margin-left:0cm;"></div>
 +
 
 +
== XIV. [[EXEQUIAS._HILETAK/en|OBSEQUIES. HILETAK]] ==
  
 
=== [[#El_cadaver_durante_las_exequias|The corpse during the obsequies]] ===
 
=== [[#El_cadaver_durante_las_exequias|The corpse during the obsequies]] ===
  
−
==== [[El_feretro_en_el_portico|The coffin in the gateway]] ====
+
==== [[#El_feretro_en_el_portico|The coffin in the gateway]] ====
  
−
==== [[Inhumacion_previa_al_funeral|Burial prior to the funeral service]] ====
+
==== [[#Inhumacion_previa_al_funeral|Burial prior to the funeral service]] ====
  
 
==== [[#El_catafalco_o_tumbano|The catafalque or burial mound]] ====
 
==== [[#El_catafalco_o_tumbano|The catafalque or burial mound]] ====
Línea 454: Línea 456:
 
==== [[#El_funeral_de_cuerpo_presente|The funeral with the body present]] ====
 
==== [[#El_funeral_de_cuerpo_presente|The funeral with the body present]] ====
  
−
=== [[Disposicion_del_duelo_familiar_en_la_iglesia|Arrangement of the family mourners in the church]] ===
+
=== [[#Disposicion_del_duelo_familiar_en_la_iglesia|Arrangement of the family mourners in the church]] ===
  
−
==== [[El_duelo_masculino._Luto-bankua|Male mourners]] ====
+
==== [[#El_duelo_masculino._Luto-bankua|Male mourners]] ====
  
 
==== [[#El_duelo_femenino._Jarlekua|Family mourners]] ====
 
==== [[#El_duelo_femenino._Jarlekua|Family mourners]] ====
Línea 464: Línea 466:
 
=== [[#La_misa_del_funeral._Hileta-meza|The funeral mass]] ===
 
=== [[#La_misa_del_funeral._Hileta-meza|The funeral mass]] ===
  
−
==== [[Denominaciones41|Names]] ====
+
==== [[#Denominaciones41|Names]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Clases_de_funerales|Types of funeral]] ====
 
==== [[#Clases_de_funerales|Types of funeral]] ====
  
−
==== [[Satiras_a_las_clases_de_funeral|Satires on the types of funeral]] ====
+
==== [[#Satiras_a_las_clases_de_funeral|Satires on the types of funeral]] ====
  
−
==== [[La_categoria_social_del_funeral|The social standing of the funeral]] ====
+
==== [[#La_categoria_social_del_funeral|The social standing of the funeral]] ====
  
−
==== [[Misa_de_entierro_y_misas_de_honras|Burial mass and Funeral rites]] ====
+
==== [[#Misa_de_entierro_y_misas_de_honras|Burial mass and Funeral rites]] ====
  
−
==== [[Misas_de_«a_tiempo»|«A tiempo» masses (concelebrated by different priests)]] ====
+
==== [[#Misas_de_«a_tiempo»|«A tiempo» masses (concelebrated by different priests)]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Funerales_de_parvulos._Aingeru-meza|Infant funerals]] ====
 
==== [[#Funerales_de_parvulos._Aingeru-meza|Infant funerals]] ====
Línea 485: Línea 487:
 
=== [[#Novenario._Bederatziurrena|Novena]] ===
 
=== [[#Novenario._Bederatziurrena|Novena]] ===
  
−
==== [[Denominaciones42|Names]] ====
+
==== [[#Denominaciones42|Names]] ====
  
−
==== [[El_novenario_en_los_años_veinte|The novena in the Twenties]] ====
+
==== [[#El_novenario_en_los_años_veinte|The novena in the twenties]] ====
  
−
==== [[Perduracion_y_transformacion_del_novenario|Persistence and transformation of the novena]] ====
+
==== [[#Perduracion_y_transformacion_del_novenario|Persistence and transformation of the novena]] ====
  
 
==== [[#El_novenario_en_el_Pais_Vasco_continental|The novena in the Northern Basque Country]] ====
 
==== [[#El_novenario_en_el_Pais_Vasco_continental|The novena in the Northern Basque Country]] ====
  
−
==== [[Rezo_del_rosario_durante_el_novenario|Reciting the rosary during the novena]] ====
+
==== [[#Rezo_del_rosario_durante_el_novenario|Reciting the rosary during the novena]] ====
  
−
=== [[Honras._Ondrak|Funeral rites]] ===
+
=== [[#Honras._Ondrak|Funeral rites]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Funcion_mensual_de_almas_y_Ogerrena|Month's Mind]] ===
 
=== [[#Funcion_mensual_de_almas_y_Ogerrena|Month's Mind]] ===
  
−
=== [[Misa_de_aniversario._Urteburuko_meza|Anniversary Mass]] ===
+
=== [[#Misa_de_aniversario._Urteburuko_meza|Anniversary mass]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Denominaciones43|Names]] ====
 
==== [[#Denominaciones43|Names]] ====
  
−
==== [[Pais_Vasco_peninsular|Southern Basque Country]] ====
+
==== [[#Pais_Vasco_peninsular|Southern Basque Country]] ====
  
−
==== [[Pais_Vasco_continental1|Northern Basque Country]] ====
+
==== [[#Pais_Vasco_continental1|Northern Basque Country]] ====
  
−
=== [[Ofrendas_de_misas._Meza-sariak|Mass offerings]] ===
+
=== [[#Ofrendas_de_misas._Meza-sariak|Mass offerings]] ===
  
−
==== [[Denominaciones44|Names]] ====
+
==== [[#Denominaciones44|Names]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Pais_Vasco_continental2|Northern Basque Country]] ====
 
==== [[#Pais_Vasco_continental2|Northern Basque Country]] ====
  
−
==== [[Pais_Vasco_peninsular1|Southern Basque Country]] ====
+
==== [[#Pais_Vasco_peninsular1|Southern Basque Country]] ====
  
−
==== [[Misas_gregorianas._San_Gregorioren_mezak|Gregorian masses]] ====
+
==== [[#Misas_gregorianas._San_Gregorioren_mezak|Gregorian masses]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Apendice_Gastos_de_entierro|Appendix: Burial costs]] ===
 
=== [[#Apendice_Gastos_de_entierro|Appendix: Burial costs]] ===
 
&emsp;
 
&emsp;
  
−
== XVI. [[LAS_SEPULTURAS_EN_LAS_IGLESIAS._JARLEKUAK._FUESAS/en|GRAVES IN CHURCHES. PITS]] ==
+
== XVI. [[LAS_SEPULTURAS_EN_LAS_IGLESIAS._JARLEKUAK._FUESAS/en|BURIAL SITES IN CHURCHES. JARLEKUAK. FUESAS]] ==
  
 
=== [[#Denominaciones45|Names]] ===
 
=== [[#Denominaciones45|Names]] ===
  
−
=== [[#Vigencia_de_las_sepulturas_simbolicas|Validity of the symbolic graves]] ===
+
=== [[#Vigencia_de_las_sepulturas_simbolicas|Validity of the symbolic burial sites]] ===
  
−
==== [[Sepultura_domestica|Household grave]] ====
+
==== [[#Sepultura_domestica|Household burial site]] ====
  
−
==== [[Sepultura_colectiva|Collective grave]] ====
+
==== [[#Sepultura_colectiva|Collective burial site]] ====
  
−
==== [[#Supresion_de_las_sepulturas|Abolition of the graves]] ====
+
==== [[#Supresion_de_las_sepulturas|Abolition of the burial sites]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Ajuar_de_la_sepultura|Burial goods]] ===
 
=== [[#Ajuar_de_la_sepultura|Burial goods]] ===
Línea 536: Línea 538:
 
==== [[#Paño_o_mantel._Zamaua|Cloth or tablecloth]] ====
 
==== [[#Paño_o_mantel._Zamaua|Cloth or tablecloth]] ====
  
−
==== [[Soportes_de_las_luces|Light holders]] ====
+
==== [[#Soportes_de_las_luces|Light holders]] ====
  
 
**Woodcutter
 
**Woodcutter
−
**''Grave''. Pit
+
**Grave. Pit
 
**''Argizaiola''
 
**''Argizaiola''
 
**Candlestick
 
**Candlestick
  
−
==== [[Ezkoa._Cerilla|Match]] ====
+
==== [[#Ezkoa._Cerilla|Beeswax]] ====
  
−
==== [[Adornos_de_las_velas|Candle decorations]] ====
+
==== [[#Adornos_de_las_velas|Candle decorations]] ====
  
−
==== [[#Elaboracion_artesanal_de_velas_y_cerillas|Making candles and matches by hand]] ====
+
==== [[#Elaboracion_artesanal_de_velas_y_cerillas|Making candles and strips of candles by hand]] ====
  
−
==== [[Cesto_de_ofrendas._Ezkozarea|Hamper of offerings]] ====
+
==== [[#Cesto_de_ofrendas._Ezkozarea|Hamper of offerings]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Reclinatorio._Kadira|Kneeler]] ====
 
==== [[#Reclinatorio._Kadira|Kneeler]] ====
  
−
==== [[Custodia_de_los_enseres|Custody of the belongings]] ====
+
==== [[#Custodia_de_los_enseres|Custody of the belongings]] ====
  
−
=== [[#Activacion_de_la_sepultura._Ezkoen_piztea|Activation of the grave]] ===
+
=== [[#Activacion_de_la_sepultura._Ezkoen_piztea|Activation of the burial site]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Primacia_de_la_dueña_de_la_casa|Primacy of the lady of the house]] ====
 
==== [[#Primacia_de_la_dueña_de_la_casa|Primacy of the lady of the house]] ====
Línea 563: Línea 565:
 
==== [[#Funciones_de_la_serora_el_dia_de_las_exequias|Duties of the sister on the day of the obsequies]] ====
 
==== [[#Funciones_de_la_serora_el_dia_de_las_exequias|Duties of the sister on the day of the obsequies]] ====
  
−
=== [[Toma_de_posesion_de_la_sepultura._Sepultura_hartzea|Taking possession of the grave]] ===
+
=== [[#Toma_de_posesion_de_la_sepultura._Sepultura_hartzea|Taking possession of the burial site]] ===
  
−
=== [[Duracion_del_duelo_en_la_sepultura._Ogi-hastea_eta_ogi-uztea|Length of the mourning at the grave]] ===
+
=== [[#Duracion_del_duelo_en_la_sepultura._Ogi-hastea_eta_ogi-uztea|Length of the mourning at the burial site]] ===
 
&emsp;
 
&emsp;
  
−
== XVII. [[OFRENDAS_Y_SUFRAGIOS_EN_LA_SEPULTURA._ARGIAK_OLATAK_HILOTOITZAK/en|OFFERINGS AND SUFFRAGES AT THE GRAVE]] ==
+
== XVII. [[OFRENDAS_Y_SUFRAGIOS_EN_LA_SEPULTURA._ARGIAK_OLATAK_HILOTOITZAK/en|OFFERINGS AND SUFFRAGES AT THE GRAVE. ARGIAK, OLATAK, HILOTOITZAK]] ==
  
 
=== [[#Ofrenda_de_luces._Argi_egitea/en|Light offering]] ===
 
=== [[#Ofrenda_de_luces._Argi_egitea/en|Light offering]] ===
  
−
==== [[Creencias|Beliefs]] ====
+
==== [[#Creencias|Beliefs]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Ofrenda_de_luces_en_las_exequias|Light offering at the obsequies]] ====
 
==== [[#Ofrenda_de_luces_en_las_exequias|Light offering at the obsequies]] ====
  
 
**Gipuzkoa
 
**Gipuzkoa
−
**Navarra
+
**Navarre
−
**Alava
+
**Álava
 
**Bizkaia
 
**Bizkaia
 
**Northern Basque Country
 
**Northern Basque Country
  
−
==== [[Ofrendas_de_luces_en_el_periodo_de_luto|Light offerings during the mourning period]] ====
+
==== [[#Ofrendas_de_luces_en_el_periodo_de_luto|Light offerings during the mourning period]] ====
  
 
**Gipuzkoa
 
**Gipuzkoa
−
**Navarra
+
**Navarre
−
**Alava
+
**Álava
 
**Bizkaia
 
**Bizkaia
 
**Northern Basque Country
 
**Northern Basque Country
  
−
=== [[Ofrenda_de_panes._Ofrenda-ogia|Bread offering]] ===
+
=== [[#Ofrenda_de_panes._Ofrenda-ogia|Bread offering]] ===
  
−
==== [[Extension_y_vigencia_de_la_ofrenda_de_pan|Extent and validity of the bread offering]] ====
+
==== [[#Extension_y_vigencia_de_la_ofrenda_de_pan|Extent and validity of the bread offering]] ====
  
−
==== [[Tipos_de_pan_numero_y_peso|Types of bread, number and weight]] ====
+
==== [[#Tipos_de_pan_numero_y_peso|Types of bread, number and weight]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Denominaciones46|Names]] ====
 
==== [[#Denominaciones46|Names]] ====
  
−
==== [[#Oferentes_y_recipendiarios|Offerings and recipients]] ====
+
==== [[#Oferentes_y_recipendiarios|Offerers and recipients]] ====
  
−
==== [[Rito_de_ofrenda_en_las_exequias|Offering ritual at the obsequies ]] ====
+
==== [[#Rito_de_ofrenda_en_las_exequias|Offering ritual at the obsequies ]] ====
  
−
==== [[Ofrenda_de_pan_en_el_novenario|Bread offering at the novena]] ====
+
==== [[#Ofrenda_de_pan_en_el_novenario|Bread offering at the novena]] ====
  
−
==== [[Ofrendas_durante_el_año_de_luto|Offerings during the year of mourning]] ====
+
==== [[#Ofrendas_durante_el_año_de_luto|Offerings during the year of mourning]] ====
  
−
==== [[Ofrendas_en_la_misa_de_aniversario|Offerings at the anniversary mass]] ====
+
==== [[#Ofrendas_en_la_misa_de_aniversario|Offerings at the anniversary mass]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Ofrendas_en_dias_señalados|Offerings on certain days]] ====
 
==== [[#Ofrendas_en_dias_señalados|Offerings on certain days]] ====
Línea 612: Línea 614:
 
==== [[#Reparto_del_pan_de_ofrenda|Distribution of the offering bread]] ====
 
==== [[#Reparto_del_pan_de_ofrenda|Distribution of the offering bread]] ====
  
−
=== [[Ofrendas_de_dinero_en_la_sepultura._Errespontsuak|Money offerings at the grave]] ===
+
=== [[#Ofrendas_de_dinero_en_la_sepultura._Errespontsuak|Money offerings at the grave]] ===
  
−
==== [[Denominaciones47|Names]] ====
+
==== [[#Denominaciones47|Names]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Los_responsos_del_dia_del_entierro|The responsories of the day of the burial]] ====
 
==== [[#Los_responsos_del_dia_del_entierro|The responsories of the day of the burial]] ====
Línea 625: Línea 627:
 
==== [[#Responsos_en_determinados_dias_del_año|Responsories on certain days of the year]] ====
 
==== [[#Responsos_en_determinados_dias_del_año|Responsories on certain days of the year]] ====
  
−
==== [[Evolucion_del_estipendio_de_los_responsos|Evolution of the stipend of the responsories]] ====
+
==== [[#Evolucion_del_estipendio_de_los_responsos|Evolution of the stipend of the responsories]] ====
  
−
=== [[Antiguas_ofrendas_de_animales|Animal offerings in the past]] ===
+
=== [[#Antiguas_ofrendas_de_animales|Animal offerings in the past]] ===
  
−
==== [[Fuentes_historicas|Historical sources]] ====
+
==== [[#Fuentes_historicas|Historical sources]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Fuentes_etnograficas1|Ethnographic sources]] ====
 
==== [[#Fuentes_etnograficas1|Ethnographic sources]] ====
Línea 638: Línea 640:
 
=== [[#La_asistencia_al_sepelio|Attending the burial act]] ===
 
=== [[#La_asistencia_al_sepelio|Attending the burial act]] ===
  
−
==== [[Asistentes_de_oficio|Ex officio attendees]] ====
+
==== [[#Asistentes_de_oficio|Ex officio attendees]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Ausencia_de_las_mujeres|Women not attending]] ====
 
==== [[#Ausencia_de_las_mujeres|Women not attending]] ====
Línea 644: Línea 646:
 
==== [[#Presencia_del_duelo_tras_el_sepelio|Bereavement after the burial]] ====
 
==== [[#Presencia_del_duelo_tras_el_sepelio|Bereavement after the burial]] ====
  
−
==== [[Cortejo_hasta_el_limes|Cortege to the ''limes'']] ====
+
==== [[#Cortejo_hasta_el_limes|Cortege to the ''limes'']] ====
  
−
==== [[Cortejo_directo_al_cementerio|Direct cortege to the cemetery]] ====
+
==== [[#Cortejo_directo_al_cementerio|Direct cortege to the cemetery]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Comitiva_numerosa|Large procession]] ====
 
==== [[#Comitiva_numerosa|Large procession]] ====
  
−
==== [[El_sepelio_hoy|The burial today]] ====
+
==== [[#El_sepelio_hoy|The burial today]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Ritos_en_el_cementerio|Rituals in the cemetery]] ===
 
=== [[#Ritos_en_el_cementerio|Rituals in the cemetery]] ===
  
−
==== [[Rescate_de_simbolos_religiosos|Retrieval of religious symbols]] ====
+
==== [[#Rescate_de_simbolos_religiosos|Retrieval of religious symbols]] ====
  
−
==== [[Arrojar_un_puñado_de_tierra|Throwing a handful of earth]] ====
+
==== [[#Arrojar_un_puñado_de_tierra|Throwing a handful of earth]] ====
  
−
=== [[La_inhumacion._Lurra_ematea|The Interment]] ===
+
=== [[#La_inhumacion._Lurra_ematea|The interment]] ===
  
−
=== [[Orientacion_de_la_tumba|Orientation of the tomb]] ===
+
=== [[#Orientacion_de_la_tumba|Orientation of the tomb]] ===
  
 
==== [[#En_la_iglesia_y_en_su_entorno|In the church and in its surroundings]] ====
 
==== [[#En_la_iglesia_y_en_su_entorno|In the church and in its surroundings]] ====
Línea 674: Línea 676:
 
== XIX. [[REGRESO_A_LA_CASA_MORTUORIA_Y_AGAPES_FUNERARIOS/en|RETURNING TO THE HOUSE OF THE DECEASED AND FUNERAL FEAST]] ==
 
== XIX. [[REGRESO_A_LA_CASA_MORTUORIA_Y_AGAPES_FUNERARIOS/en|RETURNING TO THE HOUSE OF THE DECEASED AND FUNERAL FEAST]] ==
  
−
=== [[Regreso_del_cortejo_a_la_casa_mortuoria|Return of the cortege to the house of the deceased]] ===
+
=== [[#Regreso_del_cortejo_a_la_casa_mortuoria|Return of the cortege to the house of the deceased]] ===
  
−
==== [[Vasconia_continental5|Northern Basque Country]] ====
+
==== [[#Vasconia_continental5|Northern Basque Country]] ====
  
−
==== [[Vasconia_peninsular2|Southern Basque Country]] ====
+
==== [[#Vasconia_peninsular2|Southern Basque Country]] ====
  
−
=== [[Agapes_y_refrigerios_a_los_asistentes|Feast and refreshments for the attendees]] ===
+
=== [[#Agapes_y_refrigerios_a_los_asistentes|Feast and refreshments for the attendees]] ===
  
−
==== [[La_«caridad»_en_Alava|The «goodwill» in Alava]] ====
+
==== [[#La_«caridad»_en_Alava|Goodwill in Álava]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Karidadea_en_Gipuzkoa|''Karidadea'' in Gipuzkoa]] ====
 
==== [[#Karidadea_en_Gipuzkoa|''Karidadea'' in Gipuzkoa]] ====
Línea 688: Línea 690:
 
==== [[#Otros_refrigerios|Other refreshments]] ====
 
==== [[#Otros_refrigerios|Other refreshments]] ====
  
−
=== [[Obsequios_a_los_participantes_en_las_exequias|Gifts to the participants in the obsequies]] ===
+
=== [[#Obsequios_a_los_participantes_en_las_exequias|Gifts to the participants in the obsequies]] ===
  
−
==== [[A_los_sacerdotes|To the priests]] ====
+
==== [[#A_los_sacerdotes|To the priests]] ====
  
 
==== [[#A_los_portadores_del_feretro|To the coffin bearers]] ====
 
==== [[#A_los_portadores_del_feretro|To the coffin bearers]] ====
Línea 696: Línea 698:
 
==== [[#A_los_niños|To children]] ====
 
==== [[#A_los_niños|To children]] ====
  
−
==== [[A_los_auroros|To the auroros choirs]] ====
+
==== [[#A_los_auroros|To the auroros choirs]] ====
  
−
==== [[Limosnas_a_los_pobres|Alms to the poor]] ====
+
==== [[#Limosnas_a_los_pobres|Alms to the poor]] ====
  
 
=== [[#La_comida_de_entierro._Entierro-bazkaria|The burial meal]] ===
 
=== [[#La_comida_de_entierro._Entierro-bazkaria|The burial meal]] ===
Línea 710: Línea 712:
 
**Preparing the room and the meal
 
**Preparing the room and the meal
  
−
==== [[Comensales|Diners]] ====
+
==== [[#Comensales|Diners]] ====
  
 
**Relatives
 
**Relatives
 
**Neighbours
 
**Neighbours
−
**Mezakoak
+
**''Mezakoak''
 
**Other guests
 
**Other guests
 
**Top table
 
**Top table
 
**Prayers
 
**Prayers
  
−
==== [[Composicion_de_la_comida|Composition of the  meal]] ====
+
==== [[#Composicion_de_la_comida|Composition of the  meal]] ====
  
−
==== [[La_comida_de_entierro_en_diversas_localidades|The burial meal at different places]] ====
+
==== [[#La_comida_de_entierro_en_diversas_localidades|The burial meal at different places]] ====
  
 
**Beskoitze (L)
 
**Beskoitze (L)
Línea 739: Línea 741:
 
==== [[#Comidas_de_honras_y_aniversarios|Anniversary and funeral rites meals]] ====
 
==== [[#Comidas_de_honras_y_aniversarios|Anniversary and funeral rites meals]] ====
  
−
==== [[Valoraciones_actuales|Current valuations]] ====
+
==== [[#Valoraciones_actuales|Current valuations]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Apendice_Antiguas_restricciones_legales_sobre_banquetes_funebres|Appendix: Some legal restrictions about funeral feasts]] ===
 
=== [[#Apendice_Antiguas_restricciones_legales_sobre_banquetes_funebres|Appendix: Some legal restrictions about funeral feasts]] ===
 
&emsp;
 
&emsp;
  
−
== XX. [[EL_LUTO._DOLUA/en|THE MOURNING]] ==
+
== XX. [[EL_LUTO._DOLUA/en|THE MOURNING. DOLUA]] ==
  
 
=== [[#Denominaciones49|Names]] ===
 
=== [[#Denominaciones49|Names]] ===
Línea 750: Línea 752:
 
=== [[#Duracion_del_luto|Duration of the mourning]] ===
 
=== [[#Duracion_del_luto|Duration of the mourning]] ===
  
−
=== [[Restricciones_durante_el_luto|Restrictions during the mourning period]] ===
+
=== [[#Restricciones_durante_el_luto|Restrictions during the mourning period]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Asistencia_a_bailes_y_fiestas|Attending dances and parties]] ====
 
==== [[#Asistencia_a_bailes_y_fiestas|Attending dances and parties]] ====
Línea 756: Línea 758:
 
==== [[#Presencia_en_bares_y_establecimientos_publicos|Presence in bars and public establishments]] ====
 
==== [[#Presencia_en_bares_y_establecimientos_publicos|Presence in bars and public establishments]] ====
  
−
==== [[Celebraciones_domesticas|Household celebrations]] ====
+
==== [[#Celebraciones_domesticas|Household celebrations]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Actividades_ruidosas|Noisy activities]] ====
 
==== [[#Actividades_ruidosas|Noisy activities]] ====
  
−
=== [[El_luto_en_la_indumentaria._Doluko_arropa|Mourning apparel]] ===
+
=== [[#El_luto_en_la_indumentaria._Doluko_arropa|Mourning apparel]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Luto_de_las_mujeres|Women's mourning apparel]] ====
 
==== [[#Luto_de_las_mujeres|Women's mourning apparel]] ====
Línea 781: Línea 783:
 
==== [[#Teñido_casero_de_prendas_para_el_luto|Home dying of garments for the mourning]] ====
 
==== [[#Teñido_casero_de_prendas_para_el_luto|Home dying of garments for the mourning]] ====
  
−
=== [[Marcas_de_duelo_en_el_exterior_de_la_casa|Signs of mourning on the outside of the house]] ===
+
=== [[#Marcas_de_duelo_en_el_exterior_de_la_casa|Signs of mourning on the outside of the house]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Colgaduras|Drapery]] ====
 
==== [[#Colgaduras|Drapery]] ====
  
−
==== [[Ocultacion_de_los_escudos|Concealing  the coats-of-arms]] ====
+
==== [[#Ocultacion_de_los_escudos|Concealing  the coats-of-arms]] ====
  
−
=== [[Extension_del_duelo_a_los_animales_domesticos|Extending the mourning to the domesticated animals]] ===
+
=== [[#Extension_del_duelo_a_los_animales_domesticos|Extending the mourning to the domesticated animals]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Otras_manifestaciones_de_luto|Other displays of mourning]] ===
 
=== [[#Otras_manifestaciones_de_luto|Other displays of mourning]] ===
Línea 796: Línea 798:
 
== XXI. [[CONMEMORACION_DE_LOS_DIFUNTOS/en|COMMEMORATION OF THE DEAD]] ==
 
== XXI. [[CONMEMORACION_DE_LOS_DIFUNTOS/en|COMMEMORATION OF THE DEAD]] ==
  
−
=== [[1_de_noviembre._Festividad_de_Todos_los_Santos._Domuru_Santu|1 November All Saints' Day]] ===
+
=== [[#1_de_noviembre._Festividad_de_Todos_los_Santos._Domuru_Santu|1 November All Saints' Day]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Ofrendas_en_la_iglesia|Offerings at the church]] ====
 
==== [[#Ofrendas_en_la_iglesia|Offerings at the church]] ====
Línea 809: Línea 811:
 
==== [[#Ofrendas_en_la_iglesia1|Offerings at the church]] ====
 
==== [[#Ofrendas_en_la_iglesia1|Offerings at the church]] ====
  
−
==== [[Visitas_al_cementerio|Visits to the cemetery]] ====
+
==== [[#Visitas_al_cementerio|Visits to the cemetery]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Novenario_por_las_Animas_del_Purgatorio|Novena for the Spirits  in Purgatory]] ====
 
==== [[#Novenario_por_las_Animas_del_Purgatorio|Novena for the Spirits  in Purgatory]] ====
Línea 817: Línea 819:
 
==== [[#Indulgencias_por_los_difuntos|Indulgences for the deceased]] ====
 
==== [[#Indulgencias_por_los_difuntos|Indulgences for the deceased]] ====
  
−
=== [[Conmemoraciones_de_difuntos_a_lo_largo_del_año|Commemoration of the dead during the year]] ===
+
=== [[#Conmemoraciones_de_difuntos_a_lo_largo_del_año|Commemoration of the dead during the year]] ===
  
−
=== [[Cuidado_de_las_tumbas|Caring for the graves]] ===
+
=== [[#Cuidado_de_las_tumbas|Caring for the graves]] ===
 
&emsp;
 
&emsp;
  
Línea 828: Línea 830:
 
=== [[#Cofradia_de_la_Vera_Cruz|Brotherhood of the True Cross]] ===
 
=== [[#Cofradia_de_la_Vera_Cruz|Brotherhood of the True Cross]] ===
  
−
=== [[Cofradia_del_Santo_Rosario|Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary]] ===
+
=== [[#Cofradia_del_Santo_Rosario|Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary]] ===
  
−
=== [[Cofradia_de_Animas|Brotherhood of the Spirits]] ===
+
=== [[#Cofradia_de_Animas|Brotherhood of the Spirits]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Cofradias_religiosas_bajo_otras_denominaciones_(San_Blas_San_Nicolas_Pescadores_y_Mareantes_Santiago_Apostol_San_Francisco_Javier_San_Roque_San_Sebastian_Santa_Ana_San_Jose_Santisimo_Sacramento_Santa_Fe_Antorchas_Ntra._Sra._de_las_Cuevas|Religious brotherhoods under other names (San Blas, San Nicolás, Fishermen and Seafarers Santiago Apóstol, San Francisco Javier, San Roque, San Sebastián, Santa Ana, San José, Blessed Sacrament, Santa Fe, Antorchas, Our Lady of the Grottoes)]] ===
 
=== [[#Cofradias_religiosas_bajo_otras_denominaciones_(San_Blas_San_Nicolas_Pescadores_y_Mareantes_Santiago_Apostol_San_Francisco_Javier_San_Roque_San_Sebastian_Santa_Ana_San_Jose_Santisimo_Sacramento_Santa_Fe_Antorchas_Ntra._Sra._de_las_Cuevas|Religious brotherhoods under other names (San Blas, San Nicolás, Fishermen and Seafarers Santiago Apóstol, San Francisco Javier, San Roque, San Sebastián, Santa Ana, San José, Blessed Sacrament, Santa Fe, Antorchas, Our Lady of the Grottoes)]] ===
Línea 840: Línea 842:
 
==== [[#Cofradia_de_San_Miguel_de_Alzusta_en_Zeanuri|Brotherhood of San Miguel de Alzusta in Zeanuri]] ====
 
==== [[#Cofradia_de_San_Miguel_de_Alzusta_en_Zeanuri|Brotherhood of San Miguel de Alzusta in Zeanuri]] ====
  
−
==== [[Cofradia_de_San_Adrian_de_Argiñeta_en_Elorrio|Brotherhood of San Adrián de Argiñeta in Elorrio]] ====
+
==== [[#Cofradia_de_San_Adrian_de_Argiñeta_en_Elorrio|Brotherhood of San Adrián de Argiñeta in Elorrio]] ====
  
−
=== [[Cofradia_de_la_Trinidad_de_Sanguesa_(Navarra)|Brotherhood of the Sangüesa Trinity (Navarra)]] ===
+
=== [[#Cofradia_de_la_Trinidad_de_Sanguesa_(Navarra)|Brotherhood of the Sangüesa Trinity (Navarre)]] ===
  
−
=== [[#Cofradia_de_los_Sacerdotes_de_Aramayona_(Alava)|Brotherhood of the Aramayona Priests (Alava)]] ===
+
=== [[#Cofradia_de_los_Sacerdotes_de_Aramayona_(Alava)|Brotherhood of the Aramayona Priests (Álava)]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Hermandades_y_Asociaciones_mutuas_de_caracter_funerario|Brotherhoods and Funeral Mutual Associations]] ===
 
=== [[#Hermandades_y_Asociaciones_mutuas_de_caracter_funerario|Brotherhoods and Funeral Mutual Associations]] ===
  
−
=== [[Apendice|Appendix]] ===
+
=== [[#Apendice|Appendix]] ===
  
−
==== [[Estatutos_de_la_Hermandad_de_la_Santa_Vera_Cruz_del_lugar_de_Villanueva_de_Valdegovia|Charter of the Brotherhood of the Holy True Cross of the village of Villanueva de Valdegovía]] ====
+
==== [[#Estatutos_de_la_Hermandad_de_la_Santa_Vera_Cruz_del_lugar_de_Villanueva_de_Valdegovia|Charter of the Brotherhood of the Holy True Cross of the village of Villanueva de Valdegovía]] ====
  
−
==== [[Libro_de_la_Cofradia_del_Sto._Rosario_de_este_pueblo_de_S._Roman|Book of the Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary of this town of S. Román]] ====
+
==== [[#Libro_de_la_Cofradia_del_Sto._Rosario_de_este_pueblo_de_S._Roman|Book of the Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary of this town of San Román]] ====
  
−
==== [[Regla_y_Estatutos_de_la_Cofradia_de_Animas._Llodio|Rules and Charter of the Brotherhood of Spirits. Llodio]] ====
+
==== [[#Regla_y_Estatutos_de_la_Cofradia_de_Animas._Llodio|Rules and Charter of the Brotherhood of Spirits. Llodio]] ====
  
−
==== [[Statuts_ou_Reglements_des_Confreres_de_la_Confrerie_de_Saint-Blaise_du_quartier_d_Amots_en_la_Paroisse_de_St-Pe_du_14_fevrier_1779|Statuts ou Règlements des Confrères de la Confrérie de Saint-Blaise du quartier d'Amots, en la Paroisse de St-Pé, du 14 fevrier 1779]] ====
+
==== [[#Statuts_ou_Reglements_des_Confreres_de_la_Confrerie_de_Saint-Blaise_du_quartier_d_Amots_en_la_Paroisse_de_St-Pe_du_14_fevrier_1779|Statuts ou Règlements des Confrères de la Confrérie de Saint-Blaise du quartier d'Amots, en la Paroisse de St-Pé, du 14 fevrier 1779]] ====
  
−
==== [[#Reglamento_reformado_de_la_Cofradia_de_la_Natividad_de_Nuestra_Señora_de_los_Reverendos_Sacerdotes_del_Valle_de_Aramayona_Provincia_de_Alava_Diocesis_de_Vitoria|Reformed Rules of the Brotherhood of the Nativity of Our Lady of the Reverend Priests of Aramayona Valley, Province of Alava, Diocese of Vitoria]] ====
+
==== [[#Reglamento_reformado_de_la_Cofradia_de_la_Natividad_de_Nuestra_Señora_de_los_Reverendos_Sacerdotes_del_Valle_de_Aramayona_Provincia_de_Alava_Diocesis_de_Vitoria|Reformed Rules of the Brotherhood of the Nativity of Our Lady of the Reverend Priests of Aramayona Valley, Province of Álava, Diocese of Vitoria]] ====
  
−
==== [[Hermandad_de_Difuntos_«Bakartasuna»_(La_Soledad)._Zeanuri|«Bakartasuna» Brotherhood of the Dead (Solitude). Zeanuri]] ====
+
==== [[#Hermandad_de_Difuntos_«Bakartasuna»_(La_Soledad)._Zeanuri|Bakartasuna Brotherhood of the Dead. Zeanuri]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Reglamento_de_la_Hermandad_de_la_VeraCruz_fundada_el_año_de_1882_en_Alonsotegui|Rules of the Brotherhood of the True Cross, founded in Alonsótegui in 1882]] ====
 
==== [[#Reglamento_de_la_Hermandad_de_la_VeraCruz_fundada_el_año_de_1882_en_Alonsotegui|Rules of the Brotherhood of the True Cross, founded in Alonsótegui in 1882]] ====
Línea 871: Línea 873:
 
=== [[#La_inhumacion_junto_a_la_iglesia|Internment next to the church]] ===
 
=== [[#La_inhumacion_junto_a_la_iglesia|Internment next to the church]] ===
  
−
=== [[La_inhumacion_en_el_interior_de_la_iglesia|Internment inside the church]] ===
+
=== [[#La_inhumacion_en_el_interior_de_la_iglesia|Internment inside the church]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Prohibiciones_legales_de_sepultar_en_iglesias|Legal restrictions regarding burial in churches]] ===
 
=== [[#Prohibiciones_legales_de_sepultar_en_iglesias|Legal restrictions regarding burial in churches]] ===
Línea 877: Línea 879:
 
=== [[#El_cementerio._Hilerria|The cemetery]] ===
 
=== [[#El_cementerio._Hilerria|The cemetery]] ===
  
−
==== [[Denominaciones50|Names]] ====
+
==== [[#Denominaciones50|Names]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Ubicacion_del_cementerio|Location of the cemetery]] ====
 
==== [[#Ubicacion_del_cementerio|Location of the cemetery]] ====
Línea 885: Línea 887:
 
**Cemeteries in the outskirts
 
**Cemeteries in the outskirts
  
−
==== [[Distribucion_del_espacio_del_cementerio|Distribution of the cemetery area]] ====
+
==== [[#Distribucion_del_espacio_del_cementerio|Distribution of the cemetery area]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Derecho_de_inhumacion_en_la_sepultura|Right of internment in the grave]] ====
 
==== [[#Derecho_de_inhumacion_en_la_sepultura|Right of internment in the grave]] ====
  
−
==== [[Modos_de_enterramiento|Burial methods]] ====
+
==== [[#Modos_de_enterramiento|Burial methods]] ====
  
 
**The burial mound
 
**The burial mound
Línea 896: Línea 898:
 
**The crypt
 
**The crypt
  
−
==== [[Cabecera_de_la_tumba|Headstone]] ====
+
==== [[#Cabecera_de_la_tumba|Headstone]] ====
  
 
**Crosses
 
**Crosses
Línea 909: Línea 911:
 
&emsp;
 
&emsp;
  
−
== XXIV. [[APARECIDOS_Y_ANIMAS_ERRANTES._ARIMA_HERRATUAK/en|GHOSTS AND WANDERING SPIRITS]] ==
+
== XXIV. [[APARECIDOS_Y_ANIMAS_ERRANTES._ARIMA_HERRATUAK/en|APPARITIONS AND WANDERING SPIRITS. ARIMA HERRATUAK]] ==
  
−
=== [[#Creencias_sobre_aparecidos|Beliefs about ghosts]] ===
+
=== [[#Creencias_sobre_aparecidos|Beliefs about apparitions]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Modos_de_aparicion_de_las_animas|Types of spirit apparitions]] ===
 
=== [[#Modos_de_aparicion_de_las_animas|Types of spirit apparitions]] ===
Línea 917: Línea 919:
 
==== [[#Sonidos_y_ruidos_extraños._Herotsegileak|Sounds and strong noises]] ====
 
==== [[#Sonidos_y_ruidos_extraños._Herotsegileak|Sounds and strong noises]] ====
  
−
==== [[Luces_y_resplandores._Argi-egileak|Lights and glows]] ====
+
==== [[#Luces_y_resplandores._Argi-egileak|Lights and glows]] ====
  
−
==== [[Sombras._Gerixetiak|Shadows]] ====
+
==== [[#Sombras._Gerixetiak|Shadows]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Olores._Arimen_usaina|Smells]] ====
 
==== [[#Olores._Arimen_usaina|Smells]] ====
  
−
==== [[Forma_corporea|Bodily form]] ====
+
==== [[#Forma_corporea|Bodily form]] ====
  
−
==== [[Otras_formas_de_aparicion|Other types of apparition]] ====
+
==== [[#Otras_formas_de_aparicion|Other types of apparition]] ====
  
−
=== [[Tiempos_de_aparicion|Apparition times]] ===
+
=== [[#Tiempos_de_aparicion|Apparition times]] ===
  
−
=== [[Escenarios_de_aparicion|Apparition scenarios]] ===
+
=== [[#Escenarios_de_aparicion|Apparition scenarios]] ===
  
−
==== [[La_casa_y_el_fuego_del_hogar|The house and outside the home]] ====
+
==== [[#La_casa_y_el_fuego_del_hogar|The house and outside the home]] ====
  
−
==== [[Caminos_y_encrucijadas|Paths and crossroads]] ====
+
==== [[#Caminos_y_encrucijadas|Paths and crossroads]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Moradas_de_animas|Spirit abodes]] ====
 
==== [[#Moradas_de_animas|Spirit abodes]] ====
  
−
=== [[Testigos_de_las_apariciones|Witnesses of the apparitions]] ===
+
=== [[#Testigos_de_las_apariciones|Witnesses of the apparitions]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Comportamientos_ante_apariciones|Reaction to the apparitions]] ===
 
=== [[#Comportamientos_ante_apariciones|Reaction to the apparitions]] ===
  
−
==== [[Prevenciones|Preventions]] ====
+
==== [[#Prevenciones|Preventions]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Normas_y_formulas_dialogadas._Zer_arrangura_duk?|Dialogues and rules]] ====
 
==== [[#Normas_y_formulas_dialogadas._Zer_arrangura_duk?|Dialogues and rules]] ====
  
−
==== [[Cautelas_y_acreditaciones._Atzamarren_erreunea|Precautions and accreditations]] ====
+
==== [[#Cautelas_y_acreditaciones._Atzamarren_erreunea|Precautions and accreditations]] ====
  
−
==== [[Modos_de_ahuyentar|Ways of driving them away]] ====
+
==== [[#Modos_de_ahuyentar|Ways of driving them away]] ====
  
−
==== [[Peticiones_de_las_animas|Petitions to the spirits]] ====
+
==== [[#Peticiones_de_las_animas|Petitions to the spirits]] ====
  
 
**Masses
 
**Masses
Línea 958: Línea 960:
 
=== [[#Presentimientos_y_temores_a_apariciones|Premonitions and fear of apparitions]] ===
 
=== [[#Presentimientos_y_temores_a_apariciones|Premonitions and fear of apparitions]] ===
  
−
==== [[Prohibicion_de_dar_vueltas_al_cementerio|Ban on going round and round the cemetery]] ====
+
==== [[#Prohibicion_de_dar_vueltas_al_cementerio|Ban on going round and round the cemetery]] ====
  
−
==== [[Miedo_a_lugares_de_enterramiento|Fear of burial places]] ====
+
==== [[#Miedo_a_lugares_de_enterramiento|Fear of burial places]] ====
  
−
=== [[Practicas_asociadas_a_las_creencias_en_las_animas|Practices associated with beliefs in spirits]] ===
+
=== [[#Practicas_asociadas_a_las_creencias_en_las_animas|Practices associated with beliefs in spirits]] ===
  
−
=== [[Narraciones_de_aparecidos_tradicionalizadas|Traditionalised ghost stories]] ===
+
=== [[#Narraciones_de_aparecidos_tradicionalizadas|Traditionalised ghost stories]] ===
  
−
==== [[El_cura-cazador_errante._Abade-txakurrak|The travelling ghost hunger-priest]] ====
+
==== [[#El_cura-cazador_errante._Abade-txakurrak|The travelling ghost hunter-priest]] ====
  
 
==== [[#El_cura_a_falta_de_una_misa._Gauerdiko_meza|The priest one mass away]] ====
 
==== [[#El_cura_a_falta_de_una_misa._Gauerdiko_meza|The priest one mass away]] ====
  
−
==== [[Sirvienta_por_deudora._Zorrak_pagatu_arte_neskato|Debtor servant girl]] ====
+
==== [[#Sirvienta_por_deudora._Zorrak_pagatu_arte_neskato|Debtor servant girl]] ====
  
−
=== [[Apendice_Relatos_de_aparecidos|Appendix: Ghost stories]] ===
+
=== [[#Apendice_Relatos_de_aparecidos|Appendix: Ghost stories]] ===
  
−
==== [[Herotsegilea._Anima_tonante|Thundering spirit]] ====
+
==== [[#Herotsegilea._Anima_tonante|Thundering spirit]] ====
  
−
==== [[Argi-egilea._Anima_luminosa|Shining spirit]] ====
+
==== [[#Argi-egilea._Anima_luminosa|Shining spirit]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Atzamarren_erreunea._Huella_de_fuego|Fire footprint]] ====
 
==== [[#Atzamarren_erreunea._Huella_de_fuego|Fire footprint]] ====
  
−
==== [[Txarri-elia._La_piara_de_cerdos|The swine herd]] ====
+
==== [[#Txarri-elia._La_piara_de_cerdos|The swine herd]] ====
  
−
==== [[Zazpi_estatuz_ez_ondoratu._Alejarse_siete_estadios|Moving away in seven stages]] ====
+
==== [[#Zazpi_estatuz_ez_ondoratu._Alejarse_siete_estadios|Moving away in seven stages]] ====
  
−
==== [[#Mallabiko_abadea._El_cura-cazador_errante|The travelling ghost hunger-priest]] ====
+
==== [[#Mallabiko_abadea._El_cura-cazador_errante|The travelling ghost hunter-priest]] ====
  
−
==== [[Gauerdiko_meza._El_cura_a_falta_de_una_misa|The priest one mass away]] ====
+
==== [[#Gauerdiko_meza._El_cura_a_falta_de_una_misa|The priest one mass away]] ====
  
−
==== [[Zorrak_pagatu_arte_neskato._Sirvienta_por_deudora|Debtor servant girl]] ====
+
==== [[#Zorrak_pagatu_arte_neskato._Sirvienta_por_deudora|Debtor servant girl]] ====
  
−
==== [[#Arima_herratua_(ame_errante)_qui_ecrit_sur_un_papier_un|''Arima herratua'' (âme errante) qui écrit sur un papier nu]] ====
+
==== [[#Arima_herratua_(ame_errante)_qui_ecrit_sur_un_papier_nu|''Arima herratua'' (âme errante) qui écrit sur un papier nu]] ====
  
−
==== [[Arima_korotik_gora_joan._Aparicion_en_iglesia|Apparition in church]] ====
+
==== [[#Arima_korotik_gora_joan._Aparicion_en_iglesia|Apparition in church]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Kuadrilea_kantaren-kantaren._Grupo_de_animas_junto_al_cementerio|Group of spirits next to the cemetery]] ====
 
==== [[#Kuadrilea_kantaren-kantaren._Grupo_de_animas_junto_al_cementerio|Group of spirits next to the cemetery]] ====
  
−
==== [[Gaitzerua_eta_ezkoa._La_candela_bajo_el_celemin|The lamp under the bushel]] ====
+
==== [[#Gaitzerua_eta_ezkoa._La_candela_bajo_el_celemin|The lamp under the bushel]] ====
 
&emsp;
 
&emsp;
  
−
== XXV. [[LES_RITES_FUNERAIRES_EN_PAYS_BASQUE_NORD_OU_IPARRALDE_(SINTHESE)/en|LES RITES FUNERAIRES EN PAYS BASQUE NORD OU IPARRALDE (SINTHESE)]] ==
+
== XXV. [[LOS_RITOS_FUNERARIOS_EN_IPARRALDE/en|FUNERAL RITES IN THE NORTHERN BASQUE COUNTRY]] ==
  
 
{{#bookTitle:Funeral Rites in the Basque Country | Ritos_funerarios_en_vasconia/en}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Table of contents}}
 
{{#bookTitle:Funeral Rites in the Basque Country | Ritos_funerarios_en_vasconia/en}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Table of contents}}

Revisión actual del 13:15 18 feb 2020

Otros idiomas:
Inglés • ‎Español • ‎Euskera • ‎Francés

Contenido de esta página

I. OMENS OF DEATH

Animal-related omens

Dog howling

Rooster crowing

Behaviour of livestock and cats

Screeching or presence of night birds

Presence of crows and other birds

Presence of insects

Omens related with facts and events

Bells tolling

Paying, measuring or weighing just enough

Noises and other coincidences

Omens resulting from the act of dying

 

II. DEATH THROES AND DEATH

Death throes

Names

Physical signs of death throes

Death knells

Caring for the person in their dying moments

    • Care and attention
    • Visiting the dying person
    • Watching over the person in their dying moments
    • Contemporary changes

Prayers during the death throes

Other religious practices

Causes for the death throes dragging on

    • Feuds and grievances
    • Possessed by spirits

Remedies to stop the death throes dragging on

    • Mass for the dying
    • Light offering and fasts
    • Facilitating the exiting of the soul

Death

Names

Physical causes of death

Extraordinary causes of death

    • Spells
    • Evil eye
    • Death spirits

Replacing death

 

III. VIATICUM AND ANOINTING

Christian rites of the passage from life to death

Names

Receiving the Last Rites

Notifying the priest and doctor

Preparing the room of the sick person

    • Home altar
    • Decorating the house

Viaticum

    • Viaticum in the Northern Basque Country
    • Viaticum in Navarre
    • Viaticum in Gipuzkoa
    • Viaticum in Bizkaia
    • Viaticum in Álava

Anointing

Appendix 1: Last Rites in Mendive (BN)

Appendix 2: Administration of Viaticum and Anointing according to the old Roman Ritual

 

IV. BELIEFS ABOUT THE SOUL’S DESTINY

Separation of the soul and body

Signs of salvation or damnation

Countenance of the corpse

Signs of nature

Problems when removing the coffin from the house

Incorrupt bodies

Practices to ensure salvation

 

V. HOUSEHOLD MOURNING AND HELP FROM NEIGHBOURS

Signs of mourning of the bereaved household

Covering mirrors

Concealing other belongings

Covering walls

Closing windows

Signs of mourning outside the house

Role of neighbours during the mourning period

The neighbourhood and neighbours with regard to the bereaved household

    • Organisation of the neighbourhood hierarchy
    • The first or nearest neighbour
    • Reconciliation and friendship between neighbours

Help provided by neighbours

    • Household chores and tasks
    • Primacy of family support
    • Customarily established help

The parish cross in the bereaved household

Appendix: Role of neighbours during funeral rites in Ossès/Ortzaize (BN)

 

VI. NOTIFYING THE DEATH

Notifications

Recipients of the notification

Death announcers

    • Relatives and neighbours
    • First neighbours
    • Youths
    • Female announcers
    • Messengers and auroros choirs

Contemporary transitions

Bell-ringing

Names

Time of the death knell

Person in charge of ringing the bells

Language of the tolling of the bells

    • Religious status and sex differences
    • Death knell for children
    • Social categories

Validity of the death knells

Death knells in chapels

Burial bell tolls

Death notices

Newspaper death notices

Street death notices

Antiquity of the death notices

Radio death notices

Memorials

Telling domesticated animals of the death

Telling the bees

    • Survival of the beehive
    • Producing more wax
    • Requesting wax and avoiding the death of the bees
    • Death of the owner
    • New owner
    • Signs of mourning

Telling the barn animals

 

VII. SHROUD

Death and act of closing the eyelids

Washing and shrouding

Ways of washing the corpse

Cleansing the corpse

Arranging the hands and feet

Salt on the corpse

The shroud and its types

    • Cloth shroud
    • Religious habits
    • Festive garments

Objects that accompany the corpse

Pious symbols

Death indulgences

Secular objects

Burning herbs

 

VIII. THE WAKE. GAUBELA

The wake

Daytime vigil

Reciting the rosary at dusk

Night-time vigil

    • Names
    • The wake in the Northern Basque Country
    • The wake in the Southern Basque Country
    • Looking after the lamp
    • Meals during the wake

Validity of the wake

The room with the deceased

Cross

Light

Holy water

Laying out the corpse

The corpse on the death bed

The corpse in the main room

In the death chamber

The coffin. Hilkutxa

Names

Making the coffin

Classes and types of coffins

Duties of the carpenter

Trolleys and stretchers

Burning the pallet

 

IX. CORPSE WAYS. HILBIDEAK

Names

Corpse ways in localities with a scattered population

Southern Basque Country

Northern Basque Country

Corpse ways in charter towns with a rural population

Corpse ways in localities with a concentrated population

The paths of the parish cross and the Viaticum

Upkeep of the corpse ways

Legal significance of the corpse ways

 

X. TAKING THE CORPSE TO CHURCH

The bearers

Names

Neighbours as bearers

    • Northern Basque Country
    • Southern Basque Country

Youth bearers in Álava

Relatives and neighbours as bearers

Friends and relatives as bearers

Bearers nominated by the dying person

Orientation of the corpse

Developments in the ways to transport the corpse

Taking turns in bearing the corpse

Removal of the corpse

Southern Basque Country

Northern Basque Country

Hospitality house

Mother house or of the patron saint

 

XI. THE FUNERAL CORTEGE

Composition of the funeral cortege

Names

Head of the procession

The funeral cortege in Álava

The funeral cortege in Bizkaia

The funeral cortege in Gipuzkoa

The funeral cortege in Navarre

The funeral cortege in the Northern Basque Country

Brotherhoods and Associations in the cortege

Prayers and songs during the bearing of the corpse

Stops of the funeral cortege

The funeral cortege today

A child's burial

Names

Northern Basque Country

Southern Basque Country

The godparents at a child's burial

A youth's burial

The mourners

Historical documentation

Ethnographic sources

Crying and wailing

 

XII. ATTIRE IN THE FUNERAL CORTEGE

Old mourning attire

The cape

The shawl

Traditional men's attire

Traditional women's attire

Attire of the relative and neighbours

Bereavement dress today

 

XIII. OFFERING BEARERS IN THE CORTEGE

The offering bearer. Names

The bread offering-bearer

The light offering-bearer

Cortege animal offerings in the past

Floral wreaths and flowers in the funeral cortege

Flowers at the start of the century

Artificial wreaths and flowers

Homemade crosses and wreaths

Prevalence of flowers and wreaths

Attributed meanings

Position in the cortege

 

XIV. OBSEQUIES. HILETAK

The corpse during the obsequies

The coffin in the gateway

Burial prior to the funeral service

The catafalque or burial mound

The funeral with the body present

Arrangement of the family mourners in the church

Male mourners

Family mourners

Family mourners today

The funeral mass

Names

Types of funeral

Satires on the types of funeral

The social standing of the funeral

Burial mass and Funeral rites

«A tiempo» masses (concelebrated by different priests)

Infant funerals

Appendix: Obsequies according to the Roman Ritual

 

XV. OBSEQUIAL DAYS

Novena

Names

The novena in the twenties

Persistence and transformation of the novena

The novena in the Northern Basque Country

Reciting the rosary during the novena

Funeral rites

Month's Mind

Anniversary mass

Names

Southern Basque Country

Northern Basque Country

Mass offerings

Names

Northern Basque Country

Southern Basque Country

Gregorian masses

Appendix: Burial costs

 

XVI. BURIAL SITES IN CHURCHES. JARLEKUAK. FUESAS

Names

Validity of the symbolic burial sites

Household burial site

Collective burial site

Abolition of the burial sites

Burial goods

Cloth or tablecloth

Light holders

    • Woodcutter
    • Grave. Pit
    • Argizaiola
    • Candlestick

Beeswax

Candle decorations

Making candles and strips of candles by hand

Hamper of offerings

Kneeler

Custody of the belongings

Activation of the burial site

Primacy of the lady of the house

Sister's involvement

Duties of the sister on the day of the obsequies

Taking possession of the burial site

Length of the mourning at the burial site

 

XVII. OFFERINGS AND SUFFRAGES AT THE GRAVE. ARGIAK, OLATAK, HILOTOITZAK

Light offering

Beliefs

Light offering at the obsequies

    • Gipuzkoa
    • Navarre
    • Álava
    • Bizkaia
    • Northern Basque Country

Light offerings during the mourning period

    • Gipuzkoa
    • Navarre
    • Álava
    • Bizkaia
    • Northern Basque Country

Bread offering

Extent and validity of the bread offering

Types of bread, number and weight

Names

Offerers and recipients

Offering ritual at the obsequies

Bread offering at the novena

Offerings during the year of mourning

Offerings at the anniversary mass

Offerings on certain days

Distribution of the offering bread

Money offerings at the grave

Names

The responsories of the day of the burial

Responsories during the period of mourning

    • On feast days
    • Ordinary days

Responsories on certain days of the year

Evolution of the stipend of the responsories

Animal offerings in the past

Historical sources

Ethnographic sources

 

XVIII. ACT OF BURIAL

Attending the burial act

Ex officio attendees

Women not attending

Bereavement after the burial

Cortege to the limes

Direct cortege to the cemetery

Large procession

The burial today

Rituals in the cemetery

Retrieval of religious symbols

Throwing a handful of earth

The interment

Orientation of the tomb

In the church and in its surroundings

In the cemetery

    • Orientation with respect to the Sun
    • Orientation with respect to the church
    • Orientation with respect to the floor plan of the cemetery
    • Random distribution

 

XIX. RETURNING TO THE HOUSE OF THE DECEASED AND FUNERAL FEAST

Return of the cortege to the house of the deceased

Northern Basque Country

Southern Basque Country

Feast and refreshments for the attendees

Goodwill in Álava

Karidadea in Gipuzkoa

Other refreshments

Gifts to the participants in the obsequies

To the priests

To the coffin bearers

To children

To the auroros choirs

Alms to the poor

The burial meal

Names

Place of the meal

    • At the house of the deceased
    • In inns and taverns
    • Preparing the room and the meal

Diners

    • Relatives
    • Neighbours
    • Mezakoak
    • Other guests
    • Top table
    • Prayers

Composition of the meal

The burial meal at different places

    • Beskoitze (L)
    • Izpura (BN)
    • Ezpeize-Ündüreiñe (Z)
    • Basabüria (Haute Soule)
    • Aria (N)
    • Allo (N)
    • Mezkiriz (N)
    • Berastegi (G)
    • Elosua (G)
    • Abadiano (B)
    • Zeanuri (B)
    • Ribera Alta (A)
    • Salvatierra (A)

Anniversary and funeral rites meals

Current valuations

Appendix: Some legal restrictions about funeral feasts

 

XX. THE MOURNING. DOLUA

Names

Duration of the mourning

Restrictions during the mourning period

Attending dances and parties

Presence in bars and public establishments

Household celebrations

Noisy activities

Mourning apparel

Women's mourning apparel

    • Mourning veil
    • Mantalina
    • Shawl
    • Mantaleta
    • Kaputxina

Men's mourning apparel

    • Kapa
    • Kapa ttipia and taulerra

Children's mourning apparel

Less rigorous mourning

Home dying of garments for the mourning

Signs of mourning on the outside of the house

Drapery

Concealing the coats-of-arms

Extending the mourning to the domesticated animals

Other displays of mourning

Changes to the mourning

 

XXI. COMMEMORATION OF THE DEAD

1 November All Saints' Day

Offerings at the church

Visiting the cemetery

    • Southern Basque Country
    • Northern Basque Country

2 November Commemoration of the Faithful Departed or All Souls' Day

Offerings at the church

Visits to the cemetery

Novena for the Spirits in Purgatory

Distribution of the offerings to children

Indulgences for the deceased

Commemoration of the dead during the year

Caring for the graves

 

XXII. ASSOCIATIONS AROUND DEATH

General characteristics of the religious brotherhoods

Brotherhood of the True Cross

Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary

Brotherhood of the Spirits

Religious brotherhoods under other names (San Blas, San Nicolás, Fishermen and Seafarers Santiago Apóstol, San Francisco Javier, San Roque, San Sebastián, Santa Ana, San José, Blessed Sacrament, Santa Fe, Antorchas, Our Lady of the Grottoes)

Brotherhoods linked to shrines

Neighbourhood brotherhoods in Bizkaia

Brotherhood of San Miguel de Alzusta in Zeanuri

Brotherhood of San Adrián de Argiñeta in Elorrio

Brotherhood of the Sangüesa Trinity (Navarre)

Brotherhood of the Aramayona Priests (Álava)

Brotherhoods and Funeral Mutual Associations

Appendix

Charter of the Brotherhood of the Holy True Cross of the village of Villanueva de Valdegovía

Book of the Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary of this town of San Román

Rules and Charter of the Brotherhood of Spirits. Llodio

Statuts ou Règlements des Confrères de la Confrérie de Saint-Blaise du quartier d'Amots, en la Paroisse de St-Pé, du 14 fevrier 1779

Reformed Rules of the Brotherhood of the Nativity of Our Lady of the Reverend Priests of Aramayona Valley, Province of Álava, Diocese of Vitoria

Bakartasuna Brotherhood of the Dead. Zeanuri

Rules of the Brotherhood of the True Cross, founded in Alonsótegui in 1882

 

XXIII. BURIAL PLACES AND METHODS

Internment on the homestead

Internment next to the church

Internment inside the church

Legal restrictions regarding burial in churches

The cemetery

Names

Location of the cemetery

    • Next to the place of worship
    • Cemeteries around chapels
    • Cemeteries in the outskirts

Distribution of the cemetery area

Right of internment in the grave

Burial methods

    • The burial mound
    • Grave in the ground with flagstone
    • The pantheon
    • The crypt

Headstone

    • Crosses
    • Stelae

Unconsecrated ground

    • Limbo
    • Area for people who have committed suicide and non-believers
    • Specific cases
    • Civil burials

 

XXIV. APPARITIONS AND WANDERING SPIRITS. ARIMA HERRATUAK

Beliefs about apparitions

Types of spirit apparitions

Sounds and strong noises

Lights and glows

Shadows

Smells

Bodily form

Other types of apparition

Apparition times

Apparition scenarios

The house and outside the home

Paths and crossroads

Spirit abodes

Witnesses of the apparitions

Reaction to the apparitions

Preventions

Dialogues and rules

Precautions and accreditations

Ways of driving them away

Petitions to the spirits

    • Masses
    • Prayers
    • Settling debts
    • Fulfilling promises

Premonitions and fear of apparitions

Ban on going round and round the cemetery

Fear of burial places

Practices associated with beliefs in spirits

Traditionalised ghost stories

The travelling ghost hunter-priest

The priest one mass away

Debtor servant girl

Appendix: Ghost stories

Thundering spirit

Shining spirit

Fire footprint

The swine herd

Moving away in seven stages

The travelling ghost hunter-priest

The priest one mass away

Debtor servant girl

Arima herratua (âme errante) qui écrit sur un papier nu

Apparition in church

Group of spirits next to the cemetery

The lamp under the bushel

 

XXV. FUNERAL RITES IN THE NORTHERN BASQUE COUNTRY

Obtenido de «https://atlasetnografico.labayru.eus/index.php?title=Indice_Ritos_funerarios_en_vasconia/en&oldid=153171»