Diferencia entre revisiones de «Indice Casa y familia en vasconia/en»
De Atlas Etnográfico de Vasconia
(Página creada con «*Signs of mourning and its length») |
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(No se muestran 841 ediciones intermedias del mismo usuario) | |||
Línea 1: | Línea 1: | ||
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<languages></languages> | <languages></languages> | ||
− | = | + | = HOUSE AND TERRITORY = |
− | == I. [[EL_POBLAMIENTO_EN_VASCONIA| | + | == I. [[EL_POBLAMIENTO_EN_VASCONIA/en|SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY]] == |
− | === [[Variacion_latitudinal_en_el_poblamiento|Latitudinal settlement patterns]] === | + | === [[#Variacion_latitudinal_en_el_poblamiento|Latitudinal settlement patterns]] === |
− | === [[Factores_geograficos_e_historicos|Historical and geographical factors]] === | + | === [[#Factores_geograficos_e_historicos|Historical and geographical factors]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#El_caso_de Luzaide_Valcarlos_(N)|The Luzaide/Valcarlos (N) case]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_barranca_(N)|La barranca (N)]] ==== | |
− | === [[Poblamiento_disperso|Dispersed settlements]] === | + | === [[#Poblamiento_disperso|Dispersed settlements]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Antecedentes_remotos|Distant past]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Antecedentes_historicos|Historical background]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Ejemplos_de_poblamiento_disperso|Examples of dispersed settlements]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Creacion_de_nuevos_caserios|Establishing new homesteads]] ==== | |
− | === [[Poblamiento_concentrado|Establishing new homesteads]] === | + | === [[#Poblamiento_concentrado|Establishing new homesteads]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Antecedentes|Background]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Ejemplos_de_poblamiento_concentrado|Examples of concentrated settlement]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Crecimiento_de_las_poblaciones_actuales|Growth of the current settlements]] ==== | |
  |   | ||
− | == II. [[RELACION_DE_LA_CASA_CON_EL_SUELO_EL_CLIMA_Y_LA_ACTIVIDAD|RELATIONSHIP OF THE HOUSE WITH THE SOIL, CLIMATE AND ACTIVITY]] == | + | == II. [[RELACION_DE_LA_CASA_CON_EL_SUELO_EL_CLIMA_Y_LA_ACTIVIDAD/en|RELATIONSHIP OF THE HOUSE WITH THE SOIL, CLIMATE AND ACTIVITY]] == |
− | === [[La_casa_y_su_entorno|The house and its setting]] === | + | === [[#La_casa_y_su_entorno|The house and its setting]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#La_relacion_de_la_casa_con_el_suelo|Relationship of the house with the soil]] ==== | |
**Influence of the substrate | **Influence of the substrate | ||
Línea 43: | Línea 42: | ||
**Influence of the terrain | **Influence of the terrain | ||
− | + | ==== [[#La_relacion_de_la_casa_con_el_clima|The relationship of the house with the climate]] ==== | |
**Walls, openings and orientation | **Walls, openings and orientation | ||
Línea 50: | Línea 49: | ||
**Examples and current situation | **Examples and current situation | ||
− | === [[La_casa_y_la_actividad_de_sus_moradores|The house and the activity of its dwellers]] === | + | === [[#La_casa_y_la_actividad_de_sus_moradores|The house and the activity of its dwellers]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Actividad_agropecuaria|Agriculture]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Actividad_comercial|Commercial]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Adaptaciones_actuales|Current adaptations]] ==== | |
− | === [[Apendice_la_influencia_de_la_produccion_en_los_tipos_de_caserios|Appendix: Influence of the production on the types of homesteads]] === | + | === [[#Apendice_la_influencia_de_la_produccion_en_los_tipos_de_caserios|Appendix: Influence of the production on the types of homesteads]] === |
  |   | ||
− | == III. [[DENOMINACION_ORIENTACION_Y_SITURACION_DE_LAS_CASAS|NAME, ORIENTATION AND LOCATION OF THE HOUSES]] == | + | == III. [[DENOMINACION_ORIENTACION_Y_SITURACION_DE_LAS_CASAS/en|NAME, ORIENTATION AND LOCATION OF THE HOUSES]] == |
− | === [[Delimitacion_del_concepto_de_casa_y_denominaciones|Definition of the house concept and names]] === | + | === [[#Delimitacion_del_concepto_de_casa_y_denominaciones|Definition of the house concept and names]] === |
− | === [[Denominacion_de_la_casa|Name of the house]] === | + | === [[#Denominacion_de_la_casa|Name of the house]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Nombre_apellido_y_apodo_del_dueño|Name, surname and nickname of the owner]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Oficio_y_actividad_del_propietario|Trade and activity of the owner]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Toponimia|Place name]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Casas_de_vecinos_en_poblacion_concentrada|Neighbouring houses in concentrated settlement]] ==== | |
− | === [[Orientacion_de_la_casa|Orientation of the house]] === | + | === [[#Orientacion_de_la_casa|Orientation of the house]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Orientacion_al_este_eguzki-begian|East facing]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Orientacion_al_sur|South facing]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Orientacion_en_nucleos_de_poblacion_concentrada|Orientation in concentrated settlements]] ==== | |
− | === [[Casas_y_tierras_en_poblamientos_disperso_y_mixto|Houses and lands in mixed and disperse settlements]] === | + | === [[#Casas_y_tierras_en_poblamientos_disperso_y_mixto|Houses and lands in mixed and disperse settlements]] === |
− | === [[Situacion_de_las_casas_de_regimen_concentrado|Location of houses in concentrated arrangements]] === | + | === [[#Situacion_de_las_casas_de_regimen_concentrado|Location of houses in concentrated arrangements]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Casas_separadas_por_muros_medianiles|Houses separated by party walls]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Casas_separadas_por_belenas_arteak_mokarteak|Houses separated by yards]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Casas_separadas_por_la_era_o_por_la_rain|Houses separated by the threshing floor]] ==== | |
− | === [[Terreno_contiguo_a_la_casa|Land adjoined to the house]] === | + | === [[#Terreno_contiguo_a_la_casa|Land adjoined to the house]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#El_rain_larraina|The threshing floor]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Baratza_huerta_o_huerto|Market or vegetable garden]] ==== | |
  |   | ||
− | = | + | = STRUCTURE OF THE HOUSE = |
− | == IV. [[MODELOS_COMARCALES_DE_CASAS|REGIONAL HOUSE MODELS]] == | + | == IV. [[MODELOS_COMARCALES_DE_CASAS/en|REGIONAL HOUSE MODELS]] == |
− | === [[Consideraciones_generales|General points]] === | + | === [[#Consideraciones_generales|General points]] === |
− | === [[Modelos_de_casas_alavesas|Álava house models]] === | + | === [[#Modelos_de_casas_alavesas|Álava house models]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_riojano-alavesa_(Moreda_de_Alava)|The typical Rioja-Alavesa house (Moreda de Álava)]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_de_la_Llanada|The typical La Llanada house]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_de_la_Montaña_(Bernedo)|The typical Montaña Alavesa house (Bernedo)]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_de_la_villa_de_Agurain|The typical house in the charter town of Agurain]] ==== | |
− | === [[Modelos_de_casas_vizcainas|Bizkaia house models]] === | + | === [[#Modelos_de_casas_vizcainas|Bizkaia house models]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_de_las_Encartaciones_(Valle_de_Carranza)|The typical house of Las Encartaciones (Carranza Valley)]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_de_Busturialdea_(Gautegiz-Arteaga)|The typical Busturialdea house (Gautegiz-Arteaga)]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_del_Duranguesado_(Abadiño)|The typical house of El Duranguesado (Abadiño)]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_del_Valle_de_Arratia_y_estribaciones_de_Gorbeia_(Zeanuri)|The typical house of the Arratia Valley and Estribaciones del Gorbeia (Zeanuri)]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_del_casco_antiguo_de_la_villa_de_Durango|The typical house of Durango old town]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_de_la_villa_de_Gernika-Lumo|The typical house of the charter town of Gernika-Lumo]] ==== | |
− | === [[Modelos_de_casas_guipuzcoanas|Gipuzkoa house models]] === | + | === [[#Modelos_de_casas_guipuzcoanas|Gipuzkoa house models]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_del_Goierri_(Ataun)|The typical Goierri house (Ataun)]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_de_Beasain|The typical Beasain house]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_de_Zerain|The typical Zerain house]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_del_Alto_Deba_(Elosua)|The Alto Deba house (Elosua)]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_del_Bajo_Deba_(Elgoibar)|The typical Bajo Deba house (Elgoibar)]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_de_Urola_Kosta_(Aia)|The typical Urola Kosta house (Aia)]] ==== | |
− | === [[Modelos_de_casas_navarras| | + | === [[#Modelos_de_casas_navarras|Navarre house models]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_de_la_vertiente_atlantica_(Bera)|The typical house of the Atlantic side of the watershed (Bera)]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_pirenaica_(Valle_de_Roncal)|The typical Pyrenean house (Roncal Valley)]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_de_la_Navarra_Media_(Allo)|The typical Mid-Navarre house (Allo)]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_popular_o_de_arrabal_(Viana)|The typical arrabal or popular house (Viana)]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_de_Valdorba|The typical Valdorba house]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_de_la_Ribera_del_Ebro_(Valtierra)|The typical Ribera del Ebro house (Valtierra)]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_vivienda_en_cuevas_(La_Ribera)|Cave houses (La Ribera)]] ==== | |
− | === [[Modelos_de_casas_de_Vasconia_Continental|Northern Basque Country house models]] === | + | === [[#Modelos_de_casas_de_Vasconia_Continental|Northern Basque Country house models]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_de_Lapurdi_(Sara)|The typical Lapurdi house (Sara)]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_de_Ainhoa_(L)|The typical Ainhoa house (L)]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_de_Amikuze_(Huarte-Hiri-BN)|The typical Amikuze house (Huarte-Hiri-BN)]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_de_Arberoa_(Donoztiri-BN)|The typical Arberoa house (Donoztiri-BN)]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_de_Heleta_(BN)|The typical Heleta house (BN)]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_casa_de_Zuberoa_(Liginaga)|The typical Zuberoa house (Liginaga)]] ==== | |
− | === [[Casas_de_pescadores|Fishermen's houses]] === | + | === [[#Casas_de_pescadores|Fishermen's houses]] === |
− | === [[Apendice_Transiciones_seculares_de_la_casa_en_Vasconia_continental|Appendix: Secular transition of houses in the Northern Basque Country]] === | + | === [[#Apendice_Transiciones_seculares_de_la_casa_en_Vasconia_continental|Appendix: Secular transition of houses in the Northern Basque Country]] === |
  |   | ||
− | == V. [[TEJADO|ROOFING]] == | + | == V. [[TEJADO/en|ROOFING]] == |
− | === [[Relajacion_de_la_fachada_con_el_tejado|Connecting the frontage and the roof]] === | + | === [[#Relajacion_de_la_fachada_con_el_tejado|Connecting the frontage and the roof]] === |
− | === [[Tipos_de_tejado|Types of roof]] === | + | === [[#Tipos_de_tejado|Types of roof]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Grado_de_inclinacion|Roof pitch]] ==== | |
**Historical evolution of roofing in Roncesvalles (N) | **Historical evolution of roofing in Roncesvalles (N) | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Forma_y_numero_de_vertientes._Urak_isuriak|Shape and number of slopes]] ==== | |
**The climate factor | **The climate factor | ||
Línea 198: | Línea 197: | ||
**Geographical distribution of the number of slopes | **Geographical distribution of the number of slopes | ||
− | === [[Apendice_1_Relacion_del_tejado_con_aspectos_economicos_y_climaticos|Appendix 1: Relationship between the roof and climate and economic aspects]] === | + | === [[#Apendice_1_Relacion_del_tejado_con_aspectos_economicos_y_climaticos|Appendix 1: Relationship between the roof and climate and economic aspects]] === |
− | === [[Materiales_de_la_cubierta|Roofing materials]] === | + | === [[#Materiales_de_la_cubierta|Roofing materials]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#El_soporte_de_madera|Timber frame]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_teja_teila|The roof tile]] ==== | |
− | **The origin of | + | **The origin of roof tiles |
**The curved tile | **The curved tile | ||
**The flat tile | **The flat tile | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Cubierta_de_madera_tablillas_oholak|Wooden roof: shingles]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Cubierta_de_piedra_losas_harri-losak|Stone roof: slates]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Nuevos_materiales|New materials]] ==== | |
− | === [[Estructura_del_tejado|Roof structure]] === | + | === [[#Estructura_del_tejado|Roof structure]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Generalidades._Gailurra_kapirioak_latak|General points]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Estructuras_sustentadas_en_postes|Post-supported structures]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Estructuras_con_tijeras|Shear beam structures]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Cañizos_y_bovedas_de_yeso|Thatched and plaster vaults]] ==== | |
− | === [[Los_aleros._Boladua|Eaves | + | === [[#Los_aleros._Boladua|Eaves]] === |
− | === [[Salida_al_tejado._La_chimenea|Ways out onto the roof. The chimney]] === | + | === [[#Salida_al_tejado._La_chimenea|Ways out onto the roof. The chimney]] === |
− | === [[Transformaciones|Transformations]] === | + | === [[#Transformaciones|Transformations]] === |
− | === [[Apendice_2_Diversidad_de_vertientes_en_casas_de_planta_rectangular|Appendix 2: Different slopes for houses with rectangular floor plan]] === | + | === [[#Apendice_2_Diversidad_de_vertientes_en_casas_de_planta_rectangular|Appendix 2: Different slopes for houses with rectangular floor plan]] === |
− | === [[Apendice_3_Chimenea_materiales_de_combustion_y_clima|Appendix 3: Chimney, fuel and climate]] === | + | === [[#Apendice_3_Chimenea_materiales_de_combustion_y_clima|Appendix 3: Chimney, fuel and climate]] === |
  |   | ||
− | == VI. [[CIMIENTOS_Y_PAREDES|FOUNDATIONS AND WALLS]] == | + | == VI. [[CIMIENTOS_Y_PAREDES/en|FOUNDATIONS AND WALLS]] == |
− | === [[Cimientos_oinarriak|Foundations | + | === [[#Cimientos_oinarriak|Foundations]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Cimientos_sobre_sustratos_duros|Foundations on hard substrates]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Cimientos_sobre_sustratos_menos_solidos|Foundations on less solid substrates]] ==== | |
− | === [[Muros_exteriores_hormak|Outside walls]] === | + | === [[#Muros_exteriores_hormak|Outside walls]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Materiales_de_construccion|Construction materials]] ==== | |
− | **Stone | + | **Stone |
− | **Timber | + | **Timber |
**Earth, brick, adobe and rammed earth | **Earth, brick, adobe and rammed earth | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Muros_con_entramados_de_madera|Walls with timber latticework]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Muros_de_piedra_labrada|Masonry walls]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Morteros_murteak|Mortar]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Construccion_de_los_muros|Construction of the walls]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Enlucido_de_los_muros|Plastering of the walls]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Los_muros_en_la_actualidad|Walls today]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Las_cuevas|Caves]] ==== | |
− | === [[Estructura_interna_de_madera|Timber internal structure]] === | + | === [[#Estructura_interna_de_madera|Timber internal structure]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Uso_generalizado_de_la_madera|Widespread use of timber]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Tipos_de_madera|Types of timber]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#El_poyal_altzarria|Bench base]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Estructura._Ageak_pilareak|Structure]] ==== | |
− | === [[Muros_interiores_y_tabiques_hesiak_tabikak|Inside walls and partitions]] === | + | === [[#Muros_interiores_y_tabiques_hesiak_tabikak|Inside walls and partitions]] === |
− | === [[Suelos|Floors]] === | + | === [[#Suelos|Floors]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Suelo_en_entrada_y_cuadra|Floor in the entrance and stable]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Suelo_en_la_vivienda|Floor in the dwelling]] ==== | |
− | === [[Escaleras_eskailerak|Stairs]] === | + | === [[#Escaleras_eskailerak|Stairs]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Escaleras_interiores|Indoor stairs]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Escaleras_exteriores|Outdoor stairs]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Escaleras_de_viviendas_urbanas|Urban dwelling stairs]] ==== | |
− | === [[Techos|Roofs]] === | + | === [[#Techos|Roofs]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Techos_de_tabla|Plank roofs]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Techos_de_bovedilla|Vault roofs]] ==== | |
− | === [[Procedencia_de_los_materiales_de_construccion|Origin of the construction materials]] === | + | === [[#Procedencia_de_los_materiales_de_construccion|Origin of the construction materials]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Piedra._Kareharria_hareharria|Stone]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Cal_y_yeso._Kisua_igeltsua|Lime and plaster]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Madera._Haritza|Timber]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Teja_ladrillo_y_adobe|Roof tiles, bricks and adobe]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Nuevos_materiales2|New materials]] ==== | |
  |   | ||
− | == VII. [[PUERTAS_Y_VENTANAS|DOORS AND WINDOWS]] == | + | == VII. [[PUERTAS_Y_VENTANAS/en|DOORS AND WINDOWS]] == |
− | === [[Orientacion_de_los_huecos_de_la_casa|Orientation of the house openings]] === | + | === [[#Orientacion_de_los_huecos_de_la_casa|Orientation of the house openings]] === |
− | === [[Disposicion_de_los_huecos_en_la_fachada|Arrangement of the openings on the frontage]] === | + | === [[#Disposicion_de_los_huecos_en_la_fachada|Arrangement of the openings on the frontage]] === |
− | === [[Huecos|Openings]] === | + | === [[#Huecos|Openings]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Puerta_principal._Ateak_albateak|Main door]] ==== | |
**Álava | **Álava | ||
**Bizkaia | **Bizkaia | ||
**Gipuzkoa | **Gipuzkoa | ||
− | ** | + | **Navarre |
**Northern Basque Country | **Northern Basque Country | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Ventanas._Leihoak_leihatilak|Windows]] ==== | |
**Álava | **Álava | ||
**Bizkaia | **Bizkaia | ||
**Gipuzkoa | **Gipuzkoa | ||
− | ** | + | **Navarre |
**Northern Basque Country | **Northern Basque Country | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Balcones._Balkoiak|Balconies]] ==== | |
− | === [[Puertas_interiores|Inside doors]] === | + | === [[#Puertas_interiores|Inside doors]] === |
− | === [[Sistemas_de_cierre_de_puertas_y_ventanas|Door and window closing mechanisms]] === | + | === [[#Sistemas_de_cierre_de_puertas_y_ventanas|Door and window closing mechanisms]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Cierre_de_la_puerta_de_entrada_o_principal|Closing the main or entrance door]] ==== | |
**Bars | **Bars | ||
Línea 348: | Línea 347: | ||
**Other locks | **Other locks | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Cierre_de_las_puertas_interiores._Pestillos._Kisketak|Closing inside doors]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Cierre_de_las_ventanas._Andavillas_pasadores|Closing windows]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Verjas_de_proteccion|Grilles]] ==== | |
− | === [[Transformaciones_recientes|Recent transformations]] === | + | === [[#Transformaciones_recientes|Recent transformations]] === |
  |   | ||
− | == VIII. [[DISTRIBUCION_INTERNA_DE_LA_CASA|INTERNAL LAYOUT OF THE HOUSE]] == | + | == VIII. [[DISTRIBUCION_INTERNA_DE_LA_CASA/en|INTERNAL LAYOUT OF THE HOUSE]] == |
− | === [[ | + | === [[#Consideraciones_generales3|General points]] === |
− | === [[Casas_de_ambito_rural|Rural houses]] === | + | === [[#Casas_de_ambito_rural|Rural houses]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Bizkaia4|Bizkaia]] ==== | |
**Livestock homesteads. Encartaciones and Arratia-Orozko | **Livestock homesteads. Encartaciones and Arratia-Orozko | ||
**Agricultural homesteads. Uribe, Busturialdea and Durangaldea | **Agricultural homesteads. Uribe, Busturialdea and Durangaldea | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Gipuzkoa3|Gipuzkoa]] ==== | |
**Goierri | **Goierri | ||
− | ** | + | **High and Mid-Deba |
− | **Oria | + | **Mid-Oria |
− | **Donostia and | + | **Donostia and Lower Bidasoa |
− | + | ==== [[#Vasconia_continental3|Northern Basque Country]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Alava4|Álava]] ==== | |
− | ** | + | **Surroundings of Gorbeia Mountain |
− | ** | + | **West Álava |
**La Llanada | **La Llanada | ||
**La Montaña | **La Montaña | ||
− | **Rioja | + | **Rioja Alavesa |
− | + | ==== [[#Navarra4|Navarre]] ==== | |
**Northern Sub-Pyrenean and Pyrenean area. La Montaña | **Northern Sub-Pyrenean and Pyrenean area. La Montaña | ||
Línea 391: | Línea 390: | ||
**Southern zone. La Ribera | **Southern zone. La Ribera | ||
− | === [[Viviendas_de_pescadores|Fishermen's dwellings]] === | + | === [[#Viviendas_de_pescadores|Fishermen's dwellings]] === |
− | === [[Viviendas_de_nucleos_urbanos|Urban dwellings]] === | + | === [[#Viviendas_de_nucleos_urbanos|Urban dwellings]] === |
− | === [[Casas_modernas|Modern houses]] === | + | === [[#Casas_modernas|Modern houses]] === |
− | === [[Apendice_casas_nobles_palacios_jauregiak|Appendix: Mansions. Palaces]] === | + | === [[#Apendice_casas_nobles_palacios_jauregiak|Appendix: Mansions. Palaces]] === |
  |   | ||
− | == IX. [[ORNAMENTACION_DE_LA_CASA|HOUSE DECORATION]] == | + | == IX. [[ORNAMENTACION_DE_LA_CASA/en|HOUSE DECORATION]] == |
− | === [[ | + | === [[#Consideraciones_generales4/en|General points]] === |
− | === [[Muros_exteriores_fachada|Outside walls. Frontage]] === | + | === [[#Muros_exteriores_fachada|Outside walls. Frontage]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Fachadas_revocadas_y_con_piedra_a_la_vista|Exposed stone and plastered frontages]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Entramado_de_madera|Timber trusses]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Ornamentaciones_elaboradas|Elaborate decorations]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Adornos_vegetales|Plant decorations]] ==== | |
− | === [[ | + | === [[#Tejado1|Roofing]] === |
− | === [[Aleros_etxe-hegala|Eaves]] === | + | === [[#Aleros_etxe-hegala|Eaves]] === |
− | === [[Puertas_y_ventanas|Doors and windows]] === | + | === [[#Puertas_y_ventanas|Doors and windows]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Herrajes|Ironwork]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Tallas_en_dinteles|Carvings on lintels]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Verjas_ornamentales|Decorative grilles]] ==== | |
− | === [[Escudos_armarriak| | + | === [[#Escudos_armarriak|Coats-of-arms]] === |
− | === [[Inscripciones|Inscriptions]] === | + | === [[#Inscripciones|Inscriptions]] === |
− | === [[Decoracion_interior|Interior decoration]] === | + | === [[#Decoracion_interior|Interior decoration]] === |
  |   | ||
− | = | + | = HOME AND HOME FURNISHINGS = |
− | == X. [[HOGAR_ALUMBRADO_Y_COCINA| | + | == X. [[HOGAR_ALUMBRADO_Y_COCINA/en|HEARTH, LIGHTING AND KITCHEN]] == |
− | === [[Hogar_beheko_sua_supazterra|Fireplace]] === | + | === [[#Hogar_beheko_sua_supazterra|Fireplace]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Denominaciones52|Names]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Sitio_que_ocupa_el_hogar|Location of the fireplace]] ==== | |
**Central fireplace | **Central fireplace | ||
Línea 447: | Línea 446: | ||
**Description | **Description | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Combustible_empleado_en_el_hogar_errekina|Fuel used in the fireplace]] ==== | |
**Most common fuels | **Most common fuels | ||
**Mediterranean side of the watershed | **Mediterranean side of the watershed | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Encender_o_reavivar_el_fuego|Lighting or rekindling the fire]] ==== | |
**The flint. New lighting systems | **The flint. New lighting systems | ||
Línea 458: | Línea 457: | ||
**Initially stocking the fire | **Initially stocking the fire | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Suertes_de_leña_o_fogueras|Types of firewood]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Base_y_fondo_del_fogon._Su_azpikoa|Base and back of the stove]] ==== | |
**Cast-iron plate | **Cast-iron plate | ||
− | + | **Decorative motifs | |
− | + | ==== [[#El llar_laratza|Hearth]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Chimenea_y_salida_de_humos._Tximinia|Chimney and vent]] ==== | |
**Low heat chimney | **Low heat chimney | ||
Línea 474: | Línea 473: | ||
**Cleaning the chimney | **Cleaning the chimney | ||
− | === [[Horno_de_fabricar_el_pan_ogi-labea|Bread oven]] === | + | === [[#Horno_de_fabricar_el_pan_ogi-labea|Bread oven]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Sitio_que_ocupa_y_forma_del_horno|Oven location and type]] ==== | |
**Ovens in the kitchen or attached to the house | **Ovens in the kitchen or attached to the house | ||
**Exempted ovens | **Exempted ovens | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Materiales_de_construccion_del_horno|Oven construction materials]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Utilizacion_del_horno|Use of the oven]] ==== | |
− | === [[Alumbrado_de_la_casa_etxeko_argia|House lighting]] === | + | === [[#Alumbrado_de_la_casa_etxeko_argia|House lighting]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Procedimientos_antiguos_de_alumbrado_tea_azaoa|Old lighting systems]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Lampara_o_candil_de_aceite_kriseilua|Oil lamp]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Velas_kandelak|Candles]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Candil_de_petroleo_petrolio-ontzia|Petrol lamp]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Lampara_de_carburo_karburo-argia|Carbide lamp]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Luz_electrica|Electric light]] ==== | |
− | === [[Cocina_sukaldea_ezkaratza|Kitchen]] === | + | === [[#Cocina_sukaldea_ezkaratza|Kitchen]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Hornillos|Hob]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Cocina_economica_y_transiciones_posteriores|Energy-saving stove and subsequent transitions]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_cocina_centro_de_la_vida_familiar|The kitchen, the centre of family life]] ==== | |
  |   | ||
− | == XI. [[EQUIPO_MOBILIAR_DEL_HOGAR_Y_DE_LA_COCINA|KITCHEN | + | == XI. [[EQUIPO_MOBILIAR_DEL_HOGAR_Y_DE_LA_COCINA/en|HEARTH AND KITCHEN FURNITURE AND FIXTURES]] == |
− | === [[Enseres_del_hogar|Hearth | + | === [[#Enseres_del_hogar|Hearth utensils]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Arquetipo_de_dos_localidades|Archetypical of two places]] ==== | |
**Beasain (G) | **Beasain (G) | ||
**Sangüesa (N) | **Sangüesa (N) | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Denominaciones_y_descripcion|Names and description]] ==== | |
**Firedogs | **Firedogs | ||
Línea 532: | Línea 531: | ||
**Copper heater | **Copper heater | ||
− | === [[Mobiliario_de_la_cocina|Kitchen furniture | + | === [[#Mobiliario_de_la_cocina|Kitchen furniture]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Escaño_zizeilu_y_otros_asientos|The armchair and other seating]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Fregadera_harraska|Sink]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[Ash bucket]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Cantarera_edarrategia|Pottery]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Mesas_y_otros_elementos|Tables and other items]] ==== | |
**Tables | **Tables | ||
Línea 548: | Línea 547: | ||
**Cans | **Cans | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Armarios_alacenas_y_espeteras|Cupboards, cabinets and racks]] ==== | |
**Dressers | **Dressers | ||
Línea 554: | Línea 553: | ||
**Kitchen rack | **Kitchen rack | ||
− | + | ==== [[#La_fresquera_y_su_evolucion|Pantries and their evolution]] ==== | |
− | === [[Ajuar_de_la_cocina|Kitchen | + | === [[#Ajuar_de_la_cocina|Kitchen furnishings]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Engalanamiento_de_la_chimenea._Tximini-zapia|Decorating the fireplace]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Objetos_colocados_en_la_repisa_en_la_campana_o_en_el_hogar._Tximini-uztarria|Items placed on the mantelpiece, on the hood or on the hearth]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Consideraciones_generales_del_ajuar|General points about the goods]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Descripciones_del_ajuar|Descriptions of the furnishings]] ==== | |
**Northern Basque Country | **Northern Basque Country | ||
Línea 570: | Línea 569: | ||
**Álava | **Álava | ||
**Gipuzkoa | **Gipuzkoa | ||
− | ** | + | **Navarre |
− | + | ==== [[#Fabricacion_artesanal_del_mobiliario_de_la_cocina|Artisan production of the kitchen furniture]] ==== | |
**Domestic production | **Domestic production | ||
**Non-domestic production | **Non-domestic production | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Transiciones_en_el_ajuar_y_mobiliario_domesticos|Transitions in the household furniture and fittings]] ==== | |
  |   | ||
− | == XII. [[EQUIPO_MOBILIAR_SALA_DORMITORIOS_Y_ASEO|FURNITURE AND FIXTURES: LIVING ROOM, BEDROOMS AND PERSONAL HYGIENE]] == | + | == XII. [[EQUIPO_MOBILIAR_SALA_DORMITORIOS_Y_ASEO/en|FURNITURE AND FIXTURES: LIVING ROOM, BEDROOMS AND PERSONAL HYGIENE]] == |
− | === [[Ajuar_de_la_sala_o_comedor|Living room or dining room fittings]] === | + | === [[#Ajuar_de_la_sala_o_comedor|Living room or dining room fittings]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Mobiliario|Furniture]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Imagenes_religiosas|Religious images]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Fotografias_familiares_expuestas|Family photographs on display]] ==== | |
− | === [[Ajuar_del_dormitorio|Bedroom fittings]] === | + | === [[#Ajuar_del_dormitorio|Bedroom fittings]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#El_dormitorio_como_estancia|The bedroom as a room]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Consideraciones_generales5|General points]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Camas_oheak|Beds]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Baules_comodas_y_armarios._Eskapolota_arropa-kutxa|Trunks, chests of drawers and wardrobes]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Muebles_auxiliares|Occasional furniture]] ==== | |
**Wash stand and basin | **Wash stand and basin | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Cortinas_y_alfombras|Curtains and rugs]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Imagenes_religiosas1|Religious images]] ==== | |
**Crucifix | **Crucifix | ||
Línea 613: | Línea 612: | ||
**Holy water font | **Holy water font | ||
− | === [[El_aseo_y_su_ajuar|Washing facilities and fittings]] === | + | === [[#El_aseo_y_su_ajuar|Washing facilities and fittings]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Excusado_o_retrete_komuna|Outhouse or toilet]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Aseo|Washing facilities]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Transiciones_del_cuarto_de_baño_y_su_ajuar|Transitions of the bathroom and its fittings]] ==== | |
− | === [[Instrumentos_musicales_radio_television_y_nuevas_tecnologias|Musical instruments. Radio, television and new technologies]] === | + | === [[#Instrumentos_musicales_radio_television_y_nuevas_tecnologias|Musical instruments. Radio, television and new technologies]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Instrumentos_musicales|Musical instruments]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Radio_television_y_nuevas_tecnologias|Radio, television and new technologies]] ==== | |
  |   | ||
− | == XIII. [[LIMPIEZA_DE_LA_CASA_ROPA_Y_VAJILLA|CLEANING THE HOUSE, CLOTHES AND DISHES]] == | + | == XIII. [[LIMPIEZA_DE_LA_CASA_ROPA_Y_VAJILLA/en|CLEANING THE HOUSE, CLOTHES AND DISHES]] == |
− | === [[Limpieza_de_la_casa|Cleaning the house]] === | + | === [[#Limpieza_de_la_casa|Cleaning the house]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Limpieza_de_la_casa_extremar_garbi-ikuzia|Cleaning the house, thoroughly]] ==== | |
**Cleaning products and utensils | **Cleaning products and utensils | ||
Línea 639: | Línea 638: | ||
**Insect extermination | **Insect extermination | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Limpieza_de_suelos|Cleaning floors]] ==== | |
**Sweeping | **Sweeping | ||
Línea 645: | Línea 644: | ||
**Waxing | **Waxing | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Encalado_zuritu_y_pintado_de_fachadas_e_interiores|Whitewashing and painting frontages and inside]] ==== | |
− | === [[Lavado_de_la_ropa|Washing clothes]] === | + | === [[#Lavado_de_la_ropa|Washing clothes]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Lavado_de_la_ropa_en_el_rio_o_en_el_lavadero_publico|Washing clothes in the river or in the public washhouse]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Lavanderas_o_colanderas|Laundresses or washerwomen]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_colada_bogadea_egin_lixiba_jo|The laundry]] ==== | |
**Names | **Names | ||
**Transitions | **Transitions | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Secado_y_planchado_de_la_ropa|Drying and ironing the clothes]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Teñido_domestico_de_la_ropa|Hanging out the clothes at home]] ==== | |
− | === [[Lavado_de_la_vajilla_harrikoa_egin|Washing dishes]] === | + | === [[#Lavado_de_la_vajilla_harrikoa_egin|Washing dishes]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Lavadoras_y_lavavajillas|Washers and dishwashers]] ==== | |
  |   | ||
− | = | + | = OUTBUILDINGS ADJOINING THE HOUSE = |
− | == XIV. [[ESPACIOS_PARA_LABORES_AGRICOLAS_Y_CONSTRUCCIONES_COMPLEMENTARIAS|SPACES FOR FARMING WORK AND | + | == XIV. [[ESPACIOS_PARA_LABORES_AGRICOLAS_Y_CONSTRUCCIONES_COMPLEMENTARIAS/en|SPACES FOR FARMING WORK AND OUTBUILDINGS]] == |
− | === [[Espacios_domesticos_para_aperos_productos_y_ganado|Spaces at home for implements, products and livestock]] === | + | === [[#Espacios_domesticos_para_aperos_productos_y_ganado|Spaces at home for implements, products and livestock]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Portal_y_carrejo._Atariko_tresneria|Porch and carriage porch]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Desvan_o_sobrao_ganbara|Attic or loft]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Establo_korta_ikuilua|Stable]] ==== | |
− | === [[Construcciones_complementarias| | + | === [[#Construcciones_complementarias|Outbuildings]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Generalidades1|General points]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Cuadras_corrales_descubiertos|Stalls, pens, enclosures]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Cabañas_bordas_o_pajares._Lastategia|Huts, cabins, haylofts]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Chabolas_etxeordeak_tejabanak|Shacks]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Estercolero_ongarritegia|Dung storage]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Gallinero_oilategia|Chicken house]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Cochiquera_txerritokia|Pigsty]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Cobertizo_para_ovejas_artegia|Shelter for sheep]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Abejeras_erlategiak|Beehives]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Animales_domesticos_que_guardan_la_casa|Domestic animals that guard the house]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Lagos_y_bodegas|Lakes and cellars]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Pozos|Wells]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Refugios_y_cabañas_de_campo._Txabolak|Field shelters and huts]] ==== | |
− | === [[Apendice_1_corrales_de_campo_en_navarra|Appendix 1: Field pens in | + | === [[#Apendice_1_corrales_de_campo_en_navarra|Appendix 1: Field pens in Navarre]] === |
− | === [[Apendice_2_horreos_garaiak|Appendix 2: Granaries]] === | + | === [[#Apendice_2_horreos_garaiak|Appendix 2: Granaries]] === |
− | === [[Apendice_3_chabolas_de_carboneros_ikazkinen_txabolak|Appendix 3: Charcoal maker shacks]] === | + | === [[#Apendice_3_chabolas_de_carboneros_ikazkinen_txabolak|Appendix 3: Charcoal maker shacks]] === |
  |   | ||
− | = | + | = DOMESTIC BELIEFS AND RITES = |
− | == XV. [[ | + | == XV. [[RITOS_EN_TORNO_AL_FUEGO_DOMESTICO/en|RITES AROUND THE HOUSEHOLD FIRE]] == |
− | === [[Las_brasas_del_hogar_sua_biltzen_sua_batzen|The embers of the hearth]] === | + | === [[#Las_brasas_del_hogar_sua_biltzen_sua_batzen|The embers of the hearth]] === |
− | === [[El_fuego_del_hogar_en_dias_senalados|Lighting the hearth on set days]] === | + | === [[#El_fuego_del_hogar_en_dias_senalados|Lighting the hearth on set days]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#El_tronco_de_Navidad._Gabon-subila|The Christmas log]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#El_fuego_nuevo_de_Pascua._Su_berria|New fire at Easter]] ==== | |
− | === [[Incorporacion_a_la_casa_de_un_animal_recien_adquirido_etxerako_izan|Bringing a recently purchased animals into the house]] === | + | === [[#Incorporacion_a_la_casa_de_un_animal_recien_adquirido_etxerako_izan|Bringing a recently purchased animals into the house]] === |
  |   | ||
− | == XVI. [[SIMBOLOS_PROTECTORES_DE_LA_CASA|SYMBOLS TO PROTECT THE HOUSE]] == | + | == XVI. [[SIMBOLOS_PROTECTORES_DE_LA_CASA/en|SYMBOLS TO PROTECT THE HOUSE]] == |
− | === [[Ritos_al_iniciar_la_construccion_de_la_casa|Rites when starting to build the house]] === | + | === [[#Ritos_al_iniciar_la_construccion_de_la_casa|Rites when starting to build the house]] === |
− | === [[Ritos_al_finalizar_el_tejado_monjorra_bizkar-festa|Rites when finishing the roof]] === | + | === [[#Ritos_al_finalizar_el_tejado_monjorra_bizkar-festa|Rites when finishing the roof]] === |
− | === [[Bendicion_de_la_casa|Blessing the house]] === | + | === [[#Bendicion_de_la_casa|Blessing the house]] === |
− | === [[Ritos_contra_la_tormenta_y_el_rayo|Rites against thunderstorms and | + | === [[#Ritos_contra_la_tormenta_y_el_rayo|Rites against thunderstorms and lightning]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#El_hacha_con_el_filo_apuntando_a_la_tormenta._Aizkora_ahoaz_gorantza|An axe with the sharp edge pointing upwards to the thunderstorm]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Piedras_contra_la_tormenta._Tximistarri|Stones against the thunderstorm]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Sanjuan_haritza_el_roble_de_San_Juan|''Sanjuan haritza'', St John's oak]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Quema_de_hierbas_el_dia_de_San_Juan|Burning herbs on St John's Day]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Arantza_zuria_espino_albar|''Arantza zuria'', hawthorn]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Laurel_bendecido_ereinotz_bedeinkatua|Blessed bay leaves]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Quema_del_laurel_bendecido|Burning the blessed bay leaves]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Eguzki-lorea_flor_de_cardo|''Eguzki-lorea'', thistle flower]] ==== | |
− | === [[Ritos_religiosos_de_proteccion_de_la_casa|Religious rites to protect the house]] === | + | === [[#Ritos_religiosos_de_proteccion_de_la_casa|Religious rites to protect the house]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#El_agua_bendita_ur_bedeinkatua|Holy water]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Las_candelas_bendecidas_kandela_bedeinkatua|Blessed candles]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Invocaciones_a_Santa_Barbara|Praying to Saint Barbara]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Conjuros._Campanas|Spells. Chimes]] ==== | |
− | === [[Simbolos_e_imagenes_religiosas|Religious symbols and images]] === | + | === [[#Simbolos_e_imagenes_religiosas|Religious symbols and images]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Cruces|Crosses]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Placas_del_Sagrado_Corazon._Ateko_Jesusen_Bihotza|Sacred Heart plaques]] ==== | |
  |   | ||
− | = | + | = FAMILY = |
− | == XVII. [[FAMILIA_Y_PARENTESCO|FAMILY AND KINSHIP]] == | + | == XVII. [[FAMILIA_Y_PARENTESCO/en|FAMILY AND KINSHIP]] == |
− | === [[Familia_parentesco_parentela|Family. Kinship. Parentage]] === | + | === [[#Familia_parentesco_parentela|Family. Kinship. Parentage]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#En_localidades_vascofonas|In Basque-speaking locations]] ==== | |
− | ** | + | **Household |
− | **Family | + | **Family |
− | ** | + | **Relatives |
− | + | ==== [[#En_localidades_castellanohablantes|In Spanish-speaking locations]] ==== | |
**Family | **Family | ||
Línea 791: | Línea 790: | ||
**Other relations | **Other relations | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Extension_de_la_comunidad_familiar|Extended family community]] ==== | |
− | === [[Nombres_y_grados_de_parentesco|Names and degree of kinship]] === | + | === [[#Nombres_y_grados_de_parentesco|Names and degree of kinship]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Denominaciones_euskericas|Basque categories]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Denominaciones_castellanas|Spanish categories]] ==== | |
− | === [[Nombres_familiares|Family names]] === | + | === [[#Nombres_familiares|Family names]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Nombre_familiar_o_apellido|Family name or surname]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Nombres_de_pila_mas_usuales|Most common first names]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Como_se_nombran_las_personas|Way of referring to people]] ==== | |
**Nicknames | **Nicknames | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Apellido_de_la_mujer_casada|A married woman's surname]] ==== | |
− | === [[Nombres_y_formulas_entre_parientes|Names and forms of address between relatives]] === | + | === [[#Nombres_y_formulas_entre_parientes|Names and forms of address between relatives]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#De_los_hijos_a_los_padres|By children to parents]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#De_los_esposos_entre_si|Between spouses]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#De_los_padres_a_los_hijos|By parents to children]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Tratamientos|Forms of address]] ==== | |
− | ** | + | **Formal you |
− | ** | + | **Informal you |
− | ** | + | **Colloquial use of informal you |
− | **Change | + | **Change of the form of address |
**Other forms of address. Lost souls | **Other forms of address. Lost souls | ||
  |   | ||
− | == XVIII. [[PATRIMONIO_FAMILIAR_Y_SU_TRANSMISION|FAMILY ASSETS AND | + | == XVIII. [[PATRIMONIO_FAMILIAR_Y_SU_TRANSMISION/en|FAMILY ASSETS AND THEIR TRANSFER]] == |
− | === [[Patrimonio_familiar_ondasunak|Family assets]] === | + | === [[#Patrimonio_familiar_ondasunak|Family assets]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Concepto_de_patrimonio_familiar|Family assets concept]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Conservacion_e_indivision_del_patrimonio_familiar|Safeguarding and indivisum of the family assets]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Enajenacion_de_los_bienes_troncales|Disposal of the core assets]] ==== | |
− | === [[Condominio_de_bienes_aportados_al_matrimonio_dana_biona|Co-ownership of assets contributed to the marriage | + | === [[#Condominio_de_bienes_aportados_al_matrimonio_dana_biona|Co-ownership of assets contributed to the marriage]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Consentimiento_de_la_mujer_para_la_enajenacion_de_bienes|Consent of the wife to dispose of assets]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Transiciones1|Transitions]] ==== | |
− | === [[Capitulaciones_o_mandas_matrimoniales_ezkonpapera|Marital property agreements or settlements]] === | + | === [[#Capitulaciones_o_mandas_matrimoniales_ezkonpapera|Marital property agreements or settlements]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Capitulaciones_matrimoniales|Marital property agreements]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Mandas_matrimoniales|Marital settlements]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Transformaciones3|Transformations]] ==== | |
− | === [[Libertad_de_testar_y_troncalidad_en_el_regimen_foral_trongaleko_ondasunak|Freedom to bequeath and | + | === [[#Libertad_de_testar_y_troncalidad_en_el_regimen_foral_trongaleko_ondasunak|Freedom to bequeath and blood line of inheritance in the charter system]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#La_eleccion_del_heredero._Premua_andregaia._Etxegaia|Choice of heir]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Cohabitacion_de_los_matrimonios_mayor_y_joven|Cohabitation of young and older married couples]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#El_heredero_y_los_demas_hijos|The heir and other children]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Testamento_de_hermandad._Alkar-poderoso|Joint will]] ==== | |
− | === [[Testamento_en_territorio_en_regimen_de_derecho_comun|Wills in territory of the common law system]] === | + | === [[#Testamento_en_territorio_en_regimen_de_derecho_comun|Wills in territory of the common law system]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Sistema_hereditario|Hereditary system]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Cohabitacion_de_los_matrimonios_mayor_y_joven1|Cohabitation of young and older married couples]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#El_heredero_y_los_demas_hijos1|The heir and other children]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Situacion_del_conyuge_superviviente|Situation of the surviving spouse]] ==== | |
− | === [[La_sucesion_intestada|Intestate inheritance]] === | + | === [[#La_sucesion_intestada|Intestate inheritance]] === |
− | === [[La_sucesion_de_hijos_naturales_seme_bortak|The inheritance of natural children]] === | + | === [[#La_sucesion_de_hijos_naturales_seme_bortak|The inheritance of natural children]] === |
− | === [[Testamento_del_tio_sin_hijos|Will of the childless uncle]] === | + | === [[#Testamento_del_tio_sin_hijos|Will of the childless uncle]] === |
− | === [[Testamento_a_favor_de_no_parientes|Legacies to non-relatives]] === | + | === [[#Testamento_a_favor_de_no_parientes|Legacies to non-relatives]] === |
  |   | ||
− | == XIX. [[VIDA_Y_FUNCIONES_DE_LOS_ESPOSOS|LIFE AND DUTIES OF THE SPOUSES]] == | + | == XIX. [[VIDA_Y_FUNCIONES_DE_LOS_ESPOSOS/en|LIFE AND DUTIES OF THE SPOUSES]] == |
− | === [[Vida_en_comun_de_los_esposos|Communal life of the spouses]] === | + | === [[#Vida_en_comun_de_los_esposos|Communal life of the spouses]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Vida_en_comun_en_el_trabajo|Communal life in the workplace]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Vida_en_comun_en_los_dias_festivos|Communal life on official holidays]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Colocacion_de_la_mujer_en_la_mesa|Seating arrangement of the wife at the table]] ==== | |
− | === [[Funciones_y_ocupaciones_del_marido_y_de_la_esposa|Duties and occupations of the husband and the wife]] === | + | === [[#Funciones_y_ocupaciones_del_marido_y_de_la_esposa|Duties and occupations of the husband and the wife]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Funciones_y_ocupaciones_del_marido|Duties and occupations of the husband]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Funciones_y_ocupaciones_de_la_mujer|Duties and occupations of the wife]] ==== | |
− | === [[Autoridad_en_la_sociedad_conyugal|Authority in the marital partnership]] === | + | === [[#Autoridad_en_la_sociedad_conyugal|Authority in the marital partnership]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Derechos_cuasiparitarios|Nearly equal rights]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Dominacion_del_marido_por_la_mujer|How the husband is called by the wife]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Desavenencias_conyugales|Marital rifts]] ==== | |
**Causes of the rifts or disagreements | **Causes of the rifts or disagreements | ||
**Marital separations | **Marital separations | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Cortesia_y_etiqueta|Civility and etiquette]] ==== | |
− | === [[Vida_social_de_los_esposos|Social life of the spouses]] === | + | === [[#Vida_social_de_los_esposos|Social life of the spouses]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Vida_social_conjunta|Social life together]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Relaciones_de_las_mujeres_casadas|Relations of the married women]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Relaciones_de_los_hombres_casados|Relations of the married men]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Situacion_actual|Current situation]] ==== | |
− | === [[Autoridad_de_los_padres_sobre_los_hijos_gurasoen_aginpidea|Authority of parents over the children]] === | + | === [[#Autoridad_de_los_padres_sobre_los_hijos_gurasoen_aginpidea|Authority of parents over the children]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Autoridad_cuasiabsoluta_o_autoridad_compartida|Shared authority or nearly absolute authority]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Transmision_de_la_autoridad|Transfer of the authority]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Patria_potestad_y_emancipacion|Parental authority and emancipation]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Signos_de_respeto_hacia_los_mayores|Showing respect to older people]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Relacion_tio-sobrino|Uncle-nephew relationship]] ==== | |
− | === [[La_educacion_de_los_ninos|Educating the children]] === | + | === [[#La_educacion_de_los_ninos|Educating the children]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Papel_principal_de_la_mujer|Main role of women]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Reparto_de_responsabilidades_entre_los_padres|Division of responsibilities between the parents]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Formacion_del_peculio_personal|Setting up personal wherewithal]] ==== | |
− | === [[Papel_de_la_mujer_en_la_transmision_de_los_valores_y_creencias|Role of the woman in the passing on of values and beliefs]] === | + | === [[#Papel_de_la_mujer_en_la_transmision_de_los_valores_y_creencias|Role of the woman in the passing on of values and beliefs]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Papel_del_hombre_en_la_transmision_cultural|Role of the man in passing on the cultural heritage]] ==== | |
− | === [[La_adopcion_urikoak_bortes|Adoption]] === | + | === [[#La_adopcion_urikoak_bortes|Adoption]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Frecuencia_y_denominaciones|Frequency and names]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Consideraciones_generales6|General points]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Motivaciones|Reasons]] ==== | |
**Replacing a dead child | **Replacing a dead child | ||
Línea 957: | Línea 956: | ||
**Fostering | **Fostering | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Adopcion_de_parientes|Adopting relatives]] ==== | |
− | === [[Transformaciones_en_la_familia_y_en_las_costumbres|Changes in the family and to customs]] === | + | === [[#Transformaciones_en_la_familia_y_en_las_costumbres|Changes in the family and to customs]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Disminucion_de_la_actividad_agraria|Decline in farming activity]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Bienes_y_herencia|Assets and inheritance]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Trabajo_de_la_mujer_fuera_de_casa|Women working outside the home]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Solapamiento_de_generaciones_y_estructura_familiar|Generation overlap and family structure]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Relaciones_entre_padres_e_hijos._La_autoridad_paterna|Relations between parents and children Parental authority]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Los_ritos_de_paso_en_la_actualidad|Rites of passage nowadays]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#La_religiosidad_hoy_en_dia|Religious belief today]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Tradicion_oral_educacion_y_escuela|Oral tradition, education and school]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Cambios_de_costumbres|Changes in customs]] ==== | |
  |   | ||
− | == XX. [[RELACIONES_CON_LA_FAMILIA_Y_LOS_PARIENTES|RELATIONS WITH | + | == XX. [[RELACIONES_CON_LA_FAMILIA_Y_LOS_PARIENTES/en|RELATIONS WITH FAMILY AND RELATIVES]] == |
− | === [[Relaciones_con_la_familia|Relations with the family]] === | + | === [[#Relaciones_con_la_familia|Relations with the family]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Intervencion_de_los_padres_de_los_esposos|Intervention of the parents of the spouses]] ==== | |
**Rifts | **Rifts | ||
− | + | ==== [[#Tratamiento_y_atenciones_para_con_los_suegros|Treatment and care of the in-laws]] ==== | |
− | === [[Relaciones_de_los_consortes_con_sus_familias_de_origen|Relations of the spouses with their families of origin]] === | + | === [[#Relaciones_de_los_consortes_con_sus_familias_de_origen|Relations of the spouses with their families of origin]] === |
− | === [[Reuniones_de_parientes|Gatherings of relatives]] === | + | === [[#Reuniones_de_parientes|Gatherings of relatives]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Calendario_festivo|Calendar of festivities]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Reuniones_con_motivo_de_ritos_de_paso|Gatherings to mark rites of passage]] ==== | |
**Funeral ceremonies | **Funeral ceremonies | ||
− | === [[Orden_de_los_parientes_en_las_ceremonias|Order of relatives at the ceremonies]] === | + | === [[#Orden_de_los_parientes_en_las_ceremonias|Order of relatives at the ceremonies]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Orden_de_los_parientes_en_las_bodas|Order of relatives at weddings]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Orden_de_los_parientes_en_los_bautizos._Apadrinamiento|Order of relatives at baptisms. God-parents]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Orden_de_los_parientes_en_los_cortejos_funebres|Order of relatives in funeral cortèges]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Marcas_de_duelo_y_su_duracion|Signs of mourning and its length]] ==== | |
− | === [[Recuerdos_historicos_de_la_casa_y_de_la_familia| | + | === [[#Recuerdos_historicos_de_la_casa_y_de_la_familia|Historical memories of the house and the family]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Recuerdos_de_los_antepasados|Recollections of the ancestors]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Recuerdos_de_casas_singulares_del_vecindario|Memories of unusual houses in the neighbourhood]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Leyendas_relativas_a_la_casa_y_a_sus_antiguos_moradores|Legends relating to the house and its former dwellers]] ==== | |
− | ** | + | **The oldest local house |
− | + | ==== [[#La_memoria_de_los_antepasados_de_la_casa._Gure_arbasoak|Remembering the ancestors of the house]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Obligaciones_para_con_los_antepasados|Obligations regarding one's ancestors]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Etxeko_sepulturea._La_sepultura_de_la_casa|Family burial place]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Aniversarios|Anniversaries]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Ofrendas1|Offerings]] ==== | |
− | ** | + | **Bread offerings |
− | ** | + | **Alms and offering light |
− | + | ==== [[#El_culto_a_los_difuntos_de_la_familia_hoy_dia|Worshipping the family’s dead nowadays]] ==== | |
− | === [[Recuerdos_de_familia| | + | === [[#Recuerdos_de_familia|Family memories]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Fotografias_y_diplomas|Photographs and diplomas]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Ropa_vajilla_y_enseres|Clothes, crockery and belongings]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Prendas_y_objetos_significativos|Significant items and garments]] ==== | |
− | ** | + | **Jewels |
− | + | ==== [[#Objetos_religiosos_y_funerarios|Funeral and religious items]] ==== | |
  |   | ||
− | == XXI. [[HONOR_DE_LA_FAMILIA| | + | == XXI. [[HONOR_DE_LA_FAMILIA/en|FAMILY HONOUR]] == |
− | === [[Honor_de_la_casa_y_de_la_familia_etxearen_ondra| | + | === [[#Honor_de_la_casa_y_de_la_familia_etxearen_ondra|Honour of the house and of the family]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Sentimiento_del_honor_de_la_casa_y_de_la_familia|Importance of the honour of the house and of the family]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Solidaridad_entre_parientes|Solidarity between relatives]] ==== | |
− | ** | + | **Agricultural jobs and urgent work |
− | ** | + | **Misfortune, serious illness or death |
− | ** | + | **Orphanhood |
− | ** | + | **Financial help |
− | + | ==== [[#Parientes_ricos_y_parientes_pobres|Rich relatives and poor relatives]] ==== | |
− | ** | + | **Providing help |
− | ** | + | **Indifference |
− | + | ==== [[#Los_parientes_emigrados|Relatives who emigrated]] ==== | |
− | ** | + | **Returning to the family home |
− | + | ==== [[#Cumplimientos_y_visitas._Bisitak|Observance and visits]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Querellas_y_reconciliacion._Haserreak_eta_konponketak|Quarrels and reconciliation]] ==== | |
− | ** | + | **Reasons for rifts |
− | ** | + | **Consequences of the rifts |
− | ** | + | **Settling the rifts |
− | ** | + | **Grievances |
− | + | ==== [[#El_Consejo_de_Familia._Biltzea|Family Council]] ==== | |
− | === [[Efectos_del_parentesco| | + | === [[#Efectos_del_parentesco|Effects of the kinship]] === |
− | + | ==== [[#Hospitalidad|Hospitality]] ==== | |
− | ** | + | **Ordinary visits |
− | ** | + | **Patron saint festivities and Christmas |
− | ** | + | **Studies |
− | + | ==== [[#Pago_de_deudas|Settling debts]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Valor_del_testimonio_entre_parientes|Value of evidence between parents]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Condicion_de_los_ancianos_y_enfermos|Status of the elderly and ill]] ==== | |
− | ** | + | **Transitions |
− | + | ==== [[#Los_criados_morroiak|Servants]] ==== | |
− | ** | + | **Relations between masters and servants |
− | ** | + | **Contracting servants |
− | + | ==== [[#Las_criadas_neskatoak|Maids]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Contratacion_de_obreros_temporales1|Contracting temporary workers]] ==== | |
− | + | ==== [[#Contratacion_de_artesanos._Arotzak_harginak|Contracting craftspeople]] ==== | |
− | {{#bookTitle: | + | {{#bookTitle:House and Family in the Basque Country | Casa_y_familia_en_vasconia/en}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Table of contents}} |
Revisión actual del 11:10 6 feb 2020
Contenido de esta página
- 1 HOUSE AND TERRITORY
- 1.1 I. SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY
- 1.2 II. RELATIONSHIP OF THE HOUSE WITH THE SOIL, CLIMATE AND ACTIVITY
- 1.3 III. NAME, ORIENTATION AND LOCATION OF THE HOUSES
- 2 STRUCTURE OF THE HOUSE
- 2.1 IV. REGIONAL HOUSE MODELS
- 2.1.1 General points
- 2.1.2 Álava house models
- 2.1.3 Bizkaia house models
- 2.1.3.1 The typical house of Las Encartaciones (Carranza Valley)
- 2.1.3.2 The typical Busturialdea house (Gautegiz-Arteaga)
- 2.1.3.3 The typical house of El Duranguesado (Abadiño)
- 2.1.3.4 The typical house of the Arratia Valley and Estribaciones del Gorbeia (Zeanuri)
- 2.1.3.5 The typical house of Durango old town
- 2.1.3.6 The typical house of the charter town of Gernika-Lumo
- 2.1.4 Gipuzkoa house models
- 2.1.5 Navarre house models
- 2.1.5.1 The typical house of the Atlantic side of the watershed (Bera)
- 2.1.5.2 The typical Pyrenean house (Roncal Valley)
- 2.1.5.3 The typical Mid-Navarre house (Allo)
- 2.1.5.4 The typical arrabal or popular house (Viana)
- 2.1.5.5 The typical Valdorba house
- 2.1.5.6 The typical Ribera del Ebro house (Valtierra)
- 2.1.5.7 Cave houses (La Ribera)
- 2.1.6 Northern Basque Country house models
- 2.1.7 Fishermen's houses
- 2.1.8 Appendix: Secular transition of houses in the Northern Basque Country
- 2.2 V. ROOFING
- 2.2.1 Connecting the frontage and the roof
- 2.2.2 Types of roof
- 2.2.3 Appendix 1: Relationship between the roof and climate and economic aspects
- 2.2.4 Roofing materials
- 2.2.5 Roof structure
- 2.2.6 Eaves
- 2.2.7 Ways out onto the roof. The chimney
- 2.2.8 Transformations
- 2.2.9 Appendix 2: Different slopes for houses with rectangular floor plan
- 2.2.10 Appendix 3: Chimney, fuel and climate
- 2.3 VI. FOUNDATIONS AND WALLS
- 2.4 VII. DOORS AND WINDOWS
- 2.5 VIII. INTERNAL LAYOUT OF THE HOUSE
- 2.6 IX. HOUSE DECORATION
- 2.1 IV. REGIONAL HOUSE MODELS
- 3 HOME AND HOME FURNISHINGS
- 3.1 X. HEARTH, LIGHTING AND KITCHEN
- 3.2 XI. HEARTH AND KITCHEN FURNITURE AND FIXTURES
- 3.3 XII. FURNITURE AND FIXTURES: LIVING ROOM, BEDROOMS AND PERSONAL HYGIENE
- 3.4 XIII. CLEANING THE HOUSE, CLOTHES AND DISHES
- 4 OUTBUILDINGS ADJOINING THE HOUSE
- 4.1 XIV. SPACES FOR FARMING WORK AND OUTBUILDINGS
- 4.1.1 Spaces at home for implements, products and livestock
- 4.1.2 Outbuildings
- 4.1.2.1 General points
- 4.1.2.2 Stalls, pens, enclosures
- 4.1.2.3 Huts, cabins, haylofts
- 4.1.2.4 Shacks
- 4.1.2.5 Dung storage
- 4.1.2.6 Chicken house
- 4.1.2.7 Pigsty
- 4.1.2.8 Shelter for sheep
- 4.1.2.9 Beehives
- 4.1.2.10 Domestic animals that guard the house
- 4.1.2.11 Lakes and cellars
- 4.1.2.12 Wells
- 4.1.2.13 Field shelters and huts
- 4.1.3 Appendix 1: Field pens in Navarre
- 4.1.4 Appendix 2: Granaries
- 4.1.5 Appendix 3: Charcoal maker shacks
- 4.1 XIV. SPACES FOR FARMING WORK AND OUTBUILDINGS
- 5 DOMESTIC BELIEFS AND RITES
- 5.1 XV. RITES AROUND THE HOUSEHOLD FIRE
- 5.2 XVI. SYMBOLS TO PROTECT THE HOUSE
- 5.2.1 Rites when starting to build the house
- 5.2.2 Rites when finishing the roof
- 5.2.3 Blessing the house
- 5.2.4 Rites against thunderstorms and lightning
- 5.2.4.1 An axe with the sharp edge pointing upwards to the thunderstorm
- 5.2.4.2 Stones against the thunderstorm
- 5.2.4.3 Sanjuan haritza, St John's oak
- 5.2.4.4 Burning herbs on St John's Day
- 5.2.4.5 Arantza zuria, hawthorn
- 5.2.4.6 Blessed bay leaves
- 5.2.4.7 Burning the blessed bay leaves
- 5.2.4.8 Eguzki-lorea, thistle flower
- 5.2.5 Religious rites to protect the house
- 5.2.6 Religious symbols and images
- 6 FAMILY
- 6.1 XVII. FAMILY AND KINSHIP
- 6.2 XVIII. FAMILY ASSETS AND THEIR TRANSFER
- 6.2.1 Family assets
- 6.2.2 Co-ownership of assets contributed to the marriage
- 6.2.3 Marital property agreements or settlements
- 6.2.4 Freedom to bequeath and blood line of inheritance in the charter system
- 6.2.5 Wills in territory of the common law system
- 6.2.6 Intestate inheritance
- 6.2.7 The inheritance of natural children
- 6.2.8 Will of the childless uncle
- 6.2.9 Legacies to non-relatives
- 6.3 XIX. LIFE AND DUTIES OF THE SPOUSES
- 6.3.1 Communal life of the spouses
- 6.3.2 Duties and occupations of the husband and the wife
- 6.3.3 Authority in the marital partnership
- 6.3.4 Social life of the spouses
- 6.3.5 Authority of parents over the children
- 6.3.6 Educating the children
- 6.3.7 Role of the woman in the passing on of values and beliefs
- 6.3.8 Adoption
- 6.3.9 Changes in the family and to customs
- 6.3.9.1 Decline in farming activity
- 6.3.9.2 Assets and inheritance
- 6.3.9.3 Women working outside the home
- 6.3.9.4 Generation overlap and family structure
- 6.3.9.5 Relations between parents and children Parental authority
- 6.3.9.6 Rites of passage nowadays
- 6.3.9.7 Religious belief today
- 6.3.9.8 Oral tradition, education and school
- 6.3.9.9 Changes in customs
- 6.4 XX. RELATIONS WITH FAMILY AND RELATIVES
- 6.4.1 Relations with the family
- 6.4.2 Relations of the spouses with their families of origin
- 6.4.3 Gatherings of relatives
- 6.4.4 Order of relatives at the ceremonies
- 6.4.5 Historical memories of the house and the family
- 6.4.5.1 Recollections of the ancestors
- 6.4.5.2 Memories of unusual houses in the neighbourhood
- 6.4.5.3 Legends relating to the house and its former dwellers
- 6.4.5.4 Remembering the ancestors of the house
- 6.4.5.5 Obligations regarding one's ancestors
- 6.4.5.6 Family burial place
- 6.4.5.7 Anniversaries
- 6.4.5.8 Offerings
- 6.4.5.9 Worshipping the family’s dead nowadays
- 6.4.6 Family memories
- 6.5 XXI. FAMILY HONOUR
HOUSE AND TERRITORY
I. SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY
Latitudinal settlement patterns
Historical and geographical factors
The Luzaide/Valcarlos (N) case
La barranca (N)
Dispersed settlements
Distant past
Historical background
Examples of dispersed settlements
Establishing new homesteads
Establishing new homesteads
Background
Examples of concentrated settlement
Growth of the current settlements
II. RELATIONSHIP OF THE HOUSE WITH THE SOIL, CLIMATE AND ACTIVITY
The house and its setting
Relationship of the house with the soil
- Influence of the substrate
- Presence of water in the subsoil
- Use of the soil materials
- Influence of the terrain
The relationship of the house with the climate
- Walls, openings and orientation
- The roof and adjoining buildings
- The southern area with lower rainfall
- Examples and current situation
The house and the activity of its dwellers
Agriculture
Commercial
Current adaptations
Appendix: Influence of the production on the types of homesteads
III. NAME, ORIENTATION AND LOCATION OF THE HOUSES
Definition of the house concept and names
Name of the house
Name, surname and nickname of the owner
Trade and activity of the owner
Place name
Neighbouring houses in concentrated settlement
Orientation of the house
East facing
South facing
Orientation in concentrated settlements
Houses and lands in mixed and disperse settlements
Location of houses in concentrated arrangements
Houses separated by party walls
Houses separated by yards
Houses separated by the threshing floor
Land adjoined to the house
The threshing floor
Market or vegetable garden
STRUCTURE OF THE HOUSE
IV. REGIONAL HOUSE MODELS
General points
Álava house models
The typical Rioja-Alavesa house (Moreda de Álava)
The typical La Llanada house
The typical Montaña Alavesa house (Bernedo)
The typical house in the charter town of Agurain
Bizkaia house models
The typical house of Las Encartaciones (Carranza Valley)
The typical Busturialdea house (Gautegiz-Arteaga)
The typical house of El Duranguesado (Abadiño)
The typical house of the Arratia Valley and Estribaciones del Gorbeia (Zeanuri)
The typical house of Durango old town
The typical house of the charter town of Gernika-Lumo
Gipuzkoa house models
The typical Goierri house (Ataun)
The typical Beasain house
The typical Zerain house
The Alto Deba house (Elosua)
The typical Bajo Deba house (Elgoibar)
The typical Urola Kosta house (Aia)
Navarre house models
The typical house of the Atlantic side of the watershed (Bera)
The typical Pyrenean house (Roncal Valley)
The typical Mid-Navarre house (Allo)
The typical arrabal or popular house (Viana)
The typical Valdorba house
The typical Ribera del Ebro house (Valtierra)
Cave houses (La Ribera)
Northern Basque Country house models
The typical Lapurdi house (Sara)
The typical Ainhoa house (L)
The typical Amikuze house (Huarte-Hiri-BN)
The typical Arberoa house (Donoztiri-BN)
The typical Heleta house (BN)
The typical Zuberoa house (Liginaga)
Fishermen's houses
Appendix: Secular transition of houses in the Northern Basque Country
V. ROOFING
Connecting the frontage and the roof
Types of roof
Roof pitch
- Historical evolution of roofing in Roncesvalles (N)
Shape and number of slopes
- The climate factor
- Grouped houses
- The shape of the dwelling
- Relationship between the number of slopes and the status
- Different reasons
- Geographical distribution of the number of slopes
Appendix 1: Relationship between the roof and climate and economic aspects
Roofing materials
Timber frame
The roof tile
- The origin of roof tiles
- The curved tile
- The flat tile
Wooden roof: shingles
Stone roof: slates
New materials
Roof structure
General points
Post-supported structures
Shear beam structures
Thatched and plaster vaults
Eaves
Ways out onto the roof. The chimney
Transformations
Appendix 2: Different slopes for houses with rectangular floor plan
Appendix 3: Chimney, fuel and climate
VI. FOUNDATIONS AND WALLS
Foundations
Foundations on hard substrates
Foundations on less solid substrates
Outside walls
Construction materials
- Stone
- Timber
- Earth, brick, adobe and rammed earth
Walls with timber latticework
Masonry walls
Mortar
Construction of the walls
Plastering of the walls
Walls today
Caves
Timber internal structure
Widespread use of timber
Types of timber
Bench base
Structure
Inside walls and partitions
Floors
Floor in the entrance and stable
Floor in the dwelling
Stairs
Indoor stairs
Outdoor stairs
Urban dwelling stairs
Roofs
Plank roofs
Vault roofs
Origin of the construction materials
Stone
Lime and plaster
Timber
Roof tiles, bricks and adobe
New materials
VII. DOORS AND WINDOWS
Orientation of the house openings
Arrangement of the openings on the frontage
Openings
Main door
- Álava
- Bizkaia
- Gipuzkoa
- Navarre
- Northern Basque Country
Windows
- Álava
- Bizkaia
- Gipuzkoa
- Navarre
- Northern Basque Country
Balconies
Inside doors
Door and window closing mechanisms
Closing the main or entrance door
- Bars
- Latches
- Other locks
Closing inside doors
Closing windows
Grilles
Recent transformations
VIII. INTERNAL LAYOUT OF THE HOUSE
General points
Rural houses
Bizkaia
- Livestock homesteads. Encartaciones and Arratia-Orozko
- Agricultural homesteads. Uribe, Busturialdea and Durangaldea
Gipuzkoa
- Goierri
- High and Mid-Deba
- Mid-Oria
- Donostia and Lower Bidasoa
Northern Basque Country
Álava
- Surroundings of Gorbeia Mountain
- West Álava
- La Llanada
- La Montaña
- Rioja Alavesa
Navarre
- Northern Sub-Pyrenean and Pyrenean area. La Montaña
- Southern Sub-Pyrenean area. Mid zone.
- Southern zone. La Ribera
Fishermen's dwellings
Urban dwellings
Modern houses
Appendix: Mansions. Palaces
IX. HOUSE DECORATION
General points
Outside walls. Frontage
Exposed stone and plastered frontages
Timber trusses
Elaborate decorations
Plant decorations
Roofing
Eaves
Doors and windows
Ironwork
Carvings on lintels
Decorative grilles
Coats-of-arms
Inscriptions
Interior decoration
HOME AND HOME FURNISHINGS
X. HEARTH, LIGHTING AND KITCHEN
Fireplace
Names
Location of the fireplace
- Central fireplace
- Side fireplace
- Description
Fuel used in the fireplace
- Most common fuels
- Mediterranean side of the watershed
Lighting or rekindling the fire
- The flint. New lighting systems
- Rekindling fire
- Initially stocking the fire
Types of firewood
Base and back of the stove
- Cast-iron plate
- Decorative motifs
Hearth
Chimney and vent
- Low heat chimney
- Energy-saving stove chimney
- Cleaning the chimney
Bread oven
Oven location and type
- Ovens in the kitchen or attached to the house
- Exempted ovens
Oven construction materials
Use of the oven
House lighting
Old lighting systems
Oil lamp
Candles
Petrol lamp
Carbide lamp
Electric light
Kitchen
Hob
Energy-saving stove and subsequent transitions
The kitchen, the centre of family life
XI. HEARTH AND KITCHEN FURNITURE AND FIXTURES
Hearth utensils
Archetypical of two places
- Beasain (G)
- Sangüesa (N)
Names and description
- Firedogs
- Pincers
- Tongs
- Stove shovel
- Trivet
- Drum
- Griddle
- Spits
- Ash shovel
- Bellows
- Boilers
- Copper heater
Kitchen furniture
The armchair and other seating
Sink
Ash bucket
Pottery
Tables and other items
- Tables
- Troughs
- Cans
Cupboards, cabinets and racks
- Dressers
- Plate rack
- Kitchen rack
Pantries and their evolution
Kitchen furnishings
Decorating the fireplace
Items placed on the mantelpiece, on the hood or on the hearth
General points about the goods
Descriptions of the furnishings
- Northern Basque Country
- Bizkaia
- Álava
- Gipuzkoa
- Navarre
Artisan production of the kitchen furniture
- Domestic production
- Non-domestic production
Transitions in the household furniture and fittings
XII. FURNITURE AND FIXTURES: LIVING ROOM, BEDROOMS AND PERSONAL HYGIENE
Living room or dining room fittings
Furniture
Religious images
Family photographs on display
Bedroom fittings
The bedroom as a room
General points
Beds
Trunks, chests of drawers and wardrobes
Occasional furniture
- Wash stand and basin
Curtains and rugs
Religious images
- Crucifix
- Religious paintings or laminates
- Photographs
- Holy water font
Washing facilities and fittings
Outhouse or toilet
Washing facilities
Transitions of the bathroom and its fittings
Musical instruments. Radio, television and new technologies
Musical instruments
Radio, television and new technologies
XIII. CLEANING THE HOUSE, CLOTHES AND DISHES
Cleaning the house
Cleaning the house, thoroughly
- Cleaning products and utensils
- Daily and weekly cleaning
- Spring-cleaning and cleaning on set dates
- Insect extermination
Cleaning floors
- Sweeping
- Mopping and sandblasting
- Waxing
Whitewashing and painting frontages and inside
Washing clothes
Washing clothes in the river or in the public washhouse
Laundresses or washerwomen
The laundry
- Names
- Transitions
Drying and ironing the clothes
Hanging out the clothes at home
Washing dishes
Washers and dishwashers
OUTBUILDINGS ADJOINING THE HOUSE
XIV. SPACES FOR FARMING WORK AND OUTBUILDINGS
Spaces at home for implements, products and livestock
Porch and carriage porch
Attic or loft
Stable
Outbuildings
General points
Stalls, pens, enclosures
Huts, cabins, haylofts
Shacks
Dung storage
Chicken house
Pigsty
Shelter for sheep
Beehives
Domestic animals that guard the house
Lakes and cellars
Wells
Field shelters and huts
Appendix 1: Field pens in Navarre
Appendix 2: Granaries
Appendix 3: Charcoal maker shacks
DOMESTIC BELIEFS AND RITES
XV. RITES AROUND THE HOUSEHOLD FIRE
The embers of the hearth
Lighting the hearth on set days
The Christmas log
New fire at Easter
Bringing a recently purchased animals into the house
XVI. SYMBOLS TO PROTECT THE HOUSE
Rites when starting to build the house
Rites when finishing the roof
Blessing the house
Rites against thunderstorms and lightning
An axe with the sharp edge pointing upwards to the thunderstorm
Stones against the thunderstorm
Sanjuan haritza, St John's oak
Burning herbs on St John's Day
Arantza zuria, hawthorn
Blessed bay leaves
Burning the blessed bay leaves
Eguzki-lorea, thistle flower
Religious rites to protect the house
Holy water
Blessed candles
Praying to Saint Barbara
Spells. Chimes
Religious symbols and images
Crosses
Sacred Heart plaques
FAMILY
XVII. FAMILY AND KINSHIP
Family. Kinship. Parentage
In Basque-speaking locations
- Household
- Family
- Relatives
In Spanish-speaking locations
- Family
- Kinship
- Parentage
- Other relations
Extended family community
Names and degree of kinship
Basque categories
Spanish categories
Family names
Family name or surname
Most common first names
Way of referring to people
- Nicknames
A married woman's surname
Names and forms of address between relatives
By children to parents
Between spouses
By parents to children
Forms of address
- Formal you
- Informal you
- Colloquial use of informal you
- Change of the form of address
- Other forms of address. Lost souls
XVIII. FAMILY ASSETS AND THEIR TRANSFER
Family assets
Family assets concept
Safeguarding and indivisum of the family assets
Disposal of the core assets
Co-ownership of assets contributed to the marriage
Consent of the wife to dispose of assets
Transitions
Marital property agreements or settlements
Marital property agreements
Marital settlements
Transformations
Freedom to bequeath and blood line of inheritance in the charter system
Choice of heir
Cohabitation of young and older married couples
The heir and other children
Joint will
Wills in territory of the common law system
Hereditary system
Cohabitation of young and older married couples
The heir and other children
Situation of the surviving spouse
Intestate inheritance
The inheritance of natural children
Will of the childless uncle
Legacies to non-relatives
XIX. LIFE AND DUTIES OF THE SPOUSES
Communal life of the spouses
Communal life in the workplace
Communal life on official holidays
Seating arrangement of the wife at the table
Duties and occupations of the husband and the wife
Duties and occupations of the husband
Duties and occupations of the wife
Authority in the marital partnership
Nearly equal rights
How the husband is called by the wife
Marital rifts
- Causes of the rifts or disagreements
- Marital separations
Civility and etiquette
Social life of the spouses
Social life together
Relations of the married women
Relations of the married men
Current situation
Authority of parents over the children
Shared authority or nearly absolute authority
Transfer of the authority
Parental authority and emancipation
Showing respect to older people
Uncle-nephew relationship
Educating the children
Main role of women
Division of responsibilities between the parents
Setting up personal wherewithal
Role of the woman in the passing on of values and beliefs
Role of the man in passing on the cultural heritage
Adoption
Frequency and names
General points
Reasons
- Replacing a dead child
- Economic grounds or charitable reasons
- Childless couples
- Fostering
Adopting relatives
Changes in the family and to customs
Decline in farming activity
Assets and inheritance
Women working outside the home
Generation overlap and family structure
Relations between parents and children Parental authority
Rites of passage nowadays
Religious belief today
Oral tradition, education and school
Changes in customs
XX. RELATIONS WITH FAMILY AND RELATIVES
Relations with the family
Intervention of the parents of the spouses
- Rifts
Treatment and care of the in-laws
Relations of the spouses with their families of origin
Gatherings of relatives
Calendar of festivities
Gatherings to mark rites of passage
- Funeral ceremonies
Order of relatives at the ceremonies
Order of relatives at weddings
Order of relatives at baptisms. God-parents
Order of relatives in funeral cortèges
Signs of mourning and its length
Historical memories of the house and the family
Recollections of the ancestors
Memories of unusual houses in the neighbourhood
Legends relating to the house and its former dwellers
- The oldest local house
Remembering the ancestors of the house
Obligations regarding one's ancestors
Family burial place
Anniversaries
Offerings
- Bread offerings
- Alms and offering light
Worshipping the family’s dead nowadays
Family memories
Photographs and diplomas
Clothes, crockery and belongings
Significant items and garments
- Jewels
Funeral and religious items
XXI. FAMILY HONOUR
Honour of the house and of the family
Importance of the honour of the house and of the family
Solidarity between relatives
- Agricultural jobs and urgent work
- Misfortune, serious illness or death
- Orphanhood
- Financial help
Rich relatives and poor relatives
- Providing help
- Indifference
Relatives who emigrated
- Returning to the family home
Observance and visits
Quarrels and reconciliation
- Reasons for rifts
- Consequences of the rifts
- Settling the rifts
- Grievances
Family Council
Effects of the kinship
Hospitality
- Ordinary visits
- Patron saint festivities and Christmas
- Studies
Settling debts
Value of evidence between parents
Status of the elderly and ill
- Transitions
Servants
- Relations between masters and servants
- Contracting servants