Diferencia entre revisiones de «Indice Ritos funerarios en vasconia/en»

Revisión del 12:02 10 nov 2017 (ver código) Admin (discusión | contribuciones) (Página creada con «*Cortege to the ''limes''») ← Edición anterior		Revisión actual del 13:15 18 feb 2020 (ver código) Admin (discusión | contribuciones)
(No se muestran 947 ediciones intermedias del mismo usuario)
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−	== I. [[PRESAGIOS DE MUERTE. HERIOTZAREN ZANTZUAK|OMENS OF DEATH]] ==	+	== I. [[PRESAGIOS DE MUERTE. HERIOTZAREN ZANTZUAK/en|OMENS OF DEATH]] ==
−	=== [[Presagios_relacionados_con_animales|Animal-related omens]] ===	+	=== [[#Presagios_relacionados_con_animales|Animal-related omens]] ===
−	*[[Aullido_del_perro._Txakurraren_oihua_zakurraren_uhuria|Dog howling]]	+	==== [[#Aullido_del_perro._Txakurraren_oihua_zakurraren_uhuria|Dog howling]] ====
−	*[[Canto_del_gallo._Oilarra_kukurruka|Rooster crowing]]	+	==== [[#Canto_del_gallo._Oilarra_kukurruka|Rooster crowing]] ====
−	*[[Comportamiento_del_ganado_y_de_los_gatos|Behaviour of livestock and cats]]	+	==== [[#Comportamiento_del_ganado_y_de_los_gatos|Behaviour of livestock and cats]] ====
−	*[[Canto_o_presencia_de_aves_nocturnas._Le_cri_de_la_chouette|Singing or presence of night birds. ''Le cri de la chouette'']]	+	==== [[#Canto_o_presencia_de_aves_nocturnas._Le_cri_de_la_chouette|Screeching or presence of night birds]] ====
−	*[[Presencia_de_cuervos_y_otras_aves._Belak_pikak_karraskari|Presence of crows and other birds]]	+	==== [[#Presencia_de_cuervos_y_otras_aves._Belak_pikak_karraskari|Presence of crows and other birds]] ====
−	*[[Presencia_de_insectos._Euli_baltzak|Presence of insects]]	+	==== [[#Presencia_de_insectos._Euli_baltzak|Presence of insects]] ====
−	=== [[Presagios_relacionados_con_hechos_y_acontecimientos|Omens related with facts and events]] ===	+	=== [[#Presagios_relacionados_con_hechos_y_acontecimientos|Omens related with facts and events]] ===
−	*[[El_sonido_de_las_campanas._Kanpaiotsak|Bells ringing]]	+	==== [[#El_sonido_de_las_campanas._Kanpaiotsak|Bells tolling]] ====
−	*[[Pagar_medir_o_pesar_lo_justo|Paying, measuring or weighing just enough]]	+	==== [[#Pagar_medir_o_pesar_lo_justo|Paying, measuring or weighing just enough]] ====
−	*[[Ruidos_y_otras_coincidencias|Noises and other coincidences]]	+	==== [[#Ruidos_y_otras_coincidencias|Noises and other coincidences]] ====
−	*[[Presagios_derivados_del_acto_de_morir._Hilaren_begi_irekiak|Omens resulting from the act of dying]]	+	==== [[#Presagios_derivados_del_acto_de_morir._Hilaren_begi_irekiak|Omens resulting from the act of dying]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== II. [[AGONIA_Y_MUERTE._AGONIA_ETA_HERIOTZA|DEATH THROES AND DEATH]] ==	+	== II. [[AGONIA_Y_MUERTE._AGONIA_ETA_HERIOTZA/en|DEATH THROES AND DEATH]] ==
−	=== [[La_agonia._Hiltamua|Death throes]] ===	+	=== [[#La_agonia._Hiltamua|Death throes]] ===
−	*[[Denominaciones|Names]]	+	==== [[#Denominaciones32|Names]] ====
−	*[[Signos_fisicos_de_agonia|Physical signs of death throes]]	+	==== [[#Signos_fisicos_de_agonia|Physical signs of death throes]] ====
−	*[[El_toque_de_agonia._Agonia-kanpaia_agoniako_zeinua|Death tolls]]	+	==== [[#El_toque_de_agonia._Agonia-kanpaia_agoniako_zeinua|Death knells]] ====
−	*[[Asistencia_al_agonizante|Caring for the person in their dying moments ]]	+	==== [[#Asistencia_al_agonizante|Caring for the person in their dying moments ]] ====
	**Care and attention		**Care and attention
Línea 44:		Línea 44:
	**Contemporary changes		**Contemporary changes
−	*[[Rezos_durante_la_agonia._Agoniako_otoitzak|Prayers during the death throes]]	+	==== [[#Rezos_durante_la_agonia._Agoniako_otoitzak|Prayers during the death throes]] ====
−	*[[Otras_practicas_religiosas._Agoniako_kandela|Other religious practices]]	+	==== [[#Otras_practicas_religiosas._Agoniako_kandela|Other religious practices]] ====
−	*[[Causas_de_la_prolongacion_de_la_agonia|Causes for the death throes dragging on]]	+	==== [[#Causas_de_la_prolongacion_de_la_agonia|Causes for the death throes dragging on]] ====
	**Feuds and grievances		**Feuds and grievances
	**Possessed by spirits		**Possessed by spirits
−	*[[Remedios_contra_la_prolongacion_de_la_agonia|Remedies to stop the death throes dragging on]]	+	==== [[#Remedios_contra_la_prolongacion_de_la_agonia|Remedies to stop the death throes dragging on]] ====
−	**''Meza enkomendadua''	+	**Mass for the dying
−	**Offering lights and fasts	+	**Light offering and fasts
	**Facilitating the exiting of the soul		**Facilitating the exiting of the soul
−	=== [[La_muerte._Heriotza|The death]] ===	+	=== [[#La_muerte._Heriotza|Death]] ===
−	*[[Denominaciones|Names]]	+	==== [[#Denominaciones33|Names]] ====
−	*[[Causas_fisicas_de_la_muerte|Physical causes of death]]	+	==== [[#Causas_fisicas_de_la_muerte|Physical causes of death]] ====
−	*[[Causas_prodigiosas_de_la_muerte|Extraordinary causes of death]]	+	==== [[#Causas_prodigiosas_de_la_muerte|Extraordinary causes of death]] ====
	**Spells		**Spells
Línea 71:		Línea 71:
	**Death spirits		**Death spirits
−	*[[Sustitucion_de_la_muerte|Replacing death]]	+	==== [[#Sustitucion_de_la_muerte|Replacing death]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== III. [[VIATICO_Y_EXTREMAUNCION._AZKEN_SAKRAMENDUAK|VIATICUM AND EXTREME UNCTION]] ==	+	== III. [[VIATICO_Y_EXTREMAUNCION._AZKEN_SAKRAMENDUAK/en|VIATICUM AND ANOINTING]] ==
−	=== [[Ritos_cristianos_del_pasaje_de_la_muerte|Christian rites of the passage from life to death]] ===	+	=== [[#Ritos_cristianos_del_pasaje_de_la_muerte|Christian rites of the passage from life to death]] ===
−	=== [[Denominaciones|Names]] ===	+	=== [[#Denominaciones34|Names]] ===
−	=== [[La_recepcion_de_los_Ultimos_Sacramentos._Eleizakoak|Receiving the Last Sacraments]] ===	+	=== [[#La_recepcion_de_los_Ultimos_Sacramentos._Eleizakoak|Receiving the Last Rites]] ===
−	*[[Avisos_al_cura_y_al_medico|Notifying the priest and doctor]]	+	==== [[#Avisos_al_cura_y_al_medico|Notifying the priest and doctor]] ====
−	*[[Acondicionamiento_de_la_habitacion_del_enfermo|Preparing the room of the sick  person]]	+	==== [[#Acondicionamiento_de_la_habitacion_del_enfermo|Preparing the room of the sick  person]] ====
	**Home altar		**Home altar
	**Decorating the house		**Decorating the house
−	*[[El_Viatico._Gure_Jauna|Viaticum]]	+	==== [[#El_Viatico._Gure_Jauna|Viaticum]] ====
−	**Viaticum  in the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)	+	**Viaticum  in the Northern Basque Country
−	**Viaticum in Navarra	+	**Viaticum in Navarre
	**Viaticum in Gipuzkoa		**Viaticum in Gipuzkoa
	**Viaticum in Bizkaia		**Viaticum in Bizkaia
−	**Viaticum in Alava	+	**Viaticum in Álava
−	*[[La_Extremauncion._Oleadura|Extreme Unction]]	+	==== [[#La_Extremauncion._Oleadura|Anointing]] ====
−	=== [[Apendice_1_Derniers_Sacrements_Azken_Sakramendia_a_Mendive_(BN)|Appendix 1: Derniers Sacrements a Mendive (BN)]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_1_Derniers_Sacrements_Azken_Sakramendia_a_Mendive_(BN)|Appendix 1: Last Rites in Mendive (BN)]] ===
−	=== [[Apendice_2_La_administracion_del_Viatico_y_de_la_Extremauncion_segun_el_antiguo_Ritual_Romano|Appendix 2: Administration of Viaticum and Extreme Unction according to the old Roman Ritual]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_2_La_administracion_del_Viatico_y_de_la_Extremauncion_segun_el_antiguo_Ritual_Romano|Appendix 2: Administration of Viaticum and Anointing according to the old Roman Ritual]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== IV. [[CREENCIAS_SOBRE_EL_DESTINO_DEL_ALMA|BELIEFS ABOUT THE SOUL'S DESTINY]] ==	+	== IV. [[CREENCIAS_SOBRE_EL_DESTINO_DEL_ALMA/en|BELIEFS ABOUT THE SOUL’S DESTINY]] ==
−	=== [[Separacion_del_alma_y_el_cuerpo|Separation of the soul and body]] ===	+	=== [[#Separacion_del_alma_y_el_cuerpo|Separation of the soul and body]] ===
−	=== [[Señales_de_salvacion_o_condenacion|Signs of salvation or damnation]] ===	+	=== [[#Señales_de_salvacion_o_condenacion|Signs of salvation or damnation]] ===
−	*[[El_semblante_del_cadaver|The countenance of the corpse]]	+	==== [[#El_semblante_del_cadaver|Countenance of the corpse]] ====
−	*[[Signos_de_la_naturaleza|Signs of nature]]	+	==== [[#Signos_de_la_naturaleza|Signs of nature]] ====
−	*[[Dificultades_para_sacar_el_ataud_de_la_casa|Problems when removing the coffin from the house]]	+	==== [[#Dificultades_para_sacar_el_ataud_de_la_casa|Problems when removing the coffin from the house]] ====
−	*[[Los_cuerpos_incorruptos|Incorrupt bodies]]	+	==== [[#Los_cuerpos_incorruptos|Incorrupt bodies]] ====
−	=== [[Practicas_para_asegurar_la_salvacion|Practices to ensure salvation]] ===	+	=== [[#Practicas_para_asegurar_la_salvacion|Practices to ensure salvation]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== V. [[DUELO_DOMESTICO_Y_AYUDA_VECINAL|HOUSEHOLD MOURNING AND HELP FROM NEIGHBOURS]] ==	+	== V. [[DUELO_DOMESTICO_Y_AYUDA_VECINAL/en|HOUSEHOLD MOURNING AND HELP FROM NEIGHBOURS]] ==
−	=== [[Signos_de_duelo_de_la_casa_mortuoria|Signs of mourning of the bereaved household]] ===	+	=== [[#Signos_de_duelo_de_la_casa_mortuoria|Signs of mourning of the bereaved household]] ===
−	*[[Ocultacion_de_los_espejos|Concealing  the mirrors]]	+	==== [[#Ocultacion_de_los_espejos|Covering mirrors]] ====
−	*[[Ocultacion_de_otros_enseres|Concealing other belongings]]	+	==== [[#Ocultacion_de_otros_enseres|Concealing other belongings]] ====
−	*[[Cubrimiento_de_las_paredes|Covering the walls]]	+	==== [[#Cubrimiento_de_las_paredes|Covering walls]] ====
−	*[[Cierre_de_ventanas|Closing windows]]	+	==== [[#Cierre_de_ventanas|Closing windows]] ====
−	*[[Signos_de_duelo_en_el_exterior_de_la_casa|Signs of mourning outside the house]]	+	==== [[#Signos_de_duelo_en_el_exterior_de_la_casa|Signs of mourning outside the house]] ====
−	=== [[Intervencion_de_los_vecinos_durante_el_duelo|Role of the neighbours during the mourning period]] ===	+	=== [[#Intervencion_de_los_vecinos_durante_el_duelo|Role of neighbours during the mourning period]] ===
−	*[[La_vecindad_y_los_vecinos_en_relacion_con_la_casa_mortuoria|The neighbourhood and neighbours with regard to the bereaved household]]	+	==== [[#La_vecindad_y_los_vecinos_en_relacion_con_la_casa_mortuoria|The neighbourhood and neighbours with regard to the bereaved household]] ====
	**Organisation of the neighbourhood hierarchy		**Organisation of the neighbourhood hierarchy
−	**The first neighbour	+	**The first or nearest neighbour
	**Reconciliation and friendship between neighbours		**Reconciliation and friendship between neighbours
−	*[[Ayudas_prestadas_por_los_vecinos|Help provided by the neighbours]]	+	==== [[#Ayudas_prestadas_por_los_vecinos|Help provided by neighbours]] ====
	**Household chores and tasks		**Household chores and tasks
Línea 149:		Línea 149:
	**Customarily established help		**Customarily established help
−	=== [[La_cruz_parroquial_en_la_casa_mortuoria|The parish cross in the bereaved household]] ===	+	=== [[#La_cruz_parroquial_en_la_casa_mortuoria|The parish cross in the bereaved household]] ===
−	=== [[Apendice_Role_des_voisins_durant_le_rite_funeraire_a_Osses/Ortzaize_(BN)|Appendix: Rôle des voisins durant le rite funéraire à Ossès/Ortzaize (BN)]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_Role_des_voisins_durant_le_rite_funeraire_a_Osses/Ortzaize_(BN)|Appendix: Role of neighbours during funeral rites in Ossès/Ortzaize (BN)]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== VI. [[COMUNICACION_DE_LA_MUERTE|COMMUNICATING THE DEATH]] ==	+	== VI. [[COMUNICACION_DE_LA_MUERTE/en|NOTIFYING THE DEATH]] ==
−	=== [[Avisos._Hil-mezuak|Notifications]] ===	+	=== [[#Avisos._Hil-mezuak|Notifications]] ===
−	*[[Destinatarios_de_la_notificacion|Recipients of the notification]]	+	==== [[#Destinatarios_de_la_notificacion|Recipients of the notification]] ====
−	*[[Avisadores_del_fallecimiento|Death announcers]]	+	==== [[#Avisadores_del_fallecimiento|Death announcers]] ====
−	Relatives and neighbours	+	**Relatives and neighbours
−	The first settlers	+	**First neighbours
−	Youths	+	**Youths
−	Female announcers	+	**Female announcers
−	Messengers and ''auroros'' choirs	+	**Messengers and ''auroros'' choirs
−	*[[Transiciones_contemporaneas|Contemporary transitions]]	+	==== [[#Transiciones_contemporaneas_Avisos|Contemporary transitions]] ====
−	=== [[Los_toques_de_campana._Hil-kanpaiak_hil-zeinuak|Bell ringing]] ===	+	=== [[#Los_toques_de_campana._Hil-kanpaiak_hil-zeinuak|Bell-ringing]] ===
−	*[[Denominaciones|Names]]	+	==== [[#Denominaciones35|Names]] ====
−	*[[Momento_del_toque_a_muerto|Time of the death knell]]	+	==== [[#Momento_del_toque_a_muerto|Time of the death knell]] ====
−	*[[Persona_encargada_de_tocar_las_campanas|Person in charge of ringing the bells]]	+	==== [[#Persona_encargada_de_tocar_las_campanas|Person in charge of ringing the bells]] ====
−	*[[El_lenguaje_de_los_tañidos|The language of the tolling of the bells]]	+	==== [[#El_lenguaje_de_los_tañidos|Language of the tolling of the bells]] ====
	**Religious status and sex differences		**Religious status and sex differences
Línea 184:		Línea 184:
	**Social categories		**Social categories
−	*[[Vigencia_de_los_toques_a_muerto|Validity of the death knells]]	+	==== [[#Vigencia_de_los_toques_a_muerto|Validity of the death knells]] ====
−	*[[Toques_a_muerto_en_ermitas|Death knells in chapels]]	+	==== [[#Toques_a_muerto_en_ermitas|Death knells in chapels]] ====
−	*[[Toques_de_entierro|Burial bell tolls]]	+	==== [[#Toques_de_entierro|Burial bell tolls]] ====
−	=== [[Las_esquelas|Death notices]] ===	+	=== [[#Las_esquelas|Death notices]] ===
−	*[[Esquelas_de_periodicos|Newspaper death notices]]	+	==== [[#Esquelas_de_periodicos|Newspaper death notices]] ====
−	*[[Esquelas_de_la_calle|Street death notices]]	+	==== [[#Esquelas_de_la_calle|Street death notices]] ====
−	*[[Antiguedad_de_las_esquelas|Antiquity of the death notices]]	+	==== [[#Antiguedad_de_las_esquelas|Antiquity of the death notices]] ====
−	*[[Esquela_radiofonica|Radio death notices]]	+	==== [[#Esquela_radiofonica|Radio death notices]] ====
−	=== [[Los_recordatorios|Memorials]] ===	+	=== [[#Los_recordatorios|Memorials]] ===
−	=== [[Anuncio_de_la_muerte_a_los_animales_domesticos|Telling domesticated animals of the death]] ===	+	=== [[#Anuncio_de_la_muerte_a_los_animales_domesticos|Telling domesticated animals of the death]] ===
−	*[[Aviso_a_las_abejas._Erletxuak_erletxuak|Telling the bees]]	+	==== [[#Aviso_a_las_abejas._Erletxuak_erletxuak|Telling the bees]] ====
	**Survival of the beehive		**Survival of the beehive
	**Producing more wax		**Producing more wax
	**Requesting wax and avoiding the death of the bees		**Requesting wax and avoiding the death of the bees
−	**The death of the owner	+	**Death of the owner
−	**The new owner	+	**New owner
	**Signs of mourning		**Signs of mourning
−	*[[Aviso_a_los_animales_del_establo|Telling the barn animals]]	+	==== [[#Aviso_a_los_animales_del_establo|Telling the barn animals]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== VII. [[AMORTAJAMIENTO._HILAREN_BEZTITZEA|SHROUD]] ==	+	== VII. [[AMORTAJAMIENTO._HILAREN_BEZTITZEA/en|SHROUD]] ==
−	=== [[Fallecimiento_y_el_acto_de_cerrar_los_ojos|Death and act of closing the eyelids]] ===	+	=== [[#Fallecimiento_y_el_acto_de_cerrar_los_ojos|Death and act of closing the eyelids]] ===
−	=== [[Lavado_y_amortajamiento|ashing and shrouding]] ===	+	=== [[#Lavado_y_amortajamiento|Washing and shrouding]] ===
−	*[[Modos_de_lavar_el_cadaver._Gorpu-garbitzea|Ways of washing the corpse]]	+	==== [[#Modos_de_lavar_el_cadaver._Gorpu-garbitzea|Ways of washing the corpse]] ====
−	*[[Adecentamiento_del_cuerpo_muerto|Cleansing the corpse]]	+	==== [[#Adecentamiento_del_cuerpo_muerto|Cleansing the corpse]] ====
−	*[[Disposicion_de_manos_y_pies|Arranging the hands and feet]]	+	==== [[#Disposicion_de_manos_y_pies|Arranging the hands and feet]] ====
−	*[[La_sal_sobre_el_cadaver|Salt on the corpse]]	+	==== [[#La_sal_sobre_el_cadaver|Salt on the corpse]] ====
−	*[[La_mortaja_y_sus_tipos|The shroud and its types]]	+	==== [[#La_mortaja_y_sus_tipos|The shroud and its types]] ====
	**Cloth shroud		**Cloth shroud
Línea 236:		Línea 236:
	**Festive garments		**Festive garments
−	=== [[Objetos_que_acompañan_al_cadaver|Objects that accompany the corpse]] ===	+	=== [[#Objetos_que_acompañan_al_cadaver|Objects that accompany the corpse]] ===
−	*[[Simbolos_piadosos|Pious symbols]]	+	==== [[#Simbolos_piadosos|Pious symbols]] ====
−	*[[Bulas_de_difuntos._Hilen_buldak|Death indulgences]]	+	==== [[#Bulas_de_difuntos._Hilen_buldak|Death indulgences]] ====
−	*[[Objetos_profanos|Secular objects]]	+	==== [[#Objetos_profanos|Secular objects]] ====
−	=== [[Quema_de_hierbas|Burning herbs]] ===	+	=== [[#Quema_de_hierbas|Burning herbs]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== VIII. [[EL_VELATORIO._GAUBELA|THE WAKE. ''GAUBELA'']] ==	+	== VIII. [[EL_VELATORIO._GAUBELA/en|THE WAKE. GAUBELA]] ==
−	=== [[El_velatorio|The wake]] ===	+	=== [[#El_velatorio|The wake]] ===
−	*[[Vigilia_diurna|Daytime vigil]]	+	==== [[#Vigilia_diurna|Daytime vigil]] ====
−	*[[Rezo_del_rosario_al_anochecer|Reciting the Rosary at dusk]]	+	==== [[#Rezo_del_rosario_al_anochecer|Reciting the rosary at dusk]] ====
−	*[[La_vigilia_nocturna._Hilbeilagaba|Night-time vigil]]	+	==== [[#La_vigilia_nocturna._Hilbeilagaba|Night-time vigil]] ====
	**Names		**Names
−	**The wake in the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)	+	**The wake in the Northern Basque Country
−	**The wake in the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)	+	**The wake in the Southern Basque Country
	**Looking after the lamp		**Looking after the lamp
	**Meals during the wake		**Meals during the wake
−	*[[Vigencia_del_velatorio|Validity of the wake]]	+	==== [[#Vigencia_del_velatorio|Validity of the wake]] ====
−	=== [[La_estancia_mortuoria|The room with the deceased]] ===	+	=== [[#La_estancia_mortuoria|The room with the deceased]] ===
−	*[[La_cruz|Cross]]	+	==== [[#La_cruz|Cross]] ====
−	*[[La_luz._Argia_lagun|Light]]	+	==== [[#La_luz._Argia_lagun|Light]] ====
−	*[[Agua_bendita|Holy water]]	+	==== [[#Agua_bendita1|Holy water]] ====
−	=== [[Disposicion_del_cadaver|Laying out the corpse]] ===	+	=== [[#Disposicion_del_cadaver|Laying out the corpse]] ===
−	*[[El_cadaver_en_el_lecho_mortuorio|The corpse on the death bed]]	+	==== [[#El_cadaver_en_el_lecho_mortuorio|The corpse on the death bed]] ====
−	*[[El_cadaver_en_la_estancia_principal|The corpse in the main room]]	+	==== [[#El_cadaver_en_la_estancia_principal|The corpse in the main room]] ====
−	*[[En_la_camara_mortuoria._Hil-ohea|In the death chamber]]	+	==== [[#En_la_camara_mortuoria._Hil-ohea|In the death chamber]] ====
−	=== [[El_ataud._Hilkutxa|The coffin]] ===	+	=== [[#El_ataud._Hilkutxa|The coffin. Hilkutxa]] ===
−	*[[Denominaciones|Names]]	+	==== [[#Denominaciones36|Names]] ====
−	*[[La_fabricacion_del_ataud|Making the coffin]]	+	==== [[#La_fabricacion_del_ataud|Making the coffin]] ====
−	*[[Clases_y_tipos_de_ataudes|Classes and types of coffins]]	+	==== [[#Clases_y_tipos_de_ataudes|Classes and types of coffins]] ====
−	*[[Funciones_del_carpintero|Duties of the carpenter]]	+	==== [[#Funciones_del_carpintero|Duties of the carpenter]] ====
−	=== [[Andas_y_angarillas._Andak_eta_kolportak|Trolleys and stretchers]] ===	+	=== [[#Andas_y_angarillas._Andak_eta_kolportak|Trolleys and stretchers]] ===
−	=== [[Quema_del_jergon._Lastaira_erre|Burning the pallet]] ===	+	=== [[#Quema_del_jergon._Lastaira_erre|Burning the pallet]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== IX. [[CAMINOS_MORTUORIOS._HILBIDEAK|CORPSE WAYS]] ==	+	== IX. [[CAMINOS_MORTUORIOS._HILBIDEAK/en|CORPSE WAYS. HILBIDEAK]] ==
−	=== [[Denominaciones|Names]] ===	+	=== [[#Denominaciones37|Names]] ===
−	=== [[Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_localidades_de_poblacion_dispersa|Corpse ways in localities with a scattered population]] ===	+	=== [[#Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_localidades_de_poblacion_dispersa|Corpse ways in localities with a scattered population]] ===
−	*[[Vasconia_peninsular._Andabideak|Southern Basque Country]]	+	==== [[#Vasconia_peninsular._Andabideak|Southern Basque Country]] ====
−	*[[Vasconia_continental._Eleizbideak|Northern Basque Country]]	+	==== [[#Vasconia_continental._Eleizbideak|Northern Basque Country]] ====
−	=== [[Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_villas_con_poblacion_rural|Corpse ways in charter towns with a rural population]] ===	+	=== [[#Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_villas_con_poblacion_rural|Corpse ways in charter towns with a rural population]] ===
−	=== [[Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_localidades_de_poblacion_concentrada|Corpse ways in localities with a concentrated population]] ===	+	=== [[#Los_caminos_mortuorios_en_localidades_de_poblacion_concentrada|Corpse ways in localities with a concentrated population]] ===
−	=== [[Los_caminos_de_la_cruz_parroquial_y_del_Viatico|The paths of the parish cross and the Viaticum]] ===	+	=== [[#Los_caminos_de_la_cruz_parroquial_y_del_Viatico|The paths of the parish cross and the Viaticum]] ===
−	=== [[Arreglo_de_los_caminos_mortuorios|Upkeep of the corpse ways]] ===	+	=== [[#Arreglo_de_los_caminos_mortuorios|Upkeep of the corpse ways]] ===
−	=== [[Significacion_juridica_de_los_caminos_mortuorios|Legal significance of the corpse ways]] ===	+	=== [[#Significacion_juridica_de_los_caminos_mortuorios|Legal significance of the corpse ways]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== X. [[LA_CONDUCCION_DEL_CADAVER_A_LA_IGLESIA|TAKING THE CORPSE TO THE CHURCH]] ==	+	== X. [[LA_CONDUCCION_DEL_CADAVER_A_LA_IGLESIA/en|TAKING THE CORPSE TO CHURCH]] ==
−	=== [[Los_anderos._Hil-ohezaleak|The bearers]] ===	+	=== [[#Los_anderos._Hil-ohezaleak|The bearers]] ===
−	*[[Denominaciones|Names]]	+	==== [[#Denominaciones38|Names]] ====
−	*[[Anderos_vecinos|Neighbours as bearers]]	+	==== [[#Anderos_vecinos|Neighbours as bearers]] ====
	**Northern Basque Country		**Northern Basque Country
	**Southern Basque Country		**Southern Basque Country
−	*[[Anderos_mozos_en_Alava|Youth bearers in Álava]]	+	==== [[#Anderos_mozos_en_Alava|Youth bearers in Álava]] ====
−	*[[Anderos_vecinos_y_familiares|Relatives and neighbours as bearers]]	+	==== [[#Anderos_vecinos_y_familiares|Relatives and neighbours as bearers]] ====
−	*[[Anderos_familiares_y_amigos|Friends and relatives as bearers]]	+	==== [[#Anderos_familiares_y_amigos|Friends and relatives as bearers]] ====
−	*[[Anderos_designados_por_el_moribundo|Bearers nominated by the dying person]]	+	==== [[#Anderos_designados_por_el_moribundo|Bearers nominated by the dying person]] ====
−	*[[Orientacion_del_cadaver|Orientation of the corpse]]	+	==== [[#Orientacion_del_cadaver|Orientation of the corpse]] ====
−	*[[Evolucion_en_las_formas_de_transportar_el_cadaver|Developments in the ways to transport the corpse]]	+	==== [[#Evolucion_en_las_formas_de_transportar_el_cadaver|Developments in the ways to transport the corpse]] ====
−	*[[Turnos_en_la_conduccion|Taking turns in bearing the corpse]]	+	==== [[#Turnos_en_la_conduccion|Taking turns in bearing the corpse]] ====
−	=== [[El_levantamiento_del_cadaver._Gorputz_altxatzea|Removal of the corpse]] ===	+	=== [[#El_levantamiento_del_cadaver._Gorputz_altxatzea|Removal of the corpse]] ===
−	*[[Vasconia_peninsular|Southern Basque Country]]	+	==== [[#Vasconia_peninsular|Southern Basque Country]] ====
−	*[[Vasconia_continental|Northern Basque Country]]	+	==== [[#Vasconia_continental1|Northern Basque Country]] ====
−	*[[Casas_de_acogida._Gorpuetxeak|Hospitality house]]	+	==== [[#Casas_de_acogida._Gorpuetxeak|Hospitality house]] ====
−	*[[Casa_matriz_o_del_patron|Mother house or of the patron saint]]	+	==== [[#Casa_matriz_o_del_patron|Mother house or of the patron saint]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XI. [[EL_CORTEJO_FUNEBRE._SEGIZIOA|THE FUNERAL CORTEGE]] ==	+	== XI. [[EL_CORTEJO_FUNEBRE._SEGIZIOA/en|THE FUNERAL CORTEGE]] ==
−	=== [[La_composicion_del_cortejo_funebre|Composition of the funeral cortege]] ===	+	=== [[#La_composicion_del_cortejo_funebre|Composition of the funeral cortege]] ===
−	*[[Denominaciones|Names]]	+	==== [[#Denominaciones39|Names]] ====
−	*[[Encabezamiento_de_la_comitiva._Kurutzeketaria|Head of the procession]]	+	==== [[#Encabezamiento_de_la_comitiva._Kurutzeketaria|Head of the procession]] ====
−	*[[El_cortejo_funebre_en_Alava|The funeral cortege in Alava]]	+	==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Alava|The funeral cortege in Álava]] ====
−	*[[El_cortejo_funebre_en_Bizkaia|The funeral cortege in Bizkaia]]	+	==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Bizkaia|The funeral cortege in Bizkaia]] ====
−	*[[El_cortejo_funebre_en_Gipuzkoa|The funeral cortege in Gipuzkoa]]	+	==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Gipuzkoa|The funeral cortege in Gipuzkoa]] ====
−	*[[El_cortejo_funebre_en_Navarra|The funeral cortege in Navarra]]	+	==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Navarra|The funeral cortege in Navarre]] ====
−	*[[El_cortejo_funebre_en_Vasconia_continental|The funeral cortege  in the Northern Basque Country]]	+	==== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_en_Vasconia_continental|The funeral cortege  in the Northern Basque Country]] ====
−	=== [[Cofradias_y_Asociaciones_en_el_cortejo|Brotherhoods and Associations in the cortege]] ===	+	=== [[#Cofradias_y_Asociaciones_en_el_cortejo|Brotherhoods and Associations in the cortege]] ===
−	=== [[Rezos_y_cantos_durante_la_conduccion_del_cadaver|Prayers and songs during the bearing of the corpse]] ===	+	=== [[#Rezos_y_cantos_durante_la_conduccion_del_cadaver|Prayers and songs during the bearing of the corpse]] ===
−	=== [[Paradas_del_cortejo_funebre._Itxoinaldiak|Stops of the funeral cortege]] ===	+	=== [[#Paradas_del_cortejo_funebre._Itxoinaldiak|Stops of the funeral cortege]] ===
−	=== [[El_cortejo_funebre_hoy|The funeral cortege today]] ===	+	=== [[#El_cortejo_funebre_hoy|The funeral cortege today]] ===
−	=== [[Entierro_de_niño|A child's burial]] ===	+	=== [[#Entierro_de_niño|A child's burial]] ===
−	*[[Denominaciones|Names]]	+	==== [[#Denominaciones40|Names]] ====
−	*[[Vasconia_continental|Northern Basque Country]]	+	==== [[#Vasconia_continental4|Northern Basque Country]] ====
−	*[[Vasconia_peninsular|Southern Basque Country]]	+	==== [[#Vasconia_peninsular1|Southern Basque Country]] ====
−	*[[Los_padrinos_en_el_entierro_de_niño|The godparents at a child's burial]]	+	==== [[#Los_padrinos_en_el_entierro_de_niño|The godparents at a child's burial]] ====
−	=== [[Entierro_de_joven|A youth's burial]] ===	+	=== [[#Entierro_de_joven|A youth's burial]] ===
−	=== [[Las_plañideras._Erostariak|The mourners]] ===	+	=== [[#Las_plañideras._Erostariak|The mourners]] ===
−	*[[Documentacion_historica|Historical documentation]]	+	==== [[#Documentacion_historica|Historical documentation]] ====
−	*[[Fuentes_etnograficas|Ethnographic sources]]	+	==== [[#Fuentes_etnograficas|Ethnographic sources]] ====
−	*[[Lloros_y_lamentos|Crying and wailing]]	+	==== [[#Lloros_y_lamentos|Crying and wailing]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XII. [[LA_INDUMENTARIA_EN_EL_CORTEJO_FUNEBRE|ATTIRE IN THE FUNERAL CORTEGE]] ==	+	== XII. [[LA_INDUMENTARIA_EN_EL_CORTEJO_FUNEBRE/en|ATTIRE IN THE FUNERAL CORTEGE]] ==
−	=== [[Indumentaria_antigua_de_duelo|Old mourning attire]] ===	+	=== [[#Indumentaria_antigua_de_duelo|Old mourning attire]] ===
−	*[[La_capa._Kapa_handia|The cape]]	+	==== [[#La_capa._Kapa_handia|The cape]] ====
−	*[[El_manton._Mantua|The shawl]]	+	==== [[#El_manton._Mantua|The shawl]] ====
−	=== [[Indumentaria_tradicional_de_los_hombres|Traditional men's attire]] ===	+	=== [[#Indumentaria_tradicional_de_los_hombres|Traditional men's attire]] ===
−	=== [[Indumentaria_tradicional_de_las_mujeres|Traditional women's attire]] ===	+	=== [[#Indumentaria_tradicional_de_las_mujeres|Traditional women's attire]] ===
−	=== [[Indumentaria_de_los_parientes_y_vecinos|Attire of the relative and neighbours]] ===	+	=== [[#Indumentaria_de_los_parientes_y_vecinos|Attire of the relative and neighbours]] ===
−	=== [[El_vestir_de_los_componentes_del_duelo_hoy|Bereavement dress today]] ===	+	=== [[#El_vestir_de_los_componentes_del_duelo_hoy|Bereavement dress today]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XIII. [[PORTADORES_DE_OFRENDAS_EN_EL_CORTEJO|OFFERING BEARERS IN THE CORTEGE]] ==	+	== XIII. [[PORTADORES_DE_OFRENDAS_EN_EL_CORTEJO/en|OFFERING BEARERS IN THE CORTEGE]] ==
−	=== [[La_portadora_de_la_ofrenda._Denominaciones|The bearer of the offering. Names]] ===	+	=== [[#La_portadora_de_la_ofrenda._Denominaciones|The offering bearer. Names]] ===
−	*[[La_ofrendera_de_pan._Aurrogia|The bread offering]]	+	==== [[#La_ofrendera_de_pan._Aurrogia|The bread offering-bearer]] ====
−	*[[La_ofrendera_de_luces._Ezkoanderea|The light offering]]	+	==== [[#La_ofrendera_de_luces._Ezkoanderea|The light offering-bearer]] ====
−	=== [[Antiguas_ofrendas_de_animales_en_el_cortejo|Cortege animal offerings in the past]] ===	+	=== [[#Antiguas_ofrendas_de_animales_en_el_cortejo|Cortege animal offerings in the past]] ===
−	=== [[Ramos_y_coronas_de_flores_en_el_cortejo_funebre|Floral wreaths and flowers in the funeral cortege]] ===	+	=== [[#Ramos_y_coronas_de_flores_en_el_cortejo_funebre|Floral wreaths and flowers in the funeral cortege]] ===
−	*[[Las_flores_a_principios_de_siglo|Flowers at the start of the century]]	+	==== [[#Las_flores_a_principios_de_siglo|Flowers at the start of the century]] ====
−	*[[Flores_y_coronas_artificiales|Artificial wreaths and flowers]]	+	==== [[#Flores_y_coronas_artificiales|Artificial wreaths and flowers]] ====
−	*[[Coronas_y_cruces_artesanales|Homemade crosses and wreaths]]	+	==== [[#Coronas_y_cruces_artesanales|Homemade crosses and wreaths]] ====
−	*[[Generalizacion_de_ramos_y_coronas|Prevalence of flowers and wreaths]]	+	==== [[#Generalizacion_de_ramos_y_coronas|Prevalence of flowers and wreaths]] ====
−	*[[Significaciones_atribuidas|Attributed meanings]]	+	==== [[#Significaciones_atribuidas|Attributed meanings]] ====
−	*[[Emplazamiento_en_el_cortejo|Position in the cortege]]	+	==== [[#Emplazamiento_en_el_cortejo|Position in the cortege]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XIV. [[EXEQUIAS._HILETAK|OBSEQUIES]] ==	+	<div style="margin-left:0cm;"></div>
−	=== [[El_cadaver_durante_las_exequias|The corpse during the obsequies]] ===	+	== XIV. [[EXEQUIAS._HILETAK/en|OBSEQUIES. HILETAK]] ==
−	*[[El_feretro_en_el_portico|The coffin in the gateway]]	+	=== [[#El_cadaver_durante_las_exequias|The corpse during the obsequies]] ===
−	*[[Inhumacion_previa_al_funeral|Burial prior to the funeral service]]	+	==== [[#El_feretro_en_el_portico|The coffin in the gateway]] ====
−	*[[El_catafalco_o_tumbano|The catafalque or burial mound]]	+	==== [[#Inhumacion_previa_al_funeral|Burial prior to the funeral service]] ====
−	*[[El_funeral_de_cuerpo_presente|The funeral with the body present]]	+	==== [[#El_catafalco_o_tumbano|The catafalque or burial mound]] ====
−	=== [[Disposicion_del_duelo_familiar_en_la_iglesia|Arrangement of the family mourners in the church]] ===	+	==== [[#El_funeral_de_cuerpo_presente|The funeral with the body present]] ====
−	*[[El_duelo_masculino._Luto-bankua|Male mourners]]	+	=== [[#Disposicion_del_duelo_familiar_en_la_iglesia|Arrangement of the family mourners in the church]] ===
−	*[[El_duelo_femenino._Jarlekua|Family mourners]]	+	==== [[#El_duelo_masculino._Luto-bankua|Male mourners]] ====
−	*[[El_duelo_familiar_en_la_actualidad|Family mourners today]]	+	==== [[#El_duelo_femenino._Jarlekua|Family mourners]] ====
−	=== [[La_misa_del_funeral._Hileta-meza|The funeral mass]] ===	+	==== [[#El_duelo_familiar_en_la_actualidad|Family mourners today]] ====
−	*[[Denominaciones|Names]]	+	=== [[#La_misa_del_funeral._Hileta-meza|The funeral mass]] ===
−	*[[Clases_de_funerales|Types of funeral]]	+	==== [[#Denominaciones41|Names]] ====
−	*[[Satiras_a_las_clases_de_funeral|Satires on the types of funeral]]	+	==== [[#Clases_de_funerales|Types of funeral]] ====
−	*[[La_categoria_social_del_funeral|The social standing of the funeral]]	+	==== [[#Satiras_a_las_clases_de_funeral|Satires on the types of funeral]] ====
−	*[[Misa_de_entierro_y_misas_de_honras|Burial mass and Funeral rites]]	+	==== [[#La_categoria_social_del_funeral|The social standing of the funeral]] ====
−	*[[Misas_de_«a_tiempo»|«A tiempo» masses (concelebrated by different priests)]]	+	==== [[#Misa_de_entierro_y_misas_de_honras|Burial mass and Funeral rites]] ====
−	*[[Funerales_de_parvulos._Aingeru-meza|Infant funerals]]	+	==== [[#Misas_de_«a_tiempo»|«A tiempo» masses (concelebrated by different priests)]] ====
−	=== [[Apendice_Las_exequias_segun_el_Ritual_Romano|Appendix: Obsequies according to the Roman Ritual]] ===	+	==== [[#Funerales_de_parvulos._Aingeru-meza|Infant funerals]] ====
−	*[[Comitiva_de_la_iglesia_a_la_casa_mortuoria|Processions from the church to the house of the deceased]]	+	=== [[#Apendice_Las_exequias_segun_el_Ritual_Romano|Appendix: Obsequies according to the Roman Ritual]] ===
−
−	*[[Formacion_del_cortejo_funebre|Forming the funeral cortege]]
−
−	*[[Levantamiento_del_cadaver_y_comitiva_hasta_la_iglesia|Removal of the corpse and procession to the church]]
−
−	*[[Recepcion_del_cadaver_en_la_iglesia|Receiving the corpse at the church]]
−
−	*[[Oficio_de_difuntos|Office for the Dead]]
−
−	*[[Misa_de_Requiem|Requiem Mass]]
−
−	*[[Absolucion_aspersion_e_incensacion_del_cadaver|Absolution, sprinkling and incensation of the corpse]]
−
−	*[[Procesion_al_sepulcro|Procession to the grave]]
−
−	*[[Bendicion_del_sepulcro|Blessing of the grave]]
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XV. [[DIAS_EXEQUIALES|OBSEQUIAL DAYS]] ==	+	== XV. [[DIAS_EXEQUIALES/en|OBSEQUIAL DAYS]] ==
−
−	=== [[Novenario._Bederatziurrena|Novena]] ===
−
−	*[[Denominaciones|Names]]
−	*[[El_novenario_en_los_años_veinte|The novena in the Twenties]]	+	=== [[#Novenario._Bederatziurrena|Novena]] ===
−	*[[Perduracion_y_transformacion_del_novenario|Persistence and transformation of the novena]]	+	==== [[#Denominaciones42|Names]] ====
−	*[[El_novenario_en_el_Pais_Vasco_continental|The novena in the Northern Basque Country]]	+	==== [[#El_novenario_en_los_años_veinte|The novena in the twenties]] ====
−	*[[Rezo_del_rosario_durante_el_novenario|Reciting the rosary during the novena]]	+	==== [[#Perduracion_y_transformacion_del_novenario|Persistence and transformation of the novena]] ====
−	=== [[Honras._Ondrak|Funeral rites]] ===	+	==== [[#El_novenario_en_el_Pais_Vasco_continental|The novena in the Northern Basque Country]] ====
−	=== [[Funcion_mensual_de_almas_y_Ogerrena|Month's Mind]] ===	+	==== [[#Rezo_del_rosario_durante_el_novenario|Reciting the rosary during the novena]] ====
−	=== [[Misa_de_aniversario._Urteburuko_meza|Anniversary Mass]] ===	+	=== [[#Honras._Ondrak|Funeral rites]] ===
−	*[[Denominaciones|Names]]	+	=== [[#Funcion_mensual_de_almas_y_Ogerrena|Month's Mind]] ===
−	*[[Pais_Vasco_peninsular|Southern Basque Country]]	+	=== [[#Misa_de_aniversario._Urteburuko_meza|Anniversary mass]] ===
−	*[[Pais_Vasco_continental|Northern Basque Country]]	+	==== [[#Denominaciones43|Names]] ====
−	=== [[Ofrendas_de_misas._Meza-sariak|Mass offerings]] ===	+	==== [[#Pais_Vasco_peninsular|Southern Basque Country]] ====
−	*[[Denominaciones|Names]]	+	==== [[#Pais_Vasco_continental1|Northern Basque Country]] ====
−	*[[Pais_Vasco_continental|Northern Basque Country]]	+	=== [[#Ofrendas_de_misas._Meza-sariak|Mass offerings]] ===
−	*[[Pais_Vasco_peninsular|Southern Basque Country]]	+	==== [[#Denominaciones44|Names]] ====
−	*[[Misas_gregorianas._San_Gregorioren_mezak|Gregorian masses]]	+	==== [[#Pais_Vasco_continental2|Northern Basque Country]] ====
−	=== [[Apendice_Gastos_de_entierro|Appendix: Burial costs]] ===	+	==== [[#Pais_Vasco_peninsular1|Southern Basque Country]] ====
−	*[[Aportaciones_ajenas|Outside contributions]]	+	==== [[#Misas_gregorianas._San_Gregorioren_mezak|Gregorian masses]] ====
−	*[[Pagos_en_especie|Payments in kind]]	+	=== [[#Apendice_Gastos_de_entierro|Appendix: Burial costs]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XVI. [[LAS_SEPULTURAS_EN_LAS_IGLESIAS._JARLEKUAK._FUESAS|GRAVES IN CHURCHES. PITS]] ==	+	== XVI. [[LAS_SEPULTURAS_EN_LAS_IGLESIAS._JARLEKUAK._FUESAS/en|BURIAL SITES IN CHURCHES. JARLEKUAK. FUESAS]] ==
−	=== [[Denominaciones|Names]] ===	+	=== [[#Denominaciones45|Names]] ===
−	=== [[Vigencia_de_las_sepulturas_simbolicas|Validity of the symbolic graves]] ===	+	=== [[#Vigencia_de_las_sepulturas_simbolicas|Validity of the symbolic burial sites]] ===
−	*[[Sepultura_domestica|Household grave]]	+	==== [[#Sepultura_domestica|Household burial site]] ====
−	*[[Sepultura_colectiva|Collective grave]]	+	==== [[#Sepultura_colectiva|Collective burial site]] ====
−	*[[Supresion_de_las_sepulturas|Abolition of the graves]]	+	==== [[#Supresion_de_las_sepulturas|Abolition of the burial sites]] ====
−	=== [[Ajuar_de_la_sepultura|Burial goods]] ===	+	=== [[#Ajuar_de_la_sepultura|Burial goods]] ===
−	*[[Paño_o_mantel._Zamaua|Cloth or tablecloth]]	+	==== [[#Paño_o_mantel._Zamaua|Cloth or tablecloth]] ====
−	*[[Soportes_de_las_luces|Light holders]]	+	==== [[#Soportes_de_las_luces|Light holders]] ====
	**Woodcutter		**Woodcutter
−	**''Grave''. Pit	+	**Grave. Pit
	**''Argizaiola''		**''Argizaiola''
	**Candlestick		**Candlestick
−	*[[Ezkoa._Cerilla|Match]]	+	==== [[#Ezkoa._Cerilla|Beeswax]] ====
−	*[[Adornos_de_las_velas|Candle decorations]]	+	==== [[#Adornos_de_las_velas|Candle decorations]] ====
−	*[[Elaboracion_artesanal_de_velas_y_cerillas|Making candles and matches by hand]]	+	==== [[#Elaboracion_artesanal_de_velas_y_cerillas|Making candles and strips of candles by hand]] ====
−	*[[Cesto_de_ofrendas._Ezkozarea|Hamper of offerings]]	+	==== [[#Cesto_de_ofrendas._Ezkozarea|Hamper of offerings]] ====
−	*[[Reclinatorio._Kadira|Kneeler]]	+	==== [[#Reclinatorio._Kadira|Kneeler]] ====
−	*[[Custodia_de_los_enseres|Custody of the belongings]]	+	==== [[#Custodia_de_los_enseres|Custody of the belongings]] ====
−	=== [[Activacion_de_la_sepultura._Ezkoen_piztea|Activation of the grave]] ===	+	=== [[#Activacion_de_la_sepultura._Ezkoen_piztea|Activation of the burial site]] ===
−	*[[Primacia_de_la_dueña_de_la_casa|Primacy of the lady of the house]]	+	==== [[#Primacia_de_la_dueña_de_la_casa|Primacy of the lady of the house]] ====
−	*[[Participacion_de_la_serora|Sister's involvement]]	+	==== [[#Participacion_de_la_serora|Sister's involvement]] ====
−	*[[Funciones_de_la_serora_el_dia_de_las_exequias|Duties of the sister on the day of the obsequies]]	+	==== [[#Funciones_de_la_serora_el_dia_de_las_exequias|Duties of the sister on the day of the obsequies]] ====
−	=== [[Toma_de_posesion_de_la_sepultura._Sepultura_hartzea|Taking possession of the grave]] ===	+	=== [[#Toma_de_posesion_de_la_sepultura._Sepultura_hartzea|Taking possession of the burial site]] ===
−	=== [[Duracion_del_duelo_en_la_sepultura._Ogi-hastea_eta_ogi-uztea|Length of the mourning at the grave]] ===	+	=== [[#Duracion_del_duelo_en_la_sepultura._Ogi-hastea_eta_ogi-uztea|Length of the mourning at the burial site]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XVII. [[OFRENDAS_Y_SUFRAGIOS_EN_LA_SEPULTURA._ARGIAK_OLATAK_HILOTOITZAK|OFFERINGS AND SUFFRAGES AT THE GRAVE]] ==	+	== XVII. [[OFRENDAS_Y_SUFRAGIOS_EN_LA_SEPULTURA._ARGIAK_OLATAK_HILOTOITZAK/en|OFFERINGS AND SUFFRAGES AT THE GRAVE. ARGIAK, OLATAK, HILOTOITZAK]] ==
−	=== [[Ofrenda_de_luces._Argi_egitea|Light offering]] ===	+	=== [[#Ofrenda_de_luces._Argi_egitea/en|Light offering]] ===
−	*[[Creencias|Beliefs]]	+	==== [[#Creencias|Beliefs]] ====
−	*[[Ofrenda_de_luces_en_las_exequias|Light offering at the obsequies]]	+	==== [[#Ofrenda_de_luces_en_las_exequias|Light offering at the obsequies]] ====
	**Gipuzkoa		**Gipuzkoa
−	**Navarra	+	**Navarre
−	**Alava	+	**Álava
	**Bizkaia		**Bizkaia
	**Northern Basque Country		**Northern Basque Country
−	*[[Ofrendas_de_luces_en_el_periodo_de_luto|Light offerings during the mourning period]]	+	==== [[#Ofrendas_de_luces_en_el_periodo_de_luto|Light offerings during the mourning period]] ====
	**Gipuzkoa		**Gipuzkoa
−	**Navarra	+	**Navarre
−	**Alava	+	**Álava
	**Bizkaia		**Bizkaia
	**Northern Basque Country		**Northern Basque Country
−	=== [[Ofrenda_de_panes._Ofrenda-ogia|Bread offering]] ===	+	=== [[#Ofrenda_de_panes._Ofrenda-ogia|Bread offering]] ===
−	*[[Extension_y_vigencia_de_la_ofrenda_de_pan|Extent and validity of the bread offering]]	+	==== [[#Extension_y_vigencia_de_la_ofrenda_de_pan|Extent and validity of the bread offering]] ====
−	*[[Tipos_de_pan_numero_y_peso|Types of bread, number and weight]]	+	==== [[#Tipos_de_pan_numero_y_peso|Types of bread, number and weight]] ====
−	*[[Denominaciones|Names]]	+	==== [[#Denominaciones46|Names]] ====
−	*[[Oferentes_y_recipendiarios|Offerings and recipients]]	+	==== [[#Oferentes_y_recipendiarios|Offerers and recipients]] ====
−	*[[Rito_de_ofrenda_en_las_exequias|Offering ritual at the obsequies ]]	+	==== [[#Rito_de_ofrenda_en_las_exequias|Offering ritual at the obsequies ]] ====
−	*[[Ofrenda_de_pan_en_el_novenario|Bread offering at the novena]]	+	==== [[#Ofrenda_de_pan_en_el_novenario|Bread offering at the novena]] ====
−	*[[Ofrendas_durante_el_año_de_luto|Offerings during the year of mourning]]	+	==== [[#Ofrendas_durante_el_año_de_luto|Offerings during the year of mourning]] ====
−	*[[Ofrendas_en_la_misa_de_aniversario|Offerings at the anniversary mass]]	+	==== [[#Ofrendas_en_la_misa_de_aniversario|Offerings at the anniversary mass]] ====
−	*[[Ofrendas_en_dias_señalados|Offerings on certain days]]	+	==== [[#Ofrendas_en_dias_señalados|Offerings on certain days]] ====
−	*[[Reparto_del_pan_de_ofrenda|Distribution of the offering bread]]	+	==== [[#Reparto_del_pan_de_ofrenda|Distribution of the offering bread]] ====
−	=== [[Ofrendas_de_dinero_en_la_sepultura._Errespontsuak|Money offerings at the grave]] ===	+	=== [[#Ofrendas_de_dinero_en_la_sepultura._Errespontsuak|Money offerings at the grave]] ===
−	*[[Denominaciones|Names]]	+	==== [[#Denominaciones47|Names]] ====
−	*[[Los_responsos_del_dia_del_entierro|The responsories of the day of the burial]]	+	==== [[#Los_responsos_del_dia_del_entierro|The responsories of the day of the burial]] ====
−	*[[Responsos_en_el_periodo_de_luto|Responsories during the period of mourning]]	+	==== [[#Responsos_en_el_periodo_de_luto|Responsories during the period of mourning]] ====
	**On feast days		**On feast days
	**Ordinary days		**Ordinary days
−	*[[Responsos_en_determinados_dias_del_año|Responsories on certain days of the year]]	+	==== [[#Responsos_en_determinados_dias_del_año|Responsories on certain days of the year]] ====
−	*[[Evolucion_del_estipendio_de_los_responsos|Evolution of the stipend of the responsories]]	+	==== [[#Evolucion_del_estipendio_de_los_responsos|Evolution of the stipend of the responsories]] ====
−	=== [[Antiguas_ofrendas_de_animales|Animal offerings in the past]] ===	+	=== [[#Antiguas_ofrendas_de_animales|Animal offerings in the past]] ===
−	*[[Fuentes_historicas|Historical sources]]	+	==== [[#Fuentes_historicas|Historical sources]] ====
−	*[[Fuentes_etnograficas|Ethnographic sources]]	+	==== [[#Fuentes_etnograficas1|Ethnographic sources]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XVIII. [[SEPELIO|ACT OF BURIAL]] ==	+	== XVIII. [[SEPELIO/en|ACT OF BURIAL]] ==
−	=== [[La_asistencia_al_sepelio|Attending the burial act]] ===	+	=== [[#La_asistencia_al_sepelio|Attending the burial act]] ===
−	*[[Asistentes_de_oficio|Ex officio attendees]]	+	==== [[#Asistentes_de_oficio|Ex officio attendees]] ====
−	*[[Ausencia_de_las_mujeres|Women not attending]]	+	==== [[#Ausencia_de_las_mujeres|Women not attending]] ====
−	*[[Presencia_del_duelo_tras_el_sepelio|Bereavement after the burial]]	+	==== [[#Presencia_del_duelo_tras_el_sepelio|Bereavement after the burial]] ====
−	*[[Cortejo_hasta_el_limes|Cortege to the ''limes'']]	+	==== [[#Cortejo_hasta_el_limes|Cortege to the ''limes'']] ====
−	*[[Cortejo_directo_al_cementerio|Cortejo directo al cementerio]]	+	==== [[#Cortejo_directo_al_cementerio|Direct cortege to the cemetery]] ====
−	*[[Comitiva_numerosa|Comitiva numerosa]]	+	==== [[#Comitiva_numerosa|Large procession]] ====
−	*[[El_sepelio_hoy|El sepelio hoy]]	+	==== [[#El_sepelio_hoy|The burial today]] ====
−	=== [[Ritos_en_el_cementerio|Ritos en el cementerio]] ===	+	=== [[#Ritos_en_el_cementerio|Rituals in the cemetery]] ===
−	*[[Rescate_de_simbolos_religiosos|Rescate de símbolos religiosos]]	+	==== [[#Rescate_de_simbolos_religiosos|Retrieval of religious symbols]] ====
−	*[[Arrojar_un_puñado_de_tierra|Arrojar un puñado de tierra]]	+	==== [[#Arrojar_un_puñado_de_tierra|Throwing a handful of earth]] ====
−	=== [[La_inhumacion._Lurra_ematea|La inhumación. Lurra ematea]] ===	+	=== [[#La_inhumacion._Lurra_ematea|The interment]] ===
−	=== [[Orientacion_de_la_tumba|Orientación de la tumba]] ===	+	=== [[#Orientacion_de_la_tumba|Orientation of the tomb]] ===
−	*[[En_la_iglesia_y_en_su_entorno|En la iglesia y en su entorno]]	+	==== [[#En_la_iglesia_y_en_su_entorno|In the church and in its surroundings]] ====
−	*[[En_el_cementerio|En el cementerio]]	+	==== [[#En_el_cementerio|In the cemetery]] ====
−	**Orientación respecto al Sol	+	**Orientation with respect to the Sun
−	**Orientación respecto a la iglesia	+	**Orientation with respect to the church
−	**Orientación respecto al plano del cementerio	+	**Orientation with respect to the floor plan of the cemetery
−	**Distribución aleatoria	+	**Random distribution
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XIX. [[REGRESO_A_LA_CASA_MORTUORIA_Y_AGAPES_FUNERARIOS|REGRESO A LA CASA MORTUORIA Y AGAPES FUNERARIOS]] ==	+	== XIX. [[REGRESO_A_LA_CASA_MORTUORIA_Y_AGAPES_FUNERARIOS/en|RETURNING TO THE HOUSE OF THE DECEASED AND FUNERAL FEAST]] ==
−	=== [[Regreso_del_cortejo_a_la_casa_mortuoria|Regreso del cortejo a la casa mortuoria]] ===	+	=== [[#Regreso_del_cortejo_a_la_casa_mortuoria|Return of the cortege to the house of the deceased]] ===
−	*[[Vasconia_continental|Vasconia continental]]	+	==== [[#Vasconia_continental5|Northern Basque Country]] ====
−	*[[Vasconia_peninsular|Vasconia peninsular]]	+	==== [[#Vasconia_peninsular2|Southern Basque Country]] ====
−	=== [[Agapes_y_refrigerios_a_los_asistentes|Agapes y refrigerios a los asistentes]] ===	+	=== [[#Agapes_y_refrigerios_a_los_asistentes|Feast and refreshments for the attendees]] ===
−	*[[La_«caridad»_en_Alava|La «caridad» en Alava]]	+	==== [[#La_«caridad»_en_Alava|Goodwill in Álava]] ====
−	*[[Karidadea_en_Gipuzkoa|''Karidadea'' en Gipuzkoa]]	+	==== [[#Karidadea_en_Gipuzkoa|''Karidadea'' in Gipuzkoa]] ====
−	*[[Otros_refrigerios|Otros refrigerios]]	+	==== [[#Otros_refrigerios|Other refreshments]] ====
−	=== [[Obsequios_a_los_participantes_en_las_exequias|Obsequios a los participantes en las exequias]] ===	+	=== [[#Obsequios_a_los_participantes_en_las_exequias|Gifts to the participants in the obsequies]] ===
−	*[[A_los_sacerdotes|A los sacerdotes]]	+	==== [[#A_los_sacerdotes|To the priests]] ====
−	*[[A_los_portadores_del_feretro|A los portadores del féretro]]	+	==== [[#A_los_portadores_del_feretro|To the coffin bearers]] ====
−	*[[A_los_niños|A los niños]]	+	==== [[#A_los_niños|To children]] ====
−	*[[A_los_auroros|A los auroros]]	+	==== [[#A_los_auroros|To the auroros choirs]] ====
−	*[[Limosnas_a_los_pobres|Limosnas a los pobres]]	+	==== [[#Limosnas_a_los_pobres|Alms to the poor]] ====
−	=== [[La_comida_de_entierro._Entierro-bazkaria|La comida de entierro. Entierro-bazkaria]] ===	+	=== [[#La_comida_de_entierro._Entierro-bazkaria|The burial meal]] ===
−	*[[Denominaciones|Denominaciones]]	+	==== [[#Denominaciones48|Names]] ====
−	*[[Lugar_de_la_comida|Lugar de la comida]]	+	==== [[#Lugar_de_la_comida|Place of the meal]] ====
−	**En la casa mortuoria	+	**At the house of the deceased
−	**En tabernas y posadas	+	**In inns and taverns
−	**Preparación de la estancia y de la comida	+	**Preparing the room and the meal
−	*[[Comensales|Comensales]]	+	==== [[#Comensales|Diners]] ====
−	**Parientes	+	**Relatives
−	**Vecinos	+	**Neighbours
	**''Mezakoak''		**''Mezakoak''
−	**Otros invitados	+	**Other guests
−	**Presidencia. ''Mahaiburua''	+	**Top table
−	**Oraciones	+	**Prayers
−	*[[Composicion_de_la_comida|Composición de la comida]]	+	==== [[#Composicion_de_la_comida|Composition of the  meal]] ====
−	*[[La_comida_de_entierro_en_diversas_localidades|La comida de entierro en diversas localidades]]	+	==== [[#La_comida_de_entierro_en_diversas_localidades|The burial meal at different places]] ====
	**Beskoitze (L)		**Beskoitze (L)
Línea 759:		Línea 739:
	**Salvatierra (A)		**Salvatierra (A)
−	*[[Comidas_de_honras_y_aniversarios|Comidas de honras y aniversarios]]	+	==== [[#Comidas_de_honras_y_aniversarios|Anniversary and funeral rites meals]] ====
−	*[[Valoraciones_actuales|Valoraciones actuales]]	+	==== [[#Valoraciones_actuales|Current valuations]] ====
−	=== [[Apendice_Antiguas_restricciones_legales_sobre_banquetes_funebres|Apéndice: Antiguas restricciones legales sobre banquetes fúnebres]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_Antiguas_restricciones_legales_sobre_banquetes_funebres|Appendix: Some legal restrictions about funeral feasts]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XX. [[EL_LUTO._DOLUA|EL LUTO. DOLUA]] ==	+	== XX. [[EL_LUTO._DOLUA/en|THE MOURNING. DOLUA]] ==
−	=== [[Denominaciones|Denominaciones]] ===	+	=== [[#Denominaciones49|Names]] ===
−	=== [[Duracion_del_luto|Duración del luto]] ===	+	=== [[#Duracion_del_luto|Duration of the mourning]] ===
−	=== [[Restricciones_durante_el_luto|Restricciones durante el luto]] ===	+	=== [[#Restricciones_durante_el_luto|Restrictions during the mourning period]] ===
−	*[[Asistencia_a_bailes_y_fiestas|Asistencia a bailes y fiestas]]	+	==== [[#Asistencia_a_bailes_y_fiestas|Attending dances and parties]] ====
−	*[[Presencia_en_bares_y_establecimientos_publicos|Presencia en bares y establecimientos públicos]]	+	==== [[#Presencia_en_bares_y_establecimientos_publicos|Presence in bars and public establishments]] ====
−	*[[Celebraciones_domesticas|Celebraciones domésticas]]	+	==== [[#Celebraciones_domesticas|Household celebrations]] ====
−	*[[Actividades_ruidosas|Actividades ruidosas]]	+	==== [[#Actividades_ruidosas|Noisy activities]] ====
−	=== [[El_luto_en_la_indumentaria._Doluko_arropa|El luto en la indumentaria. Doluko arropa]] ===	+	=== [[#El_luto_en_la_indumentaria._Doluko_arropa|Mourning apparel]] ===
−	*[[Luto_de_las_mujeres|Luto de las mujeres]]	+	==== [[#Luto_de_las_mujeres|Women's mourning apparel]] ====
−	**Velo de luto	+	**Mourning veil
	**''Mantalina''		**''Mantalina''
−	**Manto	+	**Shawl
	**''Mantaleta''		**''Mantaleta''
	**''Kaputxina''		**''Kaputxina''
−	*[[Luto_de_los_hombres|Luto de los hombres]]	+	==== [[#Luto_de_los_hombres|Men's mourning apparel]] ====
	**''Kapa''		**''Kapa''
−	**''Kapa ttipia'' y ''taulerra''	+	**''Kapa ttipia'' and ''taulerra''
−	*[[Luto_de_los_niños|Luto de los niños]]	+	==== [[#Luto_de_los_niños|Children's mourning apparel]] ====
−	*[[Lutos_menos_rigurosos|Lutos menos rigurosos]]	+	==== [[#Lutos_menos_rigurosos|Less rigorous mourning]] ====
−	*[[Teñido_casero_de_prendas_para_el_luto|Teñido casero de prendas para el luto]]	+	==== [[#Teñido_casero_de_prendas_para_el_luto|Home dying of garments for the mourning]] ====
−	=== [[Marcas_de_duelo_en_el_exterior_de_la_casa|Marcas de duelo en el exterior de la casa]] ===	+	=== [[#Marcas_de_duelo_en_el_exterior_de_la_casa|Signs of mourning on the outside of the house]] ===
−	*[[Colgaduras|Colgaduras]]	+	==== [[#Colgaduras|Drapery]] ====
−	*[[Ocultacion_de_los_escudos|Ocultación de los escudos]]	+	==== [[#Ocultacion_de_los_escudos|Concealing  the coats-of-arms]] ====
−	=== [[Extension_del_duelo_a_los_animales_domesticos|Extensión del duelo a los animales domésticos]] ===	+	=== [[#Extension_del_duelo_a_los_animales_domesticos|Extending the mourning to the domesticated animals]] ===
−	=== [[Otras_manifestaciones_de_luto|Otras manifestaciones de luto]] ===	+	=== [[#Otras_manifestaciones_de_luto|Other displays of mourning]] ===
−	=== [[Cambios_operados_en_el_luto|Cambios operados en el luto]] ===	+	=== [[#Cambios_operados_en_el_luto|Changes to the mourning]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XXI. [[CONMEMORACION_DE_LOS_DIFUNTOS|CONMEMORACION DE LOS DIFUNTOS]] ==	+	== XXI. [[CONMEMORACION_DE_LOS_DIFUNTOS/en|COMMEMORATION OF THE DEAD]] ==
−	=== [[1_de_noviembre._Festividad_de_Todos_los_Santos._Domuru_Santu|1 de noviembre. Festividad de Todos los Santos. Domuru Santu]] ===	+	=== [[#1_de_noviembre._Festividad_de_Todos_los_Santos._Domuru_Santu|1 November All Saints' Day]] ===
−	*[[Ofrendas_en_la_iglesia|Ofrendas en la iglesia]]	+	==== [[#Ofrendas_en_la_iglesia|Offerings at the church]] ====
−	*[[Asistencia_al_cementerio|Asistencia al cementerio]]	+	==== [[#Asistencia_al_cementerio|Visiting the cemetery]] ====
−	**País Vasco peninsular	+	**Southern Basque Country
−	**País Vasco continental	+	**Northern Basque Country
−	=== [[2_de_noviembre._Conmemoracion_de_los_Fieles_Difuntos_o_Dia_de_las_Animas._Arimen_eguna|2 de noviembre. Conmemoración de los Fieles Difuntos o Día de las Animas. Arimen eguna]] ===	+	=== [[#2_de_noviembre._Conmemoracion_de_los_Fieles_Difuntos_o_Dia_de_las_Animas._Arimen_eguna|2 November Commemoration of the Faithful Departed or All Souls' Day]] ===
−	*[[Ofrendas_en_la_iglesia|Ofrendas en la iglesia]]	+	==== [[#Ofrendas_en_la_iglesia1|Offerings at the church]] ====
−	*[[Visitas_al_cementerio|Visitas al cementerio]]	+	==== [[#Visitas_al_cementerio|Visits to the cemetery]] ====
−	*[[Novenario_por_las_Animas_del_Purgatorio|Novenario por las Animas del Purgatorio]]	+	==== [[#Novenario_por_las_Animas_del_Purgatorio|Novena for the Spirits  in Purgatory]] ====
−	*[[Reparto_de_las_ofrendas_a_los_niños|Reparto de las ofrendas a los niños]]	+	==== [[#Reparto_de_las_ofrendas_a_los_niños|Distribution of the offerings to children]] ====
−	*[[Indulgencias_por_los_difuntos|Indulgencias por los difuntos]]	+	==== [[#Indulgencias_por_los_difuntos|Indulgences for the deceased]] ====
−	=== [[Conmemoraciones_de_difuntos_a_lo_largo_del_año|Conmemoraciones de difuntos a lo largo del año]] ===	+	=== [[#Conmemoraciones_de_difuntos_a_lo_largo_del_año|Commemoration of the dead during the year]] ===
−	=== [[Cuidado_de_las_tumbas|Cuidado de las tumbas]] ===	+	=== [[#Cuidado_de_las_tumbas|Caring for the graves]] ===
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XXII. [[ASOCIACIONES_EN_TORNO_A_LA_MUERTE|ASOCIACIONES EN TORNO A LA MUERTE]] ==	+	== XXII. [[ASOCIACIONES_EN_TORNO_A_LA_MUERTE/en|ASSOCIATIONS AROUND DEATH]] ==
−	=== [[Caracteristicas_generales_de_las_Cofradias_religiosas|Características generales de las Cofradías religiosas]] ===	+	=== [[#Caracteristicas_generales_de_las_Cofradias_religiosas|General characteristics of the religious brotherhoods]] ===
−	=== [[Cofradia_de_la_Vera_Cruz|Cofradía de la Vera Cruz]] ===	+	=== [[#Cofradia_de_la_Vera_Cruz|Brotherhood of the True Cross]] ===
−	=== [[Cofradia_del_Santo_Rosario|Cofradía del Santo Rosario]] ===	+	=== [[#Cofradia_del_Santo_Rosario|Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary]] ===
−	=== [[Cofradia_de_Animas|Cofradía de Animas]] ===	+	=== [[#Cofradia_de_Animas|Brotherhood of the Spirits]] ===
−	=== [[Cofradias_religiosas_bajo_otras_denominaciones_(San_Blas_San_Nicolas_Pescadores_y_Mareantes_Santiago_Apostol_San_Francisco_Javier_San_Roque_San_Sebastian_Santa_Ana_San_Jose_Santisimo_Sacramento_Santa_Fe_Antorchas_Ntra._Sra._de_las_Cuevas|Cofradías religiosas bajo otras denominaciones (San Blas, San Nicolás, Pescadores y Mareantes, Santiago Apóstol, San Francisco Javier, San Roque, San Sebastián, Santa Ana, San José, Santísimo Sacramento, Santa Fe, Antorchas, Ntra. Sra. de las Cuevas)]] ===	+	=== [[#Cofradias_religiosas_bajo_otras_denominaciones_(San_Blas_San_Nicolas_Pescadores_y_Mareantes_Santiago_Apostol_San_Francisco_Javier_San_Roque_San_Sebastian_Santa_Ana_San_Jose_Santisimo_Sacramento_Santa_Fe_Antorchas_Ntra._Sra._de_las_Cuevas|Religious brotherhoods under other names (San Blas, San Nicolás, Fishermen and Seafarers Santiago Apóstol, San Francisco Javier, San Roque, San Sebastián, Santa Ana, San José, Blessed Sacrament, Santa Fe, Antorchas, Our Lady of the Grottoes)]] ===
−	=== [[Cofradias_vinculadas_a_Santuarios|Cofradías vinculadas a Santuarios]] ===	+	=== [[#Cofradias_vinculadas_a_Santuarios|Brotherhoods linked to shrines]] ===
−	=== [[Cofradias_vecinales_en_Bizkaia|Cofradías vecinales en Bizkaia]] ===	+	=== [[#Cofradias_vecinales_en_Bizkaia|Neighbourhood brotherhoods in Bizkaia]] ===
−	*[[Cofradia_de_San_Miguel_de_Alzusta_en_Zeanuri|Cofradía de San Miguel de Alzusta en Zeanuri]]	+	==== [[#Cofradia_de_San_Miguel_de_Alzusta_en_Zeanuri|Brotherhood of San Miguel de Alzusta in Zeanuri]] ====
−	*[[Cofradia_de_San_Adrian_de_Argiñeta_en_Elorrio|Cofradía de San Adrián de Argiñeta en Elorrio]]	+	==== [[#Cofradia_de_San_Adrian_de_Argiñeta_en_Elorrio|Brotherhood of San Adrián de Argiñeta in Elorrio]] ====
−	=== [[Cofradia_de_la_Trinidad_de_Sanguesa_(Navarra)|Cofradía de la Trinidad de Sangüesa (Navarra)]] ===	+	=== [[#Cofradia_de_la_Trinidad_de_Sanguesa_(Navarra)|Brotherhood of the Sangüesa Trinity (Navarre)]] ===
−	=== [[Cofradia_de_los_Sacerdotes_de_Aramayona_(Alava)|Cofradía de los Sacerdotes de Aramayona (Alava)]] ===	+	=== [[#Cofradia_de_los_Sacerdotes_de_Aramayona_(Alava)|Brotherhood of the Aramayona Priests (Álava)]] ===
−	=== [[Hermandades_y_Asociaciones_mutuas_de_caracter_funerario|Hermandades y Asociaciones mutuas de carácter funerario]] ===	+	=== [[#Hermandades_y_Asociaciones_mutuas_de_caracter_funerario|Brotherhoods and Funeral Mutual Associations]] ===
−	=== [[Apendice|Apéndice]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice|Appendix]] ===
−	*[[Estatutos_de_la_Hermandad_de_la_Santa_Vera_Cruz_del_lugar_de_Villanueva_de_Valdegovia|Estatutos de la Hermandad de la Santa Vera Cruz del lugar de Villanueva de Valdegovia]]	+	==== [[#Estatutos_de_la_Hermandad_de_la_Santa_Vera_Cruz_del_lugar_de_Villanueva_de_Valdegovia|Charter of the Brotherhood of the Holy True Cross of the village of Villanueva de Valdegovía]] ====
−	*[[Libro_de_la_Cofradia_del_Sto._Rosario_de_este_pueblo_de_S._Roman|Libro de la Cofradía del Sto. Rosario de este pueblo de S. Román]]	+	==== [[#Libro_de_la_Cofradia_del_Sto._Rosario_de_este_pueblo_de_S._Roman|Book of the Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary of this town of San Román]] ====
−	*[[Regla_y_Estatutos_de_la_Cofradia_de_Animas._Llodio|Regla y Estatutos de la Cofradía de Animas. Llodio]]	+	==== [[#Regla_y_Estatutos_de_la_Cofradia_de_Animas._Llodio|Rules and Charter of the Brotherhood of Spirits. Llodio]] ====
−	*[[Statuts_ou_Reglements_des_Confreres_de_la_Confrerie_de_Saint-Blaise_du_quartier_d_Amots_en_la_Paroisse_de_St-Pe_du_14_fevrier_1779|Statuts ou Règlements des Confrères de la Confrérie de Saint-Blaise du quartier d'Amots, en la Paroisse de St-Pé, du 14 fevrier 1779]]	+	==== [[#Statuts_ou_Reglements_des_Confreres_de_la_Confrerie_de_Saint-Blaise_du_quartier_d_Amots_en_la_Paroisse_de_St-Pe_du_14_fevrier_1779|Statuts ou Règlements des Confrères de la Confrérie de Saint-Blaise du quartier d'Amots, en la Paroisse de St-Pé, du 14 fevrier 1779]] ====
−	*[[Reglamento_reformado_de_la_Cofradia_de_la_Natividad_de_Nuestra_Señora_de_los_Reverendos_Sacerdotes_del_Valle_de_Aramayona_Provincia_de_Alava_Diocesis_de_Vitoria|Reglamento reformado de la Cofradía de la Natividad de Nuestra Señora de los Reverendos Sacerdotes del Valle de Aramayona, Provincia de Alava, Diócesis de Vitoria]]	+	==== [[#Reglamento_reformado_de_la_Cofradia_de_la_Natividad_de_Nuestra_Señora_de_los_Reverendos_Sacerdotes_del_Valle_de_Aramayona_Provincia_de_Alava_Diocesis_de_Vitoria|Reformed Rules of the Brotherhood of the Nativity of Our Lady of the Reverend Priests of Aramayona Valley, Province of Álava, Diocese of Vitoria]] ====
−	*[[Hermandad_de_Difuntos_«Bakartasuna»_(La_Soledad)._Zeanuri|Hermandad de Difuntos «Bakartasuna» (La Soledad). Zeanuri]]	+	==== [[#Hermandad_de_Difuntos_«Bakartasuna»_(La_Soledad)._Zeanuri|Bakartasuna Brotherhood of the Dead. Zeanuri]] ====
−	*[[Reglamento_de_la_Hermandad_de_la_VeraCruz_fundada_el_año_de__en_Alonsotegui|Reglamento de la Hermandad de la Vera-Cruz, fundada el año de  en Alonsótegui]]	+	==== [[#Reglamento_de_la_Hermandad_de_la_VeraCruz_fundada_el_año_de_1882_en_Alonsotegui|Rules of the Brotherhood of the True Cross, founded in Alonsótegui in 1882]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XXIII. [[LUGARES_Y_MODOS_DE_ENTERRAMIENTO|LUGARES Y MODOS DE ENTERRAMIENTO]] ==	+	== XXIII. [[LUGARES_Y_MODOS_DE_ENTERRAMIENTO/en|BURIAL PLACES AND METHODS]] ==
−	=== [[La_inhumacion_en_la_casa._Etxekanderearen_baratzea|La inhumación en la casa. Etxekanderearen baratzea]] ===	+	=== [[#La_inhumacion_en_la_casa._Etxekanderearen_baratzea|Internment on the homestead]] ===
−	=== [[La_inhumacion_junto_a_la_iglesia|La inhumación junto a la iglesia]] ===	+	=== [[#La_inhumacion_junto_a_la_iglesia|Internment next to the church]] ===
−	=== [[La_inhumacion_en_el_interior_de_la_iglesia|La inhumación en el interior de la iglesia]] ===	+	=== [[#La_inhumacion_en_el_interior_de_la_iglesia|Internment inside the church]] ===
−	=== [[Prohibiciones_legales_de_sepultar_en_iglesias|Prohibiciones legales de sepultar en iglesias]] ===	+	=== [[#Prohibiciones_legales_de_sepultar_en_iglesias|Legal restrictions regarding burial in churches]] ===
−	=== [[El_cementerio._Hilerria|El cementerio. Hilerria]] ===	+	=== [[#El_cementerio._Hilerria|The cemetery]] ===
−	*[[Denominaciones|Denominaciones]]	+	==== [[#Denominaciones50|Names]] ====
−	*[[Ubicacion_del_cementerio|Ubicación del cementerio]]	+	==== [[#Ubicacion_del_cementerio|Location of the cemetery]] ====
−	**Junto al templo	+	**Next to the place of worship
−	**Cementerios en torno a ermitas	+	**Cemeteries around chapels
−	**Cementerios en extrarradios	+	**Cemeteries in the outskirts
−	*[[Distribucion_del_espacio_del_cementerio|Distribución del espacio del cementerio]]	+	==== [[#Distribucion_del_espacio_del_cementerio|Distribution of the cemetery area]] ====
−	*[[Derecho_de_inhumacion_en_la_sepultura|Derecho de inhumación en la sepultura]]	+	==== [[#Derecho_de_inhumacion_en_la_sepultura|Right of internment in the grave]] ====
−	*[[Modos_de_enterramiento|Modos de enterramiento]]	+	==== [[#Modos_de_enterramiento|Burial methods]] ====
−	**El túmulo	+	**The burial mound
−	**Sepultura en tierra con losa	+	**Grave in the ground with flagstone
−	**El panteón	+	**The pantheon
−	**El nicho	+	**The crypt
−	*[[Cabecera_de_la_tumba|Cabecera de la tumba]]	+	==== [[#Cabecera_de_la_tumba|Headstone]] ====
−	**Cruces. ''Gurutzeak''	+	**Crosses
−	**Estelas. ''Hilarriak''	+	**Stelae
−	*[[Tierra_no_bendecida|Tierra no bendecida]]	+	==== [[#Tierra_no_bendecida|Unconsecrated ground]] ====
−	**El limbo	+	**Limbo
−	**Espacio para suicidados e increyentes	+	**Area for people who have committed suicide and non-believers
−	**Casos particulares	+	**Specific cases
−	**Enterramientos civiles	+	**Civil burials
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== XXIV. [[APARECIDOS_Y_ANIMAS_ERRANTES._ARIMA_HERRATUAK|APARECIDOS Y ANIMAS ERRANTES. ARIMA HERRATUAK]] ==	+	== XXIV. [[APARECIDOS_Y_ANIMAS_ERRANTES._ARIMA_HERRATUAK/en|APPARITIONS AND WANDERING SPIRITS. ARIMA HERRATUAK]] ==
−	=== [[Creencias_sobre_aparecidos|Creencias sobre aparecidos]] ===	+	=== [[#Creencias_sobre_aparecidos|Beliefs about apparitions]] ===
−	=== [[Modos_de_aparicion_de_las_animas|Modos de aparición de las ánimas]] ===	+	=== [[#Modos_de_aparicion_de_las_animas|Types of spirit apparitions]] ===
−	*[[Sonidos_y_ruidos_extraños._Herotsegileak|Sonidos y ruidos extraños. ''Herotsegileak'']]	+	==== [[#Sonidos_y_ruidos_extraños._Herotsegileak|Sounds and strong noises]] ====
−	*[[Luces_y_resplandores._Argi-egileak|Luces y resplandores. ''Argi-egileak'']]	+	==== [[#Luces_y_resplandores._Argi-egileak|Lights and glows]] ====
−	*[[Sombras._Gerixetiak|Sombras. ''Gerixetiak'']]	+	==== [[#Sombras._Gerixetiak|Shadows]] ====
−	*[[Olores._Arimen_usaina|Olores. ''Arimen usaina'']]	+	==== [[#Olores._Arimen_usaina|Smells]] ====
−	*[[Forma_corporea|Forma corpórea]]	+	==== [[#Forma_corporea|Bodily form]] ====
−	*[[Otras_formas_de_aparicion|Otras formas de aparición]]	+	==== [[#Otras_formas_de_aparicion|Other types of apparition]] ====
−	=== [[Tiempos_de_aparicion|Tiempos de aparición]] ===	+	=== [[#Tiempos_de_aparicion|Apparition times]] ===
−	=== [[Escenarios_de_aparicion|Escenarios de aparición]] ===	+	=== [[#Escenarios_de_aparicion|Apparition scenarios]] ===
−	*[[La_casa_y_el_fuego_del_hogar|La casa y el fuego del hogar]]	+	==== [[#La_casa_y_el_fuego_del_hogar|The house and outside the home]] ====
−	*[[Caminos_y_encrucijadas|Caminos y encrucijadas]]	+	==== [[#Caminos_y_encrucijadas|Paths and crossroads]] ====
−	*[[Moradas_de_animas|Moradas de ánimas]]	+	==== [[#Moradas_de_animas|Spirit abodes]] ====
−	=== [[Testigos_de_las_apariciones|Testigos de las apariciones]] ===	+	=== [[#Testigos_de_las_apariciones|Witnesses of the apparitions]] ===
−	=== [[Comportamientos_ante_apariciones|Comportamientos ante apariciones]] ===	+	=== [[#Comportamientos_ante_apariciones|Reaction to the apparitions]] ===
−	*[[Prevenciones|Prevenciones]]	+	==== [[#Prevenciones|Preventions]] ====
−	*[[Normas_y_formulas_dialogadas._Zer_arrangura_duk?|Normas y fórmulas dialogadas. ''Zer arrangura duk?'']]	+	==== [[#Normas_y_formulas_dialogadas._Zer_arrangura_duk?|Dialogues and rules]] ====
−	*[[Cautelas_y_acreditaciones._Atzamarren_erreunea|Cautelas y acreditaciones. ''Atzamarren erreunea'']]	+	==== [[#Cautelas_y_acreditaciones._Atzamarren_erreunea|Precautions and accreditations]] ====
−	*[[Modos_de_ahuyentar|Modos de ahuyentar]]	+	==== [[#Modos_de_ahuyentar|Ways of driving them away]] ====
−	*[[Peticiones_de_las_animas|Peticiones de las ánimas]]	+	==== [[#Peticiones_de_las_animas|Petitions to the spirits]] ====
−	**Misas	+	**Masses
−	**Oraciones	+	**Prayers
−	**Satisfacción de deudas	+	**Settling debts
−	**Cumplimiento de promesas	+	**Fulfilling promises
−	=== [[Presentimientos_y_temores_a_apariciones|Presentimientos y temores a apariciones]] ===	+	=== [[#Presentimientos_y_temores_a_apariciones|Premonitions and fear of apparitions]] ===
−	*[[Prohibicion_de_dar_vueltas_al_cementerio|Prohibición de dar vueltas al cementerio]]	+	==== [[#Prohibicion_de_dar_vueltas_al_cementerio|Ban on going round and round the cemetery]] ====
−	*[[Miedo_a_lugares_de_enterramiento|Miedo a lugares de enterramiento]]	+	==== [[#Miedo_a_lugares_de_enterramiento|Fear of burial places]] ====
−	=== [[Practicas_asociadas_a_las_creencias_en_las_animas|Prácticas asociadas a las creencias en las ánimas]] ===	+	=== [[#Practicas_asociadas_a_las_creencias_en_las_animas|Practices associated with beliefs in spirits]] ===
−	=== [[Narraciones_de_aparecidos_tradicionalizadas|Narraciones de aparecidos tradicionalizadas]] ===	+	=== [[#Narraciones_de_aparecidos_tradicionalizadas|Traditionalised ghost stories]] ===
−	*[[El_cura-cazador_errante._Abade-txakurrak|El cura-cazador errante. ''Abade-txakurrak'']]	+	==== [[#El_cura-cazador_errante._Abade-txakurrak|The travelling ghost hunter-priest]] ====
−	*[[El_cura_a_falta_de_una_misa._Gauerdiko_meza|El cura a falta de una misa. ''Gauerdiko meza'']]	+	==== [[#El_cura_a_falta_de_una_misa._Gauerdiko_meza|The priest one mass away]] ====
−	*[[Sirvienta_por_deudora._Zorrak_pagatu_arte_neskato|Sirvienta por deudora. ''Zorrak pagatu arte neskato'']]	+	==== [[#Sirvienta_por_deudora._Zorrak_pagatu_arte_neskato|Debtor servant girl]] ====
−	=== [[Apendice_Relatos_de_aparecidos|Apéndice: Relatos de aparecidos]] ===	+	=== [[#Apendice_Relatos_de_aparecidos|Appendix: Ghost stories]] ===
−	*[[Herotsegilea._Anima_tonante|''Herotsegilea''. Anima tonante]]	+	==== [[#Herotsegilea._Anima_tonante|Thundering spirit]] ====
−	*[[Argi-egilea._Anima_luminosa|''Argi-egilea''. Anima luminosa]]	+	==== [[#Argi-egilea._Anima_luminosa|Shining spirit]] ====
−	*[[Atzamarren_erreunea._Huella_de_fuego|''Atzamarren erreunea''. Huella de fuego]]	+	==== [[#Atzamarren_erreunea._Huella_de_fuego|Fire footprint]] ====
−	*[[Txarri-elia._La_piara_de_cerdos|''Txarri-elia''. La piara de cerdos]]	+	==== [[#Txarri-elia._La_piara_de_cerdos|The swine herd]] ====
−	*[[Zazpi_estatuz_ez_ondoratu._Alejarse_siete_estadios|''Zazpi estatuz ez ondoratu''. Alejarse siete estadios]]	+	==== [[#Zazpi_estatuz_ez_ondoratu._Alejarse_siete_estadios|Moving away in seven stages]] ====
−	*[[Mallabiko_abadea._El_cura-cazador_errante|''Mallabiko abadea''. El cura-cazador errante]]	+	==== [[#Mallabiko_abadea._El_cura-cazador_errante|The travelling ghost hunter-priest]] ====
−	*[[Gauerdiko_meza._El_cura_a_falta_de_una_misa|''Gauerdiko meza''. El cura a falta de una misa]]	+	==== [[#Gauerdiko_meza._El_cura_a_falta_de_una_misa|The priest one mass away]] ====
−	*[[Zorrak_pagatu_arte_neskato._Sirvienta_por_deudora|''Zorrak pagatu arte neskato''. Sirvienta por deudora]]	+	==== [[#Zorrak_pagatu_arte_neskato._Sirvienta_por_deudora|Debtor servant girl]] ====
−	*[[Arima_herratua_(ame_errante)_qui_ecrit_sur_un_papier_un|''Arima herratua'' (âme errante) qui écrit sur un papier un]]	+	==== [[#Arima_herratua_(ame_errante)_qui_ecrit_sur_un_papier_nu|''Arima herratua'' (âme errante) qui écrit sur un papier nu]] ====
−	*[[Arima_korotik_gora_joan._Aparicion_en_iglesia|''Arima korotik gora joan''. Aparición en iglesia]]	+	==== [[#Arima_korotik_gora_joan._Aparicion_en_iglesia|Apparition in church]] ====
−	*[[Kuadrilea_kantaren-kantaren._Grupo_de_animas_junto_al_cementerio|''Kuadrilea kantaren-kantaren''. Grupo de ánimas junto al cementerio]]	+	==== [[#Kuadrilea_kantaren-kantaren._Grupo_de_animas_junto_al_cementerio|Group of spirits next to the cemetery]] ====
−	*[[Gaitzerua_eta_ezkoa._La_candela_bajo_el_celemin|''Gaitzerua eta ezkoa''. La candela bajo el celemín]]	+	==== [[#Gaitzerua_eta_ezkoa._La_candela_bajo_el_celemin|The lamp under the bushel]] ====
	&emsp;		&emsp;
−	== [[LES_RITES_FUNERAIRES_EN_PAYS_BASQUE_NORD_OU_IPARRALDE_(SINTHESE)|LES RITES FUNERAIRES EN PAYS BASQUE NORD OU IPARRALDE (SINTHESE)]] ==	+	== XXV. [[LOS_RITOS_FUNERARIOS_EN_IPARRALDE/en|FUNERAL RITES IN THE NORTHERN BASQUE COUNTRY]] ==
−	{{#bookTitle:Ritos funerarios en Vasconia | Ritos_funerarios_en_vasconia}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Índice de contenidos}}	+	{{#bookTitle:Funeral Rites in the Basque Country | Ritos_funerarios_en_vasconia/en}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Table of contents}}

---

Revisión actual del 13:15 18 feb 2020

I. OMENS OF DEATH

Animal-related omens

Dog howling

Rooster crowing

Behaviour of livestock and cats

Screeching or presence of night birds

Presence of crows and other birds

Presence of insects

Omens related with facts and events

Bells tolling

Paying, measuring or weighing just enough

Noises and other coincidences

Omens resulting from the act of dying

 

II. DEATH THROES AND DEATH

Death throes

Names

Physical signs of death throes

Death knells

Caring for the person in their dying moments

• • Care and attention
  • Visiting the dying person
  • Watching over the person in their dying moments
  • Contemporary changes

Prayers during the death throes

Other religious practices

Causes for the death throes dragging on

• • Feuds and grievances
  • Possessed by spirits

Remedies to stop the death throes dragging on

• • Mass for the dying
  • Light offering and fasts
  • Facilitating the exiting of the soul

Death

Names

Physical causes of death

Extraordinary causes of death

• • Spells
  • Evil eye
  • Death spirits

Replacing death

 

III. VIATICUM AND ANOINTING

Christian rites of the passage from life to death

Names

Receiving the Last Rites

Notifying the priest and doctor

Preparing the room of the sick person

• • Home altar
  • Decorating the house

Viaticum

• • Viaticum in the Northern Basque Country
  • Viaticum in Navarre
  • Viaticum in Gipuzkoa
  • Viaticum in Bizkaia
  • Viaticum in Álava

Anointing

Appendix 1: Last Rites in Mendive (BN)

Appendix 2: Administration of Viaticum and Anointing according to the old Roman Ritual

 

IV. BELIEFS ABOUT THE SOUL’S DESTINY

Separation of the soul and body

Signs of salvation or damnation

Countenance of the corpse

Signs of nature

Problems when removing the coffin from the house

Incorrupt bodies

Practices to ensure salvation

 

V. HOUSEHOLD MOURNING AND HELP FROM NEIGHBOURS

Signs of mourning of the bereaved household

Covering mirrors

Concealing other belongings

Covering walls

Closing windows

Signs of mourning outside the house

Role of neighbours during the mourning period

The neighbourhood and neighbours with regard to the bereaved household

• • Organisation of the neighbourhood hierarchy
  • The first or nearest neighbour
  • Reconciliation and friendship between neighbours

Help provided by neighbours

• • Household chores and tasks
  • Primacy of family support
  • Customarily established help

The parish cross in the bereaved household

Appendix: Role of neighbours during funeral rites in Ossès/Ortzaize (BN)

 

VI. NOTIFYING THE DEATH

Notifications

Recipients of the notification

Death announcers

• • Relatives and neighbours
  • First neighbours
  • Youths
  • Female announcers
  • Messengers and auroros choirs

Contemporary transitions

Bell-ringing

Names

Time of the death knell

Person in charge of ringing the bells

Language of the tolling of the bells

• • Religious status and sex differences
  • Death knell for children
  • Social categories

Validity of the death knells

Death knells in chapels

Burial bell tolls

Death notices

Newspaper death notices

Street death notices

Antiquity of the death notices

Radio death notices

Memorials

Telling domesticated animals of the death

Telling the bees

• • Survival of the beehive
  • Producing more wax
  • Requesting wax and avoiding the death of the bees
  • Death of the owner
  • New owner
  • Signs of mourning

Telling the barn animals

 

VII. SHROUD

Death and act of closing the eyelids

Washing and shrouding

Ways of washing the corpse

Cleansing the corpse

Arranging the hands and feet

Salt on the corpse

The shroud and its types

• • Cloth shroud
  • Religious habits
  • Festive garments

Objects that accompany the corpse

Pious symbols

Death indulgences

Secular objects

Burning herbs

 

VIII. THE WAKE. GAUBELA

The wake

Daytime vigil

Reciting the rosary at dusk

Night-time vigil

• • Names
  • The wake in the Northern Basque Country
  • The wake in the Southern Basque Country
  • Looking after the lamp
  • Meals during the wake

Validity of the wake

The room with the deceased

Cross

Light

Holy water

Laying out the corpse

The corpse on the death bed

The corpse in the main room

In the death chamber

The coffin. Hilkutxa

Names

Making the coffin

Classes and types of coffins

Duties of the carpenter

Trolleys and stretchers

Burning the pallet

 

IX. CORPSE WAYS. HILBIDEAK

Names

Corpse ways in localities with a scattered population

Southern Basque Country

Northern Basque Country

Corpse ways in charter towns with a rural population

Corpse ways in localities with a concentrated population

The paths of the parish cross and the Viaticum

Upkeep of the corpse ways

Legal significance of the corpse ways

 

X. TAKING THE CORPSE TO CHURCH

The bearers

Names

Neighbours as bearers

• • Northern Basque Country
  • Southern Basque Country

Youth bearers in Álava

Relatives and neighbours as bearers

Friends and relatives as bearers

Bearers nominated by the dying person

Orientation of the corpse

Developments in the ways to transport the corpse

Taking turns in bearing the corpse

Removal of the corpse

Southern Basque Country

Northern Basque Country

Hospitality house

Mother house or of the patron saint

 

XI. THE FUNERAL CORTEGE

Composition of the funeral cortege

Names

Head of the procession

The funeral cortege in Álava

The funeral cortege in Bizkaia

The funeral cortege in Gipuzkoa

The funeral cortege in Navarre

The funeral cortege in the Northern Basque Country

Brotherhoods and Associations in the cortege

Prayers and songs during the bearing of the corpse

Stops of the funeral cortege

The funeral cortege today

A child's burial

Names

Northern Basque Country

Southern Basque Country

The godparents at a child's burial

A youth's burial

The mourners

Historical documentation

Ethnographic sources

Crying and wailing

 

XII. ATTIRE IN THE FUNERAL CORTEGE

Old mourning attire

The cape

The shawl

Traditional men's attire

Traditional women's attire

Attire of the relative and neighbours

Bereavement dress today

 

XIII. OFFERING BEARERS IN THE CORTEGE

The offering bearer. Names

The bread offering-bearer

The light offering-bearer

Cortege animal offerings in the past

Floral wreaths and flowers in the funeral cortege

Flowers at the start of the century

Artificial wreaths and flowers

Homemade crosses and wreaths

Prevalence of flowers and wreaths

Attributed meanings

Position in the cortege

 

XIV. OBSEQUIES. HILETAK

The corpse during the obsequies

The coffin in the gateway

Burial prior to the funeral service

The catafalque or burial mound

The funeral with the body present

Arrangement of the family mourners in the church

Male mourners

Family mourners

Family mourners today

The funeral mass

Names

Types of funeral

Satires on the types of funeral

The social standing of the funeral

Burial mass and Funeral rites

«A tiempo» masses (concelebrated by different priests)

Infant funerals

Appendix: Obsequies according to the Roman Ritual

 

XV. OBSEQUIAL DAYS

Novena

Names

The novena in the twenties

Persistence and transformation of the novena

The novena in the Northern Basque Country

Reciting the rosary during the novena

Funeral rites

Month's Mind

Anniversary mass

Names

Southern Basque Country

Northern Basque Country

Mass offerings

Names

Northern Basque Country

Southern Basque Country

Gregorian masses

Appendix: Burial costs

 

XVI. BURIAL SITES IN CHURCHES. JARLEKUAK. FUESAS

Names

Validity of the symbolic burial sites

Household burial site

Collective burial site

Abolition of the burial sites

Burial goods

Cloth or tablecloth

Light holders

• • Woodcutter
  • Grave. Pit
  • Argizaiola
  • Candlestick

Beeswax

Candle decorations

Making candles and strips of candles by hand

Hamper of offerings

Kneeler

Custody of the belongings

Activation of the burial site

Primacy of the lady of the house

Sister's involvement

Duties of the sister on the day of the obsequies

Taking possession of the burial site

Length of the mourning at the burial site

 

XVII. OFFERINGS AND SUFFRAGES AT THE GRAVE. ARGIAK, OLATAK, HILOTOITZAK

Light offering

Beliefs

Light offering at the obsequies

• • Gipuzkoa
  • Navarre
  • Álava
  • Bizkaia
  • Northern Basque Country

Light offerings during the mourning period

• • Gipuzkoa
  • Navarre
  • Álava
  • Bizkaia
  • Northern Basque Country

Bread offering

Extent and validity of the bread offering

Types of bread, number and weight

Names

Offerers and recipients

Offering ritual at the obsequies

Bread offering at the novena

Offerings during the year of mourning

Offerings at the anniversary mass

Offerings on certain days

Distribution of the offering bread

Money offerings at the grave

Names

The responsories of the day of the burial

Responsories during the period of mourning

• • On feast days
  • Ordinary days

Responsories on certain days of the year

Evolution of the stipend of the responsories

Animal offerings in the past

Historical sources

Ethnographic sources

 

XVIII. ACT OF BURIAL

Attending the burial act

Ex officio attendees

Women not attending

Bereavement after the burial

Cortege to the limes

Direct cortege to the cemetery

Large procession

The burial today

Rituals in the cemetery

Retrieval of religious symbols

Throwing a handful of earth

The interment

Orientation of the tomb

In the church and in its surroundings

In the cemetery

• • Orientation with respect to the Sun
  • Orientation with respect to the church
  • Orientation with respect to the floor plan of the cemetery
  • Random distribution

 

XIX. RETURNING TO THE HOUSE OF THE DECEASED AND FUNERAL FEAST

Return of the cortege to the house of the deceased

Northern Basque Country

Southern Basque Country

Feast and refreshments for the attendees

Goodwill in Álava

Karidadea in Gipuzkoa

Other refreshments

Gifts to the participants in the obsequies

To the priests

To the coffin bearers

To children

To the auroros choirs

Alms to the poor

The burial meal

Names

Place of the meal

• • At the house of the deceased
  • In inns and taverns
  • Preparing the room and the meal

Diners

• • Relatives
  • Neighbours
  • Mezakoak
  • Other guests
  • Top table
  • Prayers

Composition of the meal

The burial meal at different places

• • Beskoitze (L)
  • Izpura (BN)
  • Ezpeize-Ündüreiñe (Z)
  • Basabüria (Haute Soule)
  • Aria (N)
  • Allo (N)
  • Mezkiriz (N)
  • Berastegi (G)
  • Elosua (G)
  • Abadiano (B)
  • Zeanuri (B)
  • Ribera Alta (A)
  • Salvatierra (A)

Anniversary and funeral rites meals

Current valuations

Appendix: Some legal restrictions about funeral feasts

 

XX. THE MOURNING. DOLUA

Names

Duration of the mourning

Restrictions during the mourning period

Attending dances and parties

Presence in bars and public establishments

Household celebrations

Noisy activities

Mourning apparel

Women's mourning apparel

• • Mourning veil
  • Mantalina
  • Shawl
  • Mantaleta
  • Kaputxina

Men's mourning apparel

• • Kapa
  • Kapa ttipia and taulerra

Children's mourning apparel

Less rigorous mourning

Home dying of garments for the mourning

Signs of mourning on the outside of the house

Drapery

Concealing the coats-of-arms

Extending the mourning to the domesticated animals

Other displays of mourning

Changes to the mourning

 

XXI. COMMEMORATION OF THE DEAD

1 November All Saints' Day

Offerings at the church

Visiting the cemetery

• • Southern Basque Country
  • Northern Basque Country

2 November Commemoration of the Faithful Departed or All Souls' Day

Offerings at the church

Visits to the cemetery

Novena for the Spirits in Purgatory

Distribution of the offerings to children

Indulgences for the deceased

Commemoration of the dead during the year

Caring for the graves

 

XXII. ASSOCIATIONS AROUND DEATH

General characteristics of the religious brotherhoods

Brotherhood of the True Cross

Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary

Brotherhood of the Spirits

Religious brotherhoods under other names (San Blas, San Nicolás, Fishermen and Seafarers Santiago Apóstol, San Francisco Javier, San Roque, San Sebastián, Santa Ana, San José, Blessed Sacrament, Santa Fe, Antorchas, Our Lady of the Grottoes)

Brotherhoods linked to shrines

Neighbourhood brotherhoods in Bizkaia

Brotherhood of San Miguel de Alzusta in Zeanuri

Brotherhood of San Adrián de Argiñeta in Elorrio

Brotherhood of the Sangüesa Trinity (Navarre)

Brotherhood of the Aramayona Priests (Álava)

Brotherhoods and Funeral Mutual Associations

Appendix

Charter of the Brotherhood of the Holy True Cross of the village of Villanueva de Valdegovía

Book of the Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary of this town of San Román

Rules and Charter of the Brotherhood of Spirits. Llodio

Statuts ou Règlements des Confrères de la Confrérie de Saint-Blaise du quartier d'Amots, en la Paroisse de St-Pé, du 14 fevrier 1779

Reformed Rules of the Brotherhood of the Nativity of Our Lady of the Reverend Priests of Aramayona Valley, Province of Álava, Diocese of Vitoria

Bakartasuna Brotherhood of the Dead. Zeanuri

Rules of the Brotherhood of the True Cross, founded in Alonsótegui in 1882

 

XXIII. BURIAL PLACES AND METHODS

Internment on the homestead

Internment next to the church

Internment inside the church

Legal restrictions regarding burial in churches

The cemetery

Names

Location of the cemetery

• • Next to the place of worship
  • Cemeteries around chapels
  • Cemeteries in the outskirts

Distribution of the cemetery area

Right of internment in the grave

Burial methods

• • The burial mound
  • Grave in the ground with flagstone
  • The pantheon
  • The crypt

Headstone

• • Crosses
  • Stelae

Unconsecrated ground

• • Limbo
  • Area for people who have committed suicide and non-believers
  • Specific cases
  • Civil burials

 

XXIV. APPARITIONS AND WANDERING SPIRITS. ARIMA HERRATUAK

Beliefs about apparitions

Types of spirit apparitions

Sounds and strong noises

Lights and glows

Shadows

Smells

Bodily form

Other types of apparition

Apparition times

Apparition scenarios

The house and outside the home

Paths and crossroads

Spirit abodes

Witnesses of the apparitions

Reaction to the apparitions

Preventions

Dialogues and rules

Precautions and accreditations

Ways of driving them away

Petitions to the spirits

• • Masses
  • Prayers
  • Settling debts
  • Fulfilling promises

Premonitions and fear of apparitions

Ban on going round and round the cemetery

Fear of burial places

Practices associated with beliefs in spirits

Traditionalised ghost stories

The travelling ghost hunter-priest

The priest one mass away

Debtor servant girl

Appendix: Ghost stories

Thundering spirit

Shining spirit

Fire footprint

The swine herd

Moving away in seven stages

The travelling ghost hunter-priest

The priest one mass away

Debtor servant girl

Arima herratua (âme errante) qui écrit sur un papier nu

Apparition in church

Group of spirits next to the cemetery

The lamp under the bushel

 

XXV. FUNERAL RITES IN THE NORTHERN BASQUE COUNTRY