Diferencia entre revisiones de «Indice Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia/en»
De Atlas Etnográfico de Vasconia
m (Texto reemplazado: «=== [[» por «=== [[#») |
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(No se muestran 206 ediciones intermedias del mismo usuario) | |||
Línea 11: | Línea 11: | ||
==== [[#Gipuzkoa|Gipuzkoa]] ==== | ==== [[#Gipuzkoa|Gipuzkoa]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Vasconia_continental|Northern Basque Country (lying within France)]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Vasconia_continental|Northern Basque Country (lying within France)]] ==== |
=== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea|Mediterranean watershed]] === | === [[#Vertiente_mediterranea|Mediterranean watershed]] === | ||
Línea 17: | Línea 17: | ||
==== [[#Alava|Alava]] ==== | ==== [[#Alava|Alava]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Navarra|Navarra]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Navarra|Navarra]] ==== |
  |   | ||
Línea 43: | Línea 43: | ||
**Carranzana, ''sasi-ardia'' and Basque-Bearnese | **Carranzana, ''sasi-ardia'' and Basque-Bearnese | ||
− | ==== [[Razas_de_la_vertiente_mediterranea|Breeds of the Mediterranean watershed]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Razas_de_la_vertiente_mediterranea|Breeds of the Mediterranean watershed]] ==== |
**Coexistence of lacha, churra and merina breeds | **Coexistence of lacha, churra and merina breeds | ||
Línea 58: | Línea 58: | ||
==== [[#Apendice4_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ==== | ==== [[#Apendice4_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ==== | ||
− | === [[Yeguas_burros_y_mulos|Mares, donkeys and mules]] === | + | === [[#Yeguas_burros_y_mulos|Mares, donkeys and mules]] === |
==== [[#Apendice5_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ==== | ==== [[#Apendice5_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ==== | ||
− | === [[Gallinas_palomas_patos_y_otras_aves|Hens, doves, ducks and other poultry]] === | + | === [[#Gallinas_palomas_patos_y_otras_aves|Hens, doves, ducks and other poultry]] === |
=== [[#Otros_animales_menores_conejos_perros_y_gatos|Other small animals: rabbits, dogs and cats]] === | === [[#Otros_animales_menores_conejos_perros_y_gatos|Other small animals: rabbits, dogs and cats]] === | ||
Línea 75: | Línea 75: | ||
=== [[#Denominaciones_segun_especie_edad_y_sexo|Names according to species, age and sex]] === | === [[#Denominaciones_segun_especie_edad_y_sexo|Names according to species, age and sex]] === | ||
− | ==== [[Ganado_ovino|Sheep]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Ganado_ovino|Sheep]] ==== |
**Young | **Young | ||
Línea 91: | Línea 91: | ||
**Adults | **Adults | ||
− | ==== [[Ganado_caprino|Goats]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Ganado_caprino|Goats]] ==== |
**Young | **Young | ||
**Adults | **Adults | ||
− | ==== [[Ganado_caballar|Horses]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Ganado_caballar|Horses]] ==== |
**Young | **Young | ||
Línea 111: | Línea 111: | ||
**Adults | **Adults | ||
− | ==== [[Ganado_aviar|Poultry]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Ganado_aviar|Poultry]] ==== |
**Young | **Young | ||
Línea 117: | Línea 117: | ||
**Sundry animals | **Sundry animals | ||
− | ==== [[Animales_varios|Other animals]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Animales_varios|Other animals]] ==== |
  |   | ||
== IV. [[LENGUAJE_Y_TRATO_A_LOS_ANIMALES/en|LANGUAGE AND HOW THE ANIMALS ARE TREATED]] == | == IV. [[LENGUAJE_Y_TRATO_A_LOS_ANIMALES/en|LANGUAGE AND HOW THE ANIMALS ARE TREATED]] == | ||
− | === [[Nombres_impuestos_a_los_animales_domesticos|Names by which domesticated animals are known]] === | + | === [[#Nombres_impuestos_a_los_animales_domesticos|Names by which domesticated animals are known]] === |
− | ==== [[Ovejas_lenguaje|Sheep]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Ovejas_lenguaje|Sheep]] ==== |
**Due to the physical characteristics | **Due to the physical characteristics | ||
Línea 132: | Línea 132: | ||
**Concatenated names | **Concatenated names | ||
− | ==== [[Vacas_y_bueyes_lenguaje|Cows and oxen]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Vacas_y_bueyes_lenguaje|Cows and oxen]] ==== |
**Due to the physical characteristics | **Due to the physical characteristics | ||
Línea 143: | Línea 143: | ||
**Due to the look and character | **Due to the look and character | ||
− | ==== [[Perros_lenguaje|Dogs]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Perros_lenguaje|Dogs]] ==== |
**Due to the colour of the fur | **Due to the colour of the fur | ||
Línea 150: | Línea 150: | ||
==== [[#Nombres_de_cabras_burros_gatos_y_cerdos_lenguaje|Names of nanny goats, donkeys, cats and pigs]] ==== | ==== [[#Nombres_de_cabras_burros_gatos_y_cerdos_lenguaje|Names of nanny goats, donkeys, cats and pigs]] ==== | ||
− | === [[Lenguaje_y_modo_de_tratar_a_los_animales|Language and how the animals are treated]] === | + | === [[#Lenguaje_y_modo_de_tratar_a_los_animales|Language and how the animals are treated]] === |
==== [[#El_trato_con_los_animales|How the animals are treated]] ==== | ==== [[#El_trato_con_los_animales|How the animals are treated]] ==== | ||
Línea 156: | Línea 156: | ||
**Patting | **Patting | ||
− | ==== [[Lenguaje_empleado_con_los_animales_domesticos|Language used with domesticated animals]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Lenguaje_empleado_con_los_animales_domesticos|Language used with domesticated animals]] ==== |
**Cows | **Cows | ||
Línea 169: | Línea 169: | ||
**Other animals | **Other animals | ||
− | ==== [[Utensilios_para_aguijar_el_ganado|Utensils to prod the livestock]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Utensilios_para_aguijar_el_ganado|Utensils to prod the livestock]] ==== |
**Goad. Pole | **Goad. Pole | ||
Línea 185: | Línea 185: | ||
**Divisions in the stable | **Divisions in the stable | ||
− | ==== [[Establos_exentos_de_la_casa|Stables separate from the house]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Establos_exentos_de_la_casa|Stables separate from the house]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Pesebres|Mangers]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Pesebres|Mangers]] ==== |
− | ** | + | **Tethering animals at the mangers |
**Gates or grids | **Gates or grids | ||
**Hayrack | **Hayrack | ||
Línea 201: | Línea 201: | ||
==== [[#Cochiqueras|Pigsties]] ==== | ==== [[#Cochiqueras|Pigsties]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Gallineros|Hen houses]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Gallineros|Hen houses]] ==== |
**Roosts | **Roosts | ||
**Nest boxes | **Nest boxes | ||
− | ==== [[Conejeras|Rabbit hutches]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Conejeras|Rabbit hutches]] ==== |
==== [[#Palomares|Dovecotes]] ==== | ==== [[#Palomares|Dovecotes]] ==== | ||
  |   | ||
− | == VI. [[ALIMENTACION_DEL_GANADO_ESTABULADO/en| | + | == VI. [[ALIMENTACION_DEL_GANADO_ESTABULADO/en|FEEDING OF STABLED LIVESTOCK]] == |
− | === [[Alimentacion_del_ganado_en_la_casa|Feeding the homestead's livestock]] === | + | === [[#Alimentacion_del_ganado_en_la_casa|Feeding of the homestead's livestock]] === |
==== [[#Vacas|Cows]] ==== | ==== [[#Vacas|Cows]] ==== | ||
Línea 239: | Línea 239: | ||
==== [[#Terneras|Calves]] ==== | ==== [[#Terneras|Calves]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Corderas|Lambs]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Corderas|Lambs]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Cabritas|Kids]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Cabritas|Kids]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Cerdos_crias|Piglets]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Cerdos_crias|Piglets]] ==== |
==== [[#Potras_y_burros|Foals (horse and donkey)]] ==== | ==== [[#Potras_y_burros|Foals (horse and donkey)]] ==== | ||
Línea 255: | Línea 255: | ||
=== [[#Alimentacion_del_ganado_en_el_campo|Feeding the livestock out in the fields]] === | === [[#Alimentacion_del_ganado_en_el_campo|Feeding the livestock out in the fields]] === | ||
− | ==== [[Vertiente_mediterranea_alimentacion|Mediterranean watershed]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea_alimentacion|Mediterranean watershed]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Vertiente_atlantica_alimentacion|Atlantic watershed]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Vertiente_atlantica_alimentacion|Atlantic watershed]] ==== |
==== [[#Control_de_los_animales_en_los_prados|Controlling the animals in the meadows]] ==== | ==== [[#Control_de_los_animales_en_los_prados|Controlling the animals in the meadows]] ==== | ||
Línea 267: | Línea 267: | ||
  |   | ||
− | == VII. [[REPRODUCCION_Y_CUIDADOS_DE_LOS_ANIMALES/en|BREEDING AND | + | == VII. [[REPRODUCCION_Y_CUIDADOS_DE_LOS_ANIMALES/en|BREEDING AND CARE OF ANIMALS]] == |
=== [[#El_ciclo_reproductor_de_los_animales_domesticos|The reproductive cycle of domesticated animals]] === | === [[#El_ciclo_reproductor_de_los_animales_domesticos|The reproductive cycle of domesticated animals]] === | ||
Línea 283: | Línea 283: | ||
**Gestation and delivery | **Gestation and delivery | ||
− | ==== [[Cabras1|Nanny goats]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Cabras1|Nanny goats]] ==== |
==== [[#Yeguas|Mares]] ==== | ==== [[#Yeguas|Mares]] ==== | ||
Línea 318: | Línea 318: | ||
==== [[#Ovejas2|Sheep]] ==== | ==== [[#Ovejas2|Sheep]] ==== | ||
− | === [[Manipulaciones_del_cuerpo_de_los_animales|Handling the body of the animals]] === | + | === [[#Manipulaciones_del_cuerpo_de_los_animales|Handling the body of the animals]] === |
==== [[#Corte_del_rabo_a_las_corderas|Cutting the tails of the lambs]] ==== | ==== [[#Corte_del_rabo_a_las_corderas|Cutting the tails of the lambs]] ==== | ||
Línea 341: | Línea 341: | ||
**Cattle | **Cattle | ||
− | ==== [[Herraduras_y_clavos|Shoes and nails]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Herraduras_y_clavos|Shoes and nails]] ==== |
==== [[#Otras_operaciones_efectuadas_por_los_herradores|Other operations performed by farriers]] ==== | ==== [[#Otras_operaciones_efectuadas_por_los_herradores|Other operations performed by farriers]] ==== | ||
Línea 354: | Línea 354: | ||
=== [[#Vasconia_continental2|Northern Basque Country]] === | === [[#Vasconia_continental2|Northern Basque Country]] === | ||
− | === [[Alava2|Álava]] === | + | === [[#Alava2|Álava]] === |
=== [[#Navarra2|Navarra]] === | === [[#Navarra2|Navarra]] === | ||
Línea 373: | Línea 373: | ||
== IX. [[LA_SUBIDA_CON_EL_REBAÑO_AL_MONTE/en|DRIVING FLOCKS TO UPLAND PASTURES]] == | == IX. [[LA_SUBIDA_CON_EL_REBAÑO_AL_MONTE/en|DRIVING FLOCKS TO UPLAND PASTURES]] == | ||
− | === [[#La_subida_del_rebaño| | + | === [[#La_subida_del_rebaño|Driving the flocks up]] === |
==== [[#Influencia_del_clima_y_de_los_pastos|Influence of the climate and the pastures]] ==== | ==== [[#Influencia_del_clima_y_de_los_pastos|Influence of the climate and the pastures]] ==== | ||
Línea 379: | Línea 379: | ||
==== [[#Ascension_al_monte_en_funcion_de_las_caracteristicas_del_ganado|Driving the flocks to the upland pastures according to the characteristics of the livestock]] ==== | ==== [[#Ascension_al_monte_en_funcion_de_las_caracteristicas_del_ganado|Driving the flocks to the upland pastures according to the characteristics of the livestock]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Pastoreo_de_ciclo_diario|Daily cycle shepherding]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Pastoreo_de_ciclo_diario|Daily cycle shepherding]] ==== |
==== [[#Reglamentacion_aplicable|Applicable regulations]] ==== | ==== [[#Reglamentacion_aplicable|Applicable regulations]] ==== | ||
Línea 385: | Línea 385: | ||
==== [[#El_pastoreo_en_la_actualidad|Shepherding today]] ==== | ==== [[#El_pastoreo_en_la_actualidad|Shepherding today]] ==== | ||
− | === [[Ascension_del_pastor_en_solitario_o_acompañado|The | + | === [[#Ascension_del_pastor_en_solitario_o_acompañado|The shepherd’s time on the uplands alone or accompanied]] === |
=== [[#Comitiva_animal_del_pastor|Animal retinue of the shepherd]] === | === [[#Comitiva_animal_del_pastor|Animal retinue of the shepherd]] === | ||
Línea 393: | Línea 393: | ||
==== [[#Pastos_veraniegos_o_de_altura|Mountain or summer pastures]] ==== | ==== [[#Pastos_veraniegos_o_de_altura|Mountain or summer pastures]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Pastos_invernales_o_de_valle|Valley or winter pastures]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Pastos_invernales_o_de_valle|Valley or winter pastures]] ==== |
==== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea4|Mediterranean watershed]] ==== | ==== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea4|Mediterranean watershed]] ==== | ||
Línea 423: | Línea 423: | ||
==== [[#Señales_con_pintura|Paint branding]] ==== | ==== [[#Señales_con_pintura|Paint branding]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Marca_de_pez_o_brea._Empego|Tar branding Pitch branding]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Marca_de_pez_o_brea._Empego|Tar branding Pitch branding]] ==== |
==== [[#Marca_de_hierro|Iron branding]] ==== | ==== [[#Marca_de_hierro|Iron branding]] ==== | ||
Línea 429: | Línea 429: | ||
**Iron branding on horns, hooves or nose | **Iron branding on horns, hooves or nose | ||
− | ==== [[#Cambios_operados_en_el_marcaje_del_ganado._El_crotal|Changes occurred in the branding of livestock. The | + | ==== [[#Cambios_operados_en_el_marcaje_del_ganado._El_crotal|Changes occurred in the branding of livestock. The ear tag]] ==== |
− | === [[#Cencerros_o_esquilones._Arranak_zintzarriak|Cowbells | + | === [[#Cencerros_o_esquilones._Arranak_zintzarriak|Cowbells or single bells]] === |
− | ==== [[#El_sonido_de_los_cencerros|The sound | + | ==== [[#El_sonido_de_los_cencerros|The sound of cowbells]] ==== |
− | ==== [[#Clases_de_cencerros_y_esquilas|Types of cowbells and | + | ==== [[#Clases_de_cencerros_y_esquilas|Types of cowbells and single bells]] ==== |
**Sheep | **Sheep | ||
Línea 444: | Línea 444: | ||
=== [[#Adornos_del_ganado|Livestock adornments]] === | === [[#Adornos_del_ganado|Livestock adornments]] === | ||
− | ==== [[Collares_de_campanillas_y_cascabeles|Collars | + | ==== [[#Collares_de_campanillas_y_cascabeles|Collars with chimes and strings of bells]] ==== |
**When carrying the harvest | **When carrying the harvest | ||
**For other farm work | **For other farm work | ||
− | ==== [[Caballerias_enjaezadas|Harnessed horses]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Caballerias_enjaezadas|Harnessed horses]] ==== |
==== [[#Engalanamiento_del_ganado|Adorning the livestock]] ==== | ==== [[#Engalanamiento_del_ganado|Adorning the livestock]] ==== | ||
Línea 460: | Línea 460: | ||
=== [[#Caracteristicas_y_evolucion|Characteristics and evolution]] === | === [[#Caracteristicas_y_evolucion|Characteristics and evolution]] === | ||
− | ==== [[#Reduccion_y_perdida_de_comunales| | + | ==== [[#Reduccion_y_perdida_de_comunales|Shrinkage and loss of common land]] ==== |
==== [[#Reforestacion_y_cierres|Reforesting and enclosures]] ==== | ==== [[#Reforestacion_y_cierres|Reforesting and enclosures]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Rastrojeras|Stubble fields]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Rastrojeras|Stubble fields]] ==== |
==== [[#Intervencion_municipal_y_foral|Provincial and municipal intervention]] ==== | ==== [[#Intervencion_municipal_y_foral|Provincial and municipal intervention]] ==== | ||
Línea 470: | Línea 470: | ||
==== [[#Condiciones_de_disfrute|Conditions of sue]] ==== | ==== [[#Condiciones_de_disfrute|Conditions of sue]] ==== | ||
− | = | + | <br/> |
+ | <span style="font-size:120%;">'''USE OF THE COMMON PASTURE LAND:'''</span> | ||
=== [[#Comunales_en_Bizkaia|Common land in Bizkaia]] === | === [[#Comunales_en_Bizkaia|Common land in Bizkaia]] === | ||
− | ==== [[Sierra_de_Gorbea|Gorbea mountain range]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Sierra_de_Gorbea|Gorbea mountain range]] ==== |
==== [[#Sierras_de_Anboto_y_Oiz|Anboto and Oiz mountain ranges]] ==== | ==== [[#Sierras_de_Anboto_y_Oiz|Anboto and Oiz mountain ranges]] ==== | ||
Línea 484: | Línea 485: | ||
=== [[#Hermandades_y_comunidades_de_pastos_en_Alava|Commons associations and brotherhoods in Álava]] === | === [[#Hermandades_y_comunidades_de_pastos_en_Alava|Commons associations and brotherhoods in Álava]] === | ||
− | ==== [[Comunidad_de_Sierra_Salvada|Sierra Salvada commons association]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Comunidad_de_Sierra_Salvada|Sierra Salvada commons association]] ==== |
==== [[#Comunidad_de_la_Sierra_Brava_de_Badaia|Sierra Brava de Badaia commons association]] ==== | ==== [[#Comunidad_de_la_Sierra_Brava_de_Badaia|Sierra Brava de Badaia commons association]] ==== | ||
Línea 490: | Línea 491: | ||
==== [[#Comunidad_de_Guibijo|Guibijo commons association]] ==== | ==== [[#Comunidad_de_Guibijo|Guibijo commons association]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Comunales_de_Urkabustaiz|Urkabustaiz commons]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Comunales_de_Urkabustaiz|Urkabustaiz commons]] ==== |
==== [[#Junta_de_la_Sierra_de_Arcamo|Sierra de Árcamo Board]] ==== | ==== [[#Junta_de_la_Sierra_de_Arcamo|Sierra de Árcamo Board]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Valle_de_Valdegovia|Valdegovía Valley]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Valle_de_Valdegovia|Valdegovía Valley]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Sierra_de_Valderejo|Sierra de Valderejo mountain range]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Sierra_de_Valderejo|Sierra de Valderejo mountain range]] ==== |
==== [[#Comunales_de_Berganzo|Berganzo commons]] ==== | ==== [[#Comunales_de_Berganzo|Berganzo commons]] ==== | ||
Línea 514: | Línea 515: | ||
==== [[#Sierra_de_Codes|Sierra de Codés mountain range]] ==== | ==== [[#Sierra_de_Codes|Sierra de Codés mountain range]] ==== | ||
− | === [[#Parzonerias_en_Gipuzkoa_y_Alava|Parzonerías (supramunicipal land usage | + | === [[#Parzonerias_en_Gipuzkoa_y_Alava|Parzonerías (supramunicipal land usage council) in Gipuzkoa and Álava]] === |
==== [[#Parzoneria_General_de_Gipuzkoa_y_Alava|Gipuzkoa and Álava General Parzonería]] ==== | ==== [[#Parzoneria_General_de_Gipuzkoa_y_Alava|Gipuzkoa and Álava General Parzonería]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Parzoneria_Menor_o_Komun_Txikia|Minor Parzonería]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Parzoneria_Menor_o_Komun_Txikia|Minor Parzonería]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Parzoneria_General_de_Entzia|Entzia General Parzonería]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Parzoneria_General_de_Entzia|Entzia General Parzonería]] ==== |
==== [[#Parzoneria_de_Iturrieta|Iturrieta Parzonería]] ==== | ==== [[#Parzoneria_de_Iturrieta|Iturrieta Parzonería]] ==== | ||
Línea 534: | Línea 535: | ||
=== [[#Sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia|Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] === | === [[#Sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia|Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] === | ||
− | ==== [[Comunales_de_las_Amescoas|Las Améscoas commons]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Comunales_de_las_Amescoas|Las Améscoas commons]] ==== |
==== [[#Sierra_de_Lokiz|Sierra de Lokiz mountain range]] ==== | ==== [[#Sierra_de_Lokiz|Sierra de Lokiz mountain range]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Comunales_de_Lezaun_y_Ultzama|Lezaun and Ultzama commons]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Comunales_de_Lezaun_y_Ultzama|Lezaun and Ultzama commons]] ==== |
=== [[#Pirineo_de_Navarra|Navarra Pyrenees]] === | === [[#Pirineo_de_Navarra|Navarra Pyrenees]] === | ||
− | ==== [[Valle_de_Baztan|Baztan Valley]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Valle_de_Baztan|Baztan Valley]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Valle_de_Erro|Erro Valley]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Valle_de_Erro|Erro Valley]] ==== |
==== [[#Aoiz_y_Valle_de_Longuida|Aoiz and Lónguida Valley]] ==== | ==== [[#Aoiz_y_Valle_de_Longuida|Aoiz and Lónguida Valley]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Valle_de_Salazar|Salazar Valley]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Valle_de_Salazar|Salazar Valley]] ==== |
==== [[#Valle_de_Roncal|Roncal Valley]] ==== | ==== [[#Valle_de_Roncal|Roncal Valley]] ==== | ||
Línea 558: | Línea 559: | ||
==== [[#Los_pastos_de_las_Bardenas_Reales|Bardenas Reales grazing land]] ==== | ==== [[#Los_pastos_de_las_Bardenas_Reales|Bardenas Reales grazing land]] ==== | ||
− | === [[#Corralizas| | + | === [[#Corralizas|Pens]] === |
==== [[#Sanguesa|Sangüesa]] ==== | ==== [[#Sanguesa|Sangüesa]] ==== | ||
Línea 566: | Línea 567: | ||
==== [[#Melida|Mélida]] ==== | ==== [[#Melida|Mélida]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Lodosa|Lodosa]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Lodosa|Lodosa]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Allo|Allo]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Allo|Allo]] ==== |
=== [[#Facerias|Facerías (cross-border grazing agreements)]] === | === [[#Facerias|Facerías (cross-border grazing agreements)]] === | ||
− | ==== [[Facerias_interpirenaicas|Inter-Pyrenean ''facerías'']] ==== | + | ==== [[#Facerias_interpirenaicas|Inter-Pyrenean ''facerías'']] ==== |
==== [[#Tributo_de_las_Tres_Vacas|Tribute of the Three Cows]] ==== | ==== [[#Tributo_de_las_Tres_Vacas|Tribute of the Three Cows]] ==== | ||
Línea 578: | Línea 579: | ||
=== [[#Pais_Vasco_continental|The Northern Basque Country]] === | === [[#Pais_Vasco_continental|The Northern Basque Country]] === | ||
− | ==== [[Los_Sindicatos_territoriales|The Territorial Grazing Syndicates]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Los_Sindicatos_territoriales|The Territorial Grazing Syndicates]] ==== |
==== [[#El_kaiolar|The ''kaiolar'']] ==== | ==== [[#El_kaiolar|The ''kaiolar'']] ==== | ||
− | === [[Apendice_Seles_en_Vasconia|Appendix: Folds in the Basque Country]] === | + | === [[#Apendice_Seles_en_Vasconia|Appendix: Folds in the Basque Country]] === |
  |   | ||
== XII. [[ESTABLECIMIENTOS_PASTORILES_DE_MONTAÑA/en|MOUNTAIN PASTORAL ESTABLISHMENTS]] == | == XII. [[ESTABLECIMIENTOS_PASTORILES_DE_MONTAÑA/en|MOUNTAIN PASTORAL ESTABLISHMENTS]] == | ||
− | === [[Montes_de_Carranza|Carranza Mountains]] === | + | === [[#Montes_de_Carranza|Carranza Mountains]] === |
− | ==== [[Cabañas_y_casetas|Cabins and huts]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Cabañas_y_casetas|Cabins and huts]] ==== |
− | === [[Sierra_de_Gorbea1|Sierra de Gorbea mountain range]] === | + | === [[#Sierra_de_Gorbea1|Sierra de Gorbea mountain range]] === |
− | ==== [[Zeanuri|Zeanuri]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Zeanuri|Zeanuri]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Orozko|Orozko]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Orozko|Orozko]] ==== |
==== [[#Valle_de_Zuya|Zuya Valley]] ==== | ==== [[#Valle_de_Zuya|Zuya Valley]] ==== | ||
− | === [[Sierras_de_Anboto_y_Aramotz|Anboto and Aramotz mountain ranges]] === | + | === [[#Sierras_de_Anboto_y_Aramotz|Anboto and Aramotz mountain ranges]] === |
=== [[#Monte_Oiz|Mount Oiz]] === | === [[#Monte_Oiz|Mount Oiz]] === | ||
− | === [[Sierra_de_Aizkorri|Sierra de Aizkorri mountain range]] === | + | === [[#Sierra_de_Aizkorri|Sierra de Aizkorri mountain range]] === |
− | ==== [[Urbia-Oltza|Urbia-Oltza]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Urbia-Oltza|Urbia-Oltza]] ==== |
==== [[#Degurixa-Alabieta|Degurixa-Alabieta]] ==== | ==== [[#Degurixa-Alabieta|Degurixa-Alabieta]] ==== | ||
Línea 613: | Línea 614: | ||
=== [[#Sierra_de_Izarraitz_y_Ernio|Sierra de Izarraitz mountain range and Mount Ernio]] === | === [[#Sierra_de_Izarraitz_y_Ernio|Sierra de Izarraitz mountain range and Mount Ernio]] === | ||
− | === [[Sierra_de_Aralar|Sierra de Aralar mountain range]] === | + | === [[#Sierra_de_Aralar|Sierra de Aralar mountain range]] === |
− | ==== [[Beasain|Beasain]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Beasain|Beasain]] ==== |
==== [[#Ataun_(1927)|Ataun (1927)]] ==== | ==== [[#Ataun_(1927)|Ataun (1927)]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Ataun_(1955)|Ataun (1955)]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Ataun_(1955)|Ataun (1955)]] ==== |
==== [[#Abaltzisketa_(1955)|Abaltzisketa (1955)]] ==== | ==== [[#Abaltzisketa_(1955)|Abaltzisketa (1955)]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Valle_de_Larraun|Larraun Valley]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Valle_de_Larraun|Larraun Valley]] ==== |
==== [[#Rediles_cupulares._Arkuak|Domed folds]] ==== | ==== [[#Rediles_cupulares._Arkuak|Domed folds]] ==== | ||
− | === [[Sierra_de_Urbasa|Sierra de Urbasa mountain range]] === | + | === [[#Sierra_de_Urbasa|Sierra de Urbasa mountain range]] === |
− | === [[Sierra_de_Andia|Sierra de Andia mountain range]] === | + | === [[#Sierra_de_Andia|Sierra de Andia mountain range]] === |
− | === [[Sierra_de_Entzia|Sierra de Entzia mountain range]] === | + | === [[#Sierra_de_Entzia|Sierra de Entzia mountain range]] === |
− | === [[Pirineo_navarro|Navarran Pyrenees]] === | + | === [[#Pirineo_navarro|Navarran Pyrenees]] === |
− | ==== [[Basaburua_Menor|Basaburua Menor]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Basaburua_Menor|Basaburua Menor]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Valle_de_Baztan1|Baztan Valley]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Valle_de_Baztan1|Baztan Valley]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Valle_de_Esteribar|Esteribar Valley]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Valle_de_Esteribar|Esteribar Valley]] ==== |
==== [[#Valle_de_Aezkoa|Aezkoa Valley]] ==== | ==== [[#Valle_de_Aezkoa|Aezkoa Valley]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Valle_de_Salazar1|Salazar Valley]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Valle_de_Salazar1|Salazar Valley]] ==== |
==== [[#Valle_de_Roncal1|Roncal Valley]] ==== | ==== [[#Valle_de_Roncal1|Roncal Valley]] ==== | ||
− | === [[Navarra_Media_y_Bardenas|Navarra Media and Bardenas]] === | + | === [[#Navarra_Media_y_Bardenas|Navarra Media and Bardenas]] === |
==== [[#Sanguesa1|Sangüesa]] ==== | ==== [[#Sanguesa1|Sangüesa]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[San_Martin_de_Unx1|San Martín de Unx]] ==== | + | ==== [[#San_Martin_de_Unx1|San Martín de Unx]] ==== |
==== [[#Allo1|Allo]] ==== | ==== [[#Allo1|Allo]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Valle_de_Aoiz|Aoiz Valley]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Valle_de_Aoiz|Aoiz Valley]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Bardenas|Bardenas]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Bardenas|Bardenas]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Melida1|Mélida]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Melida1|Mélida]] ==== |
− | === [[Montes_de_Alava|Álava mountains]] === | + | === [[#Montes_de_Alava|Álava mountains]] === |
==== [[#Valderejo|Valderejo]] ==== | ==== [[#Valderejo|Valderejo]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Sierra_de_Arcamo|Sierra de Árcamo mountain range]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Sierra_de_Arcamo|Sierra de Árcamo mountain range]] ==== |
==== [[#Sierra_Salvada|Sierra Salvada mountain range]] ==== | ==== [[#Sierra_Salvada|Sierra Salvada mountain range]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Sierra_de_Guibijo|Sierra de Guibijo mountain range]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Sierra_de_Guibijo|Sierra de Guibijo mountain range]] ==== |
==== [[#Sierra_Brava_de_Badaia|Sierra Brava de Badaia mountain range]] ==== | ==== [[#Sierra_Brava_de_Badaia|Sierra Brava de Badaia mountain range]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Treviño|Treviño]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Treviño|Treviño]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Sierra_de_Toloño|Sierra de Toloño mountain range]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Sierra_de_Toloño|Sierra de Toloño mountain range]] ==== |
==== [[#Sierra_de_Izki|Sierra de Izki mountain range]] ==== | ==== [[#Sierra_de_Izki|Sierra de Izki mountain range]] ==== | ||
Línea 681: | Línea 682: | ||
==== [[#Rioja_Alavesa._Moreda|Rioja Alavesa. Moreda]] ==== | ==== [[#Rioja_Alavesa._Moreda|Rioja Alavesa. Moreda]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Sierra_de_Codes1|Sierra de Codés mountain range]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Sierra_de_Codes1|Sierra de Codés mountain range]] ==== |
=== [[#Pais_Vasco_continental_La_organizacion_del_espacio_en_la_montaña|The Northern Basque Country: Space organisation on the mountain]] === | === [[#Pais_Vasco_continental_La_organizacion_del_espacio_en_la_montaña|The Northern Basque Country: Space organisation on the mountain]] === | ||
Línea 687: | Línea 688: | ||
==== [[#El_triple_habitat|The triple habitat]] ==== | ==== [[#El_triple_habitat|The triple habitat]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Lapurdi|Lapurdi]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Lapurdi|Lapurdi]] ==== |
**Sara | **Sara | ||
**Azkaine | **Azkaine | ||
− | ==== [[Baja_Navarra|Baja Navarra]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Baja_Navarra|Baja Navarra]] ==== |
**Aldudes Valley | **Aldudes Valley | ||
Línea 698: | Línea 699: | ||
**Garazi (Cize) | **Garazi (Cize) | ||
− | ==== [[Zuberoa|Zuberoa]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Zuberoa|Zuberoa]] ==== |
**Liginaga | **Liginaga | ||
Línea 727: | Línea 728: | ||
**Pyrenean-Aquitaine transhumant movements | **Pyrenean-Aquitaine transhumant movements | ||
− | ==== [[Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia_invernales|Winter minor transhumance and transterminance]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia_invernales|Winter minor transhumance and transterminance]] ==== |
**Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Bizkaia | **Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Bizkaia | ||
Línea 736: | Línea 737: | ||
=== [[#Itinerancia_a_los_pastos_de_verano|Moving to summer pastures]] === | === [[#Itinerancia_a_los_pastos_de_verano|Moving to summer pastures]] === | ||
− | ==== [[Trashumancia_estival_a_las_sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia|Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Trashumancia_estival_a_las_sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia|Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia_estivales|Summer minor transhumance and transterminance]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia_estivales|Summer minor transhumance and transterminance]] ==== |
**Álava mountains | **Álava mountains | ||
Línea 747: | Línea 748: | ||
**Northern Basque Country | **Northern Basque Country | ||
− | === [[Vida_en_los_pastos_de_invierno|Life in the winter pastures]] === | + | === [[#Vida_en_los_pastos_de_invierno|Life in the winter pastures]] === |
− | ==== [[El_pastor_bardenero|The shepherds of the Bardenas]] ==== | + | ==== [[#El_pastor_bardenero|The shepherds of the Bardenas]] ==== |
− | ==== [[El_pastor_trashumante_en_los_distintos_territorios|The transhumant shepherd in the different provinces]] ==== | + | ==== [[#El_pastor_trashumante_en_los_distintos_territorios|The transhumant shepherd in the different provinces]] ==== |
− | === [[Vida_en_los_pastos_de_verano|Life in the summer pastures]] === | + | === [[#Vida_en_los_pastos_de_verano|Life in the summer pastures]] === |
==== [[#Trashumancia_estival_a_las_sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia1|Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] ==== | ==== [[#Trashumancia_estival_a_las_sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia1|Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] ==== | ||
Línea 763: | Línea 764: | ||
**Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges | **Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges | ||
− | === [[Disponibilidad_de_los_pastos_invernales|Winter grazing availability]] === | + | === [[#Disponibilidad_de_los_pastos_invernales|Winter grazing availability]] === |
− | ==== [[Alava3|Álava]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Alava3|Álava]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Bizkaia3|Bizkaia]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Bizkaia3|Bizkaia]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Gipuzkoa_y_Lapurdi|Gipuzkoa and Lapurdi]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Gipuzkoa_y_Lapurdi|Gipuzkoa and Lapurdi]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Navarra3|Navarra]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Navarra3|Navarra]] ==== |
=== [[#Calendario_de_la_itinerancia_pastoril|Itinerant grazing calendar]] === | === [[#Calendario_de_la_itinerancia_pastoril|Itinerant grazing calendar]] === | ||
Línea 783: | Línea 784: | ||
==== [[#Sierras_de_Aizkorri_y_Aralar|Aizkorri and Aralar mountain ranges]] ==== | ==== [[#Sierras_de_Aizkorri_y_Aralar|Aizkorri and Aralar mountain ranges]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Montes_de_Bizkaia|Bizkaia mountains]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Montes_de_Bizkaia|Bizkaia mountains]] ==== |
=== [[#Las_vias_pecuarias|The bridleways]] === | === [[#Las_vias_pecuarias|The bridleways]] === | ||
Línea 794: | Línea 795: | ||
**Drovers' trails in Navarra | **Drovers' trails in Navarra | ||
− | === [[Apendice_Cañadas_de_Navarra_hoy|Appendix: Drovers' trails in Navarra today]] === | + | === [[#Apendice_Cañadas_de_Navarra_hoy|Appendix: Drovers' trails in Navarra today]] === |
  |   | ||
− | == XIV. [[EL_PERRO_DE_PASTOR._ARDI-TXAKURRA/en|THE | + | == XIV. [[EL_PERRO_DE_PASTOR._ARDI-TXAKURRA/en|THE SHEPHERD’S DOG. ARDI-TXAKURRA]] == |
− | === [[El_mastin|The Mastiff]] === | + | === [[#El_mastin|The Mastiff]] === |
− | === [[Introduccion_del_perro_pastor_de_ovejas|Introduction of the sheepdog]] === | + | === [[#Introduccion_del_perro_pastor_de_ovejas|Introduction of the sheepdog]] === |
=== [[#Variedades_de_perros_pastores|Types of sheepdogs]] === | === [[#Variedades_de_perros_pastores|Types of sheepdogs]] === | ||
Línea 816: | Línea 817: | ||
=== [[#Pastores_de_rebaño_propio|Shepherds with their own flock]] === | === [[#Pastores_de_rebaño_propio|Shepherds with their own flock]] === | ||
− | ==== [[Zagales._Hijos_de_pastores|Shepherd boy. Shepherds' children]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Zagales._Hijos_de_pastores|Shepherd boy. Shepherds' children]] ==== |
==== [[#Asociaciones_pastoriles_partzuerrak|Shepherding associations]] ==== | ==== [[#Asociaciones_pastoriles_partzuerrak|Shepherding associations]] ==== | ||
− | === [[Pastores_de_grandes_rebaños| | + | === [[#Pastores_de_grandes_rebaños|Large flock shepherds]] === |
==== [[#Pastores_asalariados|Shepherds on a wage]] ==== | ==== [[#Pastores_asalariados|Shepherds on a wage]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Criados|Paid help]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Criados|Paid help]] ==== |
− | ==== [[El_mayoral| | + | ==== [[#El_mayoral|Head shepherd]] ==== |
==== [[#Consideracion_social|Social standing]] ==== | ==== [[#Consideracion_social|Social standing]] ==== | ||
− | === [[Pastores_concejiles|Council shepherds]] === | + | === [[#Pastores_concejiles|Council shepherds]] === |
==== [[#Labores|Tasks]] ==== | ==== [[#Labores|Tasks]] ==== | ||
Línea 841: | Línea 842: | ||
==== [[#Salario._Alimentacion._Aguinaldos|Wage. Food. Bonus]] ==== | ==== [[#Salario._Alimentacion._Aguinaldos|Wage. Food. Bonus]] ==== | ||
− | === [[Cuidado_del_ganado_a_renque|Looking after hobbled livestock]] === | + | === [[#Cuidado_del_ganado_a_renque|Looking after hobbled livestock]] === |
− | === [[Apendice_1_Hameka_urtetan_Iratin_bordazain_guardian_de_cabaña_ganadera|Appendix 1: Livestock herding hand in Irati at 11 years old]] === | + | === [[#Apendice_1_Hameka_urtetan_Iratin_bordazain_guardian_de_cabaña_ganadera|Appendix 1: Livestock herding hand in Irati at 11 years old]] === |
=== [[#Apendice_2_Contrato_de_pastores_de_ganaderia_de_villa._Año_de_1890._Berganzo_(A)|Appendix 2: Charter town livestock herders contract. 1890. Berganzo (A)]] === | === [[#Apendice_2_Contrato_de_pastores_de_ganaderia_de_villa._Año_de_1890._Berganzo_(A)|Appendix 2: Charter town livestock herders contract. 1890. Berganzo (A)]] === | ||
Línea 852: | Línea 853: | ||
=== [[#Prendas_de_abrigo_tradicionales|Traditional warm clothing]] === | === [[#Prendas_de_abrigo_tradicionales|Traditional warm clothing]] === | ||
− | ==== [[Kapusaia._Txartesa._Hongarina|''Kapusaia''. ''Txartesa''. Long cape]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Kapusaia._Txartesa._Hongarina|''Kapusaia''. ''Txartesa''. Long cape]] ==== |
==== [[#Espaldero_o_zamarra;_delantero_o_zagon|Sheepskin coat or zamarra; apron or zagón]] ==== | ==== [[#Espaldero_o_zamarra;_delantero_o_zagon|Sheepskin coat or zamarra; apron or zagón]] ==== | ||
Línea 869: | Línea 870: | ||
==== [[#Polainas_galtzoinak|Gaiters]] ==== | ==== [[#Polainas_galtzoinak|Gaiters]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Zuecos._Chanclos|Clogs. Overshoes]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Zuecos._Chanclos|Clogs. Overshoes]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Raquetas|Snowshoes]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Raquetas|Snowshoes]] ==== |
− | === [[Indumentaria_actual_del_pastor|The shepherd's apparel today]] === | + | === [[#Indumentaria_actual_del_pastor|The shepherd's apparel today]] === |
− | === [[Utiles_y_armas_del_pastor|The shepherd's implements and weapons]] === | + | === [[#Utiles_y_armas_del_pastor|The shepherd's implements and weapons]] === |
− | ==== [[Morral_o_zurron._Alforjas|Backpack or bag Saddlebags]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Morral_o_zurron._Alforjas|Backpack or bag Saddlebags]] ==== |
==== [[#Cayado_makila|Staff]] ==== | ==== [[#Cayado_makila|Staff]] ==== | ||
Línea 883: | Línea 884: | ||
==== [[#Honda_y_malote|Sling and pouch]] ==== | ==== [[#Honda_y_malote|Sling and pouch]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Churra._Cachava._Cachiporra|Stout stick. Crook. Blackjack]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Churra._Cachava._Cachiporra|Stout stick. Crook. Blackjack]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Eltzaorra._Zambomba|Friction drum]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Eltzaorra._Zambomba|Friction drum]] ==== |
==== [[#Burruna._Bramadera|Bullroarer]] ==== | ==== [[#Burruna._Bramadera|Bullroarer]] ==== | ||
Línea 898: | Línea 899: | ||
==== [[#Recipientes_de_madera|Wooden receptacles]] ==== | ==== [[#Recipientes_de_madera|Wooden receptacles]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Pervivencia|Survival]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Pervivencia|Survival]] ==== |
==== [[#Kaikua._Recipiente_de_ordeño|Milking vessel]] ==== | ==== [[#Kaikua._Recipiente_de_ordeño|Milking vessel]] ==== | ||
Línea 906: | Línea 907: | ||
==== [[#Iragazkia._Colador|Strainer]] ==== | ==== [[#Iragazkia._Colador|Strainer]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Abatza|''Abatza'']] ==== | + | ==== [[#Abatza|''Abatza'']] ==== |
− | ==== [[Maletxa._Batidor|Whisk]] ==== | + | ==== [[##Maletxa._Batidor|Whisk]] ==== |
==== [[#Epakia._Espada|Dagger]] ==== | ==== [[#Epakia._Espada|Dagger]] ==== | ||
Línea 922: | Línea 923: | ||
=== [[#Vasijas_y_cubiertos|Pottery and cutlery]] === | === [[#Vasijas_y_cubiertos|Pottery and cutlery]] === | ||
− | ==== [[Cucharas|Spoons]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Cucharas|Spoons]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Platos_Txalia_Taloaska|Plates]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Platos_Txalia_Taloaska|Plates]] ==== |
==== [[#Oporra_Esne-potoak|''Oporra''. ''Esne-potoak'']] ==== | ==== [[#Oporra_Esne-potoak|''Oporra''. ''Esne-potoak'']] ==== | ||
Línea 932: | Línea 933: | ||
==== [[#Recipientes_para_agua|Water containers]] ==== | ==== [[#Recipientes_para_agua|Water containers]] ==== | ||
− | === [[Labores_manuales|Manual work]] === | + | === [[#Labores_manuales|Manual work]] === |
=== [[#Artesania_de_la_lana|The wool craft]] === | === [[#Artesania_de_la_lana|The wool craft]] === | ||
Línea 938: | Línea 939: | ||
==== [[#Perduracion_y_declive|Heyday and decline]] ==== | ==== [[#Perduracion_y_declive|Heyday and decline]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Seleccion_de_la_lana|Selecting the wool]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Seleccion_de_la_lana|Selecting the wool]] ==== |
==== [[#El_lavado|Washing]] ==== | ==== [[#El_lavado|Washing]] ==== | ||
Línea 944: | Línea 945: | ||
==== [[#La_carda|Teasing]] ==== | ==== [[#La_carda|Teasing]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[El_hilado|Spinning]] ==== | + | ==== [[#El_hilado|Spinning]] ==== |
==== [[#Tejido|Weaving]] ==== | ==== [[#Tejido|Weaving]] ==== | ||
Línea 950: | Línea 951: | ||
=== [[#Cordones_para_abarcas._Trailak|Laces for sandals]] === | === [[#Cordones_para_abarcas._Trailak|Laces for sandals]] === | ||
− | === [[Cuerdas_sogas_y_albardas|Twines, ropes and pack saddles]] === | + | === [[#Cuerdas_sogas_y_albardas|Twines, ropes and pack saddles]] === |
=== [[#Cayados_y_bastones_artzai-makilak|Crooks and walking sticks]] === | === [[#Cayados_y_bastones_artzai-makilak|Crooks and walking sticks]] === | ||
Línea 958: | Línea 959: | ||
==== [[#Denominaciones5|Names]] ==== | ==== [[#Denominaciones5|Names]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Confeccion_de_collares|Making collars]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Confeccion_de_collares|Making collars]] ==== |
==== [[#Transicion|Transition]] ==== | ==== [[#Transicion|Transition]] ==== | ||
Línea 967: | Línea 968: | ||
== XVIII. [[LA_CAZA_DE_ALIMAÑAS/en|HUNTING VERMIN]] == | == XVIII. [[LA_CAZA_DE_ALIMAÑAS/en|HUNTING VERMIN]] == | ||
− | === [[La_captura_del_lobo|Wolf hunting]] === | + | === [[#La_captura_del_lobo|Wolf hunting]] === |
− | ==== [[Desaparicion_del_lobo|Disappearance of the wolf]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Desaparicion_del_lobo|Disappearance of the wolf]] ==== |
==== [[#Reaparicion_reciente|Recent reappearance]] ==== | ==== [[#Reaparicion_reciente|Recent reappearance]] ==== | ||
Línea 977: | Línea 978: | ||
==== [[#Medios_de_defensa|Means of defence]] ==== | ==== [[#Medios_de_defensa|Means of defence]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Tecnicas_de_caza|Hunting techniques]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Tecnicas_de_caza|Hunting techniques]] ==== |
**Traps, snares and poisoned bait | **Traps, snares and poisoned bait | ||
Línea 984: | Línea 985: | ||
=== [[#Las_loberas|Lairs]] === | === [[#Las_loberas|Lairs]] === | ||
− | === [[La_caza_del_zorro|Fox hunting]] === | + | === [[#La_caza_del_zorro|Fox hunting]] === |
− | ==== [[Daños_causados_por_el_zorro|Damage caused by the fox]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Daños_causados_por_el_zorro|Damage caused by the fox]] ==== |
==== [[#Tecnicas_de_caza1|Hunting techniques]] ==== | ==== [[#Tecnicas_de_caza1|Hunting techniques]] ==== | ||
Línea 998: | Línea 999: | ||
=== [[#Perros_asilvestrados|Wild dogs]] === | === [[#Perros_asilvestrados|Wild dogs]] === | ||
− | === [[Depredadores_menores|Minor predators]] === | + | === [[#Depredadores_menores|Minor predators]] === |
==== [[#Aves|Birds]] ==== | ==== [[#Aves|Birds]] ==== | ||
Línea 1008: | Línea 1009: | ||
=== [[#El_oso|Bears]] === | === [[#El_oso|Bears]] === | ||
− | === [[Contratacion_de_alimañeros|Contracting vermin hunters]] === | + | === [[#Contratacion_de_alimañeros|Contracting vermin hunters]] === |
=== [[#Recompensa_por_los_animales_capturados|Payment for the captured animals]] === | === [[#Recompensa_por_los_animales_capturados|Payment for the captured animals]] === | ||
− | === [[Apendice_Descripcion_de_algunas_loberas|Appendix: Description of some lairs]] === | + | === [[#Apendice_Descripcion_de_algunas_loberas|Appendix: Description of some lairs]] === |
  |   | ||
== XIX. [[EL_ORDEÑO_DE_LAS_OVEJAS._ARDI-JEIZTEA/en|MILKING THE SHEEP]] == | == XIX. [[EL_ORDEÑO_DE_LAS_OVEJAS._ARDI-JEIZTEA/en|MILKING THE SHEEP]] == | ||
− | === [[Ordeño_batzaldia|Milking]] === | + | === [[#Ordeño_batzaldia|Milking]] === |
− | ==== [[Denominaciones_y_lugar_de_ordeño_jeiztegia_eskorta|Milking parlour and names]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Denominaciones_y_lugar_de_ordeño_jeiztegia_eskorta|Milking parlour and names]] ==== |
==== [[#Tiempo_y_forma_de_ordeño._Kukurumuku_jeitzi|Milking time and way]] ==== | ==== [[#Tiempo_y_forma_de_ordeño._Kukurumuku_jeitzi|Milking time and way]] ==== | ||
Línea 1025: | Línea 1026: | ||
==== [[#Nuevos_metodos_de_ordeño|New milking methods]] ==== | ==== [[#Nuevos_metodos_de_ordeño|New milking methods]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Produccion_de_leche|Milk production]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Produccion_de_leche|Milk production]] ==== |
=== [[#Calentar_la_leche_con_piedras_candentes_esne-harriak|Using hot stones to heat the milk]] === | === [[#Calentar_la_leche_con_piedras_candentes_esne-harriak|Using hot stones to heat the milk]] === | ||
− | === [[Leche_de_oveja_y_cabra._Su_utilizacion|Goat's and ewe's milk. Its use]] === | + | === [[#Leche_de_oveja_y_cabra._Su_utilizacion|Goat's and ewe's milk. Its use]] === |
− | ==== [[Vertiente_atlantica4|Atlantic watershed]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Vertiente_atlantica4|Atlantic watershed]] ==== |
==== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea5|Mediterranean watershed]] ==== | ==== [[#Vertiente_mediterranea5|Mediterranean watershed]] ==== | ||
Línea 1039: | Línea 1040: | ||
=== [[#Transiciones_contemporaneas1|Contemporary transitions]] === | === [[#Transiciones_contemporaneas1|Contemporary transitions]] === | ||
− | === [[Leche_de_ganado_vacuno|Cow's milk]] === | + | === [[#Leche_de_ganado_vacuno|Cow's milk]] === |
=== [[#El_ordeño_manual_de_la_vaca_behi-jeiztea|Milking the cow by hand]] === | === [[#El_ordeño_manual_de_la_vaca_behi-jeiztea|Milking the cow by hand]] === | ||
− | ==== [[Procedimiento_de_ordeño|Milking procedure]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Procedimiento_de_ordeño|Milking procedure]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Introduccion_de_las_ordeñadoras|Introduction of milking equipment]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Introduccion_de_las_ordeñadoras|Introduction of milking equipment]] ==== |
− | === [[Medicion_de_la_leche_esne-neurriak|Measuring the milk]] === | + | === [[#Medicion_de_la_leche_esne-neurriak|Measuring the milk]] === |
=== [[#Distribucion_y_venta_de_la_leche_de_vacuno|Distribution and sale of cow's milk]] === | === [[#Distribucion_y_venta_de_la_leche_de_vacuno|Distribution and sale of cow's milk]] === | ||
− | === [[Transporte_de_los_productos_desde_la_majada|Transporting the products from the upland herds]] === | + | === [[#Transporte_de_los_productos_desde_la_majada|Transporting the products from the upland herds]] === |
==== [[#Acarreo_de_la_leche_esnetako_hagea|Transporting the milk]] ==== | ==== [[#Acarreo_de_la_leche_esnetako_hagea|Transporting the milk]] ==== | ||
Línea 1058: | Línea 1059: | ||
  |   | ||
− | == XX. [[LA_FABRICACION_DEL_QUESO._GAZTAGINTZA/en| | + | == XX. [[LA_FABRICACION_DEL_QUESO._GAZTAGINTZA/en|CHEESE MAKING]] == |
− | === [[#Elaboracion_de_queso_de_oveja_ardi-gazta| | + | === [[#Elaboracion_de_queso_de_oveja_ardi-gazta|Sheep's cheese making]] === |
==== [[#El_cuajo_gatzagia_legarra|The rennet]] ==== | ==== [[#El_cuajo_gatzagia_legarra|The rennet]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Elaboracion_del_queso_en_la_Vasconia_atlantica|Cheese making in the Atlantic-side of the Basque Country]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Elaboracion_del_queso_en_la_Vasconia_atlantica|Cheese making in the Atlantic-side of the Basque Country]] ==== |
**Cheese from the upland herds of Bizkaia and Álava | **Cheese from the upland herds of Bizkaia and Álava | ||
Línea 1078: | Línea 1079: | ||
==== [[#Peso_y_forma_de_los_quesos_de_oveja|Weight and shape of sheep's cheese]] ==== | ==== [[#Peso_y_forma_de_los_quesos_de_oveja|Weight and shape of sheep's cheese]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Tipos_de_queso|Cheese types]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Tipos_de_queso|Cheese types]] ==== |
**''Gaztazarra'' | **''Gaztazarra'' | ||
**Roncal cheese and Urbasa cheese | **Roncal cheese and Urbasa cheese | ||
− | === [[El_mercado_de_los_quesos|The cheese market]] === | + | === [[#El_mercado_de_los_quesos|The cheese market]] === |
− | ==== [[Mercados_del_Pais_Vasco_peninsular|Markets of the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Mercados_del_Pais_Vasco_peninsular|Markets of the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Mercados_de_Vasconia_continental|Markets of the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Mercados_de_Vasconia_continental|Markets of the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)]] ==== |
=== [[#Elaboracion_de_queso_de_cabra_ahuntz-gazta|Making goat's cheese]] === | === [[#Elaboracion_de_queso_de_cabra_ahuntz-gazta|Making goat's cheese]] === | ||
− | === [[Transiciones_contemporaneas2|Contemporary transitions]] === | + | === [[#Transiciones_contemporaneas2|Contemporary transitions]] === |
=== [[#Otros_productos_lacteos|Other dairy products]] === | === [[#Otros_productos_lacteos|Other dairy products]] === | ||
− | ==== [[El_suero_gazura|Whey]] ==== | + | ==== [[#El_suero_gazura|Whey]] ==== |
==== [[#El_requeson_zenbera|Curd cheese]] ==== | ==== [[#El_requeson_zenbera|Curd cheese]] ==== | ||
Línea 1110: | Línea 1111: | ||
=== [[#El_esquileo_ardi-moztea|Shearing]] === | === [[#El_esquileo_ardi-moztea|Shearing]] === | ||
− | ==== [[El_tiempo_de_la_esquila_ardi-mozteko_sasoia|Shearing time]] ==== | + | ==== [[#El_tiempo_de_la_esquila_ardi-mozteko_sasoia|Shearing time]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Medidas_cautelares|Precautionary measures]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Medidas_cautelares|Precautionary measures]] ==== |
==== [[#Esquiladores_ardi-moztaileak|Shearers]] ==== | ==== [[#Esquiladores_ardi-moztaileak|Shearers]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Instrumentos_de_esquileo_ardi-mozteko_artaziak|Shearing instruments]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Instrumentos_de_esquileo_ardi-mozteko_artaziak|Shearing instruments]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Procedimientos_de_esquileo|Shearing procedures]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Procedimientos_de_esquileo|Shearing procedures]] ==== |
==== [[#El_esquileo_octobrino_urri-moztea|October shearing]] ==== | ==== [[#El_esquileo_octobrino_urri-moztea|October shearing]] ==== | ||
Línea 1126: | Línea 1127: | ||
=== [[#La_lana_artilea|Wool, artilea]] === | === [[#La_lana_artilea|Wool, artilea]] === | ||
− | ==== [[Venta_de_lana_para_usos_domesticos|Selling wool for household uses]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Venta_de_lana_para_usos_domesticos|Selling wool for household uses]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Venta_de_lana_a_fabricas_textiles|Selling wool to textile factories]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Venta_de_lana_a_fabricas_textiles|Selling wool to textile factories]] ==== |
==== [[#Calidad_y_estima_de_la_lana._Haitzeko_ardia|Wool quality and appraisal]] ==== | ==== [[#Calidad_y_estima_de_la_lana._Haitzeko_ardia|Wool quality and appraisal]] ==== | ||
Línea 1149: | Línea 1150: | ||
=== [[#Procedimientos_utilizados_para_la_matanza_domestica|Procedures used for domestic slaughtering]] === | === [[#Procedimientos_utilizados_para_la_matanza_domestica|Procedures used for domestic slaughtering]] === | ||
− | ==== [[Matanza_domestica_del_cerdo|Domestic slaughtering of pigs]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Matanza_domestica_del_cerdo|Domestic slaughtering of pigs]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Matanza_domestica_de_corderos_y_cabras|Domestic slaughtering of lambs and goats]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Matanza_domestica_de_corderos_y_cabras|Domestic slaughtering of lambs and goats]] ==== |
==== [[#Matanza_domestica_de_ganado_vacuno|Domestic slaughtering of cattle]] ==== | ==== [[#Matanza_domestica_de_ganado_vacuno|Domestic slaughtering of cattle]] ==== | ||
Línea 1161: | Línea 1162: | ||
=== [[#La_venta_de_ganado_para_carne|Sale of livestock for meat]] === | === [[#La_venta_de_ganado_para_carne|Sale of livestock for meat]] === | ||
− | ==== [[Ganado_ovino_destinado_a_carne|Sheep raised for meat]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Ganado_ovino_destinado_a_carne|Sheep raised for meat]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Compradores_de_carne_de_ovino|Buyers of sheepmeat]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Compradores_de_carne_de_ovino|Buyers of sheepmeat]] ==== |
**Preferably selling to dealers | **Preferably selling to dealers | ||
Línea 1185: | Línea 1186: | ||
==== [[#Ferias_alavesas|Fairs in Álava]] ==== | ==== [[#Ferias_alavesas|Fairs in Álava]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Ferias_vizcainas|Fairs in Bizkaia]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Ferias_vizcainas|Fairs in Bizkaia]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Ferias_guipuzcoanas|Fairs in Gipuzkoa]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Ferias_guipuzcoanas|Fairs in Gipuzkoa]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Ferias_navarras|Fairs in Navarra]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Ferias_navarras|Fairs in Navarra]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Ferias_de_Vasconia_continental|Fairs in the Northern Basque Country]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Ferias_de_Vasconia_continental|Fairs in the Northern Basque Country]] ==== |
==== [[#Ferias_fuera_de_Vasconia|Fairs outside the Basque Country]] ==== | ==== [[#Ferias_fuera_de_Vasconia|Fairs outside the Basque Country]] ==== | ||
Línea 1199: | Línea 1200: | ||
=== [[#Compraventa_mediante_tratantes_y_entre_ganaderos|Buying and selling using dealers and between livestock farmers]] === | === [[#Compraventa_mediante_tratantes_y_entre_ganaderos|Buying and selling using dealers and between livestock farmers]] === | ||
− | === [[El_acuerdo_de_compra|The purchase agreement]] === | + | === [[#El_acuerdo_de_compra|The purchase agreement]] === |
==== [[#Inspeccion_de_las_reses|Inspecting the cattle]] ==== | ==== [[#Inspeccion_de_las_reses|Inspecting the cattle]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Regateo|Bargaining]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Regateo|Bargaining]] ==== |
==== [[#Cierre_del_trato_tratura_heldu|Closing the deal]] ==== | ==== [[#Cierre_del_trato_tratura_heldu|Closing the deal]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Chocar_las_manos_bostekoa_eman|Shaking hands]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Chocar_las_manos_bostekoa_eman|Shaking hands]] ==== |
==== [[#El_alboroque_o_robla|The ''alboroque'' or ''rolba'' refreshments to seal the deal]] ==== | ==== [[#El_alboroque_o_robla|The ''alboroque'' or ''rolba'' refreshments to seal the deal]] ==== | ||
Línea 1213: | Línea 1214: | ||
==== [[#Adquisicion_condicional_y_cuarentena_del_ganado|Conditional purchase and quarantine of the livestock]] ==== | ==== [[#Adquisicion_condicional_y_cuarentena_del_ganado|Conditional purchase and quarantine of the livestock]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Formas_de_adquirir_el_ganado|Ways of acquiring livestock]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Formas_de_adquirir_el_ganado|Ways of acquiring livestock]] ==== |
− | === [[El_precio_del_ganado|The price of the livestock]] === | + | === [[#El_precio_del_ganado|The price of the livestock]] === |
− | ==== [[Modalidades_y_forma_de_pago|Payment methods and terms]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Modalidades_y_forma_de_pago|Payment methods and terms]] ==== |
==== [[#Unidad_monetaria_de_la_transaccion|Monetary unit of the transaction]] ==== | ==== [[#Unidad_monetaria_de_la_transaccion|Monetary unit of the transaction]] ==== | ||
− | === [[Importancia_de_la_ganaderia_en_la_economia_familiar|Importance of livestock farming in the family economy]] === | + | === [[#Importancia_de_la_ganaderia_en_la_economia_familiar|Importance of livestock farming in the family economy]] === |
==== [[#Relevancia_del_ganado|Importance of the livestock]] ==== | ==== [[#Relevancia_del_ganado|Importance of the livestock]] ==== | ||
Línea 1227: | Línea 1228: | ||
==== [[#Complementariedad_de_la_ganaderia_con_otras_actividades|Complementary relationship between livestock farming and other activities]] ==== | ==== [[#Complementariedad_de_la_ganaderia_con_otras_actividades|Complementary relationship between livestock farming and other activities]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Cambios_actuales|Current changes]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Cambios_actuales|Current changes]] ==== |
  |   | ||
== XXIV. [[LAS_ABEJAS._ERLEA/en|BEES, ERLEA]] == | == XXIV. [[LAS_ABEJAS._ERLEA/en|BEES, ERLEA]] == | ||
− | === [[La_cria_de_abejas|Bee-keeping]] === | + | === [[#La_cria_de_abejas|Bee-keeping]] === |
==== [[#Extension_del_cultivo_de_abejas|The spread of bee-keeping]] ==== | ==== [[#Extension_del_cultivo_de_abejas|The spread of bee-keeping]] ==== | ||
Línea 1244: | Línea 1245: | ||
==== [[#Colmenas_de_tabla_erlauntza|Frame beehives]] ==== | ==== [[#Colmenas_de_tabla_erlauntza|Frame beehives]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Colmenas_tejidas_con_vegetales_erle-kofoina|Bee skeps]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Colmenas_tejidas_con_vegetales_erle-kofoina|Bee skeps]] ==== |
==== [[#Colmenas_en_oquedades|Hives in hollows]] ==== | ==== [[#Colmenas_en_oquedades|Hives in hollows]] ==== | ||
− | === [[El_colmenar_abejar_erlategia|The apiary]] === | + | === [[#El_colmenar_abejar_erlategia|The apiary]] === |
− | === [[Captura_de_enjambres_erlakumea_harrapatu|Catching swarms]] === | + | === [[#Captura_de_enjambres_erlakumea_harrapatu|Catching swarms]] === |
− | ==== [[La_salida_del_enjambre|Swarming]] ==== | + | ==== [[#La_salida_del_enjambre|Swarming]] ==== |
==== [[#Detencion_del_enjambre|Stopping the swarm]] ==== | ==== [[#Detencion_del_enjambre|Stopping the swarm]] ==== | ||
Línea 1268: | Línea 1269: | ||
==== [[#Epoca_de_recoleccion|Harvest time]] ==== | ==== [[#Epoca_de_recoleccion|Harvest time]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Procedimientos_de_recoleccion._Catar_la_miel|Harvesting procedures Tasting the honey]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Procedimientos_de_recoleccion._Catar_la_miel|Harvesting procedures Tasting the honey]] ==== |
==== [[#Medios_de_proteccion|Means of protection]] ==== | ==== [[#Medios_de_proteccion|Means of protection]] ==== | ||
− | === [[Obtencion_de_los_productos_apicolas|Obtaining apiculture products]] === | + | === [[#Obtencion_de_los_productos_apicolas|Obtaining apiculture products]] === |
==== [[#La_miel_eztia|Honey]] ==== | ==== [[#La_miel_eztia|Honey]] ==== | ||
Línea 1286: | Línea 1287: | ||
==== [[#La_cera|Wax]] ==== | ==== [[#La_cera|Wax]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[El_veneno|Honey bee venom]] ==== | + | ==== [[#El_veneno|Honey bee venom]] ==== |
− | === [[Creencias_y_saberes_sobre_las_abejas|Beliefs and lore about bees]] === | + | === [[#Creencias_y_saberes_sobre_las_abejas|Beliefs and lore about bees]] === |
=== [[#Transformaciones_contemporaneas4|Contemporary changes]] === | === [[#Transformaciones_contemporaneas4|Contemporary changes]] === | ||
Línea 1299: | Línea 1300: | ||
==== [[#Dia_festivo_para_los_animales|Feast day for animals]] ==== | ==== [[#Dia_festivo_para_los_animales|Feast day for animals]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Ritos_en_su_festividad|Rites on his feast day]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Ritos_en_su_festividad|Rites on his feast day]] ==== |
**St. Anthony bonfires and smoke offerings | **St. Anthony bonfires and smoke offerings | ||
Línea 1313: | Línea 1314: | ||
==== [[#Invocaciones_y_ofrendas_al_Santo|Praying and offerings to the Saints]] ==== | ==== [[#Invocaciones_y_ofrendas_al_Santo|Praying and offerings to the Saints]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Estampas_y_cruces_en_establos|Engravings and crosses in stables]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Estampas_y_cruces_en_establos|Engravings and crosses in stables]] ==== |
− | === [[San_Blas|St. Blaise]] === | + | === [[#San_Blas|St. Blaise]] === |
==== [[#Ritos_y_bendiciones_en_su_festividad|Rites and blessings on his feast day]] ==== | ==== [[#Ritos_y_bendiciones_en_su_festividad|Rites and blessings on his feast day]] ==== | ||
Línea 1325: | Línea 1326: | ||
=== [[#Simbolos_protectores_contra_el_rayo|Symbols to protect against lightning]] === | === [[#Simbolos_protectores_contra_el_rayo|Symbols to protect against lightning]] === | ||
− | ==== [[El_espino_albar_elorria|Hawthorn]] ==== | + | ==== [[#El_espino_albar_elorria|Hawthorn]] ==== |
==== [[#El_laurel_bendecido_erramua|Blessed bay leaves]] ==== | ==== [[#El_laurel_bendecido_erramua|Blessed bay leaves]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Quema_del_laurel|Burning bay leaves]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Quema_del_laurel|Burning bay leaves]] ==== |
==== [[#Santa_Cruz_de_mayo|Holy May Cross]] ==== | ==== [[#Santa_Cruz_de_mayo|Holy May Cross]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Las_candelas_bendecidas|Blessed candles]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Las_candelas_bendecidas|Blessed candles]] ==== |
− | ==== [[Otros_procedimientos_y_prevenciones|Other procedures and prevention]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Otros_procedimientos_y_prevenciones|Other procedures and prevention]] ==== |
− | ==== [[El_hacha_primitiva|The early axe]] ==== | + | ==== [[#El_hacha_primitiva|The early axe]] ==== |
=== [[#Bendiciones_rituales|Ritual blessings]] === | === [[#Bendiciones_rituales|Ritual blessings]] === | ||
Línea 1345: | Línea 1346: | ||
==== [[#Establos_y_corrales|Stables and pens]] ==== | ==== [[#Establos_y_corrales|Stables and pens]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Pasturajes_del_monte|Upland pastures]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Pasturajes_del_monte|Upland pastures]] ==== |
=== [[#Ofrendas|Offerings]] === | === [[#Ofrendas|Offerings]] === | ||
Línea 1370: | Línea 1371: | ||
=== [[#Presagios_de_muerte|Omens of death]] === | === [[#Presagios_de_muerte|Omens of death]] === | ||
− | === [[Costumbres_en_relacion_con_el_luto|Customs relating to mourning]] === | + | === [[#Costumbres_en_relacion_con_el_luto|Customs relating to mourning]] === |
=== [[#Presagios_de_brujas|Witch omens]] === | === [[#Presagios_de_brujas|Witch omens]] === | ||
Línea 1384: | Línea 1385: | ||
==== [[#Gallinas_y_gatos|Hens and cats]] ==== | ==== [[#Gallinas_y_gatos|Hens and cats]] ==== | ||
− | === [[Bildots-lorra_ayuda_mutua|''Bildots-lorra'': mutual help]] === | + | === [[#Bildots-lorra_ayuda_mutua|''Bildots-lorra'': mutual help]] === |
=== [[#Otras_costumbres|Other customs]] === | === [[#Otras_costumbres|Other customs]] === | ||
− | === [[Fiestas_de_pastores|Shepherd festivities]] === | + | === [[#Fiestas_de_pastores|Shepherd festivities]] === |
=== [[#Obsequios_y_donativos|Gifts and donations]] === | === [[#Obsequios_y_donativos|Gifts and donations]] === | ||
Línea 1399: | Línea 1400: | ||
=== [[#Lugares_donde_se_practican_los_juegos|Venues for the games]] === | === [[#Lugares_donde_se_practican_los_juegos|Venues for the games]] === | ||
− | === [[Juegos_de_pelota|Ball games]] === | + | === [[#Juegos_de_pelota|Ball games]] === |
==== [[#Pelota-jokoa|''Pelota-jokoa'']] ==== | ==== [[#Pelota-jokoa|''Pelota-jokoa'']] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Urdanka|''Urdanka'']] ==== | + | ==== [[#Urdanka|''Urdanka'']] ==== |
==== [[#El_chute|El chute - fast traditional game]] ==== | ==== [[#El_chute|El chute - fast traditional game]] ==== | ||
− | === [[Juegos_de_lanzamiento|Throwing games]] === | + | === [[#Juegos_de_lanzamiento|Throwing games]] === |
− | ==== [[Makilak_zeharkatzea|''Makilak zeharkatzea'']] ==== | + | ==== [[#Makilak_zeharkatzea|''Makilak zeharkatzea'']] ==== |
==== [[#Makila-jokoa|''Makila-jokoa'']] ==== | ==== [[#Makila-jokoa|''Makila-jokoa'']] ==== | ||
Línea 1421: | Línea 1422: | ||
==== [[#Harrika|''Harrika'']] ==== | ==== [[#Harrika|''Harrika'']] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Burruna|''Burruna'']] ==== | + | ==== [[#Burruna|''Burruna'']] ==== |
==== [[#Lanzamiento_de_piedras._Honda|Rock throwing. Honda]] ==== | ==== [[#Lanzamiento_de_piedras._Honda|Rock throwing. Honda]] ==== | ||
Línea 1429: | Línea 1430: | ||
=== [[#Juegos_de_salto|Jumping games]] === | === [[#Juegos_de_salto|Jumping games]] === | ||
− | === [[Juegos_de_carreras|Races]] === | + | === [[#Juegos_de_carreras|Races]] === |
=== [[#Juegos_de_bolos|Bowling games]] === | === [[#Juegos_de_bolos|Bowling games]] === | ||
− | === [[Juegos_de_mesa|Table games]] === | + | === [[#Juegos_de_mesa|Table games]] === |
==== [[#Cartas|Cards]] ==== | ==== [[#Cartas|Cards]] ==== | ||
− | ==== [[Artzain-jokoa._Tres_en_raya|''Artzain-jokoa''. Noughts and Crosses]] ==== | + | ==== [[#Artzain-jokoa._Tres_en_raya|''Artzain-jokoa''. Noughts and Crosses]] ==== |
=== [[#Espantos|Ghost stories]] === | === [[#Espantos|Ghost stories]] === | ||
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**''Alboka'' | **''Alboka'' | ||
− | === [[Apendice_Descripcion_de_los_juegos_botu_luzea_y_urdanka_por_un_pastor_suletino|Appendix: Description of the botu luzea and urdanka games by a shepherd from Soule]] === | + | === [[#Apendice_Descripcion_de_los_juegos_botu_luzea_y_urdanka_por_un_pastor_suletino|Appendix: Description of the botu luzea and urdanka games by a shepherd from Soule]] === |
{{#bookTitle:Livestock Farming and Shepherding in the Basque Country | Ganaderia_y_pastoreo_en_vasconia/en}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Table of contents}} | {{#bookTitle:Livestock Farming and Shepherding in the Basque Country | Ganaderia_y_pastoreo_en_vasconia/en}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Table of contents}} |
Revisión actual del 13:12 6 feb 2020
Contenido de esta página
- 1 I. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
- 2 II. ANIMAL BREEDS
- 3 III. NAMES OF THE ANIMALS
- 4 IV. LANGUAGE AND HOW THE ANIMALS ARE TREATED
- 5 V. STABLES AND ENCLOSURES FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
- 6 VI. FEEDING OF STABLED LIVESTOCK
- 7 VII. BREEDING AND CARE OF ANIMALS
- 8 VIII. UPLAND LIVESTOCK
- 9 IX. DRIVING FLOCKS TO UPLAND PASTURES
- 10 X. BRANDING
- 11 XI. COMMON PASTURE LAND
- 11.1 Characteristics and evolution
- 11.2 Common land in Bizkaia
- 11.3 Commons associations and brotherhoods in Álava
- 11.3.1 Sierra Salvada commons association
- 11.3.2 Sierra Brava de Badaia commons association
- 11.3.3 Guibijo commons association
- 11.3.4 Urkabustaiz commons
- 11.3.5 Sierra de Árcamo Board
- 11.3.6 Valdegovía Valley
- 11.3.7 Sierra de Valderejo mountain range
- 11.3.8 Berganzo commons
- 11.3.9 Common upland in Toloño
- 11.3.10 La Isla common upland
- 11.3.11 Hernán Ruiz common upland
- 11.3.12 Izki Alto and Izki Bajo former commons associations
- 11.3.13 Laguardia and its region common upland
- 11.3.14 Moreda and Viana commons
- 11.3.15 Sierra de Codés mountain range
- 11.4 Parzonerías (supramunicipal land usage council) in Gipuzkoa and Álava
- 11.5 Ernio and Jaizkibel uplands
- 11.6 Unions in the Sierra de Aralar mountain range
- 11.7 Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
- 11.8 Navarra Pyrenees
- 11.9 Pens
- 11.10 Facerías (cross-border grazing agreements)
- 11.11 The Northern Basque Country
- 11.12 Appendix: Folds in the Basque Country
- 12 XII. MOUNTAIN PASTORAL ESTABLISHMENTS
- 12.1 Carranza Mountains
- 12.2 Sierra de Gorbea mountain range
- 12.3 Anboto and Aramotz mountain ranges
- 12.4 Mount Oiz
- 12.5 Sierra de Aizkorri mountain range
- 12.6 Sierra de Izarraitz mountain range and Mount Ernio
- 12.7 Sierra de Aralar mountain range
- 12.8 Sierra de Urbasa mountain range
- 12.9 Sierra de Andia mountain range
- 12.10 Sierra de Entzia mountain range
- 12.11 Navarran Pyrenees
- 12.12 Navarra Media and Bardenas
- 12.13 Álava mountains
- 12.13.1 Valderejo
- 12.13.2 Sierra de Árcamo mountain range
- 12.13.3 Sierra Salvada mountain range
- 12.13.4 Sierra de Guibijo mountain range
- 12.13.5 Sierra Brava de Badaia mountain range
- 12.13.6 Treviño
- 12.13.7 Sierra de Toloño mountain range
- 12.13.8 Sierra de Izki mountain range
- 12.13.9 Rioja Alavesa. Moreda
- 12.13.10 Sierra de Codés mountain range
- 12.14 The Northern Basque Country: Space organisation on the mountain
- 13 XIII. TRANSHUMANCE AND TRANSTERMINANCE
- 14 XIV. THE SHEPHERD’S DOG. ARDI-TXAKURRA
- 15 XV. TYPES OF SHEPHERDS
- 16 XVI. SHEPHERD'S APPAREL
- 17 XVII. SHEPHERD CRAFT ITEMS AND BELONGINGS
- 18 XVIII. HUNTING VERMIN
- 19 XIX. MILKING THE SHEEP
- 20 XX. CHEESE MAKING
- 20.1 Sheep's cheese making
- 20.2 The cheese market
- 20.3 Making goat's cheese
- 20.4 Contemporary transitions
- 20.5 Other dairy products
- 20.6 Appendix 1: A day in the life of the Ataun-Aralar (G) shepherd during cheese making
- 20.7 Appendix 2: Traditional method for making mountain cheese by hand, bortü-gazna, in Zuberoa
- 21 XXI. SHEARING
- 22 XXII. DOMESTIC SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS
- 23 XXIII. LIVESTOCK FAIRS AND BUYING AND SELLING LIVESTOCK
- 24 XXIV. BEES, ERLEA
- 25 XXV. SACRED PROTECTION OF THE LIVESTOCK
- 26 XXVI. BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS
- 26.1 Regarding hens hatching their eggs
- 26.2 Regarding breeding
- 26.3 Regarding atmospheric changes
- 26.4 Omens of death
- 26.5 Customs relating to mourning
- 26.6 Witch omens
- 26.7 Regarding driving livestock to upland grazing
- 26.8 Protecting against vermin
- 26.9 Rites to adapt to the homestead
- 26.10 Bildots-lorra: mutual help
- 26.11 Other customs
- 26.12 Shepherd festivities
- 26.13 Gifts and donations
- 26.14 Places of worship in grazing areas
- 27 XXVII. SHEPHERDS' GAMES
I. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Traditional animal husbandry and contemporary changes
Atlantic watershed
Bizkaia
Gipuzkoa
Northern Basque Country (lying within France)
Mediterranean watershed
Alava
Navarra
II. ANIMAL BREEDS
Cows and oxen
Betizu
Monchina
Terreña
Pyrenean
Evolution of the cattle population
Appendix: Description of the native breeds
Sheep
Breeds of the Atlantic watershed
- Latxa and manexa
- Carranzana, sasi-ardia and Basque-Bearnese
Breeds of the Mediterranean watershed
- Coexistence of lacha, churra and merina breeds
- Navarra breed
Appendix: Description of the native breeds
Nanny goats
Appendix: Description of the native breeds
Pigs
Appendix: Description of the native breeds
Mares, donkeys and mules
Appendix: Description of the native breeds
Hens, doves, ducks and other poultry
Other small animals: rabbits, dogs and cats
Appendix: Description of the native breeds
Appendix: Betizu, wild cow
III. NAMES OF THE ANIMALS
Names according to species, age and sex
Sheep
- Young
- Adults
- Other names
Cattle
- Young
- Adults
Pigs
- Young
- Adults
Goats
- Young
- Adults
Horses
- Young
- Adults
Donkeys and Asses
- Young
- Adults
Mules
- Young
- Adults
Poultry
- Young
- Adults
- Sundry animals
Other animals
IV. LANGUAGE AND HOW THE ANIMALS ARE TREATED
Names by which domesticated animals are known
Sheep
- Due to the physical characteristics
- Due to their character
- Due to the place of birth or associated to events
- Names of relatives, acquaintances or celebrities
- Concatenated names
Cows and oxen
- Due to the physical characteristics
- Names of people and place of origin
- Due to their character
Horses
- Due to the colour of the coat
- Due to the look and character
Dogs
- Due to the colour of the fur
- Due to the look, character and astral aspects
Names of nanny goats, donkeys, cats and pigs
Language and how the animals are treated
How the animals are treated
- Patting
Language used with domesticated animals
- Cows
- Mares and assess
- Sheep and nanny goats
- Dogs and cats
- Hens, ducks and pigs
Whistling
- Sheep
- Other animals
Utensils to prod the livestock
- Goad. Pole
- Grid, railing
- Whip, lash or zurriago
V. STABLES AND ENCLOSURES FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
The traditional stable
Stables located in the homestead itself: the pen
- Characteristics of the stable
- Divisions in the stable
Stables separate from the house
Mangers
- Tethering animals at the mangers
- Gates or grids
- Hayrack
Manure
Modern stables. Changes occurred
Enclosures for animal husbandry
Pigsties
Hen houses
- Roosts
- Nest boxes
Rabbit hutches
Dovecotes
VI. FEEDING OF STABLED LIVESTOCK
Feeding of the homestead's livestock
Cows
- Atlantic watershed
- Mediterranean watershed
- Water supply
Oxen
Horse herds
Sheep and nanny goats
Pigs
Hens and other poultry
Rabbits
Dogs and cats
Feeding the young
Calves
Lambs
Kids
Piglets
Foals (horse and donkey)
Chickens
Rabbits
Puppies and kittens
Feeding the livestock out in the fields
Mediterranean watershed
Atlantic watershed
Controlling the animals in the meadows
- Tether or chain tied to a stake
- Hobbling
- Fetters
- Fencing the meadows
VII. BREEDING AND CARE OF ANIMALS
The reproductive cycle of domesticated animals
Cows
- Coming into season and covering
- Gestation
- Delivery
- Looking after the calved cow
Sheep
- Coming into season and covering
- Gestation and delivery
Nanny goats
Mares
- Coming into season
- Gestation and delivery
Female donkeys
Obtaining mules
Sows
Does (rabbit)
Hens and doves
- Determining the sex
- Laying
- Fertilisation and broody state
- Incubation
- Hatching the eggs
Female dogs
Female cats
Studs and artificial insemination
Procedures to calculate the age of the livestock
Cows
Sheep
Handling the body of the animals
Cutting the tails of the lambs
Other amputations, cuts and perforations
Removing horns
Castration
- Bulls
- Male donkeys and horse stallions
- Rams and young goats
- Boars and sows
- Chickens
Shoeing
Shoeing process
- Horses
- Cattle
Shoes and nails
Other operations performed by farriers
VIII. UPLAND LIVESTOCK
Bizkaia
Gipuzkoa
Northern Basque Country
Álava
Navarra
Rounding up the upland livestock
The lasso
Salt and bread
Shouts and noise
Using catch dogs
Appendix: Use of the pasture land in Lezaun (N)
IX. DRIVING FLOCKS TO UPLAND PASTURES
Driving the flocks up
Influence of the climate and the pastures
Driving the flocks to the upland pastures according to the characteristics of the livestock
Daily cycle shepherding
Applicable regulations
Shepherding today
The shepherd’s time on the uplands alone or accompanied
Animal retinue of the shepherd
The best pasture for the flock
Mountain or summer pastures
Valley or winter pastures
Mediterranean watershed
Harmful pastures
Annual cycle of the shepherd and stay on the mountain
The Gorbea (B) shepherd
The Urbia and the Aizkorri (G) shepherds
The Souletin shepherd
The Allo (N) shepherd
Bringing the flock down
X. BRANDING
Livestock branding
Ear notches
- Types and names of the notches
- Notches in cattle and horses
Paint branding
Tar branding Pitch branding
Iron branding
- Iron branding on horns, hooves or nose
Changes occurred in the branding of livestock. The ear tag
Cowbells or single bells
The sound of cowbells
Types of cowbells and single bells
- Sheep
- Transhumance
- Nanny goats
- Cows and mares
Livestock adornments
Collars with chimes and strings of bells
- When carrying the harvest
- For other farm work
Harnessed horses
Adorning the livestock
- Plating the horses' manes and tails
XI. COMMON PASTURE LAND
Characteristics and evolution
Shrinkage and loss of common land
Reforesting and enclosures
Stubble fields
Provincial and municipal intervention
Conditions of sue
USE OF THE COMMON PASTURE LAND:
Common land in Bizkaia
Gorbea mountain range
Anboto and Oiz mountain ranges
Las Encartaciones
Carranza Valley
Commons associations and brotherhoods in Álava
Sierra Salvada commons association
Sierra Brava de Badaia commons association
Guibijo commons association
Urkabustaiz commons
Sierra de Árcamo Board
Valdegovía Valley
Sierra de Valderejo mountain range
Berganzo commons
Common upland in Toloño
La Isla common upland
Hernán Ruiz common upland
Izki Alto and Izki Bajo former commons associations
Laguardia and its region common upland
Moreda and Viana commons
Sierra de Codés mountain range
Parzonerías (supramunicipal land usage council) in Gipuzkoa and Álava
Gipuzkoa and Álava General Parzonería
Minor Parzonería
Entzia General Parzonería
Iturrieta Parzonería
Ernio and Jaizkibel uplands
Unions in the Sierra de Aralar mountain range
Enirio-Aralar supramunicipal district
Aralar Union
Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
Las Améscoas commons
Sierra de Lokiz mountain range
Lezaun and Ultzama commons
Navarra Pyrenees
Baztan Valley
Erro Valley
Aoiz and Lónguida Valley
Salazar Valley
Roncal Valley
- Grazing bans
- Portions and passes
- Panificado, casalenco (system of fallow and grazing land) and commons
Bardenas Reales grazing land
Pens
Sangüesa
San Martín de Unx
Mélida
Lodosa
Allo
Facerías (cross-border grazing agreements)
Inter-Pyrenean facerías
Tribute of the Three Cows
The Northern Basque Country
The Territorial Grazing Syndicates
The kaiolar
Appendix: Folds in the Basque Country
XII. MOUNTAIN PASTORAL ESTABLISHMENTS
Carranza Mountains
Cabins and huts
Sierra de Gorbea mountain range
Zeanuri
Orozko
Zuya Valley
Anboto and Aramotz mountain ranges
Mount Oiz
Sierra de Aizkorri mountain range
Urbia-Oltza
Degurixa-Alabieta
Arriurdin
Sierra de Izarraitz mountain range and Mount Ernio
Sierra de Aralar mountain range
Beasain
Ataun (1927)
Ataun (1955)
Abaltzisketa (1955)
Larraun Valley
Domed folds
Sierra de Urbasa mountain range
Sierra de Andia mountain range
Sierra de Entzia mountain range
Navarran Pyrenees
Basaburua Menor
Baztan Valley
Esteribar Valley
Aezkoa Valley
Salazar Valley
Roncal Valley
Navarra Media and Bardenas
Sangüesa
San Martín de Unx
Allo
Aoiz Valley
Bardenas
Mélida
Álava mountains
Valderejo
Sierra de Árcamo mountain range
Sierra Salvada mountain range
Sierra de Guibijo mountain range
Sierra Brava de Badaia mountain range
Treviño
Sierra de Toloño mountain range
Sierra de Izki mountain range
Rioja Alavesa. Moreda
Sierra de Codés mountain range
The Northern Basque Country: Space organisation on the mountain
The triple habitat
Lapurdi
- Sara
- Azkaine
Baja Navarra
- Aldudes Valley
- Ibarre
- Garazi (Cize)
Zuberoa
- Liginaga
- Muskildi
- Zunharreta
- Etxebarre
XIII. TRANSHUMANCE AND TRANSTERMINANCE
Itinerant grazing
Major transhumance. Minor transhumance. Transterminance
Moving to winter pastures
Major winter transhumance
- From the Navarran Pyrenean valleys to the Bardenas Reales
- Grazing right
- Using the drovers' trails
- Preparations and droving order
- Incidents and food along the drover's trail.
- Entry to and time spent at the Bardenas. The return
- Other transhumant movements in Navarra
- Pyrenean-Aquitaine transhumant movements
Winter minor transhumance and transterminance
- Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Bizkaia
- Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Gipuzkoa
- Pyrenean transhumance to the valleys and coast
- Ribera Navarra transhumance
Moving to summer pastures
Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
Summer minor transhumance and transterminance
- Álava mountains
- Bizkaia mountains
- Aralar and Aizkorri mountain ranges
- Mounts Ernio and Izarraitz
- Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
- Northern Basque Country
Life in the winter pastures
The shepherds of the Bardenas
The transhumant shepherd in the different provinces
Life in the summer pastures
Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
Minor transhumance and transterminance
- Álava and Bizkaia mountains
- Sierra de Aralar mountain range
- Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
Winter grazing availability
Álava
Bizkaia
Gipuzkoa and Lapurdi
Navarra
Itinerant grazing calendar
Eastern Pyrenees
Western Pyrenees
Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
Aizkorri and Aralar mountain ranges
Bizkaia mountains
The bridleways
Tracks, paths
Drovers' trails
- Drovers' trails in Álava
- Drovers' trails in Navarra
Appendix: Drovers' trails in Navarra today
XIV. THE SHEPHERD’S DOG. ARDI-TXAKURRA
The Mastiff
Introduction of the sheepdog
Types of sheepdogs
Uses of the sheepdog
Dogs used to herd other livestock
Appendix: Sheepdog trials
XV. TYPES OF SHEPHERDS
Shepherds with their own flock
Shepherd boy. Shepherds' children
Shepherding associations
Large flock shepherds
Shepherds on a wage
Paid help
Head shepherd
Social standing
Council shepherds
Tasks
- Álava
- Navarra
Contractual terms and conditions
Wage. Food. Bonus
Looking after hobbled livestock
Appendix 1: Livestock herding hand in Irati at 11 years old
Appendix 2: Charter town livestock herders contract. 1890. Berganzo (A)
XVI. SHEPHERD'S APPAREL
Traditional warm clothing
Kapusaia. Txartesa. Long cape
Sheepskin coat or zamarra; apron or zagón
Blanket. Balaclava. Hats
Traditional footwear
Socks
Piales or thick knitted socks used in summer
Gaiters
Clogs. Overshoes
Snowshoes
The shepherd's apparel today
The shepherd's implements and weapons
Backpack or bag Saddlebags
Staff
Sling and pouch
Stout stick. Crook. Blackjack
Friction drum
Bullroarer
Fire arms
XVII. SHEPHERD CRAFT ITEMS AND BELONGINGS
Pastoral utensils
Wooden receptacles
Survival
Milking vessel
Milking ladle
Strainer
Abatza
Whisk
Dagger
Cheese strainer
Stand
Gaztandegia. Cheese production
Shepherd's cups
Pottery and cutlery
Spoons
Plates
Oporra. Esne-potoak
Saltshakers. Oil holders
Water containers
Manual work
The wool craft
Heyday and decline
Selecting the wool
Washing
Teasing
Spinning
Weaving
Laces for sandals
Twines, ropes and pack saddles
Crooks and walking sticks
Collars for cowbells
Names
Making collars
Transition
Cowbells and clappers
XVIII. HUNTING VERMIN
Wolf hunting
Disappearance of the wolf
Recent reappearance
Beliefs and legends about the wolf
Means of defence
Hunting techniques
- Traps, snares and poisoned bait
- Pursuing the quarry and shotgun hunting
Lairs
Fox hunting
Damage caused by the fox
Hunting techniques
- Catching using cages
- Snares
- Traps
- Poisoned bait
- Shotgun hunting
Wild dogs
Minor predators
Birds
Rodents
Musetelids and viverrids
Bears
Contracting vermin hunters
Payment for the captured animals
Appendix: Description of some lairs
XIX. MILKING THE SHEEP
Milking
Milking parlour and names
Milking time and way
New milking methods
Milk production
Using hot stones to heat the milk
Goat's and ewe's milk. Its use
Atlantic watershed
Mediterranean watershed
Goat's milk
Contemporary transitions
Cow's milk
Milking the cow by hand
Milking procedure
Introduction of milking equipment
Measuring the milk
Distribution and sale of cow's milk
Transporting the products from the upland herds
Transporting the milk
Transporting the products
XX. CHEESE MAKING
Sheep's cheese making
The rennet
Cheese making in the Atlantic-side of the Basque Country
- Cheese from the upland herds of Bizkaia and Álava
- Cheese in areas close to the coast
- Cheese in Urbia and Aralar
- Cheese making in the Northern Basque Country
Cheese making in the Mediterranean-side of the Basque Country
- Cheese in Álava
- Cheese in Navarra
Weight and shape of sheep's cheese
Cheese types
- Gaztazarra
- Roncal cheese and Urbasa cheese
The cheese market
Markets of the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)
Markets of the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)
Making goat's cheese
Contemporary transitions
Other dairy products
Whey
Curd cheese
Junket
Appendix 1: A day in the life of the Ataun-Aralar (G) shepherd during cheese making
Appendix 2: Traditional method for making mountain cheese by hand, bortü-gazna, in Zuberoa
XXI. SHEARING
Shearing
Shearing time
Precautionary measures
Shearers
Shearing instruments
Shearing procedures
October shearing
Shearing today
Wool, artilea
Selling wool for household uses
Selling wool to textile factories
Wool quality and appraisal
Wool production and prices
Sale of wool today
Wool industry
Sheep manure
Appendix: Description of a modern shearing method
XXII. DOMESTIC SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS
Domestic slaughtering of animals on specific dates
Procedures used for domestic slaughtering
Domestic slaughtering of pigs
Domestic slaughtering of lambs and goats
Domestic slaughtering of cattle
Domestic slaughtering of poultry
Domestic slaughtering of rabbits
Sale of livestock for meat
Sheep raised for meat
Buyers of sheepmeat
- Preferably selling to dealers
- Selling to individuals and at market
Cattle raised for meat
Sheepskin, ardi-larrua
Buyers of skins
Skin as yoke decoration
Skin prices
XXIII. LIVESTOCK FAIRS AND BUYING AND SELLING LIVESTOCK
Livestock fairs
Fairs in Álava
Fairs in Bizkaia
Fairs in Gipuzkoa
Fairs in Navarra
Fairs in the Northern Basque Country
Fairs outside the Basque Country
Contemporary transitions
Buying and selling using dealers and between livestock farmers
The purchase agreement
Inspecting the cattle
Bargaining
Closing the deal
Shaking hands
The alboroque or rolba refreshments to seal the deal
Conditional purchase and quarantine of the livestock
Ways of acquiring livestock
The price of the livestock
Payment methods and terms
Monetary unit of the transaction
Importance of livestock farming in the family economy
Importance of the livestock
Complementary relationship between livestock farming and other activities
Current changes
XXIV. BEES, ERLEA
Bee-keeping
The spread of bee-keeping
Transhumance
Making and types of beehives
Trap, log and trunk beehives
Frame beehives
Bee skeps
Hives in hollows
The apiary
Catching swarms
Swarming
Stopping the swarm
Collecting the swarm
Ownership and marking swarms
Acquiring swarms
Maintaining the beehive
Harvesting the honeycombs
Harvest time
Harvesting procedures Tasting the honey
Means of protection
Obtaining apiculture products
Honey
Wax
Use of apiculture products
Honey
Mead
Wax
Honey bee venom
Beliefs and lore about bees
Contemporary changes
XXV. SACRED PROTECTION OF THE LIVESTOCK
St. Anthony Abbot, patron saint of livestock
Feast day for animals
Rites on his feast day
- St. Anthony bonfires and smoke offerings
- Livestock gatherings in front of churches
- Navarra
- Álava
- Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia
- Blessing food and cowbells
- St. Anthony Cross round-ups
Praying and offerings to the Saints
Engravings and crosses in stables
St. Blaise
Rites and blessings on his feast day
St. John the Baptist, protector of the herds
Branches and flowers on the morning of the summer solstice
Symbols to protect against lightning
Hawthorn
Blessed bay leaves
Burning bay leaves
Holy May Cross
Blessed candles
Other procedures and prevention
The early axe
Ritual blessings
Txabolas and herds
Stables and pens
Upland pastures
Offerings
Charms
Animal protectors
XXVI. BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS
Regarding hens hatching their eggs
Odd number of eggs
The sign of the cross
Ideal time for hatching
Regarding breeding
Regarding atmospheric changes
Omens of death
Customs relating to mourning
Witch omens
Regarding driving livestock to upland grazing
Protecting against vermin
Rites to adapt to the homestead
Livestock
Hens and cats
Bildots-lorra: mutual help
Other customs
Shepherd festivities
Gifts and donations
Places of worship in grazing areas
XXVII. SHEPHERDS' GAMES
Venues for the games
Ball games
Pelota-jokoa
Urdanka
El chute - fast traditional game
Throwing games
Makilak zeharkatzea
Makila-jokoa
Zotzaldatzea
Stick throwing
Basque bar throwing
Harrika
Burruna
Rock throwing. Honda
Games of strength
Jumping games
Races
Bowling games
Table games
Cards
Artzain-jokoa. Noughts and Crosses
Ghost stories
Songs and musical instruments
Singing
Musical instruments of the shepherds
- Horns
- Whistles and flutes
- Basque single-reed woodwind instrument
- Alboka