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==== [[#Distribucion_de_las_comidas|Distribution of the meals]] ====
 
==== [[#Distribucion_de_las_comidas|Distribution of the meals]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Horarios|Times]] ====
+
==== [[#Horarios|Times]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Composicion_de_cada_comida|Composition of each meal]] ====
 
==== [[#Composicion_de_cada_comida|Composition of each meal]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Refecciones_matutinas_Barausia_Gosaria_Amaiketakoa|Morning refreshments]] ====
+
==== [[#Refecciones_matutinas_Barausia_Gosaria_Amaiketakoa|Morning refreshments]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Comida_Bazkaria|Lunch]] ====
 
==== [[#Comida_Bazkaria|Lunch]] ====
Línea 17: Línea 17:
 
==== [[#Merienda|Afternoon snack]] ====
 
==== [[#Merienda|Afternoon snack]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Cena_Afaria|Dinner]] ====
+
==== [[#Cena_Afaria|Dinner]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Comidas_fuera_del_hogar_pastores_pescadores_y_otros|Meals outside the home: shepherds, fishermen and others]] ===
 
=== [[#Comidas_fuera_del_hogar_pastores_pescadores_y_otros|Meals outside the home: shepherds, fishermen and others]] ===
Línea 32: Línea 32:
  
 
=== [[#Los_cubiertos|Cutlery]] ===
 
=== [[#Los_cubiertos|Cutlery]] ===
−
 
+
 
  
 
== II. [[PLEGARIAS_EN_LA_MESA_FAMILIAR/en|PRAYING AT FAMILY MEALTIMES]] ==
 
== II. [[PLEGARIAS_EN_LA_MESA_FAMILIAR/en|PRAYING AT FAMILY MEALTIMES]] ==
Línea 50: Línea 50:
 
==== [[#Recuerdo_de_los_familiares_difuntos|Remembering dead relatives]] ====
 
==== [[#Recuerdo_de_los_familiares_difuntos|Remembering dead relatives]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Oraciones_despues_de_las_comidas|Prayers after meals]] ====
+
==== [[#Oraciones_despues_de_las_comidas|Prayers after meals]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Formulas_de_cortesia|Polite forms of address]] ====
 
==== [[#Formulas_de_cortesia|Polite forms of address]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Bendiciones_jocosas|Tongue-in-cheek blessings]] ====
 
==== [[#Bendiciones_jocosas|Tongue-in-cheek blessings]] ====
−
 
+
 
  
 
== III. [[LA_ELABORACION_TRADICIONAL_DEL_PAN/en|TRADITIONAL BREAD MAKING]] ==
 
== III. [[LA_ELABORACION_TRADICIONAL_DEL_PAN/en|TRADITIONAL BREAD MAKING]] ==
  
−
=== [[##Generalidades|General points]] ===
+
=== [[#Generalidades|General points]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Periodicidad_de_la_hornada|Frequency of the batch bakes]] ====
 
==== [[#Periodicidad_de_la_hornada|Frequency of the batch bakes]] ====
Línea 65: Línea 65:
 
==== [[#Las_harinas|The flours]] ====
 
==== [[#Las_harinas|The flours]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Preparacion_del_horno_Labasua|Preparing the oven]] ===
+
=== [[#Preparacion_del_horno_Labasua|Preparing the oven]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Utensilios_empleados_y_operaciones_efectuadas_en_el_horno_Carga_encendido_y_limpieza_dispersión_y_acumulación_de_las_brasas_barrido_de_la_solera_introducción_y_extracción_de_los_panes|Utensils used and operations carried out in the oven: Fuelling, lighting and cleaning spreading and building up the embers, sweeping the floor, loading and removing the loaves]] ====
+
<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
 +
==== [[#Utensilios_empleados_y_operaciones_efectuadas_en_el_horno_Carga_encendido_y_limpieza_dispersión_y_acumulación_de_las_brasas_barrido_de_la_solera_introducción_y_extracción_de_los_panes|Utensils used and operations carried out in the oven: Fuelling, lighting and cleaning spreading and building up the embers, sweeping the floor, loading and removing the loaves]] ====
 +
</div>
  
−
==== [[##El_combustible|The fuel]] ====
+
==== [[#El_combustible|The fuel]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Otros_usos_del_horno|Other uses of the oven]] ====
 
==== [[#Otros_usos_del_horno|Other uses of the oven]] ====
  
−
=== [[##El_pan_de_trigo_Ogia|Wheat bread]] ===
+
=== [[#El_pan_de_trigo_Ogia|Wheat bread]] ===
  
 
==== [[#La_levadura_Azkarria_Origen_conservacion_y_preparacion|Yeast: Source, storage and preparation]] ====
 
==== [[#La_levadura_Azkarria_Origen_conservacion_y_preparacion|Yeast: Source, storage and preparation]] ====
Línea 89: Línea 91:
 
**Storing the bread
 
**Storing the bread
  
−
==== [[##Agregados_a_la_harina_de_trigo|Additions to the wheat flour]] ====
+
==== [[#Agregados_a_la_harina_de_trigo|Additions to the wheat flour]] ====
  
 
**Usual dough ingredients
 
**Usual dough ingredients
Línea 97: Línea 99:
 
**Rye bread
 
**Rye bread
  
−
==== [[##Forma_y_peso_del_pan_Tipos_de_panes|Shape and weight of the bread. Types of bread]] ====
+
==== [[#Forma_y_peso_del_pan_Tipos_de_panes|Shape and weight of the bread. Types of bread]] ====
  
 
**Bread loaf  
 
**Bread loaf  
Línea 106: Línea 108:
 
**Bread with egg or chorizo sausage
 
**Bread with egg or chorizo sausage
  
−
==== [[##El_pan_en_la_actualidad|The bread today]] ====
+
==== [[#El_pan_en_la_actualidad|The bread today]] ====
  
−
=== [[##La_harina_de_maiz|Corn flour]] ===
+
=== [[#La_harina_de_maiz|Corn flour]] ===
  
−
==== [[##El_pan_de_maiz_Artoa|Cornbread]] ====
+
==== [[#El_pan_de_maiz_Artoa|Cornbread]] ====
  
 
**Area eaten
 
**Area eaten
Línea 126: Línea 128:
 
**Food eaten with ''talo''
 
**Food eaten with ''talo''
  
−
==== [[##El_morokil_y_papillas_similares|''Morokil'' (Corn porridge) and similar cereal porridges]] ====
+
==== [[#El_morokil_y_papillas_similares|''Morokil'' (Corn porridge) and similar cereal porridges]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Ritos_y_creencias_asociados_al_pan|Rites and beliefs associated with bread]] ===
+
=== [[#Ritos_y_creencias_asociados_al_pan|Rites and beliefs associated with bread]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Tratamiento_ritual_del_pan_domestico|Ritual treatment of household bread]] ====
+
==== [[#Tratamiento_ritual_del_pan_domestico|Ritual treatment of household bread]] ====
  
 
==== [[#El_pan_ofrecido_a_los_mendigos|The bread offered to beggars]] ====
 
==== [[#El_pan_ofrecido_a_los_mendigos|The bread offered to beggars]] ====
Línea 136: Línea 138:
 
==== [[#Reparto_de_pan_en_la_iglesia|Bread handed out at church]] ====
 
==== [[#Reparto_de_pan_en_la_iglesia|Bread handed out at church]] ====
  
−
==== [[##El_pan_de_ofrendas_Olata_En_el_funeral_en_la_sepultura_familiar_en_Todos_los_Santos_y_el_Dia_de_Difuntos|Offertory bread: During the funeral, at the family grave, on All Saints  and All Souls']] ====
+
==== [[#El_pan_de_ofrendas_Olata_En_el_funeral_en_la_sepultura_familiar_en_Todos_los_Santos_y_el_Dia_de_Difuntos|Offertory bread: During the funeral, at the family grave, on All Saints  and All Souls']] ====
−
&emsp;
+
&ensp;
  
 
== IV. [[MATANZA_DOMESTICA_DE_ANIMALES/en|DOMESTIC SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS]] ==
 
== IV. [[MATANZA_DOMESTICA_DE_ANIMALES/en|DOMESTIC SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS]] ==
Línea 143: Línea 145:
 
=== [[#Matanza_del_cerdo|Pig slaughtering]] ===
 
=== [[#Matanza_del_cerdo|Pig slaughtering]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Engorde|Fattening]] ====
+
==== [[#Engorde|Fattening]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Tiempo_de_la_matanza_y_creencias_Azeguna|Timing of the slaughter and beliefs]] ====
 
==== [[#Tiempo_de_la_matanza_y_creencias_Azeguna|Timing of the slaughter and beliefs]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Sacrificio_Txerri_hiltzea|Slaughter]] ====
+
==== [[#Sacrificio_Txerri_hiltzea|Slaughter]] ====
  
 
==== [[#El_chamuscado|Carcass singeing]] ====
 
==== [[#El_chamuscado|Carcass singeing]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Vaciamiento|Gutting]] ====
+
==== [[#Vaciamiento|Gutting]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Enfriamiento_y_reposo|Cooling and resting]] ====
 
==== [[#Enfriamiento_y_reposo|Cooling and resting]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Pesada_y_despiece|Weighing and jointing]] ====
+
==== [[#Pesada_y_despiece|Weighing and jointing]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Los_embutidos|Cured meats]] ====
 
==== [[#Los_embutidos|Cured meats]] ====
Línea 163: Línea 165:
 
**Other cured meats: Sausages, salcichón (cured sausage), butifarra (blood sausage), boar's head (brawn)
 
**Other cured meats: Sausages, salcichón (cured sausage), butifarra (blood sausage), boar's head (brawn)
  
−
==== [[##Conservacion_de_otras_partes_del_cerdo|Preserving others parts of the pig]] ====
+
==== [[#Conservacion_de_otras_partes_del_cerdo|Preserving others parts of the pig]] ====
  
 
**Hams
 
**Hams
Línea 171: Línea 173:
 
==== [[#Obsequios_con_ocasion_de_la_matanza|Gifts at slaughter time]] ====
 
==== [[#Obsequios_con_ocasion_de_la_matanza|Gifts at slaughter time]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Transformaciones_en_la_matanza_domestica_del_cerdo|Changes in the domestic slaughtering of the pig]] ====
+
==== [[#Transformaciones_en_la_matanza_domestica_del_cerdo|Changes in the domestic slaughtering of the pig]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Ovejas_y_corderos_Ardikia|Ewes and lambs]] ===
+
=== [[#Ovejas_y_corderos_Ardikia|Ewes and lambs]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Sacrificio|Slaughter]] ====
+
==== [[#Sacrificio|Slaughter]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Embutidos|Cured meats]] ====
+
==== [[#Embutidos|Cured meats]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Cabras_y_cabritos|Nanny goats and kids]] ===
+
=== [[#Cabras_y_cabritos|Nanny goats and kids]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Ganado_mayor|Large livestock]] ===
 
=== [[#Ganado_mayor|Large livestock]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Ganado_vacuno_La_cecina_Arakia|Cattle. ''Cecina'' (Cured, air-dried beef)]] ====
+
==== [[#Ganado_vacuno_La_cecina_Arakia|Cattle. ''Cecina'' (Cured, air-dried beef)]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Caballos|Horses]] ====
+
==== [[#Caballos|Horses]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Conejos|Rabbits]] ===
+
=== [[#Conejos|Rabbits]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Aves_domesticas|Poultry]] ===
+
=== [[#Aves_domesticas|Poultry]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Gallinas_pollos_capones_y_gallos|Hens, chickens, capons and cockerels]] ====
+
==== [[#Gallinas_pollos_capones_y_gallos|Hens, chickens, capons and cockerels]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Pavos|Turkeys]] ====
+
==== [[#Pavos|Turkeys]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Palomas_y_pichones|Doves and pigeons]] ====
+
==== [[#Palomas_y_pichones|Doves and pigeons]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Patos_y_ocas|Ducks and geese]] ====
+
==== [[#Patos_y_ocas|Ducks and geese]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Carnes_de_caza|Game]] ===
+
=== [[#Carnes_de_caza|Game]] ===
−
&emsp;
+
&ensp;
  
 
== V. [[LA_LECHE_Y_SUS_DERIVADOS/en|MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS]] ==
 
== V. [[LA_LECHE_Y_SUS_DERIVADOS/en|MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS]] ==
Línea 206: Línea 208:
 
=== [[#La_leche|Milk]] ===
 
=== [[#La_leche|Milk]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Tipos_consumo_y_comercializacion|Types, consumption and marketing]] ====
+
==== [[#Tipos_consumo_y_comercializacion|Types, consumption and marketing]] ====
  
 
**Ewe's milk
 
**Ewe's milk
Línea 213: Línea 215:
 
**Ass's milk
 
**Ass's milk
  
−
==== [[##La_leche_perdida|Spoiled milk]] ====
+
==== [[#La_leche_perdida|Spoiled milk]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Piedras_rusientes_Esne_arriak|Hot stones]] ====
+
==== [[#Piedras_rusientes_Esne_arriak|Hot stones]] ====
  
 
==== [[#La_nata|Cream]] ====
 
==== [[#La_nata|Cream]] ====
Línea 221: Línea 223:
 
==== [[#El_calostro_Esne_barria|Colostrum]] ====
 
==== [[#El_calostro_Esne_barria|Colostrum]] ====
  
−
=== [[##El_queso|Cheese]] ===
+
=== [[#El_queso|Cheese]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Los_quesos_en_funcion_del_tipo_de leche|The cheeses depending on the type of milk]] ====
+
==== [[#Los_quesos_en_funcion_del_tipo_de leche|The cheeses depending on the type of milk]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Elaboracion_tradicional_del_queso_de_oveja|Traditional methods for making ewe's cheese]] ====
 
==== [[#Elaboracion_tradicional_del_queso_de_oveja|Traditional methods for making ewe's cheese]] ====
Línea 235: Línea 237:
 
**Adding salt
 
**Adding salt
  
−
==== [[##El_suero_Gazura|Whey]] ====
+
==== [[#El_suero_Gazura|Whey]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Maduracion_y_conservacion_de_los_quesos|Maturing and storing the cheeses]] ====
 
==== [[#Maduracion_y_conservacion_de_los_quesos|Maturing and storing the cheeses]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Formas_y_tipos_de_queso|Shapes and types of cheese]] ====
+
==== [[#Formas_y_tipos_de_queso|Shapes and types of cheese]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Comercializacion_del_queso|Marketing the cheese]] ====
 
==== [[#Comercializacion_del_queso|Marketing the cheese]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Utensilios_empleados_en_la_elaboracion_del_queso|Utensils used to make the cheese]] ====
+
==== [[#Utensilios_empleados_en_la_elaboracion_del_queso|Utensils used to make the cheese]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Otros_derivados_lacteos|Other dairy products]] ===
 
=== [[#Otros_derivados_lacteos|Other dairy products]] ===
Línea 254: Línea 256:
  
 
==== [[#Yogur|Yoghurt]] ====
 
==== [[#Yogur|Yoghurt]] ====
−
&emsp;
+
&ensp;
  
 
== VI. [[CONSUMO_Y_CONSERVACION_DE_PRODUCTOS_VEGETALES/en|CONSUMING AND PRESERVING VEGETABLE PRODUCTS]] ==
 
== VI. [[CONSUMO_Y_CONSERVACION_DE_PRODUCTOS_VEGETALES/en|CONSUMING AND PRESERVING VEGETABLE PRODUCTS]] ==
Línea 262: Línea 264:
 
==== [[#Legumbres|Pulses and beans]] ====
 
==== [[#Legumbres|Pulses and beans]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Verduras_y_otros_productos_vegetales|Leafy vegetables and other vegetable products]] ====
+
==== [[#Verduras_y_otros_productos_vegetales|Leafy vegetables and other vegetable products]] ====
  
 
=== [[#Metodos_domesticos_de_conservacion|Domestic preserving methods]] ===
 
=== [[#Metodos_domesticos_de_conservacion|Domestic preserving methods]] ===
Línea 296: Línea 298:
 
==== [[#Setas|Mushroom]] ====
 
==== [[#Setas|Mushroom]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Otros_productos_no_vegetales|Other non-plant products]] ====
+
==== [[#Otros_productos_no_vegetales|Other non-plant products]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Alimentos_cocinados|Cooked food]] ====
 
==== [[#Alimentos_cocinados|Cooked food]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Alimentos_congelados|Frozen food]] ====
 
==== [[#Alimentos_congelados|Frozen food]] ====
−
&emsp;
+
&ensp;
  
 
== VII. [[PREPARACION_Y_CONSERVACION_DE_HUEVOS/en|PREPARING AND PRESERVING EGGS]] ==
 
== VII. [[PREPARACION_Y_CONSERVACION_DE_HUEVOS/en|PREPARING AND PRESERVING EGGS]] ==
Línea 311: Línea 313:
 
==== [[#Cocinados_en_agua|Cooked in water]] ====
 
==== [[#Cocinados_en_agua|Cooked in water]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Cocinados_en_aceite|Cooked in oil]] ====
+
==== [[#Cocinados_en_aceite|Cooked in oil]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Acompañando_a_otros_ingredientes|Added to other ingredients]] ====
 
==== [[#Acompañando_a_otros_ingredientes|Added to other ingredients]] ====
Línea 317: Línea 319:
 
==== [[#Otras_aplicaciones|Other applications]] ====
 
==== [[#Otras_aplicaciones|Other applications]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Conservacion_de_huevos|Preserving eggs]] ===
+
=== [[#Conservacion_de_huevos|Preserving eggs]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Conservacion_en_cal|Preserving in lime]] ====
 
==== [[#Conservacion_en_cal|Preserving in lime]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Conservacion_en_sal|Preserving in salt]] ====
+
==== [[#Conservacion_en_sal|Preserving in salt]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Otros_procedimientos_de_conservacion|Other preserving procedures ]] ====
 
==== [[#Otros_procedimientos_de_conservacion|Other preserving procedures ]] ====
−
&emsp;
+
&ensp;
  
−
== VIII. [[CONSUMO_DE_ANIMALES_ACUATICOS/en|CONSUMPTION OF AQUATIC LIFE]] ==
+
== VIII. [[CONSUMO_DE_ANIMALES_ACUATICOS/en|EATING AQUATIC LIFE]] ==
  
 
=== [[#Animales_marinos|Marine life]] ===
 
=== [[#Animales_marinos|Marine life]] ===
Línea 335: Línea 337:
 
**Crustaceans
 
**Crustaceans
  
−
==== [[##Pescados|Fish]] ====
+
==== [[#Pescados|Fish]] ====
  
−
**Frequently consumed species
+
**Most frequently eaten species
−
**More restricted consumption species
+
**Species eaten less frequently
  
 
==== [[#Las_angulas_Pesca_y_preparacion|Elvers: Fishing and preparation]] ====
 
==== [[#Las_angulas_Pesca_y_preparacion|Elvers: Fishing and preparation]] ====
Línea 349: Línea 351:
  
 
==== [[#Las_ranas|Frogs]] ====
 
==== [[#Las_ranas|Frogs]] ====
−
&emsp;
+
&ensp;
  
−
== IX. [[CONSUMO_DE_SETAS_Y_CARACOLES/en|CONSUMPTION OF MUSHROOMS AND SNAILS]] ==
+
== IX. [[CONSUMO_DE_SETAS_Y_CARACOLES/en|EATING MUSHROOMS AND SNAILS]] ==
  
 
=== [[#Las_setas|Mushrooms]] ===
 
=== [[#Las_setas|Mushrooms]] ===
Línea 361: Línea 363:
 
==== [[#Cultivo_del_champiñón|Growing button mushrooms]] ====
 
==== [[#Cultivo_del_champiñón|Growing button mushrooms]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Preparacion_de_las_setas|Preparing mushrooms]] ====
+
==== [[#Preparacion_de_las_setas|Preparing mushrooms]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Introduccion_de_nuevas_especies|Introducing new species]] ====
 
==== [[#Introduccion_de_nuevas_especies|Introducing new species]] ====
Línea 385: Línea 387:
 
==== [[#Limpieza_de_los_caracoles|Cleaning the snails]] ====
 
==== [[#Limpieza_de_los_caracoles|Cleaning the snails]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Coccion_de_los_caracoles|Cooking the snails]] ====
+
==== [[#Coccion_de_los_caracoles|Cooking the snails]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Preparacion_de_los_caracoles|Preparing the snails]] ====
 
==== [[#Preparacion_de_los_caracoles|Preparing the snails]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Elaboracion_de_caldo_con_el_agua_de_coccion|Making stock using the cooking water]] ====
 
==== [[#Elaboracion_de_caldo_con_el_agua_de_coccion|Making stock using the cooking water]] ====
−
&emsp;
+
&ensp;
  
 
== X. [[PREPARACION_DE_LAS_COMIDAS_DOMESTICAS/en|PREPARING THE MEALS FOR THE HOUSEHOLD]]  ==
 
== X. [[PREPARACION_DE_LAS_COMIDAS_DOMESTICAS/en|PREPARING THE MEALS FOR THE HOUSEHOLD]]  ==
  
−
=== [[#El_fuego|Heat source]] ===
+
=== [[#El_fuego|The Hearth]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Los_utensilios|Utensils]] ===
 
=== [[#Los_utensilios|Utensils]] ===
Línea 400: Línea 402:
 
=== [[#Cultura_culinaria|Culinary culture]] ===
 
=== [[#Cultura_culinaria|Culinary culture]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Caldos_y_sopas|Stocks and soups]] ===
+
=== [[#Caldos_y_sopas|Stocks and soups]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Cocidos_de_legumbres_Lapikokoak_Eltzekoak|Pulse and bean stews]] ===
 
=== [[#Cocidos_de_legumbres_Lapikokoak_Eltzekoak|Pulse and bean stews]] ===
Línea 406: Línea 408:
 
=== [[#Cocidos_de_verduras_y_hortalizas|Vegetable stews]] ===
 
=== [[#Cocidos_de_verduras_y_hortalizas|Vegetable stews]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Cocidos_de_patata|Potato stews]] ===
+
=== [[#Cocidos_de_patata|Potato stews]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Ensaladas|Salads]] ===
 
=== [[#Ensaladas|Salads]] ===
Línea 441: Línea 443:
  
 
==== [[#Otros_condimentos|Other condiments]] ====
 
==== [[#Otros_condimentos|Other condiments]] ====
−
&emsp;
+
&ensp;
  
 
== XI. [[BEBIDAS/en|BEVERAGES]] ==
 
== XI. [[BEBIDAS/en|BEVERAGES]] ==
Línea 449: Línea 451:
 
=== [[#La_limonada|Lemonade]] ===
 
=== [[#La_limonada|Lemonade]] ===
  
−
=== [[##El_vino_Ardoa|Wine]] ===
+
=== [[#El_vino_Ardoa|Wine]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Consumo|Consumption]] ====
+
==== [[#Consumo|Consumption]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Area_de_produccion_y_clases_de_uva|Production area and types of grape]] ====
 
==== [[#Area_de_produccion_y_clases_de_uva|Production area and types of grape]] ====
Línea 485: Línea 487:
 
=== [[#Otras_bebidas1|Other beverages]] ===
 
=== [[#Otras_bebidas1|Other beverages]] ===
  
−
=== [[##El_cafe|Coffee]] ===
+
=== [[#El_cafe|Coffee]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Las_infusiones|Herbal teas]] ===
+
=== [[#Las_infusiones|Herbal teas]] ===
−
&emsp;
+
&ensp;
  
 
== XII. [[TABACO/en|TOBACCO]] ==
 
== XII. [[TABACO/en|TOBACCO]] ==
  
−
=== [[##Iniciacion_en_el_habito_de_fumar/en|Starting smoking]] ===
+
=== [[#Iniciacion_en_el_habito_de_fumar/en|Starting smoking]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Sucedaneos_del_tabaco|Tobacco substitutes]] ===
+
=== [[#Sucedaneos_del_tabaco|Tobacco substitutes]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Cultivo_y_elaboracion_domesticos_del_tabaco|Growing and producing tobacco at home]] ===
 
=== [[#Cultivo_y_elaboracion_domesticos_del_tabaco|Growing and producing tobacco at home]] ===
Línea 500: Línea 502:
 
=== [[#Formas_de_presentacion_del_tabaco|Tobacco forms of presentation]] ===
 
=== [[#Formas_de_presentacion_del_tabaco|Tobacco forms of presentation]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Ventajas_atribuidas_al_tabaco|Benefits attributed to tobacco]] ===
+
=== [[#Ventajas_atribuidas_al_tabaco|Benefits attributed to tobacco]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Pipas_y_boquillas|Pipes and cigarette holders]] ===
 
=== [[#Pipas_y_boquillas|Pipes and cigarette holders]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Petacas_y_pitilleras|Pouches and cases]] ===
+
=== [[#Petacas_y_pitilleras|Pouches and cases]] ===
  
 
=== [[#Encendedores|Lighters]] ===
 
=== [[#Encendedores|Lighters]] ===
−
&emsp;
+
&ensp;
  
 
== XIII. [[ALIMENTOS_Y_COMIDAS_RITUALES/en|RITUAL MEALS AND FOOD]] ==
 
== XIII. [[ALIMENTOS_Y_COMIDAS_RITUALES/en|RITUAL MEALS AND FOOD]] ==
  
−
=== [[##Comidas_ligadas_a_festividades_y_tiempos_del_calendario|Meals connected with festivities and times of the year]] ===
+
=== [[#Comidas_ligadas_a_festividades_y_tiempos_del_calendario|Meals connected with festivities and times of the year]] ===
  
 
==== [[#El_ciclo_de_la_Navidad|The Christmas cycle]] ====
 
==== [[#El_ciclo_de_la_Navidad|The Christmas cycle]] ====
Línea 528: Línea 530:
 
==== [[#Natividad_Eguberri_Nochevieja_Gabonzar_Año_Nuevo_Urteberri_Dia_de_Reyes_Erregena|Christmas Day, New Year's Eve, New Year's Day, Epiphany ]] ====
 
==== [[#Natividad_Eguberri_Nochevieja_Gabonzar_Año_Nuevo_Urteberri_Dia_de_Reyes_Erregena|Christmas Day, New Year's Eve, New Year's Day, Epiphany ]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Comidas_del_tiempo_de_Carnaval|Meals at Carnival time]] ===
+
=== [[#Comidas_del_tiempo_de_Carnaval|Meals at Carnival time]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Candelaria_Tostadas|Candlemas. Cinnamon French Toast]] ====
 
==== [[#Candelaria_Tostadas|Candlemas. Cinnamon French Toast]] ====
Línea 542: Línea 544:
 
**Fat Thursday
 
**Fat Thursday
  
−
==== [[##Carnavales_Ihauteriak|Carnival]] ====
+
==== [[#Carnavales_Ihauteriak|Carnival]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Platos_tradicionales_de_Carnaval|Traditional Carnival dishes]] ====
 
==== [[#Platos_tradicionales_de_Carnaval|Traditional Carnival dishes]] ====
Línea 548: Línea 550:
 
=== [[#Ayunos_y_abstinencias|Fasting and abstinence]] ===
 
=== [[#Ayunos_y_abstinencias|Fasting and abstinence]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Legislacion_ canonica|Canon law]] ====
+
==== [[#Legislacion_ canonica|Canon law]] ====
  
 
==== [[#La_alimentacion_en_los_dias_de_ayuno_y_abstinencia|Food on fasting and abstinence days]] ====
 
==== [[#La_alimentacion_en_los_dias_de_ayuno_y_abstinencia|Food on fasting and abstinence days]] ====
Línea 556: Línea 558:
 
==== [[#Ritos_con_el_pan_y_el_agua|Rites with bread and water]] ====
 
==== [[#Ritos_con_el_pan_y_el_agua|Rites with bread and water]] ====
  
−
==== [[##La_torta_pascual_Paskopilla_morrokoa_ranzopil|Easter cake]] ====
+
==== [[#La_torta_pascual_Paskopilla_morrokoa_ranzopil|Easter cake]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Banquetes_domesticos_y_comidas_colectivas_en_las_fiestas_patronales|Household celebratory meals and communal meals to mark the patron saints' festivities]] ===
+
=== [[#Banquetes_domesticos_y_comidas_colectivas_en_las_fiestas_patronales|Household celebratory meals and communal meals to mark the patron saints' festivities]] ===
  
−
=== [[##Agapes_en_ermitas_y_santuarios|Celebrations at chapels and shrines]] ===
+
=== [[#Agapes_en_ermitas_y_santuarios|Celebrations at chapels and shrines]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Refaccion_a_la_conclusion_de_la_misa|Light refreshments at the end of mass]] ====
 
==== [[#Refaccion_a_la_conclusion_de_la_misa|Light refreshments at the end of mass]] ====
Línea 566: Línea 568:
 
==== [[#Comidas_de_romeria|Pilgrimage meals]] ====
 
==== [[#Comidas_de_romeria|Pilgrimage meals]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Bendicion_de_alimentos_en_ermitas|Blessing food at shrines]] ====
+
==== [[#Bendicion_de_alimentos_en_ermitas|Blessing food at shrines]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Banquetes_de_Cofradias_y_Hermandades|Brotherhood celebratory meals]] ====
 
==== [[#Banquetes_de_Cofradias_y_Hermandades|Brotherhood celebratory meals]] ====
Línea 572: Línea 574:
 
=== [[#Comidas_al_finalizar_trabajos_colectivos|Meals at the end of collective work]] ===
 
=== [[#Comidas_al_finalizar_trabajos_colectivos|Meals at the end of collective work]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Txarriboda_Matanza_del_cerdo|Pig slaughtering]] ====
+
==== [[#Txarriboda_Matanza_del_cerdo|Pig slaughtering]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Bizkar_festa_Remate_del_tejado_de_una_casa|Finishing the roofing of a house]] ====
+
==== [[#Bizkar_festa_Remate_del_tejado_de_una_casa|Finishing the roofing of a house]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Comidas_de_auzolan_Trabajos_comunitarios|''Auzolan'' (neighbourhood labour) meals Community work]] ====
+
==== [[#Comidas_de_auzolan_Trabajos_comunitarios|''Auzolan'' (neighbourhood labour) meals Community work]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Comidas_a_la_conclusion_de_trabajos_de_colaboracion|Meals at the end of collaborative work]] ====
 
==== [[#Comidas_a_la_conclusion_de_trabajos_de_colaboracion|Meals at the end of collaborative work]] ====
  
−
=== [[##Banquetes_en_los_ritos_de_pasaje|Meals to celebrate the rites of passage]] ===
+
=== [[#Banquetes_en_los_ritos_de_pasaje|Meals to celebrate the rites of passage]] ===
  
 
==== [[#Parto_y_nacimiento|Delivery and birth]] ====
 
==== [[#Parto_y_nacimiento|Delivery and birth]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Bautizo|Baptism]] ====
+
==== [[#Bautizo|Baptism]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Fiestas_de_cumpleaños_Urtebetetzeak|Birthday parties]] ====
+
==== [[#Fiestas_de_cumpleaños_Urtebetetzeak|Birthday parties]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Primeras_comuniones|First Holy Communions]] ====
 
==== [[#Primeras_comuniones|First Holy Communions]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Bodas_Ezteguak|Weddings]] ====
+
==== [[#Bodas_Ezteguak|Weddings]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Agapes_funerarios|Funeral wakes]] ====
+
==== [[#Agapes_funerarios|Funeral wakes]] ====
−
&emsp;
+
&ensp;
  
−
== XIV. [[TRANSFORMACIONES_OPERADAS_DURANTE_EL_PRESENTE_SIGLO_EN_EL_REGIMEN_ALIMENTARIO_DOMESTICO/en|TRANSFORMATIONS UNDERGONE DURING THE PRESENT CENTURY IN THE FAMILY’S FOOD REGIME]] ==
+
<div style="margin-left:0cm;"></div>
  
−
=== [[##De_la_monotonia_a_la_diversidad|From monotony to diversity]] ===
+
== XIV. [[TRANSFORMACIONES_OPERADAS_DURANTE_EL_PRESENTE_SIGLO_EN_EL_REGIMEN_ALIMENTARIO_DOMESTICO/en|CHANGES TO THE HOUSEHOLD DIETARY REGIME DURING THE 20TH CENTURY]] ==
  
−
==== [[##Perdida_de_la_autarquia|End of autarky]] ====
+
=== [[#De_la_monotonia_a_la_diversidad|From monotony to diversity]] ===
  
−
==== [[##Elaboraciones_domesticas|Home-made products]] ====
+
==== [[#Perdida_de_la_autarquia|End of autarky]] ====
 +
 
 +
==== [[#Elaboraciones_domesticas|Home-made products]] ====
  
 
==== [[#Modificaciones_en_la_dieta_cotidiana|Changes in daily diet]] ====
 
==== [[#Modificaciones_en_la_dieta_cotidiana|Changes in daily diet]] ====
Línea 609: Línea 613:
 
==== [[#Transformaciones_del_contexto_social|Changes in social context]] ====
 
==== [[#Transformaciones_del_contexto_social|Changes in social context]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Nuevos_equipamientos|New equipment]] ====
+
==== [[#Nuevos_equipamientos|New equipment]] ====
  
−
==== [[##Transiciones_mas_recientes|More recent transitions]] ====
+
==== [[#Transiciones_mas_recientes|More recent transitions]] ====
−
&emsp;
+
&ensp;
  
−
== XV. [[LA_ALIMENTACION_EN_EL_PAIS_VASCO_CONTINENTAL_O_IPARRALDE_(RESUMEN)/en|DIET IN THE NORTHERN BASQUE COUNTRY OR IPARRALDE (SUMMARY)]] ==
+
== XV. [[LA_ALIMENTACION_EN_IPARRALDE/en|FOOD IN THE NORTHERN BASQUE COUNTRY]] ==
  
 
{{#bookTitle:Family Diet in the Basque Country | Alimentacion_domestica_en_vasconia/en}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Table of contents}}
 
{{#bookTitle:Family Diet in the Basque Country | Alimentacion_domestica_en_vasconia/en}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Table of contents}}

Revisión actual del 12:08 8 jul 2019

Otros idiomas:
Inglés • ‎Español • ‎Euskera • ‎Francés

Contenido de esta página

I. ORGANISING FOOD INTAKE

Household meals on working days

Distribution of the meals

Times

Composition of each meal

Morning refreshments

Lunch

Afternoon snack

Dinner

Meals outside the home: shepherds, fishermen and others

Sunday meals

Sequence of the different dishes

Seating arrangements

The table

From the communal dish to the individual plate

Cutlery

 

II. PRAYING AT FAMILY MEALTIMES

Effect of the blessing

Family prayers

Rite of blessing the table

Blessing prayers

Blessing formulas in Basque

Blessing formulas in Spanish

Remembering dead relatives

Prayers after meals

Polite forms of address

Tongue-in-cheek blessings

 

III. TRADITIONAL BREAD MAKING

General points

Frequency of the batch bakes

The flours

Preparing the oven

Utensils used and operations carried out in the oven: Fuelling, lighting and cleaning spreading and building up the embers, sweeping the floor, loading and removing the loaves

The fuel

Other uses of the oven

Wheat bread

Yeast: Source, storage and preparation

Kneading and preparing the individual loaves

    • The trough
    • Cleaning the trough
    • Sieving the flour
    • Kneading
    • Fermentation
    • Second kneading
    • Dividing up the dough and shaping the loaves
    • Baking
    • Storing the bread

Additions to the wheat flour

    • Usual dough ingredients
    • Adding boiled potato
    • Product to make sweet rolls
    • Other flours: barley and rye
    • Rye bread

Shape and weight of the bread. Types of bread

    • Bread loaf
    • Torta (Flatbread)
    • Wholemeal bread
    • Sweet rolls
    • Rolls for children
    • Bread with egg or chorizo sausage

The bread today

Corn flour

Cornbread

    • Area eaten
    • Cornbread names and shapes
    • Yeast
    • Preparing cornbread
    • Baking cornbread
    • Eating the cornbread

Talo (Corn flatbread)

    • Eating talo
    • Preparing talo
    • Utensils to bake and toast talo
    • Food eaten with talo

Morokil (Corn porridge) and similar cereal porridges

Rites and beliefs associated with bread

Ritual treatment of household bread

The bread offered to beggars

Bread handed out at church

Offertory bread: During the funeral, at the family grave, on All Saints and All Souls'

 

IV. DOMESTIC SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS

Pig slaughtering

Fattening

Timing of the slaughter and beliefs

Slaughter

Carcass singeing

Gutting

Cooling and resting

Weighing and jointing

Cured meats

    • Black puddings: Preparation and varieties
    • Chorizo sausages: Preparation, classes and drying
    • Other cured meats: Sausages, salcichón (cured sausage), butifarra (blood sausage), boar's head (brawn)

Preserving others parts of the pig

    • Hams
    • Bacon
    • Loins, ribs, ears, legs and snouts

Gifts at slaughter time

Changes in the domestic slaughtering of the pig

Ewes and lambs

Slaughter

Cured meats

Nanny goats and kids

Large livestock

Cattle. Cecina (Cured, air-dried beef)

Horses

Rabbits

Poultry

Hens, chickens, capons and cockerels

Turkeys

Doves and pigeons

Ducks and geese

Game

 

V. MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS

Milk

Types, consumption and marketing

    • Ewe's milk
    • Cow's milk
    • Goat's milk
    • Ass's milk

Spoiled milk

Hot stones

Cream

Colostrum

Cheese

The cheeses depending on the type of milk

Traditional methods for making ewe's cheese

    • Milking
    • Filtering the milk
    • Coagulating the milk
    • Beating the curds
    • Shaping the curds
    • Pressing
    • Adding salt

Whey

Maturing and storing the cheeses

Shapes and types of cheese

Marketing the cheese

Utensils used to make the cheese

Other dairy products

Curd cheese

Junket

Butter

Yoghurt

 

VI. CONSUMING AND PRESERVING VEGETABLE PRODUCTS

Consumption of horticultural products

Pulses and beans

Leafy vegetables and other vegetable products

Domestic preserving methods

Drying

Preserving using sugar

Preserving in vinegar

Bottling and canning

Cold preservation

Preserved products

Fruit

Dried fruit and nuts

Pulses and beans

Vegetables

Freezing

Pulses and beans

Leafy vegetables

Fruit

Mushroom

Other non-plant products

Cooked food

Frozen food

 

VII. PREPARING AND PRESERVING EGGS

Preparing eggs

Baked

Cooked in water

Cooked in oil

Added to other ingredients

Other applications

Preserving eggs

Preserving in lime

Preserving in salt

Other preserving procedures

 

VIII. EATING AQUATIC LIFE

Marine life

Shellfish

    • Molluscs
    • Crustaceans

Fish

    • Most frequently eaten species
    • Species eaten less frequently

Elvers: Fishing and preparation

Fresh water life

River fish

Crustaceans

Frogs

 

IX. EATING MUSHROOMS AND SNAILS

Mushrooms

Toxicity

Preserving

Growing button mushrooms

Preparing mushrooms

Introducing new species

Harvesting

Species description

    • Most consumed mushrooms
    • Restricted consumption species
    • Unspecified mushrooms

Snails

Varieties harvested

Harvest periods

Different attitudes to eating snails

Keeping the harvested snails

Cleaning the snails

Cooking the snails

Preparing the snails

Making stock using the cooking water

 

X. PREPARING THE MEALS FOR THE HOUSEHOLD

The Hearth

Utensils

Culinary culture

Stocks and soups

Pulse and bean stews

Vegetable stews

Potato stews

Salads

Rice

Pasta

Meat

Pork

Mutton and lamb

Beef and veal

Poultry

Game dishes

Fried dishes

Fish

Desserts

Condiments

Vegetable seasonings

Oil

Animal-based seasonings

Other condiments

 

XI. BEVERAGES

Water

Lemonade

Wine

Consumption

Production area and types of grape

Wine making

    • The winery. Treading grapes in the winepress
    • Extracting wine from the press
    • Decanting the wine

Types of wine

Txakoli wine

Making Txakoli

Cider

Harvesting the apples

The press

Cider making

Drinking and bottling

Pitarra (apple must)

Beer

Spirits: Eau-de-vie, Pacharán (liqueur made from fermented sloes) and others

Other beverages

Coffee

Herbal teas

 

XII. TOBACCO

Starting smoking

Tobacco substitutes

Growing and producing tobacco at home

Tobacco forms of presentation

Benefits attributed to tobacco

Pipes and cigarette holders

Pouches and cases

Lighters

 

XIII. RITUAL MEALS AND FOOD

Meals connected with festivities and times of the year

The Christmas cycle

    • Food gifts: Snacks and treats
    • El Aguinaldo - carol singing for treats
    • Christmas Eve dinner. Gabon gaba. Olentzero gaba
      • Ogi salutadorea. Christmas Eve bread
      • Christmas Eve dinner. Gabon afaria
      • Christmas Eve dinner at the start of the century
      • Christmas Eve dinner according to current surveys

Christmas desserts: Intxaursaltza (Nut Sauce), compote, cinnamon soup, nougat and marzipan, sugared almonds

Christmas Day, New Year's Eve, New Year's Day, Epiphany

Meals at Carnival time

Candlemas. Cinnamon French Toast

San Blas. Blessing of food

Postulations and communal meals

    • St. Agatha's Eve
    • Las Marzas (groups of young people singing to welcome March)
    • Las Pascuas (groups of young people singing to celebrate Easter)
    • Basaratostea (Sunday after St. Agatha's Day)
    • Fat Thursday

Carnival

Traditional Carnival dishes

Fasting and abstinence

Canon law

Food on fasting and abstinence days

Easter Sunday

Rites with bread and water

Easter cake

Household celebratory meals and communal meals to mark the patron saints' festivities

Celebrations at chapels and shrines

Light refreshments at the end of mass

Pilgrimage meals

Blessing food at shrines

Brotherhood celebratory meals

Meals at the end of collective work

Pig slaughtering

Finishing the roofing of a house

Auzolan (neighbourhood labour) meals Community work

Meals at the end of collaborative work

Meals to celebrate the rites of passage

Delivery and birth

Baptism

Birthday parties

First Holy Communions

Weddings

Funeral wakes

 

XIV. CHANGES TO THE HOUSEHOLD DIETARY REGIME DURING THE 20TH CENTURY

From monotony to diversity

End of autarky

Home-made products

Changes in daily diet

Attitudes towards food

Changes in social context

New equipment

More recent transitions

 

XV. FOOD IN THE NORTHERN BASQUE COUNTRY

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