Diferencia entre revisiones de «Indice Ritos funerarios en vasconia/en»
De Atlas Etnográfico de Vasconia
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==== [[Asistencia_al_agonizante|Caring for the person in their dying moments ]] ==== | ==== [[Asistencia_al_agonizante|Caring for the person in their dying moments ]] ==== |
Revisión del 12:03 22 feb 2019
Contenido de esta página
- 1 I. OMENS OF DEATH
- 2 II. DEATH THROES AND DEATH
- 3 III. VIATICUM AND EXTREME UNCTION
- 4 IV. BELIEFS ABOUT THE SOUL'S DESTINY
- 5 V. HOUSEHOLD MOURNING AND HELP FROM NEIGHBOURS
- 6 VI. COMMUNICATING THE DEATH
- 7 VII. SHROUD
- 8 VIII. THE WAKE. GAUBELA
- 9 IX. CORPSE WAYS
- 9.1 Names
- 9.2 Corpse ways in localities with a scattered population
- 9.3 Corpse ways in charter towns with a rural population
- 9.4 Corpse ways in localities with a concentrated population
- 9.5 The paths of the parish cross and the Viaticum
- 9.6 Upkeep of the corpse ways
- 9.7 Legal significance of the corpse ways
- 10 X. TAKING THE CORPSE TO THE CHURCH
- 10.1 The bearers
- 10.1.1 Names
- 10.1.2 Neighbours as bearers
- 10.1.3 Youth bearers in Álava
- 10.1.4 Relatives and neighbours as bearers
- 10.1.5 Friends and relatives as bearers
- 10.1.6 Bearers nominated by the dying person
- 10.1.7 Orientation of the corpse
- 10.1.8 Developments in the ways to transport the corpse
- 10.1.9 Taking turns in bearing the corpse
- 10.2 Removal of the corpse
- 10.1 The bearers
- 11 XI. THE FUNERAL CORTEGE
- 12 XII. ATTIRE IN THE FUNERAL CORTEGE
- 13 XIII. OFFERING BEARERS IN THE CORTEGE
- 14 XIV. OBSEQUIES
- 15 XV. OBSEQUIAL DAYS
- 16 XVI. GRAVES IN CHURCHES. PITS
- 17 XVII. OFFERINGS AND SUFFRAGES AT THE GRAVE
- 17.1 Light offering
- 17.2 Bread offering
- 17.2.1 Extent and validity of the bread offering
- 17.2.2 Types of bread, number and weight
- 17.2.3 Names
- 17.2.4 Offerings and recipients
- 17.2.5 Offering ritual at the obsequies
- 17.2.6 Bread offering at the novena
- 17.2.7 Offerings during the year of mourning
- 17.2.8 Offerings at the anniversary mass
- 17.2.9 Offerings on certain days
- 17.2.10 Distribution of the offering bread
- 17.3 Money offerings at the grave
- 17.4 Animal offerings in the past
- 18 XVIII. ACT OF BURIAL
- 19 XIX. RETURNING TO THE HOUSE OF THE DECEASED AND FUNERAL FEAST
- 20 XX. THE MOURNING
- 21 XXI. COMMEMORATION OF THE DEAD
- 22 XXII. ASSOCIATIONS AROUND DEATH
- 22.1 General characteristics of the religious brotherhoods
- 22.2 Brotherhood of the True Cross
- 22.3 Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary
- 22.4 Brotherhood of the Spirits
- 22.5 Religious brotherhoods under other names (San Blas, San Nicolás, Fishermen and Seafarers Santiago Apóstol, San Francisco Javier, San Roque, San Sebastián, Santa Ana, San José, Blessed Sacrament, Santa Fe, Antorchas, Our Lady of the Grottoes)
- 22.6 Brotherhoods linked to shrines
- 22.7 Neighbourhood brotherhoods in Bizkaia
- 22.8 Brotherhood of the Sangüesa Trinity (Navarra)
- 22.9 Brotherhood of the Aramayona Priests (Alava)
- 22.10 Brotherhoods and Funeral Mutual Associations
- 22.11 Appendix
- 22.11.1 Charter of the Brotherhood of the Holy True Cross of the village of Villanueva de Valdegovía
- 22.11.2 Book of the Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary of this town of S. Román
- 22.11.3 Rules and Charter of the Brotherhood of Spirits. Llodio
- 22.11.4 Statuts ou Règlements des Confrères de la Confrérie de Saint-Blaise du quartier d'Amots, en la Paroisse de St-Pé, du 14 fevrier 1779
- 22.11.5 Reformed Rules of the Brotherhood of the Nativity of Our Lady of the Reverend Priests of Aramayona Valley, Province of Alava, Diocese of Vitoria
- 22.11.6 «Bakartasuna» Brotherhood of the Dead (Solitude). Zeanuri
- 22.11.7 Rules of the Brotherhood of the True Cross, founded in Alonsótegui in 1882
- 23 XXIII. BURIAL PLACES AND METHODS
- 24 XXIV. GHOSTS AND WANDERING SPIRITS
- 24.1 Beliefs about ghosts
- 24.2 Types of spirit apparitions
- 24.3 Apparition times
- 24.4 Apparition scenarios
- 24.5 Witnesses of the apparitions
- 24.6 Reaction to the apparitions
- 24.7 Premonitions and fear of apparitions
- 24.8 Practices associated with beliefs in spirits
- 24.9 Traditionalised ghost stories
- 24.10 Appendix: Ghost stories
- 24.10.1 Thundering spirit
- 24.10.2 Shining spirit
- 24.10.3 Fire footprint
- 24.10.4 The swine herd
- 24.10.5 Moving away in seven stages
- 24.10.6 The travelling ghost hunger-priest
- 24.10.7 The priest one mass away
- 24.10.8 Debtor servant girl
- 24.10.9 Arima herratua (âme errante) qui écrit sur un papier nu
- 24.10.10 Apparition in church
- 24.10.11 Group of spirits next to the cemetery
- 24.10.12 The lamp under the bushel
- 25 XXV. LES RITES FUNERAIRES EN PAYS BASQUE NORD OU IPARRALDE (SINTHESE)
I. OMENS OF DEATH
Animal-related omens
Dog howling
Rooster crowing
Behaviour of livestock and cats
Singing or presence of night birds. Le cri de la chouette
Presence of crows and other birds
Presence of insects
Omens related with facts and events
Bells ringing
Paying, measuring or weighing just enough
Noises and other coincidences
Omens resulting from the act of dying
II. DEATH THROES AND DEATH
Death throes
Names
Physical signs of death throes
Death tolls
Caring for the person in their dying moments
- Care and attention
- Visiting the dying person
- Watching over the person in their dying moments
- Contemporary changes
Prayers during the death throes
Other religious practices
Causes for the death throes dragging on
- Feuds and grievances
- Possessed by spirits
Remedies to stop the death throes dragging on
- Meza enkomendadua
- Offering lights and fasts
- Facilitating the exiting of the soul
The death
Names
Physical causes of death
Extraordinary causes of death
- Spells
- Evil eye
- Death spirits
Replacing death
III. VIATICUM AND EXTREME UNCTION
Christian rites of the passage from life to death
Names
Receiving the Last Sacraments
Notifying the priest and doctor
Preparing the room of the sick person
- Home altar
- Decorating the house
Viaticum
- Viaticum in the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)
- Viaticum in Navarra
- Viaticum in Gipuzkoa
- Viaticum in Bizkaia
- Viaticum in Alava
Extreme Unction
Appendix 1: Derniers Sacrements a Mendive (BN)
Appendix 2: Administration of Viaticum and Extreme Unction according to the old Roman Ritual
IV. BELIEFS ABOUT THE SOUL'S DESTINY
Separation of the soul and body
Signs of salvation or damnation
The countenance of the corpse
Signs of nature
Problems when removing the coffin from the house
Incorrupt bodies
Practices to ensure salvation
V. HOUSEHOLD MOURNING AND HELP FROM NEIGHBOURS
Signs of mourning of the bereaved household
Concealing the mirrors
Concealing other belongings
Covering the walls
Closing windows
Signs of mourning outside the house
Role of the neighbours during the mourning period
The neighbourhood and neighbours with regard to the bereaved household
- Organisation of the neighbourhood hierarchy
- The first neighbour
- Reconciliation and friendship between neighbours
Help provided by the neighbours
- Household chores and tasks
- Primacy of family support
- Customarily established help
The parish cross in the bereaved household
Appendix: Rôle des voisins durant le rite funéraire à Ossès/Ortzaize (BN)
VI. COMMUNICATING THE DEATH
Notifications
Recipients of the notification
Death announcers
Relatives and neighbours The first settlers Youths Female announcers Messengers and auroros choirs
Contemporary transitions
Bell ringing
Names
Time of the death knell
Person in charge of ringing the bells
The language of the tolling of the bells
- Religious status and sex differences
- Death knell for children
- Social categories
Validity of the death knells
Death knells in chapels
Burial bell tolls
Death notices
Newspaper death notices
Street death notices
Antiquity of the death notices
Radio death notices
Memorials
Telling domesticated animals of the death
Telling the bees
- Survival of the beehive
- Producing more wax
- Requesting wax and avoiding the death of the bees
- The death of the owner
- The new owner
- Signs of mourning
Telling the barn animals
VII. SHROUD
Death and act of closing the eyelids
ashing and shrouding
Ways of washing the corpse
Cleansing the corpse
Arranging the hands and feet
Salt on the corpse
The shroud and its types
- Cloth shroud
- Religious habits
- Festive garments
Objects that accompany the corpse
Pious symbols
Death indulgences
Secular objects
Burning herbs
VIII. THE WAKE. GAUBELA
The wake
Daytime vigil
Reciting the Rosary at dusk
Night-time vigil
- Names
- The wake in the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)
- The wake in the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)
- Looking after the lamp
- Meals during the wake
Validity of the wake
The room with the deceased
Cross
Light
Holy water
Laying out the corpse
The corpse on the death bed
The corpse in the main room
In the death chamber
The coffin
Names
Making the coffin
Classes and types of coffins
Duties of the carpenter
Trolleys and stretchers
Burning the pallet
IX. CORPSE WAYS
Names
Corpse ways in localities with a scattered population
Southern Basque Country
Northern Basque Country
Corpse ways in charter towns with a rural population
Corpse ways in localities with a concentrated population
The paths of the parish cross and the Viaticum
Upkeep of the corpse ways
Legal significance of the corpse ways
X. TAKING THE CORPSE TO THE CHURCH
The bearers
Names
Neighbours as bearers
- Northern Basque Country
- Southern Basque Country
Youth bearers in Álava
Relatives and neighbours as bearers
Friends and relatives as bearers
Bearers nominated by the dying person
Orientation of the corpse
Developments in the ways to transport the corpse
Taking turns in bearing the corpse
Removal of the corpse
Southern Basque Country
Northern Basque Country
Hospitality house
Mother house or of the patron saint
XI. THE FUNERAL CORTEGE
Composition of the funeral cortege
Names
Head of the procession
The funeral cortege in Alava
The funeral cortege in Bizkaia
The funeral cortege in Gipuzkoa
The funeral cortege in Navarra
The funeral cortege in the Northern Basque Country
Brotherhoods and Associations in the cortege
Prayers and songs during the bearing of the corpse
Stops of the funeral cortege
The funeral cortege today
A child's burial
Names
Northern Basque Country
Southern Basque Country
The godparents at a child's burial
A youth's burial
The mourners
Historical documentation
Ethnographic sources
Crying and wailing
XII. ATTIRE IN THE FUNERAL CORTEGE
Old mourning attire
The cape
The shawl
Traditional men's attire
Traditional women's attire
Attire of the relative and neighbours
Bereavement dress today
XIII. OFFERING BEARERS IN THE CORTEGE
The bearer of the offering. Names
The bread offering
The light offering
Cortege animal offerings in the past
Floral wreaths and flowers in the funeral cortege
Flowers at the start of the century
Artificial wreaths and flowers
Homemade crosses and wreaths
Prevalence of flowers and wreaths
Attributed meanings
Position in the cortege
XIV. OBSEQUIES
The corpse during the obsequies
The coffin in the gateway
Burial prior to the funeral service
The catafalque or burial mound
The funeral with the body present
Arrangement of the family mourners in the church
Male mourners
Family mourners
Family mourners today
The funeral mass
Names
Types of funeral
Satires on the types of funeral
The social standing of the funeral
Burial mass and Funeral rites
«A tiempo» masses (concelebrated by different priests)
Infant funerals
Appendix: Obsequies according to the Roman Ritual
XV. OBSEQUIAL DAYS
Novena
Names
The novena in the Twenties
Persistence and transformation of the novena
The novena in the Northern Basque Country
Reciting the rosary during the novena
Funeral rites
Month's Mind
Anniversary Mass
Names
Southern Basque Country
Northern Basque Country
Mass offerings
Names
Northern Basque Country
Southern Basque Country
Gregorian masses
Appendix: Burial costs
XVI. GRAVES IN CHURCHES. PITS
Names
Validity of the symbolic graves
Household grave
Collective grave
Abolition of the graves
Burial goods
Cloth or tablecloth
Light holders
- Woodcutter
- Grave. Pit
- Argizaiola
- Candlestick
Match
Candle decorations
Making candles and matches by hand
Hamper of offerings
Kneeler
Custody of the belongings
Activation of the grave
Primacy of the lady of the house
Sister's involvement
Duties of the sister on the day of the obsequies
Taking possession of the grave
Length of the mourning at the grave
XVII. OFFERINGS AND SUFFRAGES AT THE GRAVE
Light offering
Beliefs
Light offering at the obsequies
- Gipuzkoa
- Navarra
- Alava
- Bizkaia
- Northern Basque Country
Light offerings during the mourning period
- Gipuzkoa
- Navarra
- Alava
- Bizkaia
- Northern Basque Country
Bread offering
Extent and validity of the bread offering
Types of bread, number and weight
Names
Offerings and recipients
Offering ritual at the obsequies
Bread offering at the novena
Offerings during the year of mourning
Offerings at the anniversary mass
Offerings on certain days
Distribution of the offering bread
Money offerings at the grave
Names
The responsories of the day of the burial
Responsories during the period of mourning
- On feast days
- Ordinary days
Responsories on certain days of the year
Evolution of the stipend of the responsories
Animal offerings in the past
Historical sources
Ethnographic sources
XVIII. ACT OF BURIAL
Attending the burial act
Ex officio attendees
Women not attending
Bereavement after the burial
Cortege to the limes
Direct cortege to the cemetery
Large procession
The burial today
Rituals in the cemetery
Retrieval of religious symbols
Throwing a handful of earth
The Interment
Orientation of the tomb
In the church and in its surroundings
In the cemetery
- Orientation with respect to the Sun
- Orientation with respect to the church
- Orientation with respect to the floor plan of the cemetery
- Random distribution
XIX. RETURNING TO THE HOUSE OF THE DECEASED AND FUNERAL FEAST
Return of the cortege to the house of the deceased
Northern Basque Country
Southern Basque Country
Feast and refreshments for the attendees
The «goodwill» in Alava
Karidadea in Gipuzkoa
Other refreshments
Gifts to the participants in the obsequies
To the priests
To the coffin bearers
To children
To the auroros choirs
Alms to the poor
The burial meal
Names
Place of the meal
- At the house of the deceased
- In inns and taverns
- Preparing the room and the meal
Diners
- Relatives
- Neighbours
- Mezakoak
- Other guests
- Top table
- Prayers
Composition of the meal
The burial meal at different places
- Beskoitze (L)
- Izpura (BN)
- Ezpeize-Ündüreiñe (Z)
- Basabüria (Haute Soule)
- Aria (N)
- Allo (N)
- Mezkiriz (N)
- Berastegi (G)
- Elosua (G)
- Abadiano (B)
- Zeanuri (B)
- Ribera Alta (A)
- Salvatierra (A)
Anniversary and funeral rites meals
Current valuations
Appendix: Some legal restrictions about funeral feasts
XX. THE MOURNING
Names
Duration of the mourning
Restrictions during the mourning period
Attending dances and parties
Presence in bars and public establishments
Household celebrations
Noisy activities
Mourning apparel
Women's mourning apparel
- Mourning veil
- Mantalina
- Shawl
- Mantaleta
- Kaputxina
Men's mourning apparel
- Kapa
- Kapa ttipia and taulerra
Children's mourning apparel
Less rigorous mourning
Home dying of garments for the mourning
Signs of mourning on the outside of the house
Drapery
Concealing the coats-of-arms
Extending the mourning to the domesticated animals
Other displays of mourning
Changes to the mourning
XXI. COMMEMORATION OF THE DEAD
1 November All Saints' Day
Offerings at the church
Visiting the cemetery
- Southern Basque Country
- Northern Basque Country
2 November Commemoration of the Faithful Departed or All Souls' Day
Offerings at the church
Visits to the cemetery
Novena for the Spirits in Purgatory
Distribution of the offerings to children
Indulgences for the deceased
Commemoration of the dead during the year
Caring for the graves
XXII. ASSOCIATIONS AROUND DEATH
General characteristics of the religious brotherhoods
Brotherhood of the True Cross
Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary
Brotherhood of the Spirits
Religious brotherhoods under other names (San Blas, San Nicolás, Fishermen and Seafarers Santiago Apóstol, San Francisco Javier, San Roque, San Sebastián, Santa Ana, San José, Blessed Sacrament, Santa Fe, Antorchas, Our Lady of the Grottoes)
Brotherhoods linked to shrines
Neighbourhood brotherhoods in Bizkaia
Brotherhood of San Miguel de Alzusta in Zeanuri
Brotherhood of San Adrián de Argiñeta in Elorrio
Brotherhood of the Sangüesa Trinity (Navarra)
Brotherhood of the Aramayona Priests (Alava)
Brotherhoods and Funeral Mutual Associations
Appendix
Charter of the Brotherhood of the Holy True Cross of the village of Villanueva de Valdegovía
Book of the Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary of this town of S. Román
Rules and Charter of the Brotherhood of Spirits. Llodio
Statuts ou Règlements des Confrères de la Confrérie de Saint-Blaise du quartier d'Amots, en la Paroisse de St-Pé, du 14 fevrier 1779
Reformed Rules of the Brotherhood of the Nativity of Our Lady of the Reverend Priests of Aramayona Valley, Province of Alava, Diocese of Vitoria
«Bakartasuna» Brotherhood of the Dead (Solitude). Zeanuri
Rules of the Brotherhood of the True Cross, founded in Alonsótegui in 1882
XXIII. BURIAL PLACES AND METHODS
Internment on the homestead
Internment next to the church
Internment inside the church
Legal restrictions regarding burial in churches
The cemetery
Names
Location of the cemetery
- Next to the place of worship
- Cemeteries around chapels
- Cemeteries in the outskirts
Distribution of the cemetery area
Right of internment in the grave
Burial methods
- The burial mound
- Grave in the ground with flagstone
- The pantheon
- The crypt
Headstone
- Crosses
- Stelae
Unconsecrated ground
- Limbo
- Area for people who have committed suicide and non-believers
- Specific cases
- Civil burials
XXIV. GHOSTS AND WANDERING SPIRITS
Beliefs about ghosts
Types of spirit apparitions
Sounds and strong noises
Lights and glows
Shadows
Smells
Bodily form
Other types of apparition
Apparition times
Apparition scenarios
The house and outside the home
Paths and crossroads
Spirit abodes
Witnesses of the apparitions
Reaction to the apparitions
Preventions
Dialogues and rules
Precautions and accreditations
Ways of driving them away
Petitions to the spirits
- Masses
- Prayers
- Settling debts
- Fulfilling promises
Premonitions and fear of apparitions
Ban on going round and round the cemetery
Fear of burial places
Practices associated with beliefs in spirits
Traditionalised ghost stories
The travelling ghost hunger-priest
The priest one mass away
Debtor servant girl
Appendix: Ghost stories
Thundering spirit
Shining spirit
Fire footprint
The swine herd
Moving away in seven stages
The travelling ghost hunger-priest
The priest one mass away
Debtor servant girl
Arima herratua (âme errante) qui écrit sur un papier nu
Apparition in church
Group of spirits next to the cemetery
The lamp under the bushel