Diferencia entre revisiones de «Indice Ritos del nacimiento al matrimonio en vasconia/en»

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Revisión del 10:21 21 feb 2019

I. BIRTH. JAIOTZA

Childhood beliefs about where children come from

The stork. Paris

• Brought by the midwife or the doctor

• Zerutik ekarriak

• Found in nearby settings

Bought

Labour. Erditzea

• From home to hospital births

• Helpers during labour

• • The midwife
  • The doctor

• Labour

• • Everyday life prior to labour
  • The position when giving birth
  • The action of giving birth

• • • Preparations
    • Labour
    • Delivery
    • Labour alone

• • The placenta and umbilical cord

• Caring for the postpartum mother

• Feeding the mother after giving birth

• • Diet and convalescence period
  • Harmful and beneficial food

Announcing the birth

Holding and showing the child

Looking after the newborn

• First care

• Checking the child

• • Head
  • Straightening the nose
  • Ears

• Swaddling babies

• Precautions taken

Breastfeeding

• Nursing

• Wet-nurses

• Dangers for the nursing mother. "Getting hairy"

• Extending breastfeeding

• Breastfeeding today

• Start of normal feeding

Burial of unbaptized infants

• Under the eaves of the house

• In the vegetable garden

• In the limbo of the cemetery

• Lack of coffin

• People attending the burial

Appendix 1: Emaztia esperantxetan eta haur jaioberriaren jatekoa Nafarroa Beherako bi herritan

Appendix 2: Couvade

 

II. BELIEFS RELATED TO THE BIRTH

Cravings. Influence on the child

Guessing the sex of the child

• Shape of the mother's belly

• Signs in the face of the mother. Blanket

• Course of the pregnancy

• First step of the pregnant mother

• Moon phase influence in conception

• Divination procedures

Choosing the sex

Different beliefs about pregnancy and labour

Intercession of the saints for a safe labour

Importance of the moment of the birth

Child healer

Pre-baptismal precautionsa

• Not kissing the newborn

• Charms

• Holy water

• Religious charms

• Medals and other religious items

• Curing the evil eye

 

III. BAPTISM. BATAIOA

Baptising newborns

Delaying baptism

Baptistery. Pontea

Emergency baptism

People attending the baptism

• Baptism apparel

• Holder of the child

Ritual entourage

Old baptism ritual

• On entering the church

• Way to the baptistery

• In the baptistery

New baptism ritual

Offerings and gifts

Hospitality to mark the baptism

• Refreshments for the entourage (Alava. Bizkaia. Gipuzkoa. Northern Basque Country (lying within France). Navarra)

• Arrebuchas ritual where the godparents throw sweets and coins (Navarra. Alava. Bizkaia. Gipuzkoa. Northern Basque Country)

Godparenthood

• Undertaking of the godparents

• Spiritual kinship and affinity

• Choice of godparents

• Offering to be a godparent

• The right to be a godparent

• Sole godparent

• Proxy godparents

• Random godparents

• Names of godparents and godchildren

Baptismal name

Gifts from the godparents

• Christmas and Easter presents

 

IV. POSTPARTUM PERIOD

Requirements during the postpartum period

• Using cloth pads as protection

Blessing the mother

• The Purification of the Virgin Mary as the archetype

• Names

• Length of the postpartum quarantine

• Churching ritual

Visiting the postpartum mother and celebrating the end of the postpartum period

Offering up of children in chapels and at shrines

Appendix: Blessing the mother ritual

 

V. EARLY CHILDHOOD. HAURTZAROA

The cradle. Sehaska

• Wooden cradles

• Wicker cradles: Moses basket

• Cots

• Substitute cradles. The half bushel

• Cradle mattress and linen

• Rocking the cradle

• Making the cradle

• More recent cradles

Looking after the child

• Taking the baby for a stroll in the past

• The first outings

• Traditional ways for carrying the child

• People looking after the child

• • The women of the household
  • Babysitters
  • Nursemaids

• Taking the child for a walk nowadays

Childhood development milestones

• The first steps

• • Learning implements. Baby walker
  • Popular beliefs

• Infant babbling

• • Helping to start talking
  • Popular beliefs

• Cutting the first teeth

• Losing baby teeth

• • Tooth, baby tooth
  • Gift for lost tooth

The anniversary of the birth

• Birthday

• Birthday presents

 

VI. CHILDHOOD AND PUBERTY

Attending school

• Ordinary school starting age

• Starting school late

• Early school starting age

• Truancy

First Communion

• Private communion and high mass communion

• First Communion alone

• Dates of holding the First Communion

• Rite of passage to adolescence

• First Communion dresses

• • Former attire
  • First Communion suit

• First Communion reception

• • Hot chocolate breakfast
  • Family refreshments
  • The First Communion reception today

• First Communion presents

• • Collecting in the neighbourhood
  • Communion gifts today

Confirmation

• Confirmation, rite of entry into youth

• Celebration of the Confirmation

• Confirmation in the past

• • The pastoral visit
  • Confirmation at an indeterminate age
  • Farcical formulas of the Confirmation

Housework done by children

• Initiating children in housework

• Common tasks for boys and girls

• Jobs entrusted to girls

• • Urzayas

• Jobs done by boys

• Children's chores today

Children activities and games

Appendix 1: The Communion day and the Administration of the Confirmation in Sara (L)

Appendix 2: Notes on the school system and literacy

 

VII. YOUTH

The mocería youth association

• Mocerías in Alava

• • Mocerías at the turn of the century

• Mocerías in Navarra

• Communal activities of young people in other parts of the Basque Country

Outfits and headwear

• Dancing. Dantza

• Start age

• Dance venues: the square

• Dance times

• Dance classes

• • Dancing alone
  • Partner dances

• Starting and ending the dance

• • The bastonero (dance master)

• Organisation of the dance

• Start of the dance and pairing

• Musical instruments

• • Instruments from the past

• • • Trikitrixa and accordion
    • Txistu and drum, bagpipes and dulzaina double reed instrument
    • Dance orchestras and municipal bands

• • Modern instruments

• Dancing during pilgrimages and patron saint's festivities

• Private dances

• • Casinos, societies and social circles
  • Dance parties
  • Discotheques and night clubs

• Restrictions on freedom to dance

• • Coercion of conscience
  • Reproaching the congregants
  • Lent and mourning

• Contemporary transitions

Compulsory military service

• Departure of the quintos (conscripts)

• Conscript celebrations

Presentation to society

Youth religious associations

• Congregation of the Daughters of Mary

• Congregation of San Luis Gonzaga

• Other youth associations

Appendix:Regulations for organising cuadrillas (companies of friends) or Societies. San Martín de Unx, 9 January 1885

 

VIII. START OF THE LOVE RELATIONSHIP

Meeting places and opportunities

• Meeting points in the past

• • When working
  • The fountain
  • At the end of religious ceremonies

• Dances

• Accompanying the girl home

Walking out

Matchmaking games

Rites and prayers to find a suitor

Courting dances and wooing of young women

• Night courting dances

• St. Agatha courting dance

• St. John courting dance

• Wooing

Preparing doughnuts

Propitious time to start relations

Taking the lead in relations

• Matchmaking

• • Friends or relatives
  • Matchmakers

• Marriages arranged by the parents

• • Matches guided by economic interests
  • Calling
  • Arranged liaisons

• Parental pressure ending the courtship

 

IX. COURTSHIP

Ways of proposing

• Exchanging objects

Formalising the courtship

• Value of the courtship and its ending

• Sweethearts meeting

• • Meeting place
  • Meeting days

Relationships between the couple and their single friends

Realm of the courtship

• Intermarriage

• Local inbreeding

• Levy on a groom from another area

 

X. MARRIAGE SETTLEMENTS

Request for the woman's hand in marriage

Marriage settlements

> ALAVA

• The mandas or marriage settlement

• Contents of the settlements

• Entering into the settlements

> BIZKAIA

• Marriage settlements

• Contents of the settlements

• Kontratuko bazkaria

> GIPUZKOA

• The entailed estate

• Contents of the settlements

• Entering into the settlements

> NORTHERN BASQUE COUNTRY

• The marriage contract

• Contents of the settlements

• Kontratuko apairua

> NAVARRA

• Marriage settlements

• Contents of the settlements

• Entering into the settlements

Marriage settlements at the turn of the century

• The marriage contract

• Contents of the settlements

• • As regards the people
  • As regards the goods

The dowry

> ALAVA

• The dowry

Consequences of a rupture

> BIZKAIA

• The dowry

• Consequences of a rupture

> GIPUZKOA

The dowry

• Consequences of a rupture

> NORTHERN BASQUE COUNTRY

• The dowry

• Consequences of a rupture

> NAVARRA

• The dowry

• Consequences of a rupture

Dowry at the turn of the century

• Contents of the dowry

• Setting up the dowry

• • Handing over the dowry
  • Compensation in case of rupture

 

XI. WEDDING ARRANGEMENTS

Requirements to get married

Banns

• Publication of the banns

• Customs during the banns of marriage period

• • Congratulating
  • Bota-eguna

• Ballads to the bride and groom

Stag/hen party

• Celebration in the past

• The stag/hen party today

Padrinos or wedding sponsors

• Choice of the wedding sponsors

• Obligations of the wedding sponsors

Wedding invitations

• Increase in the number of guests

• Sending out the invitations

Wedding gifts

• Gifts between the bride and groom

• Gifts from the guests

 

XII. THE WEDDING

Time and place of the marriage

• Weddings within the year

• Mourning wedding

• Dates and times held

Venue

Decoration of the church

• Music and songs during the ceremony

The wedding entourage

• The wedding entourage in the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)

• The wedding entourage in the Northern Basque Country

• • Symbolic levy on a groom from another area

• The wedding entourage today

• Attire of the wedding guests

• • The bride's wedding dress

• • • Until the middle of the century
    • Prevalence of the white dress
    • Headwear and ornaments
    • Mourning

• • The groom's suit
  • Attire of the guests

The religious ceremony

• In the church porch

• • The marriage
  • Blessing of bands and rings

• In the church

• • Nuptial mass

• The religious ceremony today

• Marriage certificate

• Offering the bridal bouquet

Congratulations, tribute and gifts

Return of the wedding entourage

Wedding photographs

Civil marriage

• Ceremony

• Current acceptance of civil marriage

• • Frequency of civil marriages

Appendix 1: Civil marriage form in the Southern Basque Country

Appendix 2: Ezkontza euskeraz Herriko Etxean (lparraldean)

 

XIII. ENTERING THE MARITAL HOME. ETXE-SARTZEA

Wedding cart and chattels

• The wedding cart in old ethnographic texts

• The wedding cart in the Etniker survey

• Other ways of transporting the bride's chattels

Driving the non-local spouse to the marital home

Rites when entering the new home

Inventory and displaying the chattels

 

XIV. THE WEDDING RECEPTION

Guests to the reception

Involvement of young men in the wedding

Length of the wedding celebrations

• Celebrations of over two days

• Two-day celebrations

• Celebrations of just one day

Celebrations without a wedding reception

Large receptions

• Venues

• • Home receptions
  • Receptions outside the home

• Preparing the venues

• Preparing dishes and service

• Paying for the reception

• Composition of the reception

• Seating of the guests at the table

• • Home weddings
  • Weddings outside the home

• Rituals during the wedding reception

• • Rituals at the start of the reception
  • Rituals during the reception
  • Dancing
  • Singing
  • Gifts to the guests

• Other customs related to the wedding reception

Wedding night customs

 

XV. POST-WEDDING OFFERING AND CELEBRATIONS

Honeymoon

• The couple's departure

• Short trips

• Visiting relatives

Long trips

Post-wedding offering

• Propter nuptias funeral offering

• • Gipuzkoa
  • Bizkaia
  • Alava
  • Navarra
  • Northern Basque Country

• Contemporary transitions

Post-wedding meals

Appendix: Descriptions of weddings in the different areas of the Basque Country

• La noce au Pays de Soule aux années 20

• Gipuzkoako Elosuan 1932.ean egin ziren ezkontza-eztei batzuen berri

• A wedding in the town of Sara in Labourd in 1943

• A wedding in the town of Moreda in Álava in 1991

• Bizkaiko Ajangizen 1993.ean egin ziran ezkontza-eztegu batzuren barri

 

XVI. UNMARRIED STATUS AND CELIBACY. MARRIAGE OF WIDOWS AND WIDOWERS

Unmarried status

• Reasons for being unmarried

• Resistance to the rural way of life

• Integration of unmarried people in the home

• Social standing of unmarried people

• Marriage and procreation

Religious celibacy

• Rite of Religious Progression

• Ecclesiastical career

Marriage of widows and widowers

• Cencerradas - banging on pots and pans

• • Northern Basque Country
  • Gipuzkoa
  • Bizkaia
  • Alava
  • Navarra

• Reaction to the cencerradas

Church and civil prohibitions

 

XVII. COMMON-LAW UNIONS AND ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN

Common-law unions

• Frequency and acceptance

Resources to circumvent social pressure

Single mothers

Illegitimate children

• Baptism

Fate of the children

Adultery

Separation and divorce