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De Atlas Etnográfico de Vasconia
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I. BIRTH. JAIOTZA

Childhood beliefs about where children come from

The stork. Paris

Brought by the midwife or the doctor

Found in nearby settings

Bought

Labour. Erditzea

From home to hospital births

Helpers during labour

    • The midwife
    • The doctor
    • Everyday life prior to labour
    • The position when giving birth
    • The action of giving birth
      • Preparations
      • Labour
      • Delivery
      • Labour alone
    • The placenta and umbilical cord

Caring for the postpartum mother

    • Diet and convalescence period
    • Harmful and beneficial food

Announcing the birth

Holding and showing the child

Looking after the newborn

    • Head
    • Straightening the nose
    • Ears

Swaddling babies

Breastfeeding

Wet-nurses

Extending breastfeeding

Breastfeeding today

Burial of unbaptized infants

Under the eaves of the house

Lack of coffin

People attending the burial

Appendix 1: Emaztia esperantxetan eta haur jaioberriaren jatekoa Nafarroa Beherako bi herritan

Appendix 2: Couvade

II. BELIEFS RELATED TO THE BIRTH

Cravings. Influence on the child

Guessing the sex of the child

First step of the pregnant mother

Choosing the sex

Different beliefs about pregnancy and labour

Intercession of the saints for a safe labour

Importance of the moment of the birth

Child healer

Pre-baptismal precautionsa

Charms

Religious charms

Medals and other religious items

Curing the evil eye

III. BAPTISM. BATAIOA

Baptising newborns

Delaying baptism

Baptistery. Pontea

Emergency baptism

People attending the baptism

Baptism apparel

Ritual entourage

Old baptism ritual

Way to the baptistery

In the baptistery

New baptism ritual

Offerings and gifts

Hospitality to mark the baptism

Arrebuchas ritual where the godparents throw sweets and coins (Navarra. Alava. Bizkaia. Gipuzkoa. Northern Basque Country)

Godparenthood

Spiritual kinship and affinity

Proxy godparents

Names of godparents and godchildren

Baptismal name

Gifts from the godparents

Christmas and Easter presents

IV. POSTPARTUM PERIOD

Requirements during the postpartum period

Blessing the mother

Names

Length of the postpartum quarantine

Churching ritual

Visiting the postpartum mother and celebrating the end of the postpartum period

Offering up of children in chapels and at shrines

Appendix: Blessing the mother ritual

V. EARLY CHILDHOOD. HAURTZAROA

The cradle. Sehaska

Wooden cradles

Wicker cradles: Moses basket

Substitute cradles. The half bushel

Cradle mattress and linen

Making the cradle

Looking after the child

    • The women of the household
    • Babysitters
    • Nursemaids

Childhood development milestones

    • Learning implements. Baby walker
    • Popular beliefs
    • Helping to start talking
    • Popular beliefs

Losing baby teeth

    • Tooth, baby tooth
    • Gift for lost tooth

The anniversary of the birth

Birthday

VI. CHILDHOOD AND PUBERTY

Attending school

Truancy

First Communion

Private communion and high mass communion

Dates of holding the First Communion

First Communion dresses

    • Former attire
    • First Communion suit

First Communion reception

    • Hot chocolate breakfast
    • Family refreshments
    • The First Communion reception today

First Communion presents

    • Collecting in the neighbourhood
    • Communion gifts today

Confirmation

Confirmation, rite of entry into youth

Confirmation in the past

    • The pastoral visit
    • Confirmation at an indeterminate age
    • Farcical formulas of the Confirmation

Housework done by children

Common tasks for boys and girls

    • Urzayas

Jobs done by boys

Children activities and games

Appendix 1: The Communion day and the Administration of the Confirmation in Sara (L)

Appendix 2: Notes on the school system and literacy

VII. YOUTH

The mocería youth association

    • Mocerías at the turn of the century

Mocerías in Navarra

Communal activities of young people in other parts of the Basque Country

Outfits and headwear

Start age

Dance classes

    • Dancing alone
    • Partner dances

Starting and ending the dance

    • The bastonero (dance master)

Organisation of the dance

    • Instruments from the past
      • Trikitrixa and accordion
      • Txistu and drum, bagpipes and dulzaina double reed instrument
      • Dance orchestras and municipal bands
    • Modern instruments

Dancing during pilgrimages and patron saint's festivities

    • Casinos, societies and social circles
    • Dance parties
    • Discotheques and night clubs
    • Coercion of conscience
    • Reproaching the congregants
    • Lent and mourning

Contemporary transitions

Compulsory military service

Presentation to society

Youth religious associations

Other youth associations

Appendix:Regulations for organising cuadrillas (companies of friends) or Societies. San Martín de Unx, 9 January 1885

VIII. START OF THE LOVE RELATIONSHIP

Meeting places and opportunities

Meeting points in the past

    • When working
    • The fountain
    • At the end of religious ceremonies

Accompanying the girl home

Walking out

Matchmaking games

Rites and prayers to find a suitor

Courting dances and wooing of young women

St. Agatha courting dance

Wooing

Preparing doughnuts

Propitious time to start relations

Taking the lead in relations

    • Friends or relatives
    • Matchmakers

Marriages arranged by the parents

    • Matches guided by economic interests
    • Calling
    • Arranged liaisons

Parental pressure ending the courtship

IX. COURTSHIP

Ways of proposing

Formalising the courtship

Sweethearts meeting

    • Meeting place
    • Meeting days

Relationships between the couple and their single friends

Realm of the courtship

Local inbreeding

Levy on a groom from another area

X. MARRIAGE SETTLEMENTS

Request for the woman's hand in marriage

Marriage settlements

> ALAVA

The mandas or marriage settlement

Entering into the settlements

> BIZKAIA

Contents of the settlements

Kontratuko bazkaria

> GIPUZKOA

The entailed estate

Entering into the settlements

> NORTHERN BASQUE COUNTRY

Kontratuko apairua

> NAVARRA

Marriage settlements

Entering into the settlements

Marriage settlements at the turn of the century

Contents of the settlements

    • As regards the people
    • As regards the goods

The dowry

> ALAVA

Consequences of a rupture

> BIZKAIA

> GIPUZKOA

The dowry

> NORTHERN BASQUE COUNTRY

> NAVARRA

The dowry

Dowry at the turn of the century

    • Handing over the dowry
    • Compensation in case of rupture

XI. WEDDING ARRANGEMENTS

Requirements to get married

Banns

Publication of the banns

    • Congratulating
    • Bota-eguna

Stag/hen party

Celebration in the past

Padrinos or wedding sponsors

Choice of the wedding sponsors

Obligations of the wedding sponsors

Wedding invitations

Increase in the number of guests

Sending out the invitations

Wedding gifts

Gifts from the guests

XII. THE WEDDING

Time and place of the marriage

Mourning wedding

Venue

Decoration of the church

The wedding entourage

The wedding entourage in the Northern Basque Country

    • Symbolic levy on a groom from another area

The wedding entourage today

Attire of the wedding guests

    • The bride's wedding dress
      • Until the middle of the century
      • Prevalence of the white dress
      • Headwear and ornaments
      • Mourning
    • The groom's suit
    • Attire of the guests

The religious ceremony

In the church porch

    • The marriage
    • Blessing of bands and rings
    • Nuptial mass

The religious ceremony today

Congratulations, tribute and gifts

Return of the wedding entourage

Wedding photographs

Civil marriage

    • Frequency of civil marriages

Appendix 1: Civil marriage form in the Southern Basque Country

Appendix 2: Ezkontza euskeraz Herriko Etxean (lparraldean)

XIII. ENTERING THE MARITAL HOME. ETXE-SARTZEA

Wedding cart and chattels

Driving the non-local spouse to the marital home

Rites when entering the new home

Inventory and displaying the chattels

XIV. THE WEDDING RECEPTION

Guests to the reception

Involvement of young men in the wedding

Length of the wedding celebrations

Two-day celebrations

Celebrations of just one day

Celebrations without a wedding reception

Large receptions

Venues

    • Home receptions
    • Receptions outside the home

Composition of the reception

Seating of the guests at the table

    • Home weddings
    • Weddings outside the home
    • Rituals at the start of the reception
    • Rituals during the reception
    • Dancing
    • Singing
    • Gifts to the guests

Wedding night customs

XV. POST-WEDDING OFFERING AND CELEBRATIONS

Honeymoon

Long trips

Post-wedding offering

    • Gipuzkoa
    • Bizkaia
    • Alava
    • Navarra
    • Northern Basque Country

Post-wedding meals

Appendix: Descriptions of weddings in the different areas of the Basque Country

La noce au Pays de Soule aux années 20

Bizkaiko Ajangizen 1993.ean egin ziran ezkontza-eztegu batzuren barri

XVI. UNMARRIED STATUS AND CELIBACY. MARRIAGE OF WIDOWS AND WIDOWERS

Unmarried status

Reasons for being unmarried

Marriage and procreation

Religious celibacy

Ecclesiastical career

Marriage of widows and widowers

Cencerradas - banging on pots and pans

    • Northern Basque Country
    • Gipuzkoa
    • Bizkaia
    • Alava
    • Navarra

Reaction to the cencerradas

Church and civil prohibitions

XVII. COMMON-LAW UNIONS AND ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN

Common-law unions

Frequency and acceptance

Resources to circumvent social pressure

Single mothers

Illegitimate children

Baptism

Fate of the children

Adultery

Separation and divorce