Table of contents
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I. HEALTH AND POPULAR THOUGHT
The body
- Hair colour
- Hair and illness
- Qualities attributed to the eye colour
- Eye colour and illness
- Fatness
- Build
- Other health signs
Temperament
- Types of temperament
- Basque categories
Environmental influence
- Night air
- Night dew and dampness
- Winds
Seasonal changes and phases of the moon
- Burning sugar, alcohol and incense
- Burning and boiling herbs
Food
- Health and unhealthy food
- Harmful food previously considered to be healthy
- Comfort food and drinks
- Refreshing food and drinks
- Intake of food
- Curative virtues of water
Name of the illnesses
Contagious diseases
Epidemics
Contemporary transitions
Food and household hygiene
II. SYMPTOMS AND GENERAL REMEDIES
Fever or temperature
Fever-related illnesses
- Fever in childhood illnesses
- Typhoid fever
- Malta fever
Remedies for ordinary or flu-like temperatures
- Apply cold presses and take baths
- Infusions and bloodletting
- Intake of liquids and food
- Other remedies
Remedies against Malta fevers and typhoid fever
Sweating
Illness where sweating is used
- Sweating and staying in bed
- Hot milk with honey
- Treatments made with wine
Rubs
Procedures and objects using to rub
Liquids or other items used in the rubs
- Alcohol rubs
- Iodine rubs
- Vinegar rubs
- Grease rubs
- Nettle rubs
- Poultice rubs
- Rubs with pharmaceutical products
III. FOLK MEDICINE
Folk medicine
- Local healers
- Bonesetters
- Healers of different illnesses
- Carers
Medicines kept at home
Contenido de esta página
HEAD
IV. HEAD AILMENTS
Headaches
Causes of headaches
- Bed rest
- Applying poultices
- Herbal tisanes
- Stisanem inhalation
- Decongesting the head
- Different remedies
- Magical remedies
- Medicines
Dizziness and sickness
Height vertigo
- Sickness remedies
- Sickness caused by braziers
- Travel sickness
Inebriation
Nostalgia
Alienation
Names and expressions
Causes of the madness
- Suffering and depression
- Mental effort and blows to the head
- Genetic and consanguinity
- Female reproductive physiology
- The moon and southerly wind
- Old age and other causes
Remedies for nervous illnesses
St. Vitus dance
Names
Epilepsy
Remedies for epilepsy
V. TOOTHACHE
Remedies for cavities and teeth infections
Mouthwashes and poultices
Burning incense and stisanem inhalations
Extracting teeth and molars
Teeth pulling at home
Teeth extractions by trained people
VI. EYE DISEASES
Eye conditions
Eye colds
Eye inflammation
Stye
Remedies
- Applying an iron key
- Applying a gold ring
Extracting foreign bodies
Using water
Use of auxiliary objects
Squints. Crossed-eyes
Blindness
VII. EAR DISEASES
Earache
Olive oil
Remedies with plants
Buzzing or humming
Deafness
SKIN
VIII. SKIN IRRITATIONS AND LESIONS
SKIN LESIONS
Abrasions, urratua and surface wounds
Empirical remedies
- Water and soap
- Oil and lard
- Herbs
- Garlic and egg
- Powders and urine
- Boiled water and soap
- Onion and oil with herbs
- Pasmo-belarra and ebaki-belarra
- Mallow
Burns
Remedies
- Cold water, snow and heat
- Soap, virgin oil and lime
- Potato, egg white, other products
- Animal dung
- Elder, wax and oil
- Plants
- Burn cloths
Skin cracking
Causes and names
- Urine
- Lard and wax
- Plants
- Skin
Calluses
Empirical remedies
- Plants
- Water baths and curettage
SKIN IRRITATIONS
Eczema, legena
Empirical remedies
- Oils
- Plants
- Herbal tisanes
- Healing waters
Other skin irritations
IX. SKIN CONTAGIOUS DISEASES AND INFECTIONS
SKIN INFECTIONS
Chilblains
- Water concoctions Snow
- Plants. Ash
- Disinfectants
- Burning objects
Boils
Empirical remedies
- Onions
- Water compresses
- Dressings and ointments
- Onions
- Rennet and breadcrumbs
- Verbena and sage
- Ivy and cuckoo-pint
- Osabedarra and uztabedarra
- Elder
- Bitter gourd and latex
- Mallow
- Oil, grease and wax
- Snails and clay
Acne inversa
Inflammations
Remedies for inflammations
Whitlows
Causes and names
- Hot water
- Onions
- Flour or bread dressings
- Plant poultices
- Greasy ointments
Spots and acne
- Remedies
- Remedies
Herpes
Causes
Empirical remedies
Herpes area
Erysipelas
Causes and names
Empirical remedies
SKIN CONTAGIOUS DISEASES
Scabies
Causes and names
Empirical remedies
- Lard and sulphur
- Water baths and plant decoctions
Belief remedies
- Purification in the St. John's bonfire
- Purification with St. John's dew
- St. John's water
Ringworm
Causes
Sexual diseases
Lice
Appendix 1: Whitlows. Curing rites and formulas
Appendix 2: Neck scrofula. Curing rites and formulas
X. SKIN MARKS. HAIR AND NAILS
SKIN MARKS
Warts
- Plant latex
- Poultices
- Plant nitrate and other products
- Tying with silk thread
- Menstruation and sage
Belief remedies
Grains of salt
- Bulrushes
- Juniper berries
- Apples. Bacon
- Garlic. Onions
- Grains of wheat, chickpeas and stones
- Olive and boxwood leaves
- Slugs, limpets and toads
- Coin offerings
Freckles and moles
Causes
Beliefs
HAIR AND NAILS
Baldness
Beliefs and names
- Recommendations and beliefs
- Empirical remedies
- Ointments
St. John's day and May water
Nails
Beliefs about hangnails
FOOT SWEATING
Causes
Precautionary measures
BLOOD
XI. BLOOD
Blood impurities
Causes of blood impurities
- Cleansing the blood
- Blood thinning. High blood pressure
- Improving blood circulation
Bloodletting
Diseases treated by bloodletting
Ways of applying the leaches and carrying out the bloodletting
Diabetes
Anaemia
Nose bleeds
Applying cold
Haemorrhoids and varicose veins
Causes
Remedies
INTERNAL ORGANS
XII. RESPIRATORY DISEASES
Cold
General remedies
- Stisanem inhalation
- Honey with milk or with lemon juice
- Wine hot toddy
- Herbal tisanes
- Feet soaking
Sneezing
Head cold
Sinusitis
Stuffy nose
Remedies for stuffy noses
- Salt water
- Stisanem inhalation
Sore throats
Names
Remedies for sore throats
- Ash, bran, salt
- Poultices
- Sheep's wool
- Rubbing alcohol wipes
- Rubbing the throat
- Gargling
- Stisanem inhalation
- Wine hot toddy
- Herbal tisanes
- Juices and different remedies
- Hot milk and juices
- Herbal tisanes and syrups
- Pharmaceutical remedies
- Gargling
- Drinks and herbal tisanes
Asthma
Chest cold
Names
- Poultices
- Rubbing alcohol wipes
- Sitz baths
- Iodine tincture
- Stisanem inhalation
- Syrups
- Herbal tisanes
Pneumonia
Remedies for pneumonia
- Conditions for which it is used
- Application methods
- People who apply the cups and time
- Validity
Pleurisy
Consumption
Names
Remedies and precautionary measures
- Recommendations
- Home remedies
- Poultices
- Precautionary measures
- Tuberculosis sanatorium
Rib pain
- Applying heat
- Poultices
- Other remedies
Hiccups
Empirical remedies
- Scaring them away
- Drinking water
- Holding one's breath
- Turning garments inside out or an object over
- Pressures and postures
XIII. STOMACH AND INTESTINES
Stomach upsets
Causes of stomach upsets
- Excessive eating and drinking
- Chills
- Nerves, annoyances and genetic causes
- Camomile tisane
- Peppermint, linden, wild tisanes
- Infusions of other plants
- Applying heat to the stomach
- Poultices and rubs
- Dieting
- Digestive beverages
Urdailena
- Causes and names
- Remedies
Stomach ulcer
- Remedies
- Remedies
Heartburn
- Remedies
Burping and belching
Vomiting
Names
Causes of vomiting
- Natural causes
- Circumstantial causes
- Means to cause vomiting
- Remedies for poisoning
Diarrhoea
Causes
Names
- Fasting and dieting
- Rice, lemonade, white wine
- Quince, egg white, grated apple and other fruits
- Dairy products
- Different anti-diarrheal cures
- Tea, camomile and loosestrife
- Rose hip, yarrow and bramble shoots
- Flax and other plants
Constipation
Names
Empirical remedies
- Fruit diet
- Raw oil and castor oil
- Drinking water
Enemas and implements to insert them
Pharmaceutical remedies and contemporary transitions
Worms
Causes
- Eating sweets
- Drinking milk or water
- Contact with dirt
Names
Worm eliminating medicines
- Garlic
- Concoctions
- Herbal tisanes
- Poultices
- Enemas
- Pharmaceutical remedies
Belief remedies
- Garlic
- Rue
Appendix: Curing hernia on St. John's Eve
XIV. LIVER, KIDNEY AND OTHER ENTRAILS
Liver diseases
Causes of liver ailments
Jaundice
Names for jaundice
Remedies to cure jaundice
- Swallowing lice
- Drinking tisanes
- Resting and eating clean food
- Belief remedies
Gallbladder diseases
Causes of gallbladder ailments
Remedies for gallbladder ailments
Spleen diseases
Belief remedies for spleen ailments
Kidney diseases
Diuretics and remedies for cystitis
- Corn whiskers
- Horsetail
- Couch grass. Cherry stalks
- Parsley
- Different tisanes
- Applying heat
- Stone breakers
- Onions
Belief remedies for kidney ailments
Heart diseases
Dropsy
Disease and symptoms
Empirical remedies
Cancer
Beliefs and considerations
Remedies
BONES
XV. LUMBAGO AND RHEUMATIC AILMENTS
Rheumatism
Causes of rheumatism
- Applying heat
- Rubbings
- Baths
- Tisanes and decoctions
- Remedies with garlic
- Remedies with nettles
- Dormouse fat and badger fat
- Copper bracelets
- Potato or chestnut in the pocket
- Other folk remedies
Lumbago
- Applying heat
- Rubbings, massages and baths
- Waist back support and applying patches
- Folk remedies
Sciatica
Synovitis
Stiff necks; cramps and sore feet
Hump
Remedies
Rickets
Names
Causes
XVI. FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS
Bone fractures
Bonesetters
Consulting local healers
Sprains and dislocations
Remedies for twists
Dislocation healers
Blows
Herbs and poultices
Appendix: Zantiratua
INJURIES
XVII. WOUNDS AND BLEEDING. EXTRACTING THORNS
Stopping bleeding caused by wounds
- Water and disinfectants
- Applying pressure
- Cigarette paper and cobwebs
- Thistles and other plants
- Ash and powdery substances Other practices
Serious wounds. Tourniquets
Gangrene
Causes
Remedies and prevention
- Cauterisation and bleeding
- Poultices
- Herbal tisanes
Tetanus
Extracting thorns/bones and foreign bodies
Using pins, needles and spikes
Plant remedies
Treating puncture infections
Wounds caused by nails
Appendix: Lightheaded wounded
XVIII. BITES AND STINGS
Dog bites
- Christmas Eve bread
- Causes of rabies
- Symptoms of the disease
- Treatment
- Folk healers
- Outcome of the disease
Snake bites
Empirical remedies
- Cauterisations
- Plant remedies
- Applying hen cloacal swabs
- Lancing, sucking and applying tourniquets
- Different remedies
Attacks by others animals
Insect bites/stings
Bees and wasps
Mosquitoes, horseflies, lice and fleas
XIX. FROSTBITE, HEAT-STROKE, CHOKING AND LIGHTNING STRIKE
Frostbite
Heat-stroke
Choking
Lightning strike
Protecting people
- Caution with trees. Hawthorn
- Caution with metal tools
- Caution with livestock
- House-related prevention
- Other prevention
Sudden death
THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
XX. REPRODUCTION
Menstruation
Precautionary measures during menstruation
- Referring to the woman herself
- Referring to touching food and plants
Remedies for menstrual pain
Pregnancy and delivery
Breast-feeding ailments
Out of sorts
- Applying heat
- Charm to protect the breasts
- Comforters
Cracked nipples
Pregnancy terminations
- Abortifacient plants and other methods
Sterility and fertility
Menopause
EARLY CHILDHOOD
XXI. CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES
Infectious diseases
Measles
- Disease and names
- Remedies
- Disease and names
- Remedies
- Clean air
- Snail slime
- Prickly pear sap
- Kerosene
- Breathing smoke
- Tisanes and milk
- Sweating
- Drinking water
- Vaccination
- Disease and names
- Remedies
- Bran and poultices
- Sheep's wool
- Tissue
Chickenpox
Skin diseases
- Names and identification
- Remedies
Jaundice
Swellings
Digestive ailments
Respiratory diseases
XXII. TEETHING. BED-WETTING. SPEAKING AND NERVE PROBLEMS
Teething
Bed-wetting
Speaking problems
Nervous spasms
Names
BELIEF-BASED MEDICINE
XXIII. BELIEFS ABOUT THE CAUSE OF SOME DISEASES
A curse as the cause of the disease
Names
Spells and curses Belief in their effectiveness
Evil eye and its health effects
Names
Symptoms
- Gospels
- Ancient kutunes (charms)
- Sash
- Religious medals
Curing the evil eye
Blessed water from three churches
Family water and indigo water
Diagnosis using molten led
XXIV. HEALTH AND POPULAR RELIGION
Vows leading to pilgrims to shrines
Chapels and shrines frequented in case of illness
- Santa Casilda. Briviesca (Burgos)
- San Fausto. Bujanda (A)
- Our Lady of Angosto and Golden Chapel (A)
- San Miguel de Aralar (N)
- Our Lady of Ujué. Javier Castle (N)
- San Juan de Gaztelugatxe. Andra Mari de Almike (B)
- Andra Mari de Agirre. Gorliz (B)
- Loyola Basilica (G)
- Sandaili (San Elías). Oñati (G)
- Other places of pilgrimage
Early childhood diseases
Offering up the children at shrines
- Our Lady of Olmo. Quintanilla de Valdegovía and Our Lady of Angosto (A)
- San Antonio de Urkiola (B)
- Our Lady of Antigua. Orduña (B)
- Our Lady of Gardotza. Berriatua (B)
- San Miguel de Aralar (N), Our Lady of Dorleta and Our Lady of Arrate (G)
- Santo Cristo de Lezo (G)
- Corpus Christi altar. Agurain (A)
- Our Lady of Arrate. Eibar (G)
- Santa María Magdalena de Lamindano. Dima (B)
- Santa Magdalena. Atharratze (Z)
- Other places of pilgrimage
Delay in learning to walk
- San Kiliz. Otazu (A)
- San Miguel de Villabona. Artaza. Foronda (A)
- San Esteban. Oñati (G)
- San Bartolomé. Antzuola (G)
- Santa Ana. Albiztur (G)
- San Buenaventura. Unanua (N)
- San Vicente (Bixintxo). Heleta (BN)
- San Esteban. Errezil (G)
Delay in talking and stuttering
- Our Lady of the Spells. Arbeiza (N)
- San Antonio de Urkiola (B)
- San Pedro de Zarikete. Zalla (B)
- San Felicísimo. Deusto (B)
- Our Lady of Vega de Haro (La Rioja)
- San Bernardo de Barria monastery(A)
- Santa Isabel. Idiazabal (G)
Sleep disorders
- San Juan de Gaztelugatxe. Bermeo (B)
- San Juan de Olaberria (G)
- San Bartolomé chapels
- San Bartolomé oratory Sangüesa (N)
- San Mamés. Zamudio and Kortezubi (B)
- Our Lady of Uba, Altza and Santa Marina, Astisanesu (G)
- San Miguel Bekoa, Errezil. San Esteban, Bergara. San Isidro, Oñati. San Pelayo, Zarautz (G) and Lekunberri (N)
Adult diseases
Headaches
- San Miguel de Excelsis. Aralar (N)
- San Esteban. Usurbil (G)
- San Pedro de Zegama and Our Lady of Zikuñaga. Hernani (G)
- La Bien Aparecida chapel. Ampuero (Cantabria)
- Shrine of the Maundy Thursday Monument
Placing the head inside the bell
- Golden Chapel. Murgia (A)
- Our Lady of Antigua. Ondarroa (B)
- San Juan de Gaztelugatxe. Bermeo (B)
- Our Lady of Okon (A)
- San Martín. Castillo-Elejabeitia (B)
Garments, water and making the way to the chapel
- Santa Felicia. Labiano (N)
- San Guillermo. Obanos (N)
- San Víctor de Gauna (A)
- San Víctor. Obecuri (A)
- Santa Águeda. Alonsotegi (B)
- Santa Águeda. Natxitua (B)
- Santísima Trinidad. Andagoia (A)
- San Prudencio. Getaria (G)
- San Formerio. Ribera Alta (A)
- San Pantaleón. Zalla (B)
- Santa Leocadia. Urnieta (G)
- Santa Elena. Irun (G)
- Our Lady of Dorleta Gatzaga (G)
- Other places of pilgrimage
Earache
Rheumatism
Skin diseases
- Springs and wells with healing waters
- Dandruff or herpes
- Boils
- Warts
Dropsy
- San Bernardo de Barria (A)
- Santa Quiteria
- San Roque
- Other protecting saints