Table of contents
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HOUSE AND TERRITORY
I. THE SETTLEMENT OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY
Latitudinal settlement patterns
Historical and geographical factors
Dispersed settlements
Establishing new homesteads
Examples of concentrated settlement
Growth of the current settlements
II. RELATIONSHIP OF THE HOUSE WITH THE SOIL, CLIMATE AND ACTIVITY
The house and its setting
The relationship of the house with the soil
- Influence of the substrate
- Presence of water in the subsoil
- Use of the soil materials
- Influence of the terrain
- Walls, openings and orientation
- The roof and adjoining buildings
- The southern area with lower rainfall
- Examples and current situation
The house and the activity of its dwellers
Agriculture
Commercial
Appendix: Influence of the production on the types of homesteads
III. NAME, ORIENTATION AND LOCATION OF THE HOUSES
Definition of the house concept and names
Name of the house
Place name
Orientation of the house
Orientation in concentrated settlements
Houses and lands in mixed and disperse settlements
Location of houses in concentrated arrangements
Houses separated by belenas (run or yard between houses)
Houses separated by bare land used for threshing or la rain
Land adjoined to the house
STRUCTURE OF THE HOUSE
IV. REGIONAL HOUSE MODELS
General points
Álava house models
The typical Rioja-Alavesa House (Moreda de Álava)
The typical Montaña Alavesa house (Bernedo)
The typical house of the charter town of Agurain
Bizkaia house models
The typical house of Las Encartaciones (Carranza Valley)
The typical house of the charter town of Gernika-Lumo
Gipuzkoa house models
The typical Beasain house
The typical Bajo Deba house (Elgoibar)
Navarra house models
The typical house of the Atlantic side of the watershed (Bera)
The typical arrabal or popular house (Viana)
Northern Basque Country house models
The typical Amikuze house (Huarte-Hiri-BN)
The typical Heleta house (BN)
The typical Zuberoa house (Liginaga)
Fishermen's houses
Appendix: Secular transition of houses in the Northern Basque Country
V. ROOFING
Connecting the frontage and the roof
Types of roof
- Historical evolution of roofing in Roncesvalles (N)
Shape and number of slopes
- The climate factor
- Grouped houses
- The shape of the dwelling
- Relationship between the number of slopes and the status
- Different reasons
- Geographical distribution of the number of slopes
Appendix 1: Relationship between the roof and climate and economic aspects
Roofing materials
Timber frame
- The origin of the roof tiles
- The curved tile
- The flat tile
Roof structure
Post-supported structures
Eaves. Boladua
Ways out onto the roof. The chimney
Transformations
Appendix 2: Different slopes for houses with rectangular floor plan
Appendix 3: Chimney, fuel and climate
VI. FOUNDATIONS AND WALLS
Foundations, oinarriak
Outside walls
- Stone.
- Timber.
- Earth, brick, adobe and rammed earth
Construction of the walls
Timber internal structure
Inside walls and partitions
Floors
Stairs
Outdoor stairs
Roofs
Origin of the construction materials
VII. DOORS AND WINDOWS
Orientation of the house openings
Arrangement of the openings on the frontage
Openings
- Álava
- Bizkaia
- Gipuzkoa
- Navarra
- Northern Basque Country
- Álava
- Bizkaia
- Gipuzkoa
- Navarra
- Northern Basque Country
Inside doors
Door and window closing mechanisms
- Bars
- Latches
- Other locks
Recent transformations
VIII. INTERNAL LAYOUT OF THE HOUSE
General points
Rural houses
- Livestock homesteads. Encartaciones and Arratia-Orozko
- Agricultural homesteads. Uribe, Busturialdea and Durangaldea
- Goierri
- Alto and Medio Deba
- Oria Medio
- Donostia and Bajo Bidasoa
- Estribaciones del Gorbeia
- Occidente alavés
- La Llanada
- La Montaña
- Rioja alavesa
- Northern Sub-Pyrenean and Pyrenean area. La Montaña
- Southern Sub-Pyrenean area. Mid zone.
- Southern zone. La Ribera
Fishermen's dwellings
Urban dwellings
Modern houses
Appendix: Mansions. Palaces
IX. HOUSE DECORATION
General points
Outside walls. Frontage
Roofing
Eaves
Doors and windows
Coat-of-arms
Inscriptions
Interior decoration
HOME AND HOME FURNISHINGS
X. FIREPLACE, LIGHTING AND KITCHEN
Fireplace
- Central fireplace
- Side fireplace
- Description
- Most common fuels
- Mediterranean side of the watershed
- The flint. New lighting systems
- Rekindling fire
- Initially stocking the fire
- Cast-iron plate
- Decorative motifs
- Low heat chimney
- Energy-saving stove chimney
- Cleaning the chimney
Bread oven
- Ovens in the kitchen or attached to the house
- Exempted ovens
House lighting
Kitchen
XI. KITCHEN AND HEARTH FURNITURE AND FIXTURES
Hearth tools
- Beasain (G)
- Sangüesa (N)
- Firedogs
- Pincers
- Tongs
- Stove shovel
- Trivet
- Drum
- Griddle
- Spits
- Ash shovel
- Bellows
- Boilers
- Copper heater
Kitchen furniture and furnishings
- Tables
- Troughs
- Cans
- Dressers
- Plate rack
- Kitchen rack
Kitchen fittings
- Northern Basque Country
- Bizkaia
- Álava
- Gipuzkoa
- Navarra
- Domestic production
- Non-domestic production
XII. FURNITURE AND FIXTURES: LIVING ROOM, BEDROOMS AND PERSONAL HYGIENE
Living room or dining room fittings
Bedroom fittings
- Wash stand and basin
- Crucifix
- Religious paintings or laminates
- Photographs
- Holy water font
Washing facilities and fittings
Musical instruments. Radio, television and new technologies
XIII. CLEANING THE HOUSE, CLOTHES AND DISHES
Cleaning the house
- Cleaning products and utensils
- Daily and weekly cleaning
- Spring-cleaning and cleaning on set dates
- Insect extermination
- Sweeping
- Mopping and sandblasting
- Waxing
Washing clothes
- Names
- Transitions
Washing dishes
OUTBUILDINGS ADJOINING THE HOUSE
XIV. SPACES FOR FARMING WORK AND COMPLEMENTARY BUILDINGS
Spaces at home for implements, products and livestock
Complementary buildings
Appendix 1: Field pens in Navarra
Appendix 2: Granaries
Appendix 3: Charcoal maker shacks
DOMESTIC BELIEFS AND RITES
XV. RITES AROUND THE HOUSEHOLD FIRE
The embers of the hearth
Lighting the hearth on set days
Bringing a recently purchased animals into the house
XVI. SYMBOLS TO PROTECT THE HOUSE
Rites when starting to build the house
Rites when finishing the roof
Blessing the house
Rites against thunderstorms and lighting
Religious rites to protect the house
Religious symbols and images
FAMILY
XVII. FAMILY AND KINSHIP
Family. Kinship. Parentage
- Etxekoak
- Family/sendia
- Senitartekoak/ahaideak
- Family
- Kinship
- Parentage
- Other relations
Names and degree of kinship
Family names
- Nicknames
Names and forms of address between relatives
- Berori/berorika (usted - formal you)
- Zu/zuka (usted formal you-tú informal you)
- Hitanoa/hika (colloquial use of informal you)
- Change to the form of address
- Other forms of address. Lost souls
XVIII. FAMILY ASSETS AND ITS TRANSFER
Family assets
Co-ownership of assets contributed to the marriage, Dana biona
Marital property agreements or settlements
Freedom to bequeath and core assets in the charter system
Wills in territory of the common law system
Intestate inheritance
The inheritance of natural children
Will of the childless uncle
Legacies to non-relatives
XIX. LIFE AND DUTIES OF THE SPOUSES
Communal life of the spouses
Duties and occupations of the husband and the wife
Authority in the marital partnership
- Causes of the rifts or disagreements
- Marital separations
Social life of the spouses
Authority of parents over the children
Educating the children
Role of the woman in the passing on of values and beliefs
Adoption
- Replacing a dead child
- Economic grounds or charitable reasons
- Childless couples
- Fostering
Changes in the family and to customs
XX. RELATIONS WITH THE FAMILY AND RELATIVES
Relations with the family
- Rifts
Relations of the spouses with their families of origin
Gatherings of relatives
- Funeral ceremonies
Order of relatives at the ceremonies
Historical memories of the house and the family
- The oldest local house
- Bread offerings
- Alms and offering light
Family memories
- Jewels
XXI. FAMILY HONOUR
Honour of the house and of the family
- Agricultural jobs and urgent work
- Misfortune, serious illness or death
- Orphanhood
- Financial help
- Providing help
- Indifference
- Returning to the family home
- Reasons for rifts
- Consequences of the rifts
- Settling the rifts
- Grievances
Effects of the kinship
- Ordinary visits
- Patron saint festivities and Christmas
- Studies
- Transitions
- Relations between masters and servants
- Contracting servants