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CASA Y TERRITORIO

I. THE SETTLEMENT OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY

Latitudinal settlement patterns

Historical and geographical factors

• The Luzaide/ Valcarlos (N) case

• La barranca (N)

Dispersed settlements

• Distant past

• Historical background

• Examples of dispersed settlements

• Establishing new homesteads

Establishing new homesteads

• Background

• Examples of concentrated settlement

• Growth of the current settlements

 

II. RELATIONSHIP OF THE HOUSE WITH THE SOIL, CLIMATE AND ACTIVITY

The house and its setting

• The relationship of the house with the soil

• • Influence of the substrate
  • Presence of water in the subsoil
  • Use of the soil materials
  • Influence of the terrain

• The relationship of the house with the climate

• • Walls, openings and orientation
  • The roof and adjoining buildings
  • The southern area with lower rainfall
  • Examples and current situation

The house and the activity of its dwellers

• Agriculture

• Commercial

• Current adaptations

Appendix: Influence of the production on the types of homesteads

 

III. NAME, ORIENTATION AND LOCATION OF THE HOUSES

Definition of the house concept and names

Name of the house

• Name, surname and nickname of the owner

• Trade and activity of the owner

• Place name

• Neighbouring houses in concentrated settlement

Orientation of the house

• East facing

• South facing

• Orientation in concentrated settlements

Houses and lands in mixed and disperse settlements

Location of houses in concentrated arrangements

• Houses separated by party walls

• Houses separated by belenas (run or yard between houses)

• Houses separated by bare land used for threshing or la rain

Land adjoined to the house

• El rain, larraina

• Baratza, market or vegetable garden

 

ESTRUCTURA DE LA CASA

IV. REGIONAL HOUSE MODELS

General points

Álava house models

• The typical Rioja-Alavesa House (Moreda de Álava)

• The typical La Llanada house

• The typical Montaña Alavesa house (Bernedo)

• The typical house of the charter town of Agurain

Bizkaia house models

• The typical house of Las Encartaciones (Carranza Valley)

• The typical Busturialdea house (Gautegiz-Arteaga)

• The typical house of El Duranguesado (Abadiño)

• The typical house of the Arratia Valley and Estribaciones del Gorbeia (Zeanuri)

• The typical house of Durango old town

• The typical house of the charter town of Gernika-Lumo

Gipuzkoa house models

• The typical El Goierri house (Ataun)

• The typical Beasain house

• The typical Zerain house

• The Alto Deba house (Elosua)

• The typical Bajo Deba house (Elgoibar)

• The typical Urola Kosta house (Aia)

Navarra house models

• The typical house of the Atlantic side of the watershed (Bera)

• The typical Pyrenean house (Roncal Valley)

• The typical Navarra Media house (Allo)

• The typical arrabal or popular house (Viana)

• The typical Valdorba house

• The typical Ribera del Ebro house (Valtierra)

• Cave houses (La Ribera)

Northern Basque Country house models

• The typical Lapurdi house (Sara)

• The typical Ainhoa house (L)

• The typical Amikuze house (Huarte-Hiri-BN)

• The typical Arberoa house (Donoztiri-BN)

• The typical Heleta house (BN)

• The typical Zuberoa house (Liginaga)

Fishermen's houses

Appendix: Secular transition of houses in the Northern Basque Country

 

V. ROOFING

Connecting the frontage and the roof

Types of roof

• Roof pitch

• • Historical evolution of roofing in Roncesvalles (N)

• Shape and number of slopes

• • The climate factor
  • Grouped houses
  • The shape of the dwelling
  • Relationship between the number of slopes and the status
  • Different reasons
  • Geographical distribution of the number of slopes

Appendix 1: Relationship between the roof and climate and economic aspects

Roofing materials

• Timber frame

• Roof tile, teila

• • The origin of the roof tiles
  • The curved tile
  • The flat tile

• Wooden roof: shingles

• Stone roof: slates

• New materials

Roof structure

• General points. Gailurra (peak), kapirioak (rafters), latak (plank)

• Post-supported structures

• Shear beam structures

• Thatched and plaster vaults

Eaves. Boladua

Ways out onto the roof. The chimney

Transformations

Appendix 2: Different slopes for houses with rectangular floor plan

Appendix 3: Chimney, fuel and climate

 

VI. FOUNDATIONS AND WALLS

Foundations, oinarriak

• Foundations on hard substrates

• Foundations on less solid substrates

Outside walls

• Construction materials

• • Stone.
  • Timber.
  • Earth, brick, adobe and rammed earth

• Walls with timber latticework

• Masonry walls

• Mortar

• Construction of the walls

• Plastering of the walls

• Walls today

• Caves

Timber internal structure

• Widespread use of timber

• Types of timber

• Bench base

• Structure

Inside walls and partitions

Floors

• Floor in the entrance and stable

• Floor in the dwelling

Stairs

• Indoor stairs

• Outdoor stairs

• Urban dwelling stairs

Roofs

• Plank roofs

• Vault roofs

Origin of the construction materials

• Stone

• Lime and plaster

• Timber

• Roof tiles, bricks and adobe

• New materials

 

VII. DOORS AND WINDOWS

Orientation of the house openings

Arrangement of the openings on the frontage

Openings

• Main door

• • Álava
  • Bizkaia
  • Gipuzkoa
  • Navarra
  • Northern Basque Country

• Windows

• • Álava
  • Bizkaia
  • Gipuzkoa
  • Navarra
  • Northern Basque Country

• Balconies

Inside doors

Door and window closing mechanisms

• Closing the main or entrance door

• • Bars
  • Latches
  • Other locks

• Closing inside doors

• Closing windows. Latches, bolts

• Grilles

Recent transformations

 

VIII. INTERNAL LAYOUT OF THE HOUSE

General points

Rural houses

• Bizkaia

• • Livestock homesteads. Encartaciones and Arratia-Orozko
  • Agricultural homesteads. Uribe, Busturialdea and Durangaldea

• Gipuzkoa

• • Goierri
  • Alto and Medio Deba
  • Oria Medio
  • Donostia and Bajo Bidasoa

• Northern Basque Country

• Álava

• • Estribaciones del Gorbeia
  • Occidente alavés
  • La Llanada
  • La Montaña
  • Rioja alavesa

• Navarra

• • Northern Sub-Pyrenean and Pyrenean area. La Montaña
  • Southern Sub-Pyrenean area. Mid zone.
  • Southern zone. La Ribera

Fishermen's dwellings

Urban dwellings

Modern houses

Appendix: Mansions. Palaces

 

IX. HOUSE DECORATION

General points

Outside walls. Frontage

• Bare stone and plastered frontages

• Timber latticework

• Elaborate decorations

• Plant decorations

Roofing

Eaves

Doors and windows

• Ironwork

• Carvings on lintels

• Decorative grilles

Coat-of-arms

Inscriptions

Interior decoration

 

HOGAR Y MOBILIARIO DOMÉSTICO

X. FIREPLACE, LIGHTING AND KITCHEN

Fireplace

• Names

• Location of the fireplace

• • Central fireplace
  • Side fireplace
  • Description

• Fuel used in the fireplace

• • Most common fuels
  • Mediterranean side of the watershed

• Lighting or rekindling the fire

• • The flint. New lighting systems
  • Rekindling fire
  • Initially stocking the fire

• Types of firewood

• Base and back of the stove

• • Cast-iron plate

• • • Decorative motifs

• • The hearth

• Chimney and vent

• • Low heat chimney
  • Energy-saving stove chimney
  • Cleaning the chimney

Bread oven

• Oven location and type

• • Ovens in the kitchen or attached to the house
  • Exempted ovens

• Oven construction materials

• Use of the oven

House lighting

• Old lighting systems

• Oil lamp

• Candles

• Petrol lamp

• Carbide lamp

• Electric light

Kitchen

• Hob

• Energy-saving stove and subsequent transitions

• The kitchen, the centre of family life

 

XI. KITCHEN AND HEARTH FURNITURE AND FIXTURES

Hearth tools

• Archetypical of two places

• • Beasain (G)
  • Sangüesa (N)

• Names and description

• • Firedogs
  • Pincers
  • Tongs
  • Stove shovel
  • Trivet
  • Drum
  • Griddle
  • Spits
  • Ash shovel
  • Bellows
  • Boilers
  • Copper heater

Kitchen furniture and furnishings

• Seats and other seating

• Sink

• Haustegia, ashtray

• Pottery

• Tables and other items

• • Tables
  • Troughs
  • Cans

• Cupboards, cabinets and kitchen rack

• • Dressers
  • Plate rack
  • Kitchen rack

• Pantries and their evolution

Kitchen fittings

• Decorating the fireplace

• Items placed on the mantelpiece, on the hood or on the hearth

• General points about the fittings

• Descriptions of the fittings

• • Northern Basque Country
  • Bizkaia
  • Álava
  • Gipuzkoa
  • Navarra

• Artisan production of the kitchen furniture

• • Domestic production
  • Non-domestic production

• Transitions in the household furniture and fittings

 

XII. FURNITURE AND FIXTURES: LIVING ROOM, BEDROOMS AND PERSONAL HYGIENE

Living room or dining room fittings

• Furniture

• Religious images

• Family photographs on display

Bedroom fittings

• The bedroom as a room

• General points

• Beds

• Trunks, chests of drawers and wardrobes

• Occasional furniture

• • Wash stand and basin

• Wash stand and basin

• Religious images

• • Crucifix
  • Religious paintings or laminates
  • Photographs
  • Holy water font

Washing facilities and fittings

• Outhouse or toilet

• Washing facilities

• Transitions of the bathroom and its fittings

Musical instruments. Radio, television and new technologies

• Musical instruments

• Radio, television and new technologies

 

XIII. CLEANING THE HOUSE, CLOTHES AND DISHES

Cleaning the house

• Cleaning the house, thoroughly

• • Cleaning products and utensils
  • Daily and weekly cleaning
  • Spring-cleaning and cleaning on set dates
  • Insect extermination

• Cleaning floors

• • Sweeping
  • Mopping and sandblasting
  • Waxing

• Whitewashing and painting frontages and inside

Washing clothes

• Washing clothes in the river or in the public washhouse

• Laundresses or washerwomen

• The laundry

• • Names
  • Transitions

• Drying and ironing the clothes

• Hanging out the clothes at home

Washing dishes

• Washers and dishwashers

 

CONSTRUCCIONES ANEJAS A LA CASA

XIV. SPACES FOR FARMING WORK AND COMPLEMENTARY BUILDINGS

Spaces at home for implements, products and livestock

• Porch and carriage porch

• Attic or loft

• Stable

Complementary buildings

• General points

• Open stalls, pens,

• Huts, cabins or haylofts

• Shacks

• Dung storage

• Chicken house

• Pigsty

• Shelter for sheep

• Beehives

• Domestic animals that guard the house

• Lakes and cellars

• Wells

• Field shelters and huts

Appendix 1: Field pens in Navarra

Appendix 2: Granaries

Appendix 3: Charcoal maker shacks

 

CREENCIAS Y RITOS DOMÉSTICOS

XV. RITES AROUND THE HOUSEHOLD FIRE

The embers of the hearth

Lighting the hearth on set days

• The Christmas log

• The new fire at Easter

Bringing a recently purchased animals into the house

 

XVI. SYMBOLS TO PROTECT THE HOUSE

Rites when starting to build the house

Rites when finishing the roof

Blessing the house

Rites against thunderstorms and lighting

• An axe with the edge pointing to the thunderstorm

• Stones against the thunderstorm

• Sanjuan haritza, St. John's oak

• Burning herbs on St. John's Day

• Arantza zuria, hawthorn

• Blessed bay leaves

• Burning the blessed bay leaves

• Eguzki-lorea, thistle flower

Religious rites to protect the house

• Holy Water

• Blessed candles

• Praying to Saint Barbara

• Spells. Chimes

Religious symbols and images

• Crosses

• Sacred Heart plaques

 

FAMILIA

XVII. FAMILY AND KINSHIP

Family. Kinship. Parentage

• In Basque-speaking locations

• • Etxekoak
  • Family/sendia
  • Senitartekoak/ahaideak

• In Spanish-speaking locations

• • Family
  • Kinship
  • Parentage
  • Other relations

• Extended family community

Names and degree of kinship

• Basque categories

• Spanish categories

Family names

• Family name or surname

• Most common first names

• How people are called

• • Nicknames

• A married woman's surname

Names and forms of address between relatives

• By children to parents

• Between spouses

• By parents to children

• Forms of address

• • Berori/berorika (usted - formal you)
  • Zu/zuka (usted formal you-tú informal you)
  • Hitanoa/hika (colloquial use of informal you)
  • Change to the form of address
  • Other forms of address. Lost souls

 

XVIII. FAMILY ASSETS AND ITS TRANSFER

Family assets

• Family assets concept

• Safeguarding and indivisum of the family assets

• Disposal of the core assets

Co-ownership of assets contributed to the marriage, Dana biona

• Consent of the wife to dispose of assets

• Transitions

Marital property agreements or settlements

• Marital property agreements

• Marital settlements

• Transformations

Freedom to bequeath and core assets in the charter system

• Choice of heir

• Cohabitation of young and older married couples

• The heir and other children

• Joint will

Wills in territory of the common law system

• Hereditary system

• Cohabitation of young and older married couples

• The heir and other children

• Situation of the surviving spouse

Intestate inheritance

La sucesión de hijos naturales, seme bortak

Testamento del tío sin hijos

Testamento a favor de no parientes

 

XIX. VIDA Y FUNCIONES DE LOS ESPOSOS

Vida en común de los esposos

• Vida en común en el trabajo

• Vida en común en los días festivos

• Colocación de la mujer en la mesa

Funciones y ocupaciones del marido y de la esposa

• Funciones y ocupaciones del marido

• Funciones y ocupaciones de la mujer

Autoridad en la sociedad conyugal

• Derechos cuasiparitarios

• Dominación del marido por la mujer

• Desavenencias conyugales

• • Causas de las desavenencias o enfados
  • Separaciones matrimoniales

• Cortesía y etiqueta

Vida social de los esposos

• Vida social conjunta

• Relaciones de las mujeres casadas

• Relaciones de los hombres casados

• Situación actual

Autoridad de los padres sobre los hijos. Gurasoen aginpidea

• Autoridad cuasiabsoluta o autoridad compartida

• Transmisión de la autoridad

• Patria potestad y emancipación

• Signos de respeto hacia los mayores

• Relación tío-sobrino

La educación de los niños

• Papel principal de la mujer

• Reparto de responsabilidades entre los padres

• Formación del peculio personal

Papel de la mujer en la transmisión de los valores y creencias

• Papel del hombre en la transmisión cultural

La adopción. Urikoak, bortes

• Frecuencia y denominaciones

• Consideraciones generales

• Motivaciones

• • Sustitución del niño muerto
  • Causas económicas o razones benéficas
  • Matrimonios sin hijos
  • Adopciones temporales

• Adopción de parientes

Transformaciones en la familia y en las costumbres

• Disminución de la actividad agraria

• Bienes y herencia

• Trabajo de la mujer fuera de casa

• Solapamiento de generaciones y estructura familiar

• Relaciones entre padres e hijos. La autoridad paterna

• Los ritos de paso en la actualidad

• La religiosidad hoy en día

• Tradición oral, educación y escuela

• Cambios de costumbres

 

XX. RELACIONES CON LA FAMILIA Y LOS PARIENTES

Relaciones con la familia

• Intervención de los padres de los esposos

• • Desavenencias

• Tratamiento y atenciones para con los suegros

Relaciones de los consortes con sus familias de origen

Reuniones de parientes

• Calendario festivo

• Reuniones con motivo de ritos de paso

• • Ceremonias funerarias

Orden de los parientes en las ceremonias

• Orden de los parientes en las bodas

• Orden de los parientes en los bautizos. Apadrinamiento

• Orden de los parientes en los cortejos fúnebres

• Marcas de duelo y su duración

Recuerdos históricos de la casa y de la familia

• Recuerdos de los antepasados

• Recuerdos de casas singulares del vecindario

• Leyendas relativas a la casa y a sus antiguos moradores

• • La casa más antigua de la localidad

• La memoria de los antepasados de la casa. Gure arbasoak

• Obligaciones para con los antepasados

• Etxeko sepulturea. La sepultura de la casa

• Aniversarios

• Ofrendas

• • Ofrenda de pan
  • Ofrenda de luz y de limosna

• El culto a los difuntos de la familia hoy día

Recuerdos de familia

• Fotografías y diplomas

• Ropa, vajilla y enseres

• Prendas y objetos significativos

• • Joyas

• Objetos religiosos y funerarios

 

XXI. HONOR DE LA FAMILIA

Honor de la casa y de la familia. Etxearen ondra

• Sentimiento del honor de la casa y de la familia

• Solidaridad entre parientes

• • Labores agrícolas y trabajos urgentes. Estukurako beharrak
  • Desgracia, enfermedad grave o muerte
  • Orfandad. Umezurtzak
  • Ayuda económica

• Parientes ricos y parientes pobres

• • Prestación de ayuda
  • Indiferencia

• Los parientes emigrados

• • Regreso a la casa familiar

• Cumplimientos y visitas. Bisitak

• Querellas y reconciliación. Haserreak eta konponketak

• • Motivaciones de las desavenencias
  • Consecuencias de las desavenencias
  • Resolución de las desavenencias
  • Ofensas

• El Consejo de Familia. Biltzea

Efectos del parentesco

• Hospitalidad

• • Visitas ordinarias
  • Fiestas patronales y navideñas
  • Estudios

• Pago de deudas

• Valor del testimonio entre parientes

• Condición de los ancianos y enfermos

• • Transiciones

• Los criados, morroiak

• • Relaciones entre dueños y criados
  • Contratación de criados

• Las criadas, neskatoak

• Contratación de obreros temporales

• Contratación de artesanos. Arotzak, harginak