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De Atlas Etnográfico de Vasconia
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HOUSE AND TERRITORY

I. THE SETTLEMENT OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY

Latitudinal settlement patterns

Historical and geographical factors

Dispersed settlements

Establishing new homesteads

II. RELATIONSHIP OF THE HOUSE WITH THE SOIL, CLIMATE AND ACTIVITY

The house and its setting

    • Influence of the substrate
    • Presence of water in the subsoil
    • Use of the soil materials
    • Influence of the terrain
    • Walls, openings and orientation
    • The roof and adjoining buildings
    • The southern area with lower rainfall
    • Examples and current situation

The house and the activity of its dwellers

Appendix: Influence of the production on the types of homesteads

III. NAME, ORIENTATION AND LOCATION OF THE HOUSES

Definition of the house concept and names

Name of the house

Orientation of the house

Houses and lands in mixed and disperse settlements

Location of houses in concentrated arrangements

Land adjoined to the house

STRUCTURE OF THE HOUSE

IV. REGIONAL HOUSE MODELS

General points

Álava house models

Bizkaia house models

Gipuzkoa house models

Navarra house models

Northern Basque Country house models

Fishermen's houses

Appendix: Secular transition of houses in the Northern Basque Country

V. ROOFING

Connecting the frontage and the roof

Types of roof

    • Historical evolution of roofing in Roncesvalles (N)
    • The climate factor
    • Grouped houses
    • The shape of the dwelling
    • Relationship between the number of slopes and the status
    • Different reasons
    • Geographical distribution of the number of slopes

Appendix 1: Relationship between the roof and climate and economic aspects

Roofing materials

    • The origin of the roof tiles
    • The curved tile
    • The flat tile

Roof structure

Eaves. Boladua

Ways out onto the roof. The chimney

Transformations

Appendix 2: Different slopes for houses with rectangular floor plan

Appendix 3: Chimney, fuel and climate

VI. FOUNDATIONS AND WALLS

Foundations, oinarriak

Outside walls

    • Stone.
    • Timber.
    • Earth, brick, adobe and rammed earth

Timber internal structure

Inside walls and partitions

Floors

Stairs

Roofs

Origin of the construction materials

VII. DOORS AND WINDOWS

Orientation of the house openings

Arrangement of the openings on the frontage

Openings

    • Álava
    • Bizkaia
    • Gipuzkoa
    • Navarra
    • Northern Basque Country
    • Álava
    • Bizkaia
    • Gipuzkoa
    • Navarra
    • Northern Basque Country

Inside doors

Door and window closing mechanisms

    • Bars
    • Latches
    • Other locks

Recent transformations

VIII. INTERNAL LAYOUT OF THE HOUSE

General points

Rural houses

    • Livestock homesteads. Encartaciones and Arratia-Orozko
    • Agricultural homesteads. Uribe, Busturialdea and Durangaldea
    • Goierri
    • Alto and Medio Deba
    • Oria Medio
    • Donostia and Bajo Bidasoa
    • Estribaciones del Gorbeia
    • Occidente alavés
    • La Llanada
    • La Montaña
    • Rioja alavesa
    • Northern Sub-Pyrenean and Pyrenean area. La Montaña
    • Southern Sub-Pyrenean area. Mid zone.
    • Southern zone. La Ribera

Fishermen's dwellings

Urban dwellings

Modern houses

Appendix: Mansions. Palaces

IX. HOUSE DECORATION

General points

Outside walls. Frontage

Roofing

Eaves

Doors and windows

Coat-of-arms

Inscriptions

Interior decoration

HOME AND HOME FURNISHINGS

X. FIREPLACE, LIGHTING AND KITCHEN

Fireplace

    • Central fireplace
    • Side fireplace
    • Description
    • Most common fuels
    • Mediterranean side of the watershed
    • The flint. New lighting systems
    • Rekindling fire
    • Initially stocking the fire
    • Cast-iron plate
      • Decorative motifs
    • Low heat chimney
    • Energy-saving stove chimney
    • Cleaning the chimney

Bread oven

    • Ovens in the kitchen or attached to the house
    • Exempted ovens

House lighting

Kitchen

XI. KITCHEN AND HEARTH FURNITURE AND FIXTURES

Hearth tools

    • Beasain (G)
    • Sangüesa (N)
    • Firedogs
    • Pincers
    • Tongs
    • Stove shovel
    • Trivet
    • Drum
    • Griddle
    • Spits
    • Ash shovel
    • Bellows
    • Boilers
    • Copper heater

Kitchen furniture and furnishings

    • Tables
    • Troughs
    • Cans
    • Dressers
    • Plate rack
    • Kitchen rack

Kitchen fittings

    • Northern Basque Country
    • Bizkaia
    • Álava
    • Gipuzkoa
    • Navarra
    • Domestic production
    • Non-domestic production

XII. FURNITURE AND FIXTURES: LIVING ROOM, BEDROOMS AND PERSONAL HYGIENE

Living room or dining room fittings

Bedroom fittings

    • Wash stand and basin
    • Crucifix
    • Religious paintings or laminates
    • Photographs
    • Holy water font

Washing facilities and fittings

Musical instruments. Radio, television and new technologies

XIII. CLEANING THE HOUSE, CLOTHES AND DISHES

Cleaning the house

    • Cleaning products and utensils
    • Daily and weekly cleaning
    • Spring-cleaning and cleaning on set dates
    • Insect extermination
    • Sweeping
    • Mopping and sandblasting
    • Waxing

Washing clothes

    • Names
    • Transitions

Washing dishes

OUTBUILDINGS ADJOINING THE HOUSE

XIV. SPACES FOR FARMING WORK AND COMPLEMENTARY BUILDINGS

Spaces at home for implements, products and livestock

Complementary buildings

Appendix 1: Field pens in Navarra

Appendix 2: Granaries

Appendix 3: Charcoal maker shacks

DOMESTIC BELIEFS AND RITES

XV. RITES AROUND THE HOUSEHOLD FIRE

The embers of the hearth

Lighting the hearth on set days

Bringing a recently purchased animals into the house

XVI. SYMBOLS TO PROTECT THE HOUSE

Rites when starting to build the house

Rites when finishing the roof

Blessing the house

Rites against thunderstorms and lighting

Religious rites to protect the house

Religious symbols and images

FAMILY

XVII. FAMILY AND KINSHIP

Family. Kinship. Parentage

    • Etxekoak
    • Family/sendia
    • Senitartekoak/ahaideak
    • Family
    • Kinship
    • Parentage
    • Other relations

Names and degree of kinship

Family names

    • Nicknames

Names and forms of address between relatives

    • Berori/berorika (usted - formal you)
    • Zu/zuka (usted formal you-tú informal you)
    • Hitanoa/hika (colloquial use of informal you)
    • Change to the form of address
    • Other forms of address. Lost souls

XVIII. FAMILY ASSETS AND ITS TRANSFER

Family assets

Co-ownership of assets contributed to the marriage, Dana biona

Marital property agreements or settlements

Freedom to bequeath and core assets in the charter system

Wills in territory of the common law system

Intestate inheritance

The inheritance of natural children

Will of the childless uncle

Legacies to non-relatives

XIX. LIFE AND DUTIES OF THE SPOUSES

Communal life of the spouses

Duties and occupations of the husband and the wife

Authority in the marital partnership

    • Causes of the rifts or disagreements
    • Marital separations

Social life of the spouses

Authority of parents over the children

Educating the children

Role of the woman in the passing on of values and beliefs

Adoption

    • Replacing a dead child
    • Economic grounds or charitable reasons
    • Childless couples
    • Fostering

Changes in the family and to customs

XX. RELATIONS WITH THE FAMILY AND RELATIVES

Relations with the family

    • Rifts

Relations of the spouses with their families of origin

Gatherings of relatives

    • Funeral ceremonies

Order of relatives at the ceremonies

Historical memories of the house and the family

    • The oldest local house
    • Bread offerings
    • Alms and offering light

Family memories

    • Jewels

XXI. FAMILY HONOUR

Honour of the house and of the family

    • Agricultural jobs and urgent work
    • Misfortune, serious illness or death
    • Orphanhood
    • Financial help
    • Providing help
    • Indifference
    • Returning to the family home
    • Reasons for rifts
    • Consequences of the rifts
    • Settling the rifts
    • Grievances

Effects of the kinship

    • Ordinary visits
    • Patron saint festivities and Christmas
    • Studies
    • Transitions
    • Relations between masters and servants
    • Contracting servants