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Revisión del 12:18 10 nov 2017

I. OMENS OF DEATH

Animal-related omens

• Dog howling

• Rooster crowing

• Behaviour of livestock and cats

• Singing or presence of night birds. Le cri de la chouette

• Presence of crows and other birds

• Presence of insects

Omens related with facts and events

• Bells ringing

• Paying, measuring or weighing just enough

• Noises and other coincidences

• Omens resulting from the act of dying

 

II. DEATH THROES AND DEATH

Death throes

• Names

• Physical signs of death throes

• Death tolls

• Caring for the person in their dying moments

• • Care and attention
  • Visiting the dying person
  • Watching over the person in their dying moments
  • Contemporary changes

• Prayers during the death throes

• Other religious practices

• Causes for the death throes dragging on

• • Feuds and grievances
  • Possessed by spirits

• Remedies to stop the death throes dragging on

• • Meza enkomendadua
  • Offering lights and fasts
  • Facilitating the exiting of the soul

The death

• Names

• Physical causes of death

• Extraordinary causes of death

• • Spells
  • Evil eye
  • Death spirits

• Replacing death

 

III. VIATICUM AND EXTREME UNCTION

Christian rites of the passage from life to death

Names

Receiving the Last Sacraments

• Notifying the priest and doctor

• Preparing the room of the sick person

• • Home altar
  • Decorating the house

• Viaticum

• • Viaticum in the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)
  • Viaticum in Navarra
  • Viaticum in Gipuzkoa
  • Viaticum in Bizkaia
  • Viaticum in Alava

• Extreme Unction

Appendix 1: Derniers Sacrements a Mendive (BN)

Appendix 2: Administration of Viaticum and Extreme Unction according to the old Roman Ritual

 

IV. BELIEFS ABOUT THE SOUL'S DESTINY

Separation of the soul and body

Signs of salvation or damnation

• The countenance of the corpse

• Signs of nature

• Problems when removing the coffin from the house

• Incorrupt bodies

Practices to ensure salvation

 

V. HOUSEHOLD MOURNING AND HELP FROM NEIGHBOURS

Signs of mourning of the bereaved household

• Concealing the mirrors

• Concealing other belongings

• Covering the walls

• Closing windows

• Signs of mourning outside the house

Role of the neighbours during the mourning period

• The neighbourhood and neighbours with regard to the bereaved household

• • Organisation of the neighbourhood hierarchy
  • The first neighbour
  • Reconciliation and friendship between neighbours

• Help provided by the neighbours

• • Household chores and tasks
  • Primacy of family support
  • Customarily established help

The parish cross in the bereaved household

Appendix: Rôle des voisins durant le rite funéraire à Ossès/Ortzaize (BN)

 

VI. COMMUNICATING THE DEATH

Notifications

• Recipients of the notification

• Death announcers

Relatives and neighbours The first settlers Youths Female announcers Messengers and auroros choirs

• Contemporary transitions

Bell ringing

• Names

• Time of the death knell

• Person in charge of ringing the bells

• The language of the tolling of the bells

• • Religious status and sex differences
  • Death knell for children
  • Social categories

• Validity of the death knells

• Death knells in chapels

• Burial bell tolls

Death notices

• Newspaper death notices

• Street death notices

• Antiquity of the death notices

• Radio death notices

Memorials

Telling domesticated animals of the death

• Telling the bees

• • Survival of the beehive
  • Producing more wax
  • Requesting wax and avoiding the death of the bees
  • The death of the owner
  • The new owner
  • Signs of mourning

• Telling the barn animals

 

VII. SHROUD

Death and act of closing the eyelids

ashing and shrouding

• Ways of washing the corpse

• Cleansing the corpse

• Arranging the hands and feet

• Salt on the corpse

• The shroud and its types

• • Cloth shroud
  • Religious habits
  • Festive garments

Objects that accompany the corpse

• Pious symbols

• Death indulgences

• Secular objects

Burning herbs

 

VIII. THE WAKE. GAUBELA

The wake

• Daytime vigil

• Reciting the Rosary at dusk

• Night-time vigil

• • Names
  • The wake in the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)
  • The wake in the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)
  • Looking after the lamp
  • Meals during the wake

• Validity of the wake

The room with the deceased

• Cross

• Light

• Holy water

Laying out the corpse

• The corpse on the death bed

• The corpse in the main room

• In the death chamber

The coffin

• Names

• Making the coffin

• Classes and types of coffins

• Duties of the carpenter

Trolleys and stretchers

Burning the pallet

 

IX. CORPSE WAYS

Names

Corpse ways in localities with a scattered population

• Southern Basque Country

• Northern Basque Country

Corpse ways in charter towns with a rural population

Corpse ways in localities with a concentrated population

The paths of the parish cross and the Viaticum

Upkeep of the corpse ways

Legal significance of the corpse ways

 

X. TAKING THE CORPSE TO THE CHURCH

The bearers

• Names

• Neighbours as bearers

• • Northern Basque Country
  • Southern Basque Country

• Youth bearers in Álava

• Relatives and neighbours as bearers

• Friends and relatives as bearers

• Bearers nominated by the dying person

• Orientation of the corpse

• Developments in the ways to transport the corpse

• Taking turns in bearing the corpse

Removal of the corpse

• Southern Basque Country

• Northern Basque Country

• Hospitality house

• Mother house or of the patron saint

 

XI. THE FUNERAL CORTEGE

Composition of the funeral cortege

• Names

• Head of the procession

• The funeral cortege in Alava

• The funeral cortege in Bizkaia

• The funeral cortege in Gipuzkoa

• The funeral cortege in Navarra

• The funeral cortege in the Northern Basque Country

Brotherhoods and Associations in the cortege

Prayers and songs during the bearing of the corpse

Stops of the funeral cortege

The funeral cortege today

A child's burial

• Names

• Northern Basque Country

• Southern Basque Country

• The godparents at a child's burial

A youth's burial

The mourners

• Historical documentation

• Ethnographic sources

• Crying and wailing

 

XII. ATTIRE IN THE FUNERAL CORTEGE

Old mourning attire

• The cape

• The shawl

Traditional men's attire

Traditional women's attire

Attire of the relative and neighbours

Bereavement dress today

 

XIII. OFFERING BEARERS IN THE CORTEGE

The bearer of the offering. Names

• The bread offering

• The light offering

Cortege animal offerings in the past

Floral wreaths and flowers in the funeral cortege

• Flowers at the start of the century

• Artificial wreaths and flowers

• Homemade crosses and wreaths

• Prevalence of flowers and wreaths

• Attributed meanings

• Position in the cortege

 

XIV. OBSEQUIES

The corpse during the obsequies

• The coffin in the gateway

• Burial prior to the funeral service

• The catafalque or burial mound

• The funeral with the body present

Arrangement of the family mourners in the church

• Male mourners

• Family mourners

• Family mourners today

The funeral mass

• Names

• Types of funeral

• Satires on the types of funeral

• The social standing of the funeral

• Burial mass and Funeral rites

• «A tiempo» masses (concelebrated by different priests)

• Infant funerals

Appendix: Obsequies according to the Roman Ritual

• Processions from the church to the house of the deceased

• Forming the funeral cortege

• Removal of the corpse and procession to the church

• Receiving the corpse at the church

• Office for the Dead

• Requiem Mass

• Absolution, sprinkling and incensation of the corpse

• Procession to the grave

• Blessing of the grave

 

XV. OBSEQUIAL DAYS

Novena

• Names

• The novena in the Twenties

• Persistence and transformation of the novena

• The novena in the Northern Basque Country

• Reciting the rosary during the novena

Funeral rites

Month's Mind

Anniversary Mass

• Names

• Southern Basque Country

• Northern Basque Country

Mass offerings

• Names

• Northern Basque Country

• Southern Basque Country

• Gregorian masses

Appendix: Burial costs

• Outside contributions

• Payments in kind

 

XVI. GRAVES IN CHURCHES. PITS

Names

Validity of the symbolic graves

• Household grave

• Collective grave

• Abolition of the graves

Burial goods

• Cloth or tablecloth

• Light holders

• • Woodcutter
  • Grave. Pit
  • Argizaiola
  • Candlestick

• Match

• Candle decorations

• Making candles and matches by hand

• Hamper of offerings

• Kneeler

• Custody of the belongings

Activation of the grave

• Primacy of the lady of the house

• Sister's involvement

• Duties of the sister on the day of the obsequies

Taking possession of the grave

Length of the mourning at the grave

 

XVII. OFFERINGS AND SUFFRAGES AT THE GRAVE

Light offering

• Beliefs

• Light offering at the obsequies

• • Gipuzkoa
  • Navarra
  • Alava
  • Bizkaia
  • Northern Basque Country

• Light offerings during the mourning period

• • Gipuzkoa
  • Navarra
  • Alava
  • Bizkaia
  • Northern Basque Country

Bread offering

• Extent and validity of the bread offering

• Types of bread, number and weight

• Names

• Offerings and recipients

• Offering ritual at the obsequies

• Bread offering at the novena

• Offerings during the year of mourning

• Offerings at the anniversary mass

• Offerings on certain days

• Distribution of the offering bread

Money offerings at the grave

• Names

• The responsories of the day of the burial

• Responsories during the period of mourning

• • On feast days
  • Ordinary days

• Responsories on certain days of the year

• Evolution of the stipend of the responsories

Animal offerings in the past

• Historical sources

• Ethnographic sources

 

XVIII. ACT OF BURIAL

Attending the burial act

• Ex officio attendees

• Women not attending

• Bereavement after the burial

• Cortege to the limes

• Direct cortege to the cemetery

• Large procession

• The burial today

Rituals in the cemetery

• Retrieval of religious symbols

• Throwing a handful of earth

The Interment

Orientation of the tomb

• In the church and in its surroundings

• In the cemetery

• • Orientation with respect to the Sun
  • Orientation with respect to the church
  • Orientation with respect to the floor plan of the cemetery
  • Random distribution

 

XIX. RETURNING TO THE HOUSE OF THE DECEASED AND FUNERAL FEAST

Return of the cortege to the house of the deceased

• Northern Basque Country

• Southern Basque Country

Feast and refreshments for the attendees

• The «goodwill» in Alava

• Karidadea in Gipuzkoa

• Other refreshments

Gifts to the participants in the obsequies

• To the priests

• To the coffin bearers

• To children

• To the auroros choirs

• Alms to the poor

The burial meal

• Names

• Place of the meal

• • At the house of the deceased
  • In inns and taverns
  • Preparing the room and the meal

• Diners

• • Relatives
  • Neighbours
  • Mezakoak
  • Other guests
  • Top table
  • Prayers

• Composition of the meal

• The burial meal at different places

• • Beskoitze (L)
  • Izpura (BN)
  • Ezpeize-Ündüreiñe (Z)
  • Basabüria (Haute Soule)
  • Aria (N)
  • Allo (N)
  • Mezkiriz (N)
  • Berastegi (G)
  • Elosua (G)
  • Abadiano (B)
  • Zeanuri (B)
  • Ribera Alta (A)
  • Salvatierra (A)

• Anniversary and funeral rites meals

• Current valuations

Appendix: Some legal restrictions about funeral feasts

 

XX. THE MOURNING

Names

Duration of the mourning

Restrictions during the mourning period

• Attending dances and parties

• Presence in bars and public establishments

• Household celebrations

• Noisy activities

Mourning apparel

• Women's mourning apparel

• • Mourning veil
  • Mantalina
  • Shawl
  • Mantaleta
  • Kaputxina

• Men's mourning apparel

• • Kapa
  • Kapa ttipia and taulerra

• Children's mourning apparel

• Less rigorous mourning

• Teñido casero de prendas para el luto

Marcas de duelo en el exterior de la casa

• Colgaduras

• Ocultación de los escudos

Extensión del duelo a los animales domésticos

Otras manifestaciones de luto

Cambios operados en el luto

 

XXI. CONMEMORACION DE LOS DIFUNTOS

1 de noviembre. Festividad de Todos los Santos. Domuru Santu

• Ofrendas en la iglesia

• Asistencia al cementerio

• • País Vasco peninsular
  • País Vasco continental

2 de noviembre. Conmemoración de los Fieles Difuntos o Día de las Animas. Arimen eguna

• Ofrendas en la iglesia

• Visitas al cementerio

• Novenario por las Animas del Purgatorio

• Reparto de las ofrendas a los niños

• Indulgencias por los difuntos

Conmemoraciones de difuntos a lo largo del año

Cuidado de las tumbas

 

XXII. ASOCIACIONES EN TORNO A LA MUERTE

Características generales de las Cofradías religiosas

Cofradía de la Vera Cruz

Cofradía del Santo Rosario

Cofradía de Animas

Cofradías religiosas bajo otras denominaciones (San Blas, San Nicolás, Pescadores y Mareantes, Santiago Apóstol, San Francisco Javier, San Roque, San Sebastián, Santa Ana, San José, Santísimo Sacramento, Santa Fe, Antorchas, Ntra. Sra. de las Cuevas)

Cofradías vinculadas a Santuarios

Cofradías vecinales en Bizkaia

• Cofradía de San Miguel de Alzusta en Zeanuri

• Cofradía de San Adrián de Argiñeta en Elorrio

Cofradía de la Trinidad de Sangüesa (Navarra)

Cofradía de los Sacerdotes de Aramayona (Alava)

Hermandades y Asociaciones mutuas de carácter funerario

Apéndice

• Estatutos de la Hermandad de la Santa Vera Cruz del lugar de Villanueva de Valdegovia

• Libro de la Cofradía del Sto. Rosario de este pueblo de S. Román

• Regla y Estatutos de la Cofradía de Animas. Llodio

• Statuts ou Règlements des Confrères de la Confrérie de Saint-Blaise du quartier d'Amots, en la Paroisse de St-Pé, du 14 fevrier 1779

• Reglamento reformado de la Cofradía de la Natividad de Nuestra Señora de los Reverendos Sacerdotes del Valle de Aramayona, Provincia de Alava, Diócesis de Vitoria

• Hermandad de Difuntos «Bakartasuna» (La Soledad). Zeanuri

• Reglamento de la Hermandad de la Vera-Cruz, fundada el año de en Alonsótegui

 

XXIII. LUGARES Y MODOS DE ENTERRAMIENTO

La inhumación en la casa. Etxekanderearen baratzea

La inhumación junto a la iglesia

La inhumación en el interior de la iglesia

Prohibiciones legales de sepultar en iglesias

El cementerio. Hilerria

• Denominaciones

• Ubicación del cementerio

• • Junto al templo
  • Cementerios en torno a ermitas
  • Cementerios en extrarradios

• Distribución del espacio del cementerio

• Derecho de inhumación en la sepultura

• Modos de enterramiento

• • El túmulo
  • Sepultura en tierra con losa
  • El panteón
  • El nicho

• Cabecera de la tumba

• • Cruces. Gurutzeak
  • Estelas. Hilarriak

• Tierra no bendecida

• • El limbo
  • Espacio para suicidados e increyentes
  • Casos particulares
  • Enterramientos civiles

 

XXIV. APARECIDOS Y ANIMAS ERRANTES. ARIMA HERRATUAK

Creencias sobre aparecidos

Modos de aparición de las ánimas

• Sonidos y ruidos extraños. Herotsegileak

• Luces y resplandores. Argi-egileak

• Sombras. Gerixetiak

• Olores. Arimen usaina

• Forma corpórea

• Otras formas de aparición

Tiempos de aparición

Escenarios de aparición

• La casa y el fuego del hogar

• Caminos y encrucijadas

• Moradas de ánimas

Testigos de las apariciones

Comportamientos ante apariciones

• Prevenciones

• Normas y fórmulas dialogadas. Zer arrangura duk?

• Cautelas y acreditaciones. Atzamarren erreunea

• Modos de ahuyentar

• Peticiones de las ánimas

• • Misas
  • Oraciones
  • Satisfacción de deudas
  • Cumplimiento de promesas

Presentimientos y temores a apariciones

• Prohibición de dar vueltas al cementerio

• Miedo a lugares de enterramiento

Prácticas asociadas a las creencias en las ánimas

Narraciones de aparecidos tradicionalizadas

• El cura-cazador errante. Abade-txakurrak

• El cura a falta de una misa. Gauerdiko meza

• Sirvienta por deudora. Zorrak pagatu arte neskato

Apéndice: Relatos de aparecidos

• Herotsegilea. Anima tonante

• Argi-egilea. Anima luminosa

• Atzamarren erreunea. Huella de fuego

• Txarri-elia. La piara de cerdos

• Zazpi estatuz ez ondoratu. Alejarse siete estadios

• Mallabiko abadea. El cura-cazador errante

• Gauerdiko meza. El cura a falta de una misa

• Zorrak pagatu arte neskato. Sirvienta por deudora

• Arima herratua (âme errante) qui écrit sur un papier un

• Arima korotik gora joan. Aparición en iglesia

• Kuadrilea kantaren-kantaren. Grupo de ánimas junto al cementerio

• Gaitzerua eta ezkoa. La candela bajo el celemín

 

LES RITES FUNERAIRES EN PAYS BASQUE NORD OU IPARRALDE (SINTHESE)