Diferencia entre revisiones de «Indice Ritos funerarios en vasconia/en»

Revisión del 12:47 10 nov 2017 (ver código) Admin (discusión | contribuciones) (Página creada con «*Ways of driving them away») ← Edición anterior		Revisión del 12:48 10 nov 2017 (ver código) Admin (discusión | contribuciones) (Página creada con «*Petitions to the spirits») Edición siguiente →
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	*[[Modos_de_ahuyentar|Ways of driving them away]]		*[[Modos_de_ahuyentar|Ways of driving them away]]
−	*[[Peticiones_de_las_animas|Peticiones de las ánimas]]	+	*[[Peticiones_de_las_animas|Petitions to the spirits]]
	**Misas		**Misas

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Revisión del 12:48 10 nov 2017

I. OMENS OF DEATH

Animal-related omens

• Dog howling

• Rooster crowing

• Behaviour of livestock and cats

• Singing or presence of night birds. Le cri de la chouette

• Presence of crows and other birds

• Presence of insects

Omens related with facts and events

• Bells ringing

• Paying, measuring or weighing just enough

• Noises and other coincidences

• Omens resulting from the act of dying

 

II. DEATH THROES AND DEATH

Death throes

• Names

• Physical signs of death throes

• Death tolls

• Caring for the person in their dying moments

• • Care and attention
  • Visiting the dying person
  • Watching over the person in their dying moments
  • Contemporary changes

• Prayers during the death throes

• Other religious practices

• Causes for the death throes dragging on

• • Feuds and grievances
  • Possessed by spirits

• Remedies to stop the death throes dragging on

• • Meza enkomendadua
  • Offering lights and fasts
  • Facilitating the exiting of the soul

The death

• Names

• Physical causes of death

• Extraordinary causes of death

• • Spells
  • Evil eye
  • Death spirits

• Replacing death

 

III. VIATICUM AND EXTREME UNCTION

Christian rites of the passage from life to death

Names

Receiving the Last Sacraments

• Notifying the priest and doctor

• Preparing the room of the sick person

• • Home altar
  • Decorating the house

• Viaticum

• • Viaticum in the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)
  • Viaticum in Navarra
  • Viaticum in Gipuzkoa
  • Viaticum in Bizkaia
  • Viaticum in Alava

• Extreme Unction

Appendix 1: Derniers Sacrements a Mendive (BN)

Appendix 2: Administration of Viaticum and Extreme Unction according to the old Roman Ritual

 

IV. BELIEFS ABOUT THE SOUL'S DESTINY

Separation of the soul and body

Signs of salvation or damnation

• The countenance of the corpse

• Signs of nature

• Problems when removing the coffin from the house

• Incorrupt bodies

Practices to ensure salvation

 

V. HOUSEHOLD MOURNING AND HELP FROM NEIGHBOURS

Signs of mourning of the bereaved household

• Concealing the mirrors

• Concealing other belongings

• Covering the walls

• Closing windows

• Signs of mourning outside the house

Role of the neighbours during the mourning period

• The neighbourhood and neighbours with regard to the bereaved household

• • Organisation of the neighbourhood hierarchy
  • The first neighbour
  • Reconciliation and friendship between neighbours

• Help provided by the neighbours

• • Household chores and tasks
  • Primacy of family support
  • Customarily established help

The parish cross in the bereaved household

Appendix: Rôle des voisins durant le rite funéraire à Ossès/Ortzaize (BN)

 

VI. COMMUNICATING THE DEATH

Notifications

• Recipients of the notification

• Death announcers

Relatives and neighbours The first settlers Youths Female announcers Messengers and auroros choirs

• Contemporary transitions

Bell ringing

• Names

• Time of the death knell

• Person in charge of ringing the bells

• The language of the tolling of the bells

• • Religious status and sex differences
  • Death knell for children
  • Social categories

• Validity of the death knells

• Death knells in chapels

• Burial bell tolls

Death notices

• Newspaper death notices

• Street death notices

• Antiquity of the death notices

• Radio death notices

Memorials

Telling domesticated animals of the death

• Telling the bees

• • Survival of the beehive
  • Producing more wax
  • Requesting wax and avoiding the death of the bees
  • The death of the owner
  • The new owner
  • Signs of mourning

• Telling the barn animals

 

VII. SHROUD

Death and act of closing the eyelids

ashing and shrouding

• Ways of washing the corpse

• Cleansing the corpse

• Arranging the hands and feet

• Salt on the corpse

• The shroud and its types

• • Cloth shroud
  • Religious habits
  • Festive garments

Objects that accompany the corpse

• Pious symbols

• Death indulgences

• Secular objects

Burning herbs

 

VIII. THE WAKE. GAUBELA

The wake

• Daytime vigil

• Reciting the Rosary at dusk

• Night-time vigil

• • Names
  • The wake in the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)
  • The wake in the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)
  • Looking after the lamp
  • Meals during the wake

• Validity of the wake

The room with the deceased

• Cross

• Light

• Holy water

Laying out the corpse

• The corpse on the death bed

• The corpse in the main room

• In the death chamber

The coffin

• Names

• Making the coffin

• Classes and types of coffins

• Duties of the carpenter

Trolleys and stretchers

Burning the pallet

 

IX. CORPSE WAYS

Names

Corpse ways in localities with a scattered population

• Southern Basque Country

• Northern Basque Country

Corpse ways in charter towns with a rural population

Corpse ways in localities with a concentrated population

The paths of the parish cross and the Viaticum

Upkeep of the corpse ways

Legal significance of the corpse ways

 

X. TAKING THE CORPSE TO THE CHURCH

The bearers

• Names

• Neighbours as bearers

• • Northern Basque Country
  • Southern Basque Country

• Youth bearers in Álava

• Relatives and neighbours as bearers

• Friends and relatives as bearers

• Bearers nominated by the dying person

• Orientation of the corpse

• Developments in the ways to transport the corpse

• Taking turns in bearing the corpse

Removal of the corpse

• Southern Basque Country

• Northern Basque Country

• Hospitality house

• Mother house or of the patron saint

 

XI. THE FUNERAL CORTEGE

Composition of the funeral cortege

• Names

• Head of the procession

• The funeral cortege in Alava

• The funeral cortege in Bizkaia

• The funeral cortege in Gipuzkoa

• The funeral cortege in Navarra

• The funeral cortege in the Northern Basque Country

Brotherhoods and Associations in the cortege

Prayers and songs during the bearing of the corpse

Stops of the funeral cortege

The funeral cortege today

A child's burial

• Names

• Northern Basque Country

• Southern Basque Country

• The godparents at a child's burial

A youth's burial

The mourners

• Historical documentation

• Ethnographic sources

• Crying and wailing

 

XII. ATTIRE IN THE FUNERAL CORTEGE

Old mourning attire

• The cape

• The shawl

Traditional men's attire

Traditional women's attire

Attire of the relative and neighbours

Bereavement dress today

 

XIII. OFFERING BEARERS IN THE CORTEGE

The bearer of the offering. Names

• The bread offering

• The light offering

Cortege animal offerings in the past

Floral wreaths and flowers in the funeral cortege

• Flowers at the start of the century

• Artificial wreaths and flowers

• Homemade crosses and wreaths

• Prevalence of flowers and wreaths

• Attributed meanings

• Position in the cortege

 

XIV. OBSEQUIES

The corpse during the obsequies

• The coffin in the gateway

• Burial prior to the funeral service

• The catafalque or burial mound

• The funeral with the body present

Arrangement of the family mourners in the church

• Male mourners

• Family mourners

• Family mourners today

The funeral mass

• Names

• Types of funeral

• Satires on the types of funeral

• The social standing of the funeral

• Burial mass and Funeral rites

• «A tiempo» masses (concelebrated by different priests)

• Infant funerals

Appendix: Obsequies according to the Roman Ritual

• Processions from the church to the house of the deceased

• Forming the funeral cortege

• Removal of the corpse and procession to the church

• Receiving the corpse at the church

• Office for the Dead

• Requiem Mass

• Absolution, sprinkling and incensation of the corpse

• Procession to the grave

• Blessing of the grave

 

XV. OBSEQUIAL DAYS

Novena

• Names

• The novena in the Twenties

• Persistence and transformation of the novena

• The novena in the Northern Basque Country

• Reciting the rosary during the novena

Funeral rites

Month's Mind

Anniversary Mass

• Names

• Southern Basque Country

• Northern Basque Country

Mass offerings

• Names

• Northern Basque Country

• Southern Basque Country

• Gregorian masses

Appendix: Burial costs

• Outside contributions

• Payments in kind

 

XVI. GRAVES IN CHURCHES. PITS

Names

Validity of the symbolic graves

• Household grave

• Collective grave

• Abolition of the graves

Burial goods

• Cloth or tablecloth

• Light holders

• • Woodcutter
  • Grave. Pit
  • Argizaiola
  • Candlestick

• Match

• Candle decorations

• Making candles and matches by hand

• Hamper of offerings

• Kneeler

• Custody of the belongings

Activation of the grave

• Primacy of the lady of the house

• Sister's involvement

• Duties of the sister on the day of the obsequies

Taking possession of the grave

Length of the mourning at the grave

 

XVII. OFFERINGS AND SUFFRAGES AT THE GRAVE

Light offering

• Beliefs

• Light offering at the obsequies

• • Gipuzkoa
  • Navarra
  • Alava
  • Bizkaia
  • Northern Basque Country

• Light offerings during the mourning period

• • Gipuzkoa
  • Navarra
  • Alava
  • Bizkaia
  • Northern Basque Country

Bread offering

• Extent and validity of the bread offering

• Types of bread, number and weight

• Names

• Offerings and recipients

• Offering ritual at the obsequies

• Bread offering at the novena

• Offerings during the year of mourning

• Offerings at the anniversary mass

• Offerings on certain days

• Distribution of the offering bread

Money offerings at the grave

• Names

• The responsories of the day of the burial

• Responsories during the period of mourning

• • On feast days
  • Ordinary days

• Responsories on certain days of the year

• Evolution of the stipend of the responsories

Animal offerings in the past

• Historical sources

• Ethnographic sources

 

XVIII. ACT OF BURIAL

Attending the burial act

• Ex officio attendees

• Women not attending

• Bereavement after the burial

• Cortege to the limes

• Direct cortege to the cemetery

• Large procession

• The burial today

Rituals in the cemetery

• Retrieval of religious symbols

• Throwing a handful of earth

The Interment

Orientation of the tomb

• In the church and in its surroundings

• In the cemetery

• • Orientation with respect to the Sun
  • Orientation with respect to the church
  • Orientation with respect to the floor plan of the cemetery
  • Random distribution

 

XIX. RETURNING TO THE HOUSE OF THE DECEASED AND FUNERAL FEAST

Return of the cortege to the house of the deceased

• Northern Basque Country

• Southern Basque Country

Feast and refreshments for the attendees

• The «goodwill» in Alava

• Karidadea in Gipuzkoa

• Other refreshments

Gifts to the participants in the obsequies

• To the priests

• To the coffin bearers

• To children

• To the auroros choirs

• Alms to the poor

The burial meal

• Names

• Place of the meal

• • At the house of the deceased
  • In inns and taverns
  • Preparing the room and the meal

• Diners

• • Relatives
  • Neighbours
  • Mezakoak
  • Other guests
  • Top table
  • Prayers

• Composition of the meal

• The burial meal at different places

• • Beskoitze (L)
  • Izpura (BN)
  • Ezpeize-Ündüreiñe (Z)
  • Basabüria (Haute Soule)
  • Aria (N)
  • Allo (N)
  • Mezkiriz (N)
  • Berastegi (G)
  • Elosua (G)
  • Abadiano (B)
  • Zeanuri (B)
  • Ribera Alta (A)
  • Salvatierra (A)

• Anniversary and funeral rites meals

• Current valuations

Appendix: Some legal restrictions about funeral feasts

 

XX. THE MOURNING

Names

Duration of the mourning

Restrictions during the mourning period

• Attending dances and parties

• Presence in bars and public establishments

• Household celebrations

• Noisy activities

Mourning apparel

• Women's mourning apparel

• • Mourning veil
  • Mantalina
  • Shawl
  • Mantaleta
  • Kaputxina

• Men's mourning apparel

• • Kapa
  • Kapa ttipia and taulerra

• Children's mourning apparel

• Less rigorous mourning

• Home dying of garments for the mourning

Signs of mourning on the outside of the house

• Drapery

• Concealing the coats-of-arms

Extending the mourning to the domesticated animals

Other displays of mourning

Changes to the mourning

 

XXI. COMMEMORATION OF THE DEAD

1 November All Saints' Day

• Offerings at the church

• Visiting the cemetery

• • Southern Basque Country
  • Northern Basque Country

2 November Commemoration of the Faithful Departed or All Souls' Day

• Offerings at the church

• Visits to the cemetery

• Novena for the Spirits in Purgatory

• Distribution of the offerings to children

• Indulgences for the deceased

Commemoration of the dead during the year

Caring for the graves

 

XXII. ASSOCIATIONS AROUND DEATH

General characteristics of the religious brotherhoods

Brotherhood of the True Cross

Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary

Brotherhood of the Spirits

Religious brotherhoods under other names (San Blas, San Nicolás, Fishermen and Seafarers Santiago Apóstol, San Francisco Javier, San Roque, San Sebastián, Santa Ana, San José, Blessed Sacrament, Santa Fe, Antorchas, Our Lady of the Grottoes)

Brotherhoods linked to shrines

Neighbourhood brotherhoods in Bizkaia

• Brotherhood of San Miguel de Alzusta in Zeanuri

• Brotherhood of San Adrián de Argiñeta in Elorrio

Brotherhood of the Sangüesa Trinity (Navarra)

Brotherhood of the Aramayona Priests (Alava)

Brotherhoods and Funeral Mutual Associations

Appendix

• Charter of the Brotherhood of the Holy True Cross of the village of Villanueva de Valdegovia

• Book of the Brotherhood of the Holy Rosary of this town of S. Román

• Rules and Charter of the Brotherhood of Spirits. Llodio

• Statuts ou Règlements des Confrères de la Confrérie de Saint-Blaise du quartier d'Amots, en la Paroisse de St-Pé, du 14 fevrier 1779

• Reformed Rules of the Brotherhood of the Nativity of Our Lady of the Reverend Priests of Aramayona Valley, Province of Alava, Diocese of Vitoria

• «Bakartasuna» Brotherhood of the Dead (Solitude). Zeanuri

• Rules of the Brotherhood of the True Cross, founded in Alonsótegui in 1882

 

XXIII. BURIAL PLACES AND METHODS

Internment on the homestead

Internment next to the church

Internment inside the church

Legal restrictions regarding burial in churches

The cemetery

• Names

• Location of the cemetery

• • Next to the place of worship
  • Cemeteries around chapels
  • Cemeteries in the outskirts

• Distribution of the cemetery area

• Right of internment in the grave

• Burial methods

• • The burial mound
  • Grave in the ground with flagstone
  • The pantheon
  • The crypt

• Headstone

• • Crosses
  • Stelae

• Unconsecrated ground

• • Limbo
  • Area for people who have committed suicide and non-believers
  • Specific cases
  • Civil burials

 

XXIV. GHOSTS AND WANDERING SPIRITS

Beliefs about ghosts

Types of spirit apparitions

• Sounds and strong noises

• Lights and glows

• Shadows

• Smells

• Bodily form

• Other types of apparition

Apparition times

Apparition scenarios

• The house and outside the home

• Paths and crossroads

• Spirit abodes

Witnesses of the apparitions

Reaction to the apparitions

• Preventions

• Dialogues and rules

• Precautions and accreditations

• Ways of driving them away

• Petitions to the spirits

• • Misas
  • Oraciones
  • Satisfacción de deudas
  • Cumplimiento de promesas

Presentimientos y temores a apariciones

• Prohibición de dar vueltas al cementerio

• Miedo a lugares de enterramiento

Prácticas asociadas a las creencias en las ánimas

Narraciones de aparecidos tradicionalizadas

• El cura-cazador errante. Abade-txakurrak

• El cura a falta de una misa. Gauerdiko meza

• Sirvienta por deudora. Zorrak pagatu arte neskato

Apéndice: Relatos de aparecidos

• Herotsegilea. Anima tonante

• Argi-egilea. Anima luminosa

• Atzamarren erreunea. Huella de fuego

• Txarri-elia. La piara de cerdos

• Zazpi estatuz ez ondoratu. Alejarse siete estadios

• Mallabiko abadea. El cura-cazador errante

• Gauerdiko meza. El cura a falta de una misa

• Zorrak pagatu arte neskato. Sirvienta por deudora

• Arima herratua (âme errante) qui écrit sur un papier un

• Arima korotik gora joan. Aparición en iglesia

• Kuadrilea kantaren-kantaren. Grupo de ánimas junto al cementerio

• Gaitzerua eta ezkoa. La candela bajo el celemín

 

LES RITES FUNERAIRES EN PAYS BASQUE NORD OU IPARRALDE (SINTHESE)