Resumen
Ritos Funerarios en Vasconia (Funeral Rites in the Basque Country) is an ethnographic research project that was conducted by the Etniker Groups in Euskalerria, and forms part of the Basque Country Ethnographical Atlas, of which Mr. Jose Miguel de Barandiaran is the designer. This Section belongs to Volume X in the Atlas as a whole, and is the third one to be issued. Previous Sections dealing with Household Foodstuffs in the Basque Country and Children's Games in the Basque Country appeared in 1990 and in 1993 respectively.
The research has been carried out within the territory which nowadays forms the Basque Country, lying in an area that stretches from the River Adour in the North, down to the River Ebro in the South. It is governed by two political authorities within the Spanish State (The Basque Autonomous Community and The Community of Navarre), and also includes part of the French Department of the Atlantic Pyrenees. Altogether, it covers an area of 20,531 sq. kms., and its population amounts to 2,937,151 inhabitants (in 1990).
Surveys and field work were carried out in 85 separate towns throughout the provinces of Alava, Biscay, Guipiizcoa, Navarre, Basse-Navarre, Labourd and Soule. The criteria used in selecting towns included the regional diversity of the territory being researched, and of the rural, urban and costal areas where the survey was conducted. The ethnographical questionnaire that was used can be found in the Guia Para una encuesta etnografica (Guide for an Ethnographical Survey, Chapter II, Household Group Uses), and specifically, use is made of questions that relate to funeral rites (Questions I1.238 to 11.272).
Throughout the work, there are descriptions of the routines that go to make up the funeral ritual. Firstly, there are those that take place in the deceased person's home: distress, administration of the Holy Sacraments, the announcement of death, shrouding the body, and of course, the wake. Following this are the rites that accompany the conveyance of the coffin to the church: the funeral procession, the people in the funeral procession and their attire, offerings in the cortege, and the celebration of funeral rites.
Varios capítulos se dedican a describir las sepulturas simbólicas ubicadas en las iglesias y las ofrendas de luces, panes y dinero que tenían lugar en ellas así como la evolución de los modos de enterramiento. Se estudian también los ritos que acompañaban el regreso del duelo a la casa mortuoria, los ágapes funerarios, el periodo de luto guardado por la familia y los días dedicados a conmemorar a los muertos.
En apartado de las creencias se exponen los hechos considerados como presagios de muerte, así como las creencias sobre el destino del alma y los relatos sobre aparecidos y ánimas errantes.
Tanto los dos volúmenes anteriores como éste dedicado a los ritos funerarios y los posteriores que completarán el Atlas etnográfico pretenden estudiar el grupo humano de Vasconia en sus diversas manifestaciones. En este estudio se tiene en cuenta la cultura tradicional tal como ha sido registrada a lo largo de este siglo y las transformaciones contemporáneas que se observan en la misma.
