Diferencia entre revisiones de «Indice Agricultura en vasconia/en»
De Atlas Etnográfico de Vasconia
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== I. [[EL_PAISAJE_AGRARIO/en|THE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE]] == | == I. [[EL_PAISAJE_AGRARIO/en|THE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE]] == | ||
− | === [[Paisaje_agrario_de_Alava|Agricultural landscape of Álava]] === | + | === [[#Paisaje_agrario_de_Alava|Agricultural landscape of Álava]] === |
− | === [[Paisaje_agrario_de_Navarra|Agricultural landscape of Navarra]] === | + | === [[#Paisaje_agrario_de_Navarra|Agricultural landscape of Navarra]] === |
− | === [[Paisaje_agrario_de_Bizkaia|Agricultural landscape of Bizkaia]] === | + | === [[#Paisaje_agrario_de_Bizkaia|Agricultural landscape of Bizkaia]] === |
− | === [[Paisaje_agrario_de_Gipuzkoa|Agricultural landscape of Gipuzkoa]] === | + | === [[#Paisaje_agrario_de_Gipuzkoa|Agricultural landscape of Gipuzkoa]] === |
− | === [[Paysages_d_Iparralde_trois_regards|Landscapes of the Northern Basque Country (lying within France): three aspects]] === | + | === [[#Paysages_d_Iparralde_trois_regards|Landscapes of the Northern Basque Country (lying within France): three aspects]] === |
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== II. [[TERRENOS_CULTIVADOS/en|FARMED LANDS]] == | == II. [[TERRENOS_CULTIVADOS/en|FARMED LANDS]] == | ||
− | === [[Clases_calidad_y_cultivos_de_las_tierras|Land types, quality and crops]] === | + | === [[#Clases_calidad_y_cultivos_de_las_tierras|Land types, quality and crops]] === |
*[[Consideraciones_generales1|General points]] | *[[Consideraciones_generales1|General points]] | ||
Línea 34: | Línea 34: | ||
*[[Regadio|Irrigation]] | *[[Regadio|Irrigation]] | ||
− | === [[Denominaciones_y_descripcion_de_las_tierras_explotadas|Names and description of the farmed land]] === | + | === [[#Denominaciones_y_descripcion_de_las_tierras_explotadas|Names and description of the farmed land]] === |
*[[Denominaciones_castellanas_y_descripciones|Spanish names and descriptions]] | *[[Denominaciones_castellanas_y_descripciones|Spanish names and descriptions]] | ||
Línea 40: | Línea 40: | ||
*[[Denominaciones_euskericas_y_descripciones|Basque names and descriptions]] | *[[Denominaciones_euskericas_y_descripciones|Basque names and descriptions]] | ||
− | === [[Dimensiones_de_las_parcelas|Sizes of the plots]] === | + | === [[#Dimensiones_de_las_parcelas|Sizes of the plots]] === |
*[[La_concentracion_parcelaria|Land consolidation]] | *[[La_concentracion_parcelaria|Land consolidation]] | ||
− | === [[Situacion_y_separacion_entre_heredades|Situation and separation between fields]] === | + | === [[#Situacion_y_separacion_entre_heredades|Situation and separation between fields]] === |
*[[Cerramientos_de_muros_de_piedra._Itxiturak|Stone walls]] | *[[Cerramientos_de_muros_de_piedra._Itxiturak|Stone walls]] | ||
Línea 56: | Línea 56: | ||
*[[Lindes_naturales|Natural boundaries]] | *[[Lindes_naturales|Natural boundaries]] | ||
− | === [[Caminos_vecinales_auzobideak|Local roads]] === | + | === [[#Caminos_vecinales_auzobideak|Local roads]] === |
− | === [[Lugares_de_reunion._Areas_de_contactos_sociales|Meeting places. Social contact areas]] === | + | === [[#Lugares_de_reunion._Areas_de_contactos_sociales|Meeting places. Social contact areas]] === |
− | === [[Apendice_Mojones_de_jurisdiccion_herri_arteko_mugarriak|Appendix: Jurisdiction boundary stones]] === | + | === [[#Apendice_Mojones_de_jurisdiccion_herri_arteko_mugarriak|Appendix: Jurisdiction boundary stones]] === |
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Línea 67: | Línea 67: | ||
== III. [[DISTRIBUCION_Y_ROTACION_DE_CULTIVOS._CALENDARIO_AGRICOLA/en|CROP DISTRIBUTION AND ROTATION. FARMING YEAR]] == | == III. [[DISTRIBUCION_Y_ROTACION_DE_CULTIVOS._CALENDARIO_AGRICOLA/en|CROP DISTRIBUTION AND ROTATION. FARMING YEAR]] == | ||
− | === [[Consideraciones_generales2|General points]] === | + | === [[#Consideraciones_generales2|General points]] === |
*[[Dias_y_periodos_de_cultivo|Growth periods and days]] | *[[Dias_y_periodos_de_cultivo|Growth periods and days]] | ||
Línea 73: | Línea 73: | ||
*[[Influencia_de_la_luna|Influence of the moon]] | *[[Influencia_de_la_luna|Influence of the moon]] | ||
− | === [[Distribucion_de_los_cultivos_en_los_distintos_tipos_de_heredades|Crop distribution in the different types of fields]] === | + | === [[#Distribucion_de_los_cultivos_en_los_distintos_tipos_de_heredades|Crop distribution in the different types of fields]] === |
− | === [[Rotacion_de_cultivos|Crop rotation]] === | + | === [[#Rotacion_de_cultivos|Crop rotation]] === |
− | === [[Calendario_agricola|Farming year]] === | + | === [[#Calendario_agricola|Farming year]] === |
*[[Vertiente_mediterranea_de_Alava|Álava Mediterranean watershed]] | *[[Vertiente_mediterranea_de_Alava|Álava Mediterranean watershed]] | ||
Línea 87: | Línea 87: | ||
*[[Ciclo_de_cada_cultivo|Cycle of each crop]] | *[[Ciclo_de_cada_cultivo|Cycle of each crop]] | ||
− | === [[Las_semillas_haziak|Seeds]] === | + | === [[#Las_semillas_haziak|Seeds]] === |
*[[Seleccion_de_semillas|Seed selection]] | *[[Seleccion_de_semillas|Seed selection]] | ||
Línea 97: | Línea 97: | ||
*[[Preparacion_de_semilleros_o_sementeras|Preparing seedbeds or sowings]] | *[[Preparacion_de_semilleros_o_sementeras|Preparing seedbeds or sowings]] | ||
− | === [[Apendice_Refranes_relacionados_con_la_agricultura._Esaerak|Appendix: Sayings to do with agriculture]] === | + | === [[#Apendice_Refranes_relacionados_con_la_agricultura._Esaerak|Appendix: Sayings to do with agriculture]] === |
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== IV. [[PREPARACION_DE_LA_TIERRA_DE_CULTIVO/en|PREPARING THE CULTIVATED LAND]] == | == IV. [[PREPARACION_DE_LA_TIERRA_DE_CULTIVO/en|PREPARING THE CULTIVATED LAND]] == | ||
− | === [[Primera_roturacion_de_un_terreno|First ploughing of a piece of land]] === | + | === [[#Primera_roturacion_de_un_terreno|First ploughing of a piece of land]] === |
*[[Roturacion_de_monte_bajo_o_con_arbolado|Ploughing scrubland or woodland]] | *[[Roturacion_de_monte_bajo_o_con_arbolado|Ploughing scrubland or woodland]] | ||
Línea 110: | Línea 110: | ||
*[[Tecnicas_modernas|Modern techniques]] | *[[Tecnicas_modernas|Modern techniques]] | ||
− | === [[La_tierra_de_labor|Arable land]] === | + | === [[#La_tierra_de_labor|Arable land]] === |
*[[Preparacion_de_tierras_en_barbecho|Preparing the fallow land]] | *[[Preparacion_de_tierras_en_barbecho|Preparing the fallow land]] | ||
Línea 119: | Línea 119: | ||
**The Atlantic side of the watershed | **The Atlantic side of the watershed | ||
− | === [[El_abonado|Fertilising]] === | + | === [[#El_abonado|Fertilising]] === |
*[[Estiercol|Manure]] | *[[Estiercol|Manure]] | ||
Línea 133: | Línea 133: | ||
*[[Compost_y_abonos_verdes|Compost and organic fertilisers]] | *[[Compost_y_abonos_verdes|Compost and organic fertilisers]] | ||
− | === [[El_uso_de_la_ceniza_errautsa|Use of ash]] === | + | === [[#El_uso_de_la_ceniza_errautsa|Use of ash]] === |
− | === [[El_encalado|Liming]] === | + | === [[#El_encalado|Liming]] === |
*[[Produccion_de_cal._Kareharria|Lime production]] | *[[Produccion_de_cal._Kareharria|Lime production]] | ||
Línea 144: | Línea 144: | ||
== V. [[SIEMBRA_Y_CUIDADOS_DE_LOS_CULTIVOS/en|SOWING AND CARING FOR THE CROPS]] == | == V. [[SIEMBRA_Y_CUIDADOS_DE_LOS_CULTIVOS/en|SOWING AND CARING FOR THE CROPS]] == | ||
− | === [[Siembra_y_plantacion_ereitea_eta_landatzea|Sowing and planting]] === | + | === [[#Siembra_y_plantacion_ereitea_eta_landatzea|Sowing and planting]] === |
− | === [[Diversidad_de_cultivos|Crop diversity]] === | + | === [[#Diversidad_de_cultivos|Crop diversity]] === |
− | === [[Cultivos_para_consumo_humano|Crops for human consumption]] === | + | === [[#Cultivos_para_consumo_humano|Crops for human consumption]] === |
*[[Cereales|Cereals]] | *[[Cereales|Cereals]] | ||
Línea 212: | Línea 212: | ||
**Marihuana | **Marihuana | ||
− | === [[Cultivos_para_el_ganado|Crops for livestock]] === | + | === [[#Cultivos_para_el_ganado|Crops for livestock]] === |
*[[Cereales2|Cereals]] | *[[Cereales2|Cereals]] | ||
Línea 232: | Línea 232: | ||
**Carrots | **Carrots | ||
− | === [[Cultivos_industriales|Industrial crops]] === | + | === [[#Cultivos_industriales|Industrial crops]] === |
*[[Remolacha_azucarera|Sugar beet]] | *[[Remolacha_azucarera|Sugar beet]] | ||
Línea 244: | Línea 244: | ||
*[[Setas2|Mushrooms]] | *[[Setas2|Mushrooms]] | ||
− | === [[Cultivo_de_plantas_ornamentales|Ornamental plant crops]] === | + | === [[#Cultivo_de_plantas_ornamentales|Ornamental plant crops]] === |
− | === [[Cuidados_de_los_cultivos|Caring for the crops]] === | + | === [[#Cuidados_de_los_cultivos|Caring for the crops]] === |
*[[Escarda_jorra|Weeding]] | *[[Escarda_jorra|Weeding]] | ||
Línea 264: | Línea 264: | ||
== VI. [[RECOLECCION_DE_LOS_CULTIVOS_Y_CONSERVACION/en|CROP HARVESTING AND PRESERVATION]] == | == VI. [[RECOLECCION_DE_LOS_CULTIVOS_Y_CONSERVACION/en|CROP HARVESTING AND PRESERVATION]] == | ||
− | === [[Recoleccion_de_cultivos_para_consumo_humano|Harvesting crops for human consumption]] === | + | === [[#Recoleccion_de_cultivos_para_consumo_humano|Harvesting crops for human consumption]] === |
*[[Evolucion_de_la_siega_y_trilla_de_cereales|Evolution of reaping and threshing cereals]] | *[[Evolucion_de_la_siega_y_trilla_de_cereales|Evolution of reaping and threshing cereals]] | ||
Línea 290: | Línea 290: | ||
* [[Hortalizas_aereas_rec|Above ground vegetables]] | * [[Hortalizas_aereas_rec|Above ground vegetables]] | ||
− | === [[Recoleccion_de_cultivos_para_el_ganado|Crops for livestock]] === | + | === [[#Recoleccion_de_cultivos_para_el_ganado|Crops for livestock]] === |
* [[Cereales_rec_ganado|Cereals]] | * [[Cereales_rec_ganado|Cereals]] | ||
Línea 301: | Línea 301: | ||
**Potatoes | **Potatoes | ||
− | === [[Conservacion|Storage and preservation]] === | + | === [[#Conservacion|Storage and preservation]] === |
− | === [[Molinos_harineros_errotak|Flour mills]] === | + | === [[#Molinos_harineros_errotak|Flour mills]] === |
*[[Introduccion|Introduction]] | *[[Introduccion|Introduction]] | ||
Línea 329: | Línea 329: | ||
== VII. [[LA_HIERBA_Y_OTROS_FORRAJES/en|GRASS AND OTHER FORAGE]] == | == VII. [[LA_HIERBA_Y_OTROS_FORRAJES/en|GRASS AND OTHER FORAGE]] == | ||
− | === [[La_hierba_en_la_cultura_tradicional|Grass in the traditional culture]] === | + | === [[#La_hierba_en_la_cultura_tradicional|Grass in the traditional culture]] === |
*[[Creacion_y_mantenimiento_de_prados|Meadow creation and upkeep]] | *[[Creacion_y_mantenimiento_de_prados|Meadow creation and upkeep]] | ||
Línea 349: | Línea 349: | ||
***Haystacks | ***Haystacks | ||
− | === [[El_inicio_de_los_cambios|The start of the changes]] === | + | === [[#El_inicio_de_los_cambios|The start of the changes]] === |
− | === [[La_transformacion_de_los_años_1960|Changes in the 1960s]] === | + | === [[#La_transformacion_de_los_años_1960|Changes in the 1960s]] === |
*[[Ensilado|Silage]] | *[[Ensilado|Silage]] | ||
Línea 361: | Línea 361: | ||
*[[Enfardado|Baling]] | *[[Enfardado|Baling]] | ||
− | === [[Mecanizacion_progresiva|Progressive mechanisation]] === | + | === [[#Mecanizacion_progresiva|Progressive mechanisation]] === |
*[[Mecanizacion_de_la_recoleccion_de_la_hierba|Mechanisation of grass harvesting]] | *[[Mecanizacion_de_la_recoleccion_de_la_hierba|Mechanisation of grass harvesting]] | ||
Línea 373: | Línea 373: | ||
*[[Transformaciones_vinculadas_a_la_crisis_ganadera|Changes linked to the livestock crisis]] | *[[Transformaciones_vinculadas_a_la_crisis_ganadera|Changes linked to the livestock crisis]] | ||
− | === [[Cultivo_de_hierba_en_el_area_mediterranea|Growing grass on the Mediterranean side of the watershed]] === | + | === [[#Cultivo_de_hierba_en_el_area_mediterranea|Growing grass on the Mediterranean side of the watershed]] === |
− | === [[Otros_forrajes|Other forage]] === | + | === [[#Otros_forrajes|Other forage]] === |
*[[Area_atlantica|The Atlantic side of the watershed]] | *[[Area_atlantica|The Atlantic side of the watershed]] | ||
Línea 384: | Línea 384: | ||
== VIII. [[CULTIVO_DE_LINO_Y_CAÑAMO/en|GROWING FLAX AND HEMP]] == | == VIII. [[CULTIVO_DE_LINO_Y_CAÑAMO/en|GROWING FLAX AND HEMP]] == | ||
− | === [[El_antiguo_cultivo_del_lino|The traditional crop of flax]] === | + | === [[#El_antiguo_cultivo_del_lino|The traditional crop of flax]] === |
− | === [[El_lino_en_el_paisaje_agrario|Flax in the farmed landscape]] === | + | === [[#El_lino_en_el_paisaje_agrario|Flax in the farmed landscape]] === |
− | === [[Terrenos_de_cultivo|Cropland]] === | + | === [[#Terrenos_de_cultivo|Cropland]] === |
*[[Clases_de_lino_y_epoca_de_siembra_ereitea|Types of flax and sowing season]] | *[[Clases_de_lino_y_epoca_de_siembra_ereitea|Types of flax and sowing season]] | ||
− | === [[Proceso_de_elaboracion|Production process]] === | + | === [[#Proceso_de_elaboracion|Production process]] === |
*[[Arranque_y_ablandamiento_ateratzea_eta_beratzea|Pulling up and softening]] | *[[Arranque_y_ablandamiento_ateratzea_eta_beratzea|Pulling up and softening]] | ||
Línea 400: | Línea 400: | ||
*[[El_empozado_del_lino_lihoa_urtaratu|Soaking flax]] | *[[El_empozado_del_lino_lihoa_urtaratu|Soaking flax]] | ||
− | === [[Tratamiento_de_las_hebras_linugintza|Treating the strands]] === | + | === [[#Tratamiento_de_las_hebras_linugintza|Treating the strands]] === |
*[[Mazado_linarriketa|Breaking]] | *[[Mazado_linarriketa|Breaking]] | ||
Línea 412: | Línea 412: | ||
*[[La_carda_txarrasketa|Teasing]] | *[[La_carda_txarrasketa|Teasing]] | ||
− | === [[Hilado_harigintza|Spinning]] === | + | === [[#Hilado_harigintza|Spinning]] === |
*[[La_rueca._Goruetan|Spinning wheel]] | *[[La_rueca._Goruetan|Spinning wheel]] | ||
Línea 420: | Línea 420: | ||
*[[Madejado_matazak_egitea|Skeining]] | *[[Madejado_matazak_egitea|Skeining]] | ||
− | === [[Blanqueo._Egozketa|Bleaching]] === | + | === [[#Blanqueo._Egozketa|Bleaching]] === |
− | === [[El_ovillado_harilketa|Winding]] === | + | === [[#El_ovillado_harilketa|Winding]] === |
− | === [[Elaboracion_del_tejido_ehungintza|Making the fabric]] === | + | === [[#Elaboracion_del_tejido_ehungintza|Making the fabric]] === |
− | === [[El_cañamo|Hemp]] === | + | === [[#El_cañamo|Hemp]] === |
− | === [[El_esparto|Esparto grass]] === | + | === [[#El_esparto|Esparto grass]] === |
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Línea 435: | Línea 435: | ||
== IX. [[CULTIVO_DE_ARBOLES_FRUTALES/en|GROWING FRUIT TREES]] == | == IX. [[CULTIVO_DE_ARBOLES_FRUTALES/en|GROWING FRUIT TREES]] == | ||
− | === [[Introduccion1|Introduction]] === | + | === [[#Introduccion1|Introduction]] === |
− | === [[Cultivo_de_arboles_frutales|Growing fruit trees]] === | + | === [[#Cultivo_de_arboles_frutales|Growing fruit trees]] === |
*[[Vertiente_mediterranea1|Mediterranean watershed]] | *[[Vertiente_mediterranea1|Mediterranean watershed]] | ||
Línea 443: | Línea 443: | ||
*[[Vertiente_atlantica1|Atlantic watershed]] | *[[Vertiente_atlantica1|Atlantic watershed]] | ||
− | === [[Plantacion_y_adquisicion_de_arboles|Planting and acquiring trees]] === | + | === [[#Plantacion_y_adquisicion_de_arboles|Planting and acquiring trees]] === |
− | === [[Injertado_txertatzea_eztitzea|Grafting]] === | + | === [[#Injertado_txertatzea_eztitzea|Grafting]] === |
− | === [[Cuidados|Care]] === | + | === [[#Cuidados|Care]] === |
− | === [[Recoleccion_conservacion_y_aprovechamiento_de_la_fruta|Harvesting, storing and use of the fruit]] === | + | === [[#Recoleccion_conservacion_y_aprovechamiento_de_la_fruta|Harvesting, storing and use of the fruit]] === |
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== X. [[CULTIVO_DEL_OLIVO_Y_LA_VID/en|GROWING OLIVES AND VINES]] == | == X. [[CULTIVO_DEL_OLIVO_Y_LA_VID/en|GROWING OLIVES AND VINES]] == | ||
− | === [[El_olivo_olibondoa|The olive]] === | + | === [[#El_olivo_olibondoa|The olive]] === |
*[[Zonas_olivareras|Olive-growing areas]] | *[[Zonas_olivareras|Olive-growing areas]] | ||
Línea 492: | Línea 492: | ||
*[[Trasplante|Transplanting]] | *[[Trasplante|Transplanting]] | ||
− | === [[La_vid_mahatsondoa|Vines]] === | + | === [[#La_vid_mahatsondoa|Vines]] === |
*[[Antecedentes_historicos1|Historical background]] | *[[Antecedentes_historicos1|Historical background]] | ||
Línea 537: | Línea 537: | ||
== XI. [[PRODUCCION_DE_ACEITE_VINO_TXAKOLI_Y_SIDRA/en|PRODUCTION OF OIL, WINE, TXAKOLI AND CIDER]] == | == XI. [[PRODUCCION_DE_ACEITE_VINO_TXAKOLI_Y_SIDRA/en|PRODUCTION OF OIL, WINE, TXAKOLI AND CIDER]] == | ||
− | === [[Aceite_olioa|Oil]] === | + | === [[#Aceite_olioa|Oil]] === |
*[[Recoleccion_de_la_oliva|Harvesting the olives]] | *[[Recoleccion_de_la_oliva|Harvesting the olives]] | ||
Línea 572: | Línea 572: | ||
**Electric olive oil presses | **Electric olive oil presses | ||
− | === [[Apendices_Trujales_antiguos_de_Moreda_(A)|Appendices: Moreda (A) traditional olive oil presses]] === | + | === [[#Apendices_Trujales_antiguos_de_Moreda_(A)|Appendices: Moreda (A) traditional olive oil presses]] === |
*[[Trujal_del_Reten_de_la_Iglesia|Retén de la Iglesia olive oil press]] | *[[Trujal_del_Reten_de_la_Iglesia|Retén de la Iglesia olive oil press]] | ||
Línea 578: | Línea 578: | ||
*[[Trujal_de_Tomas_Laguardia|Tomás Laguardia olive oil press]] | *[[Trujal_de_Tomas_Laguardia|Tomás Laguardia olive oil press]] | ||
− | === [[Vino_ardoa|Wine]] === | + | === [[#Vino_ardoa|Wine]] === |
*[[Vendimia_tradicional_en_la_vertiente_mediterranea|Traditional grape harvest on the Mediterranean watershed]] | *[[Vendimia_tradicional_en_la_vertiente_mediterranea|Traditional grape harvest on the Mediterranean watershed]] | ||
Línea 602: | Línea 602: | ||
*[[Otras_bebidas|Other beverages]] | *[[Otras_bebidas|Other beverages]] | ||
− | === [[Txakoli|Txakoli]] === | + | === [[#Txakoli|Txakoli]] === |
*[[Vendimia_mahats-biltzea_mahats-batzea|Grape harvest]] | *[[Vendimia_mahats-biltzea_mahats-batzea|Grape harvest]] | ||
Línea 612: | Línea 612: | ||
*[[Consejos_reguladores_y_denominaciones_de_origen._Jatorri_izenak|Regulatory boards and denominations of origin]] | *[[Consejos_reguladores_y_denominaciones_de_origen._Jatorri_izenak|Regulatory boards and denominations of origin]] | ||
− | === [[Sidra_sagardoa|Cider]] === | + | === [[#Sidra_sagardoa|Cider]] === |
*[[Antecedentes_historicos2|Historical background]] | *[[Antecedentes_historicos2|Historical background]] | ||
Línea 641: | Línea 641: | ||
*[[Bebidas_derivadas_de_la_sidra|Drinks from cider]] | *[[Bebidas_derivadas_de_la_sidra|Drinks from cider]] | ||
− | === [[Apendice_1_Regulacion_de_una_bodega_cooperativa|Appendix 1: Regulations of a cooperative winery]] === | + | === [[#Apendice_1_Regulacion_de_una_bodega_cooperativa|Appendix 1: Regulations of a cooperative winery]] === |
− | === [[Apendice_2_Fabricacion_de_toneles|Appendix 2: Barrel manufacturing]] === | + | === [[#Apendice_2_Fabricacion_de_toneles|Appendix 2: Barrel manufacturing]] === |
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Línea 650: | Línea 650: | ||
== XII. [[MOBILIARIO_AGRICOLA_TRADICIONAL/en|TRADITIONAL FARMING EQUIPMENT]] == | == XII. [[MOBILIARIO_AGRICOLA_TRADICIONAL/en|TRADITIONAL FARMING EQUIPMENT]] == | ||
− | === [[Aperos_para_trabajar_la_tierra|Implements for working the land]] === | + | === [[#Aperos_para_trabajar_la_tierra|Implements for working the land]] === |
*[[Layas_laiak|Spades]] | *[[Layas_laiak|Spades]] | ||
Línea 660: | Línea 660: | ||
**Large hoe | **Large hoe | ||
− | === [[Aperos_de_arrastre_para_trabajar_la_tierra|Pull-type implements to work the land]] === | + | === [[#Aperos_de_arrastre_para_trabajar_la_tierra|Pull-type implements to work the land]] === |
*[[El_arado_goldea|The plough]] | *[[El_arado_goldea|The plough]] | ||
Línea 684: | Línea 684: | ||
**Álava and Navarra | **Álava and Navarra | ||
− | === [[Herramientas_para_romper_terrones|Tools to break up clods]] === | + | === [[#Herramientas_para_romper_terrones|Tools to break up clods]] === |
− | === [[Aperos_para_desmenuzar_y_alisar_la_tierra|Implements to break up and smooth the soil]] === | + | === [[#Aperos_para_desmenuzar_y_alisar_la_tierra|Implements to break up and smooth the soil]] === |
*[[Rastras._Zaranda|Rakes. ''Zaranda'']] | *[[Rastras._Zaranda|Rakes. ''Zaranda'']] | ||
Línea 696: | Línea 696: | ||
*[[Alperra_rodillo|''Alperra'', roller]] | *[[Alperra_rodillo|''Alperra'', roller]] | ||
− | === [[Aperos_para_hacer_surcos|Implements to make furrows]] === | + | === [[#Aperos_para_hacer_surcos|Implements to make furrows]] === |
*[[Cultivador|Cultivator]] | *[[Cultivador|Cultivator]] | ||
Línea 702: | Línea 702: | ||
*[[Markoa_marcador|Markoa, marker]] | *[[Markoa_marcador|Markoa, marker]] | ||
− | === [[Arados_de_puas|Spike ploughs]] === | + | === [[#Arados_de_puas|Spike ploughs]] === |
*[[Itailak|''Itailak'']] | *[[Itailak|''Itailak'']] | ||
Línea 716: | Línea 716: | ||
*[[Grada|Disk plough]] | *[[Grada|Disk plough]] | ||
− | === [[Instrumentos_para_la_siega|Reaping instruments]] === | + | === [[#Instrumentos_para_la_siega|Reaping instruments]] === |
*[[Hoz_igitaia_zerra|Sickle]] | *[[Hoz_igitaia_zerra|Sickle]] | ||
Línea 733: | Línea 733: | ||
*[[Instrumentos_para_afilar_diversos_aperos_geztera|Instruments to sharpen different implements]] | *[[Instrumentos_para_afilar_diversos_aperos_geztera|Instruments to sharpen different implements]] | ||
− | === [[Instrumentos_para_la_recogida_de_la_mies_y_la_hierba|Instruments to collect crops and grass]] === | + | === [[#Instrumentos_para_la_recogida_de_la_mies_y_la_hierba|Instruments to collect crops and grass]] === |
*[[Horca_sardea|Pitchfork]] | *[[Horca_sardea|Pitchfork]] | ||
Línea 751: | Línea 751: | ||
*[[Gancho._Makoa|Hook]] | *[[Gancho._Makoa|Hook]] | ||
− | === [[Instrumentos_para_desbrozar|Clearing instruments]] === | + | === [[#Instrumentos_para_desbrozar|Clearing instruments]] === |
*[[Aihotza_podadera|''Aihotza'', pruning hook]] | *[[Aihotza_podadera|''Aihotza'', pruning hook]] | ||
Línea 759: | Línea 759: | ||
*[[Belagoia|''Belagoia'']] | *[[Belagoia|''Belagoia'']] | ||
− | === [[Instrumentos_para_trabajar_con_el_estiercol|Instruments to work with manure]] === | + | === [[#Instrumentos_para_trabajar_con_el_estiercol|Instruments to work with manure]] === |
− | === [[Instrumentos_para_desgranar_el_trigo_y_el_maiz|Instruments to thresh wheat and corn]] === | + | === [[#Instrumentos_para_desgranar_el_trigo_y_el_maiz|Instruments to thresh wheat and corn]] === |
*[[Mayal_trailua_txibita|''Mayal, trailua, txibita'']] | *[[Mayal_trailua_txibita|''Mayal, trailua, txibita'']] | ||
Línea 769: | Línea 769: | ||
*[[Trillos|Threshers]] | *[[Trillos|Threshers]] | ||
− | === [[Instrumentos_para_aventar_el_trigo|Instruments for winnowing wheat]] === | + | === [[#Instrumentos_para_aventar_el_trigo|Instruments for winnowing wheat]] === |
*[[Allegadera|Threshing board]] | *[[Allegadera|Threshing board]] | ||
Línea 779: | Línea 779: | ||
*[[Maquina_de_beldar|Winnowing fork machine]] | *[[Maquina_de_beldar|Winnowing fork machine]] | ||
− | === [[Desgranadora_de_maiz._Artoa_jotzeko_astoa|Corn thresher]] === | + | === [[#Desgranadora_de_maiz._Artoa_jotzeko_astoa|Corn thresher]] === |
− | === [[Desgrane_de_leguminosas|Shelling legumes]] === | + | === [[#Desgrane_de_leguminosas|Shelling legumes]] === |
− | === [[Instrumentos_para_cortar_madera|Instruments to cut wood]] === | + | === [[#Instrumentos_para_cortar_madera|Instruments to cut wood]] === |
*[[Hacha_aizkora|Axe]] | *[[Hacha_aizkora|Axe]] | ||
Línea 798: | Línea 798: | ||
**Sawhorse | **Sawhorse | ||
− | === [[Utiles_para_la_recogida_de_frutas|Utensils for harvesting fruit]] === | + | === [[#Utiles_para_la_recogida_de_frutas|Utensils for harvesting fruit]] === |
*[[Vara_haga_kakoa|Pole, ''haga, kakoa'']] | *[[Vara_haga_kakoa|Pole, ''haga, kakoa'']] | ||
Línea 804: | Línea 804: | ||
*[[Pinzas|Pincers]] | *[[Pinzas|Pincers]] | ||
− | === [[Utiles_para_trabajar_las_vides|Utensils for looking after the vines]] === | + | === [[#Utiles_para_trabajar_las_vides|Utensils for looking after the vines]] === |
*[[Rejon_herron|Iron bar with a sharp point, iron bar]] | *[[Rejon_herron|Iron bar with a sharp point, iron bar]] | ||
Línea 814: | Línea 814: | ||
*[[Tijeras_de_podar_y_de_vendimiar|Harvesting and pruning shears]] | *[[Tijeras_de_podar_y_de_vendimiar|Harvesting and pruning shears]] | ||
− | === [[Utiles_de_transporte|Transport tools]] === | + | === [[#Utiles_de_transporte|Transport tools]] === |
*[[Transporte_a_hombros|Transporting on shoulders]] | *[[Transporte_a_hombros|Transporting on shoulders]] | ||
Línea 828: | Línea 828: | ||
**Handcart | **Handcart | ||
− | === [[Apendice_Almadias|Appendix: Timber rafts]] === | + | === [[#Apendice_Almadias|Appendix: Timber rafts]] === |
  |   | ||
== XIII. [[UNIDADES_DE_MEDIDA/en|MEASUREMENTS UNITS]] == | == XIII. [[UNIDADES_DE_MEDIDA/en|MEASUREMENTS UNITS]] == | ||
− | === [[Introduccion2|Introduction]] === | + | === [[#Introduccion2|Introduction]] === |
− | === [[El_cuerpo_humano_patron_de_medida|The human body, yardstick]] === | + | === [[#El_cuerpo_humano_patron_de_medida|The human body, yardstick]] === |
− | === [[Medidas_de_longitud|Length measurements]] === | + | === [[#Medidas_de_longitud|Length measurements]] === |
*[[Utensilios_de_medidas_de_longitud|Length measurement instruments]] | *[[Utensilios_de_medidas_de_longitud|Length measurement instruments]] | ||
− | === [[Medidas_de_superficie|Surface measurements]] === | + | === [[#Medidas_de_superficie|Surface measurements]] === |
− | === [[Medidas_ponderales|Weight measurements]] === | + | === [[#Medidas_ponderales|Weight measurements]] === |
*[[Utensilios_de_pesaje|Weighing instruments]] | *[[Utensilios_de_pesaje|Weighing instruments]] | ||
− | === [[Medidas_de_capacidad_y_utensilios_para_aridos|Capacity measurements and instruments for aggregates]] === | + | === [[#Medidas_de_capacidad_y_utensilios_para_aridos|Capacity measurements and instruments for aggregates]] === |
− | === [[Medidas_de_capacidad_para_liquidos|Capacity measurements for liquids]] === | + | === [[#Medidas_de_capacidad_para_liquidos|Capacity measurements for liquids]] === |
− | === [[Medidas_relacionadas_con_la_venta_de_madera_y_el_acarreo_de_hierba|Measurements related to the sale of timber and the grass transporting]] === | + | === [[#Medidas_relacionadas_con_la_venta_de_madera_y_el_acarreo_de_hierba|Measurements related to the sale of timber and the grass transporting]] === |
− | === [[Transformaciones1|Changes]] === | + | === [[#Transformaciones1|Changes]] === |
− | === [[Equivalencias|Equivalents]] === | + | === [[#Equivalencias|Equivalents]] === |
  |   | ||
Línea 862: | Línea 862: | ||
== XIV. [[MANO_DE_OBRA_Y_FUERZA_EMPLEADA_EN_LA_AGRICULTURA/en|WORKFORCE AND ANIMAL POWER USED IN AGRICULTURE]] == | == XIV. [[MANO_DE_OBRA_Y_FUERZA_EMPLEADA_EN_LA_AGRICULTURA/en|WORKFORCE AND ANIMAL POWER USED IN AGRICULTURE]] == | ||
− | === [[Fuerza_humana|Human power]] === | + | === [[#Fuerza_humana|Human power]] === |
*[[El_trabajo_en_comun_de_la_familia|Shared work of the family]] | *[[El_trabajo_en_comun_de_la_familia|Shared work of the family]] | ||
Línea 876: | Línea 876: | ||
*[[El_trabajo_infantil|Children's work]] | *[[El_trabajo_infantil|Children's work]] | ||
− | === [[Mutua_asistencia_vecinal|Neighbours helping each other]] === | + | === [[#Mutua_asistencia_vecinal|Neighbours helping each other]] === |
− | === [[Contratacion_de_obreros_temporales|Contracting temporary workers]] === | + | === [[#Contratacion_de_obreros_temporales|Contracting temporary workers]] === |
*[[Ajuste_de_criado_jornalero_en_la_plaza_publica|Taking on day labourers in the public square]] | *[[Ajuste_de_criado_jornalero_en_la_plaza_publica|Taking on day labourers in the public square]] | ||
Línea 886: | Línea 886: | ||
*[[Transiciones|Transitions]] | *[[Transiciones|Transitions]] | ||
− | === [[Prendas_de_trabajo._Jnzkerak|Work garments]] === | + | === [[#Prendas_de_trabajo._Jnzkerak|Work garments]] === |
*[[Indumentaria_masculina|Men's clothing]] | *[[Indumentaria_masculina|Men's clothing]] | ||
Línea 894: | Línea 894: | ||
*[[Calzado|Footwear]] | *[[Calzado|Footwear]] | ||
− | === [[Fuerza_animal|Animal power]] === | + | === [[#Fuerza_animal|Animal power]] === |
*[[Ganado_vacuno._Uztartu|Cattle]] | *[[Ganado_vacuno._Uztartu|Cattle]] | ||
Línea 904: | Línea 904: | ||
*[[Hoy_dia|Nowadays]] | *[[Hoy_dia|Nowadays]] | ||
− | === [[Apendice_Condiciones_de_trabajo_de_los_jornaleros_y_precio_de_los_jornales_en_siglos_pasados_en_Viana_(N)|Appendix: Work conditions of the day labourers and day's wages in past centuries in Viana (N)]] === | + | === [[#Apendice_Condiciones_de_trabajo_de_los_jornaleros_y_precio_de_los_jornales_en_siglos_pasados_en_Viana_(N)|Appendix: Work conditions of the day labourers and day's wages in past centuries in Viana (N)]] === |
  |   | ||
== XV. [[TRANSPORTE_ANIMAL._EL_CARRO_GURDIA/en|ANIMAL TRANSPORT. THE CART, ''GURDIA'']] == | == XV. [[TRANSPORTE_ANIMAL._EL_CARRO_GURDIA/en|ANIMAL TRANSPORT. THE CART, ''GURDIA'']] == | ||
− | === [[El_carro_gurdia._La_galera|The cart. The hay wagon]] === | + | === [[#El_carro_gurdia._La_galera|The cart. The hay wagon]] === |
*[[Iparralde_Sara_Donoztiri_Uhartehiri_Garazi_Liginaga|Northern Basque Country: Sara, Donoztiri, Uhartehiri, Garazi, Liginaga]] | *[[Iparralde_Sara_Donoztiri_Uhartehiri_Garazi_Liginaga|Northern Basque Country: Sara, Donoztiri, Uhartehiri, Garazi, Liginaga]] | ||
Línea 921: | Línea 921: | ||
*[[Bizkaia_Gautegiz_Arteaga_Abadiño_Amorebieta-Etxano_Bedarona_Urduliz_Valle_de_Carranza|Bizkaia: Gautegiz Arteaga, Abadiño, Amorebieta-Etxano, Bedarona, Urduliz, Valle de Carranza]] | *[[Bizkaia_Gautegiz_Arteaga_Abadiño_Amorebieta-Etxano_Bedarona_Urduliz_Valle_de_Carranza|Bizkaia: Gautegiz Arteaga, Abadiño, Amorebieta-Etxano, Bedarona, Urduliz, Valle de Carranza]] | ||
− | === [[La_narria_lera|The dray, ''lera'']] === | + | === [[#La_narria_lera|The dray, ''lera'']] === |
*[[Iparralde|Northern Basque Country]] | *[[Iparralde|Northern Basque Country]] | ||
Línea 933: | Línea 933: | ||
*[[Bizkaia1|Bizkaia]] | *[[Bizkaia1|Bizkaia]] | ||
− | === [[El_yugo_uztarria|The yoke]] === | + | === [[#El_yugo_uztarria|The yoke]] === |
*[[Modo_de_uncir_los_bueyes|Way of yoking the oxen]] | *[[Modo_de_uncir_los_bueyes|Way of yoking the oxen]] | ||
Línea 963: | Línea 963: | ||
== XVI. [[LA_MECANIZACION_DE_LA_AGRICULTURA/en|THE MECHANISATION OF AGRICULTURE]] == | == XVI. [[LA_MECANIZACION_DE_LA_AGRICULTURA/en|THE MECHANISATION OF AGRICULTURE]] == | ||
− | === [[Introduccion3|Introduction]] === | + | === [[#Introduccion3|Introduction]] === |
− | === [[La_mecanizacion_en_una_localidad_alavesa|Mechanisation in a locality of Álava]] === | + | === [[#La_mecanizacion_en_una_localidad_alavesa|Mechanisation in a locality of Álava]] === |
*[[El_arado_y_su_evolucion|The plough and its evolution]] | *[[El_arado_y_su_evolucion|The plough and its evolution]] | ||
Línea 973: | Línea 973: | ||
*[[La_aparicion_del_tractor|The appearance of the tractor]] | *[[La_aparicion_del_tractor|The appearance of the tractor]] | ||
− | === [[Aperos_utilizados_durante_el_ciclo_agricola|Implements used during the farming year]] === | + | === [[#Aperos_utilizados_durante_el_ciclo_agricola|Implements used during the farming year]] === |
*[[Preparacion_de_la_tierra|Preparing the land]] | *[[Preparacion_de_la_tierra|Preparing the land]] | ||
Línea 983: | Línea 983: | ||
*[[La_cosecha|Harvesting]] | *[[La_cosecha|Harvesting]] | ||
− | === [[Vertiente_mediterranea2|Mediterranean watershed]] === | + | === [[#Vertiente_mediterranea2|Mediterranean watershed]] === |
− | === [[Vertiente_atlantica2|Atlantic watershed]] === | + | === [[#Vertiente_atlantica2|Atlantic watershed]] === |
− | === [[La_mecanizacion_hoy_dia|Mechanisation today]] === | + | === [[#La_mecanizacion_hoy_dia|Mechanisation today]] === |
*[[Vertiente_mediterranea3|Mediterranean watershed]] | *[[Vertiente_mediterranea3|Mediterranean watershed]] | ||
Línea 993: | Línea 993: | ||
*[[Vertiente_atlantica3|Atlantic watershed]] | *[[Vertiente_atlantica3|Atlantic watershed]] | ||
− | === [[Maquinas_en_sociedad_y_de_propiedad_colectiva|Machines in society and collective property]] === | + | === [[#Maquinas_en_sociedad_y_de_propiedad_colectiva|Machines in society and collective property]] === |
  |   | ||
Línea 1000: | Línea 1000: | ||
== XVII. [[APROVECHAMIENTO_PROPIO_Y_COMERCIO_AGRICOLA/en|OWN USE AND AGRICULTURAL TRADE]] == | == XVII. [[APROVECHAMIENTO_PROPIO_Y_COMERCIO_AGRICOLA/en|OWN USE AND AGRICULTURAL TRADE]] == | ||
− | === [[Compra_de_semillas_y_plantas._Haziak_eta_landareak|Buying seeds and plants]] === | + | === [[#Compra_de_semillas_y_plantas._Haziak_eta_landareak|Buying seeds and plants]] === |
*[[Hoy_dia1|Nowadays]] | *[[Hoy_dia1|Nowadays]] | ||
− | === [[Compra_de_abonos._Ongarriak|Buying fertilisers]] === | + | === [[#Compra_de_abonos._Ongarriak|Buying fertilisers]] === |
− | === [[Fabricacion_propia_de_aperos|Making one's own implements]] === | + | === [[#Fabricacion_propia_de_aperos|Making one's own implements]] === |
− | === [[Compra_de_aperos|Buying implements]] === | + | === [[#Compra_de_aperos|Buying implements]] === |
− | === [[Reparacion_de_aperos|Repairing implements]] === | + | === [[#Reparacion_de_aperos|Repairing implements]] === |
− | === [[Mercados_y_ferias_agricolas._Plaza._Azokak|Markets and agricultural fairs]] === | + | === [[#Mercados_y_ferias_agricolas._Plaza._Azokak|Markets and agricultural fairs]] === |
− | === [[Venta_directa._Salmentak|Direct selling]] === | + | === [[#Venta_directa._Salmentak|Direct selling]] === |
− | === [[Ferias_extraordinarias._Feriak|Special fairs]] === | + | === [[#Ferias_extraordinarias._Feriak|Special fairs]] === |
− | === [[Servicios_prestados_por_vendedores_ambulantes|Services providers by peddlers]] === | + | === [[#Servicios_prestados_por_vendedores_ambulantes|Services providers by peddlers]] === |
*[[Servicios_de_carniceria|Butchery services]] | *[[Servicios_de_carniceria|Butchery services]] | ||
− | === [[Ferias_ganaderas|Livestock fairs]] === | + | === [[#Ferias_ganaderas|Livestock fairs]] === |
− | === [[Preparacion_de_los_productos_contratos_y_condiciones_de_pago|Preparing products, contracts and terms of payment]] === | + | === [[#Preparacion_de_los_productos_contratos_y_condiciones_de_pago|Preparing products, contracts and terms of payment]] === |
  |   | ||
== XVIII. [[REGIMEN_DE_PROPIEDAD._PROPIEDAD_COMUNAL_Y_PROPIEDAD_PRIVADA/en|OWNERSHIP SYSTEM. COMMUNAL PROPERTY AND PRIVATE PROPERTY]] == | == XVIII. [[REGIMEN_DE_PROPIEDAD._PROPIEDAD_COMUNAL_Y_PROPIEDAD_PRIVADA/en|OWNERSHIP SYSTEM. COMMUNAL PROPERTY AND PRIVATE PROPERTY]] == | ||
− | === [[Propiedad_comunal_y_su_aprovechamiento|Communal property and its use]] === | + | === [[#Propiedad_comunal_y_su_aprovechamiento|Communal property and its use]] === |
*[[Arrendamiento_de_comunales|Leasing commons]] | *[[Arrendamiento_de_comunales|Leasing commons]] | ||
Línea 1035: | Línea 1035: | ||
*[[Otros_usos_del_monte_comunal|Other uses of common upland]] | *[[Otros_usos_del_monte_comunal|Other uses of common upland]] | ||
− | === [[Tierras_de_Misericordia_y_Arca_de_Misericordia|Tierras de Misericordia and Arca de Misericordia (ecclesiastic and secular wheat bank in time of hardship)]] === | + | === [[#Tierras_de_Misericordia_y_Arca_de_Misericordia|Tierras de Misericordia and Arca de Misericordia (ecclesiastic and secular wheat bank in time of hardship)]] === |
− | === [[Propietarios_que_explotan_directamente_sus_tierras|Owners who directly farmed their land]] === | + | === [[#Propietarios_que_explotan_directamente_sus_tierras|Owners who directly farmed their land]] === |
− | === [[Propietarios_que_explotan_mediante_inquilinos|Owners who farmed by means of tenants]] === | + | === [[#Propietarios_que_explotan_mediante_inquilinos|Owners who farmed by means of tenants]] === |
*[[Precio_de_la_renta_y_su_fijacion|Price of the rent and how it was set]] | *[[Precio_de_la_renta_y_su_fijacion|Price of the rent and how it was set]] | ||
Línea 1048: | Línea 1048: | ||
**Payment times | **Payment times | ||
− | === [[Situacion_hoy_dia|Situation today]] === | + | === [[#Situacion_hoy_dia|Situation today]] === |
− | === [[Imbricacion_de_propiedad_comunal_y_propiedad_privada|Overlapping of communal and private property]] === | + | === [[#Imbricacion_de_propiedad_comunal_y_propiedad_privada|Overlapping of communal and private property]] === |
*[[Tiempo_de_derrota|Time of ruin]] | *[[Tiempo_de_derrota|Time of ruin]] | ||
Línea 1061: | Línea 1061: | ||
== XIX. [[PRACTICAS_Y_RITOS_DE_PROTECCION_EN_LA_AGRICULTURA/en|PROTECTION CUSTOMS AND RITES IN AGRICULTURE]] == | == XIX. [[PRACTICAS_Y_RITOS_DE_PROTECCION_EN_LA_AGRICULTURA/en|PROTECTION CUSTOMS AND RITES IN AGRICULTURE]] == | ||
− | === [[Proteccion_de_los_sembrados_y_plantas|Protecting seedbeds and plants]] === | + | === [[#Proteccion_de_los_sembrados_y_plantas|Protecting seedbeds and plants]] === |
*[[Proteccion_contra_plagas|Protecting against pests]] | *[[Proteccion_contra_plagas|Protecting against pests]] | ||
Línea 1071: | Línea 1071: | ||
*[[Proteccion_contra_los_pajaros._Espantapajaros_txorimaloa_txori-jabolea|Protecting against birds. Scarecrows]] | *[[Proteccion_contra_los_pajaros._Espantapajaros_txorimaloa_txori-jabolea|Protecting against birds. Scarecrows]] | ||
− | === [[Ritos_y_practicas_simbolicas_fuegos_solsticiales|Rites and symbolic customs: solstice fires]] === | + | === [[#Ritos_y_practicas_simbolicas_fuegos_solsticiales|Rites and symbolic customs: solstice fires]] === |
*[[Practicas_en_torno_a_la_fiesta_de_san_Juan_Bautista|Customs around St. John the Baptist's Feast Day]] | *[[Practicas_en_torno_a_la_fiesta_de_san_Juan_Bautista|Customs around St. John the Baptist's Feast Day]] | ||
Línea 1081: | Línea 1081: | ||
*[[La_implantacion_de_El_mayo._Donilatxa|Erecting the maypole]] | *[[La_implantacion_de_El_mayo._Donilatxa|Erecting the maypole]] | ||
− | === [[Bendicion_de_los_campos_y_las_semillas|Blessing the fields and seeds]] === | + | === [[#Bendicion_de_los_campos_y_las_semillas|Blessing the fields and seeds]] === |
*[[Bendicion_e_implantacion_de_cruces|Blessing and erecting crosses]] | *[[Bendicion_e_implantacion_de_cruces|Blessing and erecting crosses]] | ||
Línea 1091: | Línea 1091: | ||
*[[Bendicion_de_semillas|Blessing seeds]] | *[[Bendicion_de_semillas|Blessing seeds]] | ||
− | === [[Toques_de_campanas_y_conjuros_contras_las_tormentas._Traslado_de_imagenes_de_santos|Bell-ringing and spells against storms. Moving the saint's images]] === | + | === [[#Toques_de_campanas_y_conjuros_contras_las_tormentas._Traslado_de_imagenes_de_santos|Bell-ringing and spells against storms. Moving the saint's images]] === |
*[[Toques_de_campanas|Bell-ringing]] | *[[Toques_de_campanas|Bell-ringing]] | ||
Línea 1103: | Línea 1103: | ||
*[[Imagenes_de_santos|Saints' images]] | *[[Imagenes_de_santos|Saints' images]] | ||
− | === [[Rogativas_letaniak|Prayers]] === | + | === [[#Rogativas_letaniak|Prayers]] === |
*[[Letanias_de_san_Marcos|St. Mark litanies]] | *[[Letanias_de_san_Marcos|St. Mark litanies]] | ||
Línea 1115: | Línea 1115: | ||
*[[Traslacion_procesional_de_imagenes|Moving images in processions]] | *[[Traslacion_procesional_de_imagenes|Moving images in processions]] | ||
− | === [[Santos_protectores_de_las_cosechas|Saints protecting crops]] === | + | === [[#Santos_protectores_de_las_cosechas|Saints protecting crops]] === |
*[[San_Gregorio_Ostiense|St. Gregory of Ostia]] | *[[San_Gregorio_Ostiense|St. Gregory of Ostia]] | ||
Línea 1123: | Línea 1123: | ||
*[[San_Fausto_labrador|St. Faustus the Labourer]] | *[[San_Fausto_labrador|St. Faustus the Labourer]] | ||
− | === [[Accion_de_gracias_por_las_cosechas|Harvest thanksgiving]] === | + | === [[#Accion_de_gracias_por_las_cosechas|Harvest thanksgiving]] === |
{{#bookTitle:Agriculture in the Basque Country | Agricultura_en_vasconia/en}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Table of contents}} | {{#bookTitle:Agriculture in the Basque Country | Agricultura_en_vasconia/en}} {{DISPLAYTITLE: Table of contents}} |
Revisión del 09:54 11 feb 2019
Contenido de esta página
- 1 LANDSCAPE
- 2 CROPS
- 3 FRUIT TREES. OLIVES AND VINES
- 4 FARM TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS
- 4.1 XII. TRADITIONAL FARMING EQUIPMENT
- 4.1.1 Implements for working the land
- 4.1.2 Pull-type implements to work the land
- 4.1.3 Tools to break up clods
- 4.1.4 Implements to break up and smooth the soil
- 4.1.5 Implements to make furrows
- 4.1.6 Spike ploughs
- 4.1.7 Reaping instruments
- 4.1.8 Instruments to collect crops and grass
- 4.1.9 Clearing instruments
- 4.1.10 Instruments to work with manure
- 4.1.11 Instruments to thresh wheat and corn
- 4.1.12 Instruments for winnowing wheat
- 4.1.13 Corn thresher
- 4.1.14 Shelling legumes
- 4.1.15 Instruments to cut wood
- 4.1.16 Utensils for harvesting fruit
- 4.1.17 Utensils for looking after the vines
- 4.1.18 Transport tools
- 4.1.19 Appendix: Timber rafts
- 4.2 XIII. MEASUREMENTS UNITS
- 4.2.1 Introduction
- 4.2.2 The human body, yardstick
- 4.2.3 Length measurements
- 4.2.4 Surface measurements
- 4.2.5 Weight measurements
- 4.2.6 Capacity measurements and instruments for aggregates
- 4.2.7 Capacity measurements for liquids
- 4.2.8 Measurements related to the sale of timber and the grass transporting
- 4.2.9 Changes
- 4.2.10 Equivalents
- 4.1 XII. TRADITIONAL FARMING EQUIPMENT
- 5 WORKFORCE
- 6 AGRICULTURAL TRADE AND LAND OWNERSHIP
- 6.1 XVII. OWN USE AND AGRICULTURAL TRADE
- 6.1.1 Buying seeds and plants
- 6.1.2 Buying fertilisers
- 6.1.3 Making one's own implements
- 6.1.4 Buying implements
- 6.1.5 Repairing implements
- 6.1.6 Markets and agricultural fairs
- 6.1.7 Direct selling
- 6.1.8 Special fairs
- 6.1.9 Services providers by peddlers
- 6.1.10 Livestock fairs
- 6.1.11 Preparing products, contracts and terms of payment
- 6.2 XVIII. OWNERSHIP SYSTEM. COMMUNAL PROPERTY AND PRIVATE PROPERTY
- 6.2.1 Communal property and its use
- 6.2.2 Tierras de Misericordia and Arca de Misericordia (ecclesiastic and secular wheat bank in time of hardship)
- 6.2.3 Owners who directly farmed their land
- 6.2.4 Owners who farmed by means of tenants
- 6.2.5 Situation today
- 6.2.6 Overlapping of communal and private property
- 6.1 XVII. OWN USE AND AGRICULTURAL TRADE
- 7 BELIEFS AND RITES
LANDSCAPE
I. THE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE
Agricultural landscape of Álava
Agricultural landscape of Navarra
Agricultural landscape of Bizkaia
Agricultural landscape of Gipuzkoa
Landscapes of the Northern Basque Country (lying within France): three aspects
II. FARMED LANDS
Land types, quality and crops
- On common land
- On private property
Names and description of the farmed land
Sizes of the plots
Situation and separation between fields
Local roads
Meeting places. Social contact areas
Appendix: Jurisdiction boundary stones
CROPS
III. CROP DISTRIBUTION AND ROTATION. FARMING YEAR
General points
Crop distribution in the different types of fields
Crop rotation
Farming year
Seeds
Appendix: Sayings to do with agriculture
IV. PREPARING THE CULTIVATED LAND
First ploughing of a piece of land
Arable land
- The Mediterranean side of the watershed
- The Atlantic side of the watershed
Fertilising
- Mediterranean watershed
- Atlantic watershed
- Mediterranean watershed
- Atlantic watershed
Use of ash
Liming
V. SOWING AND CARING FOR THE CROPS
Sowing and planting
Crop diversity
Crops for human consumption
- Wheat
- Mediterranean watershed
- Atlantic watershed
- Corn
- Beans
- Broad beans
- Peas
- Chickpeas, lentils and aizkol
- Roots: carrot, parsley and beetroot
- Stems
- Potatoes
- Asparagus
- Leaves
- Leek
- Onions
- Garlic
- Leaves
- Lettuce
- Cabbages
- Chard
- Endive, chicory, spinach, celery, cardoon and borage
- Parsley
- Flowers: cauliflowers and artichokes
- Fruit
- Peppers and chilli
- Tomatoes
- Cucumbers, pumpkins and courgettes
- Melons and watermelons
- Aubergines
- Tobacco
- Growing tobacco in Gipuzkoa
- The seedbeds
- The growers
- Growing tobacco in Navarra
- Marihuana
Crops for livestock
- Oats
- Barley
- Rye
- Corn
- Turnips
- Beetroot
- Pumpkins
- Carrots
Industrial crops
Ornamental plant crops
Caring for the crops
- Cereals
- Pulses and beans
- Potatoes
- Vegetables
VI. CROP HARVESTING AND PRESERVATION
Harvesting crops for human consumption
- Álava Mediterranean watershed: reaping, hauling, threshing, tossing, storing grain and straw; harvesting today and baling
- Navarra Mediterranean watershed: reaping, hauling, threshing, tossing, storing grain and straw; harvesting today and baling
- Atlantic watershed: reaping, threshing, tossing; storage
- Harvesting cereal today
- Beans and pods
- Broad beans, baba
- Peas
- Chickpeas and lentils
- Potatoes
- Asparagus
- Leeks; onions and garlic
Crops for livestock
- Turnips
- Beetroot
- Pumpkins
- Potatoes
Storage and preservation
Flour mills
- Álava
- Bizkaia
- Gipuzkoa
- Navarra
VII. GRASS AND OTHER FORAGE
Grass in the traditional culture
- Enclosing, ploughing and cultivation
- Upkeep
- Grazing
- Green reaping
- Hay making
- Reaping
- Drying
- Collecting and transporting
- Storage
- Consumption
- Haystacks
The start of the changes
Changes in the 1960s
Progressive mechanisation
Growing grass on the Mediterranean side of the watershed
Other forage
VIII. GROWING FLAX AND HEMP
The traditional crop of flax
Flax in the farmed landscape
Cropland
Production process
Treating the strands
Spinning
Bleaching
Winding
Making the fabric
Hemp
Esparto grass
FRUIT TREES. OLIVES AND VINES
IX. GROWING FRUIT TREES
Introduction
Growing fruit trees
Planting and acquiring trees
Grafting
Care
Harvesting, storing and use of the fruit
X. GROWING OLIVES AND VINES
The olive
- Pruning
- Time of year
- Tools
- Ways of pruning
- Use of the pruned olive-tree branches
- Tilling and digging
- Time of year
- Horse-driven and manual work
- Mechanised work
- Fertilising and irrigation
- Time of year for fertilising
- Types of fertilisers
- Ways of fertilising
- Irrigation
- Pests and treatments
- Winter
- Spring
- Summer
Vines
- Varieties
- Tilling
- Planting
- Pruning
- Grafting
- Primary-shoot thinning
- Fertilising
- Secondary-shoot thinning
- Fruit set
- Pests
- Other tasks
- Preparing the land
- Soil analysis
- Pulling up the old vines and replanting
- Vine varieties
- Planting tasks
- Planting procedures followed
- Caring for the plants
- Grafting
- Pruning
- Fertilising and irrigation
- Tilling and digging
- Use of herbicides
- Treatments
- Pests
- Traditional vine growing
- Trained vines
- Tasks to care for the vines
XI. PRODUCTION OF OIL, WINE, TXAKOLI AND CIDER
Oil
- Time of year
- Method
- Time of year
- Delivering and weighing the olives. Their storage
- Crushing
- The hopper
- The auger
- The crusher
- The beaters
- The tank
- The press
- The stoning room
- The oil vats
- The waste holding tanks
- Distribution of the oil
- Other applications: soap and a medicated paste made of wax and oil
- Manual olive oil presses
- Hydraulic olive oil presses
- Olive oil presses with petrol engine
- Electric olive oil presses
Appendices: Moreda (A) traditional olive oil presses
Wine
- Wine making
- Traditional wine-making at home
- New procedures
- Wine making in cave-winery
- Changes to the wines
- Garapitero or wine duty collector
- Wine making in industrial wineries
- Types of reds
- Whole grape or carbonic maceration system
- Bordeaux system. Sorting, destemming and crushing method
Txakoli
Cider
- Pre-treatment
- Crushing
- Maceration
- Pressing
- Fermentation and storage
- Bottling
- Acidity
- Cloudiness
- Forming of mould
- Decolouring or blackening
- Other changes to the cider
Appendix 1: Regulations of a cooperative winery
Appendix 2: Barrel manufacturing
FARM TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS
XII. TRADITIONAL FARMING EQUIPMENT
Implements for working the land
- Hay hooks
- Hand hoes. Rake
- Large hoe
Pull-type implements to work the land
- Nabarra
- Goldea
- Goldenabarra
- Adareta
- Urdamuturra
- Golde itzulkorra
- Swivel plough
- Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia
- Nabarra or knife to cut the ground
- Exa
- Golde txikia. Golde nagusia or swivel plough
- Álava and Navarra
Tools to break up clods
Implements to break up and smooth the soil
Implements to make furrows
Spike ploughs
Reaping instruments
- Names
- Zoqueta hand protector
- Names
Instruments to collect crops and grass
Clearing instruments
Instruments to work with manure
Instruments to thresh wheat and corn
Instruments for winnowing wheat
Corn thresher
Shelling legumes
Instruments to cut wood
- Double-bladed axe
- Sharpening
- Wedge
- Mitre saw
- Felling trees using a mitre saw
- Arpana. Saw for timber
- Sawhorse
Utensils for harvesting fruit
Utensils for looking after the vines
Transport tools
- Antzadila. Very flexible green branches.
- Kakola
- Sheets. Maniriak
- Baskets: saskia, zarea, zarana. Carpancho, cunacho large baskets. Hampers and esparto grass baskets. Otarria, otzarea
- Hand biers
- Handcart
Appendix: Timber rafts
XIII. MEASUREMENTS UNITS
Introduction
The human body, yardstick
Length measurements
Surface measurements
Weight measurements
Capacity measurements and instruments for aggregates
Capacity measurements for liquids
Measurements related to the sale of timber and the grass transporting
Changes
Equivalents
WORKFORCE
XIV. WORKFORCE AND ANIMAL POWER USED IN AGRICULTURE
Human power
Neighbours helping each other
Contracting temporary workers
Work garments
Animal power
Appendix: Work conditions of the day labourers and day's wages in past centuries in Viana (N)
XV. ANIMAL TRANSPORT. THE CART, GURDIA
The cart. The hay wagon
The dray, lera
The yoke
- Tethering
- Hood
- Borders
- Cart rope
- Pack saddle, saddlecloth and blanket
- Headgear and blinkers
- Draft collar. Leather draft collar
- Draw reins
- Hooks
- Biers
- Saddlebags. Astotzarak
- Other items
XVI. THE MECHANISATION OF AGRICULTURE
Introduction
Mechanisation in a locality of Álava
Implements used during the farming year
Mediterranean watershed
Atlantic watershed
Mechanisation today
Machines in society and collective property
AGRICULTURAL TRADE AND LAND OWNERSHIP
XVII. OWN USE AND AGRICULTURAL TRADE
Buying seeds and plants
Buying fertilisers
Making one's own implements
Buying implements
Repairing implements
Markets and agricultural fairs
Direct selling
Special fairs
Services providers by peddlers
Livestock fairs
Preparing products, contracts and terms of payment
XVIII. OWNERSHIP SYSTEM. COMMUNAL PROPERTY AND PRIVATE PROPERTY
Communal property and its use
Tierras de Misericordia and Arca de Misericordia (ecclesiastic and secular wheat bank in time of hardship)
Owners who directly farmed their land
Owners who farmed by means of tenants
- Terms of payment
- Payment times
Situation today
Overlapping of communal and private property