Diferencia entre revisiones de «Indice Agricultura en vasconia/en»
De Atlas Etnográfico de Vasconia
(Página creada con «*Horse yokes») |
(Página creada con «*Horse and ass harnesses and implements») |
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**Albarda, baste, txalma, y manta | **Albarda, baste, txalma, y manta |
Revisión del 12:30 8 may 2018
Contenido de esta página
- 1 LANDSCAPE
- 2 CROPS
- 3 FRUIT TREES. OLIVES AND VINES
- 4 FARM TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS
- 4.1 XII. TRADITIONAL FARMING EQUIPMENT
- 4.1.1 Implements for working the land
- 4.1.2 Pull-type implements to work the land
- 4.1.3 Tools to break up clods
- 4.1.4 Implements to break up and smooth the soil
- 4.1.5 Implements to make furrows
- 4.1.6 Spike ploughs
- 4.1.7 Reaping instruments
- 4.1.8 Instruments to collect crops and grass
- 4.1.9 Clearing instruments
- 4.1.10 Instruments to work with manure
- 4.1.11 Instruments to thresh wheat and corn
- 4.1.12 Instruments for winnowing wheat
- 4.1.13 Corn thresher
- 4.1.14 Shelling legumes
- 4.1.15 Instruments to cut wood
- 4.1.16 Utensils for harvesting fruit
- 4.1.17 Utensils for looking after the vines
- 4.1.18 Transport tools
- 4.1.19 Appendix: Timber rafts
- 4.2 XIII. MEASUREMENTS UNITS
- 4.2.1 Introduction
- 4.2.2 The human body, yardstick
- 4.2.3 Length measurements
- 4.2.4 Surface measurements
- 4.2.5 Weight measurements
- 4.2.6 Capacity measurements and instruments for aggregates
- 4.2.7 Capacity measurements for liquids
- 4.2.8 Measurements related to the sale of timber and the grass transporting
- 4.2.9 Changes
- 4.2.10 Equivalents
- 4.1 XII. TRADITIONAL FARMING EQUIPMENT
- 5 WORKFORCE
- 6 COMERCIO Y PROPIEDAD
- 6.1 XVII. APROVECHAMIENTO PROPIO Y COMERCIO AGRÍCOLA
- 6.1.1 Compra de semillas y plantas. Haziak eta landareak
- 6.1.2 Compra de abonos. Ongarriak
- 6.1.3 Fabricación propia de aperos
- 6.1.4 Compra de aperos
- 6.1.5 Reparación de aperos
- 6.1.6 Mercados y ferias agrícolas. Plaza. Azokak
- 6.1.7 Venta directa. Salmentak
- 6.1.8 Ferias extraordinarias. Feriak
- 6.1.9 Servicios prestados por vendedores ambulantes
- 6.1.10 Ferias ganaderas
- 6.1.11 Preparación de los productos, contratos y condiciones de pago
- 6.2 XVIII. RÉGIMEN DE PROPIEDAD. PROPIEDAD COMUNAL Y PROPIEDAD PRIVADA
- 6.1 XVII. APROVECHAMIENTO PROPIO Y COMERCIO AGRÍCOLA
- 7 CREENCIAS Y RITOS
- 7.1 XIX. PRÁCTICAS Y RITOS DE PROTECCIÓN EN LA AGRICULTURA
- 7.1.1 Protección de los sembrados y plantas
- 7.1.2 Ritos y prácticas simbólicas: fuegos solsticiales
- 7.1.3 Bendición de los campos y las semillas
- 7.1.4 Toques de campanas y conjuros contras las tormentas. Traslado de imágenes de santos
- 7.1.5 Rogativas, letaniak
- 7.1.6 Santos protectores de las cosechas
- 7.1.7 Acción de gracias por las cosechas
- 7.1 XIX. PRÁCTICAS Y RITOS DE PROTECCIÓN EN LA AGRICULTURA
LANDSCAPE
I. THE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE
Agricultural landscape of Álava
Agricultural landscape of Navarra
Agricultural landscape of Bizkaia
Agricultural landscape of Gipuzkoa
Landscapes of the Northern Basque Country (lying within France): three aspects
II. FARMED LANDS
Land types, quality and crops
- On common land
- On private property
Names and description of the farmed land
Sizes of the plots
Situation and separation between fields
Local roads
Meeting places. Social contact areas
Appendix: Jurisdiction boundary stones
CROPS
III. CROP DISTRIBUTION AND ROTATION. FARMING YEAR
General points
Crop distribution in the different types of fields
Crop rotation
Farming year
Seeds
Appendix: Sayings to do with agriculture
IV. PREPARING THE CULTIVATED LAND
First ploughing of a piece of land
Arable land
- The Mediterranean side of the watershed
- The Atlantic side of the watershed
Fertilising
- Mediterranean watershed
- Atlantic watershed
- Mediterranean watershed
- Atlantic watershed
Use of ash
Liming
V. SOWING AND CARING FOR THE CROPS
Sowing and planting
Crop diversity
Crops for human consumption
- Wheat
- Mediterranean watershed
- Atlantic watershed
- Corn
- Beans
- Broad beans
- Peas
- Chickpeas, lentils and aizkol
- Roots: carrot, parsley and beetroot
- Stems
- Potatoes
- Asparagus
- Leaves
- Leek
- Onions
- Garlic
- Leaves
- Lettuce
- Cabbages
- Chard
- Endive, chicory, spinach, celery, cardoon and borage
- Parsley
- Flowers: cauliflowers and artichokes
- Fruit
- Peppers and chilli
- Tomatoes
- Cucumbers, pumpkins and courgettes
- Melons and watermelons
- Aubergines
- Tobacco
- Growing tobacco in Gipuzkoa
- The seedbeds
- The growers
- Growing tobacco in Navarra
- Marihuana
Crops for livestock
- Oats
- Barley
- Rye
- Corn
- Turnips
- Beetroot
- Pumpkins
- Carrots
Industrial crops
Ornamental plant crops
Caring for the crops
- Cereals
- Pulses and beans
- Potatoes
- Vegetables
VI. CROP HARVESTING AND PRESERVATION
Harvesting crops for human consumption
- Álava Mediterranean watershed: reaping, hauling, threshing, tossing, storing grain and straw; harvesting today and baling
- Navarra Mediterranean watershed: reaping, hauling, threshing, tossing, storing grain and straw; harvesting today and baling
- Atlantic watershed: reaping, threshing, tossing; storage
- Harvesting cereal today
- Beans and pods
- Broad beans, baba
- Peas
- Chickpeas and lentils
- Potatoes
- Asparagus
- Leeks; onions and garlic
Crops for livestock
- Turnips
- Beetroot
- Pumpkins
- Potatoes
Storage and preservation
Flour mills
- Álava
- Bizkaia
- Gipuzkoa
- Navarra
VII. GRASS AND OTHER FORAGE
Grass in the traditional culture
- Enclosing, ploughing and cultivation
- Upkeep
- Grazing
- Green reaping
- Hay making
- Reaping
- Drying
- Collecting and transporting
- Storage
- Consumption
- Haystacks
The start of the changes
Changes in the 1960s
Progressive mechanisation
Growing grass on the Mediterranean side of the watershed
Other forage
VIII. GROWING FLAX AND HEMP
The traditional crop of flax
Flax in the farmed landscape
Cropland
Production process
Treating the strands
Spinning
Bleaching
Winding
Making the fabric
Hemp
Esparto grass
FRUIT TREES. OLIVES AND VINES
IX. GROWING FRUIT TREES
Introduction
Growing fruit trees
Planting and acquiring trees
Grafting
Care
Harvesting, storing and use of the fruit
X. GROWING OLIVES AND VINES
The olive
- Pruning
- Time of year
- Tools
- Ways of pruning
- Use of the pruned olive-tree branches
- Tilling and digging
- Time of year
- Horse-driven and manual work
- Mechanised work
- Fertilising and irrigation
- Time of year for fertilising
- Types of fertilisers
- Ways of fertilising
- Irrigation
- Pests and treatments
- Winter
- Spring
- Summer
Vines
- Varieties
- Tilling
- Planting
- Pruning
- Grafting
- Primary-shoot thinning
- Fertilising
- Secondary-shoot thinning
- Fruit set
- Pests
- Other tasks
- Preparing the land
- Soil analysis
- Pulling up the old vines and replanting
- Vine varieties
- Planting tasks
- Planting procedures followed
- Caring for the plants
- Grafting
- Pruning
- Fertilising and irrigation
- Tilling and digging
- Use of herbicides
- Treatments
- Pests
- Traditional vine growing
- Trained vines
- Tasks to care for the vines
XI. PRODUCTION OF OIL, WINE, TXAKOLI AND CIDER
Oil
- Time of year
- Method
- Time of year
- Delivering and weighing the olives. Their storage
- Crushing
- The hopper
- The auger
- The crusher
- The beaters
- The tank
- The press
- The stoning room
- The oil vats
- The waste holding tanks
- Distribution of the oil
- Other applications: soap and a medicated paste made of wax and oil
- Manual olive oil presses
- Hydraulic olive oil presses
- Olive oil presses with petrol engine
- Electric olive oil presses
Appendices: Moreda (A) traditional olive oil presses
Wine
- Wine making
- Traditional wine-making at home
- New procedures
- Wine making in cave-winery
- Changes to the wines
- Garapitero or wine duty collector
- Wine making in industrial wineries
- Types of reds
- Whole grape or carbonic maceration system
- Bordeaux system. Sorting, destemming and crushing method
Txakoli
Cider
- Pre-treatment
- Crushing
- Maceration
- Pressing
- Fermentation and storage
- Bottling
- Acidity
- Cloudiness
- Forming of mould
- Decolouring or blackening
- Other changes to the cider
Appendix 1: Regulations of a cooperative winery
Appendix 2: Barrel manufacturing
FARM TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS
XII. TRADITIONAL FARMING EQUIPMENT
Implements for working the land
- Hay hooks
- Hand hoes. Rake
- Large hoe
Pull-type implements to work the land
- Nabarra
- Goldea
- Goldenabarra
- Adareta
- Urdamuturra
- Golde itzulkorra
- Swivel plough
- Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia
- Nabarra or knife to cut the ground
- Exa
- Golde txikia. Golde nagusia or swivel plough
- Álava and Navarra
Tools to break up clods
Implements to break up and smooth the soil
Implements to make furrows
Spike ploughs
Reaping instruments
- Names
- Zoqueta hand protector
- Names
Instruments to collect crops and grass
Clearing instruments
Instruments to work with manure
Instruments to thresh wheat and corn
Instruments for winnowing wheat
Corn thresher
Shelling legumes
Instruments to cut wood
- Double-bladed axe
- Sharpening
- Wedge
- Mitre saw
- Felling trees using a mitre saw
- Arpana. Saw for timber
- Sawhorse
Utensils for harvesting fruit
Utensils for looking after the vines
Transport tools
- Antzadila. Very flexible green branches.
- Kakola
- Sheets. Maniriak
- Baskets: saskia, zarea, zarana. Carpancho, cunacho large baskets. Hampers and esparto grass baskets. Otarria, otzarea
- Hand biers
- Handcart
Appendix: Timber rafts
XIII. MEASUREMENTS UNITS
Introduction
The human body, yardstick
Length measurements
Surface measurements
Weight measurements
Capacity measurements and instruments for aggregates
Capacity measurements for liquids
Measurements related to the sale of timber and the grass transporting
Changes
Equivalents
WORKFORCE
XIV. WORKFORCE AND ANIMAL POWER USED IN AGRICULTURE
Human power
Neighbours helping each other
Contracting temporary workers
Work garments
Animal power
Appendix: Work conditions of the day labourers and day's wages in past centuries in Viana (N)
XV. ANIMAL TRANSPORT. THE CART, GURDIA
The cart. The hay wagon
The dray, lera
The yoke
- Tethering
- Hood
- Borders
- Cart rope
- Albarda, baste, txalma, y manta
- Cabezada y anteojeras
- Collerón, koilarra. Torrollo
- Balancín
- Ganchos, makoak
- Anganillas o angarillas
- Alforjas. Astotzarak
- Otros elementos
XVI. LA MECANIZACIÓN DE LA AGRICULTURA
Introducción
La mecanización en una localidad alavesa
Aperos utilizados durante el ciclo agrícola
Vertiente mediterránea
Vertiente atlántica
La mecanización hoy día
Máquinas en sociedad y de propiedad colectiva
COMERCIO Y PROPIEDAD
XVII. APROVECHAMIENTO PROPIO Y COMERCIO AGRÍCOLA
Compra de semillas y plantas. Haziak eta landareak
Compra de abonos. Ongarriak
Fabricación propia de aperos
Compra de aperos
Reparación de aperos
Mercados y ferias agrícolas. Plaza. Azokak
Venta directa. Salmentak
Ferias extraordinarias. Feriak
Servicios prestados por vendedores ambulantes
Ferias ganaderas
Preparación de los productos, contratos y condiciones de pago
XVIII. RÉGIMEN DE PROPIEDAD. PROPIEDAD COMUNAL Y PROPIEDAD PRIVADA
Propiedad comunal y su aprovechamiento
Tierras de Misericordia y Arca de Misericordia
Propietarios que explotan directamente sus tierras
Propietarios que explotan mediante inquilinos
- Forma de pago
- Época de pago
Situación hoy día
Imbricación de propiedad comunal y propiedad privada