Table of contents
Revisión del 10:31 21 feb 2019 de Admin (discusión | contribuciones) (Texto reemplazado: «\*\[\[(.*)\]\]» por «==== $1 ====»)
Contenido de esta página
I. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Traditional animal husbandry and contemporary changes
Atlantic watershed
Gipuzkoa
Northern Basque Country (lying within France)
Mediterranean watershed
II. ANIMAL BREEDS
Cows and oxen
Betizu
Terreña
Appendix: Description of the native breeds
Sheep
- Latxa and manexa
- Carranzana, sasi-ardia and Basque-Bearnese
- Coexistence of lacha, churra and merina breeds
- Navarra breed
Nanny goats
Pigs
Mares, donkeys and mules
Hens, doves, ducks and other poultry
Other small animals: rabbits, dogs and cats
Appendix: Description of the native breeds
Appendix: Betizu, wild cow
III. NAMES OF THE ANIMALS
Names according to species, age and sex
- Young
- Adults
- Other names
- Young
- Adults
- Young
- Adults
Goats
- Young
- Adults
Horses
- Young
- Adults
Donkeys and Asses
- Young
- Adults
- Young
- Adults
Poultry
- Young
- Adults
- Sundry animals
Other animals
IV. LANGUAGE AND HOW THE ANIMALS ARE TREATED
Names by which domesticated animals are known
- Due to the physical characteristics
- Due to their character
- Due to the place of birth or associated to events
- Names of relatives, acquaintances or celebrities
- Concatenated names
Cows and oxen
- Due to the physical characteristics
- Names of people and place of origin
- Due to their character
Horses
- Due to the colour of the coat
- Due to the look and character
- Due to the colour of the fur
- Due to the look, character and astral aspects
Language and how the animals are treated
- Patting
Language used with domesticated animals
- Cows
- Mares and assess
- Sheep and nanny goats
- Dogs and cats
- Hens, ducks and pigs
- Sheep
- Other animals
Utensils to prod the livestock
- Goad. Pole
- Grid, railing
- Whip, lash or zurriago
V. STABLES AND ENCLOSURES FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
The traditional stable
- Characteristics of the stable
- Divisions in the stable
Mangers
- Tying animals at the managers
- Gates or grids
- Hayrack
Modern stables. Changes occurred
Enclosures for animal husbandry
- Roosts
- Nest boxes
VI. FEELING STABLED LIVESTOCK
Feeding the homestead's livestock
- Atlantic watershed
- Mediterranean watershed
- Water supply
Oxen
Horse herds
Sheep and nanny goats
Hens and other poultry
Rabbits
Feeding the young
Calves
Foals (horse and donkey)
Chickens
Puppies and kittens
Feeding the livestock out in the fields
- Tether or chain tied to a stake
- Hobbling
- Fetters
- Fencing the meadows
VII. BREEDING AND LOOKING AFTER THE ANIMALS
The reproductive cycle of domesticated animals
- Coming into season and covering
- Gestation
- Delivery
- Looking after the calved cow
Sheep
- Coming into season and covering
- Gestation and delivery
Nanny goats
Mares
- Coming into season
- Gestation and delivery
Female donkeys
Obtaining mules
Hens and doves
- Determining the sex
- Laying
- Fertilisation and broody state
- Incubation
- Hatching the eggs
Female cats
Studs and artificial insemination
Procedures to calculate the age of the livestock
Cows
Handling the body of the animals
Other amputations, cuts and perforations
- Bulls
- Male donkeys and horse stallions
- Rams and young goats
- Boars and sows
- Chickens
Shoeing
Shoeing process
- Horses
- Cattle
VIII. UPLAND LIVESTOCK
Bizkaia
Gipuzkoa
Northern Basque Country
Álava
Navarra
Rounding up the upland livestock
Salt and bread
Appendix: Use of the pasture land in Lezaun (N)
IX. DRIVING FLOCKS TO UPLAND PASTURES
Taking the flocks up
Influence of the climate and the pastures
Driving the flocks to the upland pastures according to the characteristics of the livestock
Applicable regulations
Shepherding today
The shepherd migrating to the uplands alone or accompanied
Animal retinue of the shepherd
The best pasture for the flock
Mountain or summer pastures
Mediterranean watershed
Annual cycle of the shepherd and stay on the mountain
The Gorbea (B) shepherd
The Souletin shepherd
The Allo (N) shepherd
Bringing the flock down
X. BRANDING
Livestock branding
- Types and names of the notches
- Notches in cattle and horses
Tar branding Pitch branding
Iron branding
- Iron branding on horns, hooves or nose
Cowbells and large bells
- Sheep
- Transhumance
- Nanny goats
- Cows and mares
Livestock adornments
- When carrying the harvest
- For other farm work
Harnessed horses
- Plating the horses' manes and tails
XI. COMMON PASTURE LAND
Characteristics and evolution
Reforesting and enclosures
Stubble fields
USE OF THE COMMON PASTURE LAND
Common land in Bizkaia
Anboto and Oiz mountain ranges
Las Encartaciones
Carranza Valley
Commons associations and brotherhoods in Álava
Urkabustaiz commons
Sierra de Árcamo Board
Berganzo commons
Common upland in Toloño
La Isla common upland
Hernán Ruiz common upland
Izki Alto and Izki Bajo former commons associations
Laguardia and its region common upland
Sierra de Codés mountain range
Parzonerías (supramunicipal land usage system) in Gipuzkoa and Álava
Gipuzkoa and Álava General Parzonería
Entzia General Parzonería
Iturrieta Parzonería
Ernio and Jaizkibel uplands
Unions in the Sierra de Aralar mountain range
Aralar Union
Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
Las Améscoas commons
Navarra Pyrenees
Baztan Valley
Aoiz and Lónguida Valley
Salazar Valley
- Grazing bans
- Portions and passes
- Panificado, casalenco (system of fallow and grazing land) and commons
Corrals
Sangüesa
Lodosa
Allo
Facerías (cross-border grazing agreements)
The Northern Basque Country
The Territorial Grazing Syndicates
The kaiolar
Appendix: Folds in the Basque Country
XII. MOUNTAIN PASTORAL ESTABLISHMENTS
Carranza Mountains
Sierra de Gorbea mountain range
Orozko
Anboto and Aramotz mountain ranges
Mount Oiz
Sierra de Aizkorri mountain range
Urbia-Oltza
Sierra de Izarraitz mountain range and Mount Ernio
Sierra de Aralar mountain range
Ataun (1927)
Ataun (1955)
Abaltzisketa (1955)
Domed folds
Sierra de Urbasa mountain range
Sierra de Andia mountain range
Sierra de Entzia mountain range
Navarran Pyrenees
Basaburua Menor
Baztan Valley
Aezkoa Valley
Navarra Media and Bardenas
San Martín de Unx
Allo
Mélida
Álava mountains
Sierra Salvada mountain range
Sierra de Codés mountain range
The Northern Basque Country: Space organisation on the mountain
Lapurdi
- Sara
- Azkaine
- Aldudes Valley
- Ibarre
- Garazi (Cize)
- Liginaga
- Muskildi
- Zunharreta
- Etxebarre
XIII. TRANSHUMANCE AND TRANSTERMINANCE
Itinerant grazing
Moving to winter pastures
Major winter transhumance
- From the Navarran Pyrenean valleys to the Bardenas Reales
- Grazing right
- Using the drovers' trails
- Preparations and droving order
- Incidents and food along the drover's trail.
- Entry to and time spent at the Bardenas. The return
- Other transhumant movements in Navarra
- Pyrenean-Aquitaine transhumant movements
Winter minor transhumance and transterminance
- Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Bizkaia
- Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Gipuzkoa
- Pyrenean transhumance to the valleys and coast
- Ribera Navarra transhumance
Moving to summer pastures
- Álava mountains
- Bizkaia mountains
- Aralar and Aizkorri mountain ranges
- Mounts Ernio and Izarraitz
- Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
- Northern Basque Country
Life in the winter pastures
Life in the summer pastures
Minor transhumance and transterminance
- Álava and Bizkaia mountains
- Sierra de Aralar mountain range
- Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
Winter grazing availability
Bizkaia
Gipuzkoa and Lapurdi
Itinerant grazing calendar
Eastern Pyrenees
Western Pyrenees
Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
Aizkorri and Aralar mountain ranges
The bridleways
- Drovers' trails in Álava
- Drovers' trails in Navarra
Appendix: Drovers' trails in Navarra today
XIV. THE SHEEPDOG. ARDI-TXAKURRA
The Mastiff
Introduction of the sheepdog
Types of sheepdogs
Uses of the sheepdog
Dogs used to herd other livestock
Appendix: Sheepdog trials
XV. TYPES OF SHEPHERDS
Shepherds with their own flock
Largo flock shepherds
Paid help
Council shepherds
Tasks
- Álava
- Navarra
Looking after hobbled livestock
Appendix 1: Livestock herding hand in Irati at 11 years old
Appendix 2: Charter town livestock herders contract. 1890. Berganzo (A)
XVI. SHEPHERD'S APPAREL
Traditional warm clothing
Sheepskin coat or zamarra; apron or zagón
Traditional footwear
Clogs. Overshoes
The shepherd's apparel today
The shepherd's implements and weapons
Backpack or bag Saddlebags
Staff
Stout stick. Crook. Blackjack
Bullroarer
XVII. SHEPHERD CRAFT ITEMS AND BELONGINGS
Pastoral utensils
Milking ladle
Strainer
Whisk
Dagger
Gaztandegia. Cheese production
Shepherd's cups
Pottery and cutlery
Spoons
Water containers
Manual work
The wool craft
Heyday and decline
Weaving
Laces for sandals
Twines, ropes and pack saddles
Crooks and walking sticks
Collars for cowbells
Cowbells and clappers
XVIII. HUNTING VERMIN
Wolf hunting
Disappearance of the wolf
Recent reappearance
Means of defence
- Traps, snares and poisoned bait
- Pursuing the quarry and shotgun hunting
Lairs
Fox hunting
- Catching using cages
- Snares
- Traps
- Poisoned bait
- Shotgun hunting
Wild dogs
Minor predators
Musetelids and viverrids
Bears
Contracting vermin hunters
Payment for the captured animals
Appendix: Description of some lairs
XIX. MILKING THE SHEEP
Milking
Milking parlour and names
Milk production
Using hot stones to heat the milk
Goat's and ewe's milk. Its use
Atlantic watershed
Contemporary transitions
Cow's milk
Milking the cow by hand
Introduction of milking equipment
Measuring the milk
Distribution and sale of cow's milk
Transporting the products from the upland herds
Transporting the products
XX. PRODUCING CHEESE
Making sheep's cheese
- Cheese from the upland herds of Bizkaia and Álava
- Cheese in areas close to the coast
- Cheese in Urbia and Aralar
- Cheese making in the Northern Basque Country
Cheese making in the Mediterranean-side of the Basque Country
- Cheese in Álava
- Cheese in Navarra
Weight and shape of sheep's cheese
- Gaztazarra
- Roncal cheese and Urbasa cheese
The cheese market
Making goat's cheese
Contemporary transitions
Other dairy products
Curd cheese
Appendix 1: A day in the life of the Ataun-Aralar (G) shepherd during cheese making
Appendix 2: Traditional method for making mountain cheese by hand, bortü-gazna, in Zuberoa
XXI. SHEARING
Shearing
Precautionary measures
Shearing instruments
Wool, artilea
Selling wool for household uses
Wool quality and appraisal
Sheep manure
Appendix: Description of a modern shearing method
XXII. DOMESTIC SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS
Domestic slaughtering of animals on specific dates
Procedures used for domestic slaughtering
Domestic slaughtering of pigs
Domestic slaughtering of lambs and goats
Domestic slaughtering of cattle
Domestic slaughtering of rabbits
Sale of livestock for meat
Buyers of sheepmeat
- Preferably selling to dealers
- Selling to individuals and at market
Sheepskin, ardi-larrua
Skin as yoke decoration
Skin prices
XXIII. LIVESTOCK FAIRS AND BUYING AND SELLING LIVESTOCK
Livestock fairs
Fairs in Álava
Fairs in Bizkaia
Contemporary transitions
Buying and selling using dealers and between livestock farmers
The purchase agreement
Inspecting the cattle
Bargaining
Shaking hands
The alboroque or rolba refreshments to seal the deal
The price of the livestock
Importance of livestock farming in the family economy
Importance of the livestock
Complementary relationship between livestock farming and other activities
Current changes
XXIV. BEES, ERLEA
Bee-keeping
Making and types of beehives
Frame beehives
Bee skeps
The apiary
Catching swarms
Collecting the swarm
Acquiring swarms
Maintaining the beehive
Harvesting the honeycombs
Harvest time
Harvesting procedures Tasting the honey
Means of protection
Obtaining apiculture products
Honey
Wax
Use of apiculture products
Honey
Mead
Honey bee venom
Beliefs and lore about bees
Contemporary changes
XXV. SACRED PROTECTION OF THE LIVESTOCK
St. Anthony Abbot, patron saint of livestock
- St. Anthony bonfires and smoke offerings
- Livestock gatherings in front of churches
- Navarra
- Álava
- Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia
- Blessing food and cowbells
- St. Anthony Cross round-ups
Engravings and crosses in stables
St. Blaise
St. John the Baptist, protector of the herds
Branches and flowers on the morning of the summer solstice
Symbols to protect against lightning
Hawthorn
Blessed bay leaves
Burning bay leaves
Holy May Cross
Blessed candles
Other procedures and prevention
The early axe
Ritual blessings
Stables and pens
Offerings
Charms
Animal protectors
XXVI. BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS
Regarding hens hatching their eggs
Odd number of eggs
Regarding breeding
Regarding atmospheric changes
Omens of death
Customs relating to mourning
Witch omens
Regarding driving livestock to upland grazing
Protecting against vermin
Rites to adapt to the homestead
Livestock
Bildots-lorra: mutual help
Other customs
Shepherd festivities
Gifts and donations
Places of worship in grazing areas
XXVII. SHEPHERDS' GAMES
Venues for the games
Ball games
El chute - fast traditional game
Throwing games
Zotzaldatzea
Burruna
Games of strength
Jumping games
Races
Bowling games
Table games
Cards
Ghost stories
Songs and musical instruments
Singing
Musical instruments of the shepherds
- Horns
- Whistles and flutes
- Basque single-reed woodwind instrument
- Alboka