Diferencia entre revisiones de «Indice Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia/en»
De Atlas Etnográfico de Vasconia
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Línea 7: | Línea 7: | ||
=== [[Vertiente_atlantica_crianza|Atlantic watershed]] === | === [[Vertiente_atlantica_crianza|Atlantic watershed]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Bizkaia|Bizkaia]] | |
− | + | *[[Gipuzkoa|Gipuzkoa]] | |
− | + | *[[Vasconia_continental|Northern Basque Country (lying within France)]] | |
=== [[Vertiente_mediterranea|Mediterranean watershed]] === | === [[Vertiente_mediterranea|Mediterranean watershed]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Alava|Alava]] | |
− | + | *[[Navarra|Navarra]] | |
  |   | ||
Línea 24: | Línea 24: | ||
=== [[Vacas_y_bueyes|Cows and oxen]] === | === [[Vacas_y_bueyes|Cows and oxen]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Betizu|''Betizu'']] | |
− | + | *[[Monchina|Monchina]] | |
− | + | *[[Terreña|Terreña]] | |
− | + | *[[Pirenaica|Pyrenean]] | |
− | + | *[[Evolucion_de_la_cabaña_bovina|Evolution of the cattle population]] | |
− | + | *[[Apendice1_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] | |
=== [[Ovejas|Sheep]] === | === [[Ovejas|Sheep]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Razas_de_la_vertiente_atlantica|Breeds of the Atlantic watershed]] | |
**''Latxa'' and ''manexa'' | **''Latxa'' and ''manexa'' | ||
**Carranzana, ''sasi-ardia'' and Basque-Bearnese | **Carranzana, ''sasi-ardia'' and Basque-Bearnese | ||
− | + | *[[Razas_de_la_vertiente_mediterranea|Breeds of the Mediterranean watershed]] | |
**Coexistence of lacha, churra and merina breeds | **Coexistence of lacha, churra and merina breeds | ||
**Navarra breed | **Navarra breed | ||
− | + | *[[Apendice2_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] | |
=== [[Cabras|Nanny goats]] === | === [[Cabras|Nanny goats]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Apendice3_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] | |
=== [[Cerdos|Pigs]] === | === [[Cerdos|Pigs]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Apendice4_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] | |
=== [[Yeguas_burros_y_mulos|Mares, donkeys and mules]] === | === [[Yeguas_burros_y_mulos|Mares, donkeys and mules]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Apendice5_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] | |
=== [[Gallinas_palomas_patos_y_otras_aves|Hens, doves, ducks and other poultry]] === | === [[Gallinas_palomas_patos_y_otras_aves|Hens, doves, ducks and other poultry]] === | ||
Línea 66: | Línea 66: | ||
=== [[Otros_animales_menores_conejos_perros_y_gatos|Other small animals: rabbits, dogs and cats]] === | === [[Otros_animales_menores_conejos_perros_y_gatos|Other small animals: rabbits, dogs and cats]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Apendice6_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] | |
=== [[Apendice_Betizu_vaca_salvaje|Appendix: Betizu, wild cow]] === | === [[Apendice_Betizu_vaca_salvaje|Appendix: Betizu, wild cow]] === | ||
Línea 75: | Línea 75: | ||
=== [[Denominaciones_segun_especie_edad_y_sexo|Names according to species, age and sex]] === | === [[Denominaciones_segun_especie_edad_y_sexo|Names according to species, age and sex]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Ganado_ovino|Sheep]] | |
**Young | **Young | ||
Línea 81: | Línea 81: | ||
**Other names | **Other names | ||
− | + | *[[Ganado_vacuno|Cattle]] | |
**Young | **Young | ||
**Adults | **Adults | ||
− | + | *[[Ganado_porcino|Pigs]] | |
**Young | **Young | ||
**Adults | **Adults | ||
− | + | *[[Ganado_caprino|Goats]] | |
**Young | **Young | ||
**Adults | **Adults | ||
− | + | *[[Ganado_caballar|Horses]] | |
**Young | **Young | ||
**Adults | **Adults | ||
− | + | *[[Ganado_asnal|Donkeys and Asses]] | |
**Young | **Young | ||
**Adults | **Adults | ||
− | + | *[[Ganado_mular|Mules]] | |
**Young | **Young | ||
**Adults | **Adults | ||
− | + | *[[Ganado_aviar|Poultry]] | |
**Young | **Young | ||
Línea 117: | Línea 117: | ||
**Sundry animals | **Sundry animals | ||
− | + | *[[Animales_varios|Other animals]] | |
  |   | ||
Línea 124: | Línea 124: | ||
=== [[Nombres_impuestos_a_los_animales_domesticos|Names by which domesticated animals are known]] === | === [[Nombres_impuestos_a_los_animales_domesticos|Names by which domesticated animals are known]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Ovejas_lenguaje|Sheep]] | |
**Due to the physical characteristics | **Due to the physical characteristics | ||
Línea 132: | Línea 132: | ||
**Concatenated names | **Concatenated names | ||
− | + | *[[Vacas_y_bueyes_lenguaje|Cows and oxen]] | |
**Due to the physical characteristics | **Due to the physical characteristics | ||
Línea 138: | Línea 138: | ||
**Due to their character | **Due to their character | ||
− | + | *[[Caballos_lenguaje|Horses]] | |
**Due to the colour of the coat | **Due to the colour of the coat | ||
**Due to the look and character | **Due to the look and character | ||
− | + | *[[Perros_lenguaje|Dogs]] | |
**Due to the colour of the fur | **Due to the colour of the fur | ||
**Due to the look, character and astral aspects | **Due to the look, character and astral aspects | ||
− | + | *[[Nombres_de_cabras_burros_gatos_y_cerdos_lenguaje|Names of nanny goats, donkeys, cats and pigs]] | |
=== [[Lenguaje_y_modo_de_tratar_a_los_animales|Language and how the animals are treated]] === | === [[Lenguaje_y_modo_de_tratar_a_los_animales|Language and how the animals are treated]] === | ||
− | + | *[[El_trato_con_los_animales|How the animals are treated]] | |
**Patting | **Patting | ||
− | + | *[[Lenguaje_empleado_con_los_animales_domesticos|Language used with domesticated animals]] | |
**Cows | **Cows | ||
Línea 164: | Línea 164: | ||
**Hens, ducks and pigs | **Hens, ducks and pigs | ||
− | + | *[[Silbidos|Whistling]] | |
**Sheep | **Sheep | ||
**Other animals | **Other animals | ||
− | + | *[[Utensilios_para_aguijar_el_ganado|Utensils to prod the livestock]] | |
**Goad. Pole | **Goad. Pole | ||
Línea 180: | Línea 180: | ||
=== [[El_establo_tradicional|The traditional stable]] === | === [[El_establo_tradicional|The traditional stable]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Establos_ubicados_en_el_propio_caserio_la_cuadra|Stables located in the homestead itself: the pen]] | |
**Characteristics of the stable | **Characteristics of the stable | ||
**Divisions in the stable | **Divisions in the stable | ||
− | + | *[[Establos_exentos_de_la_casa|Stables separate from the house]] | |
− | + | *[[Pesebres|Mangers]] | |
**Tying animals at the managers | **Tying animals at the managers | ||
Línea 193: | Línea 193: | ||
**Hayrack | **Hayrack | ||
− | + | *[[El_estiercol|Manure]] | |
=== [[Los_modernos_establos._Transformaciones_operadas|Modern stables. Changes occurred]] === | === [[Los_modernos_establos._Transformaciones_operadas|Modern stables. Changes occurred]] === | ||
Línea 199: | Línea 199: | ||
=== [[Recintos_para_la_cria_de_animales_domesticos|Enclosures for animal husbandry]] === | === [[Recintos_para_la_cria_de_animales_domesticos|Enclosures for animal husbandry]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Cochiqueras|Pigsties]] | |
− | + | *[[Gallineros|Hen houses]] | |
**Roosts | **Roosts | ||
**Nest boxes | **Nest boxes | ||
− | + | *[[Conejeras|Rabbit hutches]] | |
− | + | *[[Palomares|Dovecotes]] | |
  |   | ||
Línea 215: | Línea 215: | ||
=== [[Alimentacion_del_ganado_en_la_casa|Feeding the homestead's livestock]] === | === [[Alimentacion_del_ganado_en_la_casa|Feeding the homestead's livestock]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Vacas|Cows]] | |
**Atlantic watershed | **Atlantic watershed | ||
Línea 221: | Línea 221: | ||
**Water supply | **Water supply | ||
− | + | *[[Bueyes|Oxen]] | |
− | + | *[[Caballerias|Horse herds]] | |
− | + | *[[Ovejas_y_cabras|Sheep and nanny goats]] | |
− | + | *[[Cerdos_Alimentacion|Pigs]] | |
− | + | *[[Gallinas_y_otras_aves|Hens and other poultry]] | |
− | + | *[[Conejos_Alimentacion|Rabbits]] | |
− | + | *[[Perros_y_gatos|Dogs and cats]] | |
=== [[Alimentacion_de_las_crias|Feeding the young]] === | === [[Alimentacion_de_las_crias|Feeding the young]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Terneras|Calves]] | |
− | + | *[[Corderas|Lambs]] | |
− | + | *[[Cabritas|Kids]] | |
− | + | *[[Cerdos_crias|Piglets]] | |
− | + | *[[Potras_y_burros|Foals (horse and donkey)]] | |
− | + | *[[Pollitas|Chickens]] | |
− | + | *[[Conejos_crias|Rabbits]] | |
− | + | *[[Cachorros_y_gatos|Puppies and kittens]] | |
=== [[Alimentacion_del_ganado_en_el_campo|Feeding the livestock out in the fields]] === | === [[Alimentacion_del_ganado_en_el_campo|Feeding the livestock out in the fields]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Vertiente_mediterranea_alimentacion|Mediterranean watershed]] | |
− | + | *[[Vertiente_atlantica_alimentacion|Atlantic watershed]] | |
− | + | *[[Control_de_los_animales_en_los_prados|Controlling the animals in the meadows]] | |
**Tether or chain tied to a stake | **Tether or chain tied to a stake | ||
Línea 271: | Línea 271: | ||
=== [[El_ciclo_reproductor_de_los_animales_domesticos|The reproductive cycle of domesticated animals]] === | === [[El_ciclo_reproductor_de_los_animales_domesticos|The reproductive cycle of domesticated animals]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Vacas1|Cows]] | |
**Coming into season and covering | **Coming into season and covering | ||
Línea 278: | Línea 278: | ||
**Looking after the calved cow | **Looking after the calved cow | ||
− | + | *[[Ovejas1|Sheep]] | |
**Coming into season and covering | **Coming into season and covering | ||
**Gestation and delivery | **Gestation and delivery | ||
− | + | *[[Cabras1|Nanny goats]] | |
− | + | *[[Yeguas|Mares]] | |
**Coming into season | **Coming into season | ||
**Gestation and delivery | **Gestation and delivery | ||
− | + | *[[Burras|Female donkeys]] | |
− | + | *[[Obtencion_de_mulos|Obtaining mules]] | |
− | + | *[[Cerdas|Sows]] | |
− | + | *[[Conejas|Does (rabbit)]] | |
− | + | *[[Gallinas_y_palomas|Hens and doves]] | |
**Determining the sex | **Determining the sex | ||
Línea 306: | Línea 306: | ||
**Hatching the eggs | **Hatching the eggs | ||
− | + | *[[Perras|Female dogs]] | |
− | + | *[[Gatas|Female cats]] | |
− | + | *[[Las_paradas_y_la_inseminacion_artificial|Studs and artificial insemination]] | |
=== [[Procedimientos_para_calcular_la_edad_del_ganado|Procedures to calculate the age of the livestock]] === | === [[Procedimientos_para_calcular_la_edad_del_ganado|Procedures to calculate the age of the livestock]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Vacas2|Cows]] | |
− | + | *[[Ovejas2|Sheep]] | |
=== [[Manipulaciones_del_cuerpo_de_los_animales|Handling the body of the animals]] === | === [[Manipulaciones_del_cuerpo_de_los_animales|Handling the body of the animals]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Corte_del_rabo_a_las_corderas|Cutting the tails of the lambs]] | |
− | + | *[[Otras_amputaciones_cortes_y_perforaciones|Other amputations, cuts and perforations]] | |
− | + | *[[Supresion_de_los_cuernos|Removing horns]] | |
− | + | *[[Castracion|Castration]] | |
**Bulls | **Bulls | ||
Línea 336: | Línea 336: | ||
=== [[Herrado|Shoeing]] === | === [[Herrado|Shoeing]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Proceso_de_herrado|Shoeing process]] | |
**Horses | **Horses | ||
**Cattle | **Cattle | ||
− | + | *[[Herraduras_y_clavos|Shoes and nails]] | |
− | + | *[[Otras_operaciones_efectuadas_por_los_herradores|Other operations performed by farriers]] | |
  |   | ||
Línea 360: | Línea 360: | ||
=== [[La_captura_del_ganado_de_monte|Rounding up the upland livestock]] === | === [[La_captura_del_ganado_de_monte|Rounding up the upland livestock]] === | ||
− | + | *[[El_lazo_urka-bilurra|The lasso]] | |
− | + | *[[Sal_y_pan|Salt and bread]] | |
− | + | *[[Gritos_y_ruidos|Shouts and noise]] | |
− | + | *[[Uso_de_perros_de_presa|Using catch dogs]] | |
=== [[Apendice_El_aprovechamiento_de_los_pastos_en_Lezaun_(N)|Appendix: Use of the pasture land in Lezaun (N)]] === | === [[Apendice_El_aprovechamiento_de_los_pastos_en_Lezaun_(N)|Appendix: Use of the pasture land in Lezaun (N)]] === | ||
Línea 375: | Línea 375: | ||
=== [[La_subida_del_rebaño|Taking the flocks up]] === | === [[La_subida_del_rebaño|Taking the flocks up]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Influencia_del_clima_y_de_los_pastos|Influence of the climate and the pastures]] | |
− | + | *[[Ascension_al_monte_en_funcion_de_las_caracteristicas_del_ganado|Driving the flocks to the upland pastures according to the characteristics of the livestock]] | |
− | + | *[[Pastoreo_de_ciclo_diario|Daily cycle shepherding]] | |
− | + | *[[Reglamentacion_aplicable|Applicable regulations]] | |
− | + | *[[El_pastoreo_en_la_actualidad|Shepherding today]] | |
=== [[Ascension_del_pastor_en_solitario_o_acompañado|The shepherd migrating to the uplands alone or accompanied]] === | === [[Ascension_del_pastor_en_solitario_o_acompañado|The shepherd migrating to the uplands alone or accompanied]] === | ||
Línea 391: | Línea 391: | ||
=== [[Los_mejores_pastos_para_el_rebaño|The best pasture for the flock]] === | === [[Los_mejores_pastos_para_el_rebaño|The best pasture for the flock]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Pastos_veraniegos_o_de_altura|Mountain or summer pastures]] | |
− | + | *[[Pastos_invernales_o_de_valle|Valley or winter pastures]] | |
− | + | *[[Vertiente_mediterranea4|Mediterranean watershed]] | |
− | + | *[[Pastos_perjudiciales|Harmful pastures]] | |
=== [[Ciclo_anual_del_pastor_y_estancia_en_la_montaña|Annual cycle of the shepherd and stay on the mountain]] === | === [[Ciclo_anual_del_pastor_y_estancia_en_la_montaña|Annual cycle of the shepherd and stay on the mountain]] === | ||
− | + | *[[El_pastor_de_Gorbea_(B)|The Gorbea (B) shepherd]] | |
− | + | *[[El_pastor_de_Urbia_y_el_de_Aizkorri_(G)|The Urbia and the Aizkorri (G) shepherds]] | |
− | + | *[[El_pastor_suletino|The Souletin shepherd]] | |
− | + | *[[El_pastor_de_Allo_(N)|The Allo (N) shepherd]] | |
=== [[La_bajada_del_rebaño|Bringing the flock down]] === | === [[La_bajada_del_rebaño|Bringing the flock down]] === | ||
Línea 416: | Línea 416: | ||
=== [[Marcas_de_propiedad_del_ganado|Livestock branding]] === | === [[Marcas_de_propiedad_del_ganado|Livestock branding]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Corte_en_la_oreja._Akatsa|Ear notches]] | |
**Types and names of the notches | **Types and names of the notches | ||
**Notches in cattle and horses | **Notches in cattle and horses | ||
− | + | *[[Señales_con_pintura|Paint branding]] | |
− | + | *[[Marca_de_pez_o_brea._Empego|Tar branding Pitch branding]] | |
− | + | *[[Marca_de_hierro|Iron branding]] | |
**Iron branding on horns, hooves or nose | **Iron branding on horns, hooves or nose | ||
− | + | *[[Cambios_operados_en_el_marcaje_del_ganado._El_crotal|Changes occurred in the branding of livestock. The eartag]] | |
=== [[Cencerros_o_esquilones._Arranak_zintzarriak|Cowbells and large bells]] === | === [[Cencerros_o_esquilones._Arranak_zintzarriak|Cowbells and large bells]] === | ||
− | + | *[[El_sonido_de_los_cencerros|The sound off the cowbells]] | |
− | + | *[[Clases_de_cencerros_y_esquilas|Types of cowbells and shearing]] | |
**Sheep | **Sheep | ||
Línea 444: | Línea 444: | ||
=== [[Adornos_del_ganado|Livestock adornments]] === | === [[Adornos_del_ganado|Livestock adornments]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Collares_de_campanillas_y_cascabeles|Collars for chimes and bells]] | |
**When carrying the harvest | **When carrying the harvest | ||
**For other farm work | **For other farm work | ||
− | + | *[[Caballerias_enjaezadas|Harnessed horses]] | |
− | + | *[[Engalanamiento_del_ganado|Adorning the livestock]] | |
**Plating the horses' manes and tails | **Plating the horses' manes and tails | ||
Línea 460: | Línea 460: | ||
=== [[Caracteristicas_y_evolucion|Characteristics and evolution]] === | === [[Caracteristicas_y_evolucion|Characteristics and evolution]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Reduccion_y_perdida_de_comunales|Depletion and loss of common land]] | |
− | + | *[[Reforestacion_y_cierres|Reforesting and enclosures]] | |
− | + | *[[Rastrojeras|Stubble fields]] | |
− | + | *[[Intervencion_municipal_y_foral|Provincial and municipal intervention]] | |
− | + | *[[Condiciones_de_disfrute|Conditions of sue]] | |
=== [[APROVECHAMIENTO_DE_LOS_PASTOS_COMUNALES|''USE OF THE COMMON PASTURE LAND'']] === | === [[APROVECHAMIENTO_DE_LOS_PASTOS_COMUNALES|''USE OF THE COMMON PASTURE LAND'']] === | ||
Línea 474: | Línea 474: | ||
=== [[Comunales_en_Bizkaia|Common land in Bizkaia]] === | === [[Comunales_en_Bizkaia|Common land in Bizkaia]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Sierra_de_Gorbea|Gorbea mountain range]] | |
− | + | *[[Sierras_de_Anboto_y_Oiz|Anboto and Oiz mountain ranges]] | |
− | + | *[[Encartaciones|Las Encartaciones]] | |
− | + | *[[Valle_de_Carranza|Carranza Valley]] | |
=== [[Hermandades_y_comunidades_de_pastos_en_Alava|Commons associations and brotherhoods in Álava]] === | === [[Hermandades_y_comunidades_de_pastos_en_Alava|Commons associations and brotherhoods in Álava]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Comunidad_de_Sierra_Salvada|Sierra Salvada commons association]] | |
− | + | *[[Comunidad_de_la_Sierra_Brava_de_Badaia|Sierra Brava de Badaia commons association]] | |
− | + | *[[Comunidad_de_Guibijo|Guibijo commons association]] | |
− | + | *[[Comunales_de_Urkabustaiz|Urkabustaiz commons]] | |
− | + | *[[Junta_de_la_Sierra_de_Arcamo|Sierra de Árcamo Board]] | |
− | + | *[[Valle_de_Valdegovia|Valdegovía Valley]] | |
− | + | *[[Sierra_de_Valderejo|Sierra de Valderejo mountain range]] | |
− | + | *[[Comunales_de_Berganzo|Berganzo commons]] | |
− | + | *[[Monte_comunero_en_Toloño|Common upland in Toloño]] | |
− | + | *[[Monte_comunero_La_Isla|La Isla common upland]] | |
− | + | *[[Comunal_del_monte_de_Hernan_Ruiz|Hernán Ruiz common upland]] | |
− | + | *[[Antiguas_comunidades_de_Izki_Alto_e_Izki_Bajo|Izki Alto and Izki Bajo former commons associations]] | |
− | + | *[[Monte_comunero_de_Laguardia_y_su_Tierra|Laguardia and its region common upland]] | |
− | + | *[[Comuneros_de_Moreda_y_Viana|Moreda and Viana commons]] | |
− | + | *[[Sierra_de_Codes|Sierra de Codés mountain range]] | |
=== [[Parzonerias_en_Gipuzkoa_y_Alava|Parzonerías (supramunicipal land usage system) in Gipuzkoa and Álava]] === | === [[Parzonerias_en_Gipuzkoa_y_Alava|Parzonerías (supramunicipal land usage system) in Gipuzkoa and Álava]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Parzoneria_General_de_Gipuzkoa_y_Alava|Gipuzkoa and Álava General Parzonería]] | |
− | + | *[[Parzoneria_Menor_o_Komun_Txikia|Minor Parzonería]] | |
− | + | *[[Parzoneria_General_de_Entzia|Entzia General Parzonería]] | |
− | + | *[[Parzoneria_de_Iturrieta|Iturrieta Parzonería]] | |
=== [[Montes_de_Ernio_y_Jaizkibel|Ernio and Jaizkibel uplands]] === | === [[Montes_de_Ernio_y_Jaizkibel|Ernio and Jaizkibel uplands]] === | ||
Línea 528: | Línea 528: | ||
=== [[Uniones_en_la_Sierra_de_Aralar|Unions in the Sierra de Aralar mountain range]] === | === [[Uniones_en_la_Sierra_de_Aralar|Unions in the Sierra de Aralar mountain range]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Mancomunidad_de_Enirio-Aralar|Enirio-Aralar supramunicipal district]] | |
− | + | *[[La_Union_de_Aralar|Aralar Union]] | |
=== [[Sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia|Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] === | === [[Sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia|Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Comunales_de_las_Amescoas|Las Améscoas commons]] | |
− | + | *[[Sierra_de_Lokiz|Sierra de Lokiz mountain range]] | |
− | + | *[[Comunales_de_Lezaun_y_Ultzama|Lezaun and Ultzama commons]] | |
=== [[Pirineo_de_Navarra|Navarra Pyrenees]] === | === [[Pirineo_de_Navarra|Navarra Pyrenees]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Valle_de_Baztan|Baztan Valley]] | |
− | + | *[[Valle_de_Erro|Erro Valley]] | |
− | + | *[[Aoiz_y_Valle_de_Longuida|Aoiz and Lónguida Valley]] | |
− | + | *[[Valle_de_Salazar|Salazar Valley]] | |
− | + | *[[Valle_de_Roncal|Roncal Valley]] | |
**Grazing bans | **Grazing bans | ||
Línea 556: | Línea 556: | ||
**Panificado, casalenco (system of fallow and grazing land) and commons | **Panificado, casalenco (system of fallow and grazing land) and commons | ||
− | + | *[[Los_pastos_de_las_Bardenas_Reales|Bardenas Reales grazing land]] | |
=== [[Corralizas|Corrals]] === | === [[Corralizas|Corrals]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Sanguesa|Sangüesa]] | |
− | + | *[[San_Martin_de_Unx|San Martín de Unx]] | |
− | + | *[[Melida|Mélida]] | |
− | + | *[[Lodosa|Lodosa]] | |
− | + | *[[Allo|Allo]] | |
=== [[Facerias|Facerías (cross-border grazing agreements)]] === | === [[Facerias|Facerías (cross-border grazing agreements)]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Facerias_interpirenaicas|Inter-Pyrenean ''facerías'']] | |
− | + | *[[Tributo_de_las_Tres_Vacas|Tribute of the Three Cows]] | |
=== [[Pais_Vasco_continental|The Northern Basque Country]] === | === [[Pais_Vasco_continental|The Northern Basque Country]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Los_Sindicatos_territoriales|The Territorial Grazing Syndicates]] | |
− | + | *[[El_kaiolar|The ''kaiolar'']] | |
=== [[Apendice_Seles_en_Vasconia|Appendix: Folds in the Basque Country]] === | === [[Apendice_Seles_en_Vasconia|Appendix: Folds in the Basque Country]] === | ||
Línea 589: | Línea 589: | ||
=== [[Montes_de_Carranza|Carranza Mountains]] === | === [[Montes_de_Carranza|Carranza Mountains]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Cabañas_y_casetas|Cabins and huts]] | |
=== [[Sierra_de_Gorbea1|Sierra de Gorbea mountain range]] === | === [[Sierra_de_Gorbea1|Sierra de Gorbea mountain range]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Zeanuri|Zeanuri]] | |
− | + | *[[Orozko|Orozko]] | |
− | + | *[[Valle_de_Zuya|Zuya Valley]] | |
=== [[Sierras_de_Anboto_y_Aramotz|Anboto and Aramotz mountain ranges]] === | === [[Sierras_de_Anboto_y_Aramotz|Anboto and Aramotz mountain ranges]] === | ||
Línea 605: | Línea 605: | ||
=== [[Sierra_de_Aizkorri|Sierra de Aizkorri mountain range]] === | === [[Sierra_de_Aizkorri|Sierra de Aizkorri mountain range]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Urbia-Oltza|Urbia-Oltza]] | |
− | + | *[[Degurixa-Alabieta|Degurixa-Alabieta]] | |
− | + | *[[Arriurdin|Arriurdin]] | |
=== [[Sierra_de_Izarraitz_y_Ernio|Sierra de Izarraitz mountain range and Mount Ernio]] === | === [[Sierra_de_Izarraitz_y_Ernio|Sierra de Izarraitz mountain range and Mount Ernio]] === | ||
Línea 615: | Línea 615: | ||
=== [[Sierra_de_Aralar|Sierra de Aralar mountain range]] === | === [[Sierra_de_Aralar|Sierra de Aralar mountain range]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Beasain|Beasain]] | |
− | + | *[[Ataun_(1927)|Ataun (1927)]] | |
− | + | *[[Ataun_(1955)|Ataun (1955)]] | |
− | + | *[[Abaltzisketa_(1955)|Abaltzisketa (1955)]] | |
− | + | *[[Valle_de_Larraun|Larraun Valley]] | |
− | + | *[[Rediles_cupulares._Arkuak|Domed folds]] | |
=== [[Sierra_de_Urbasa|Sierra de Urbasa mountain range]] === | === [[Sierra_de_Urbasa|Sierra de Urbasa mountain range]] === | ||
Línea 635: | Línea 635: | ||
=== [[Pirineo_navarro|Navarran Pyrenees]] === | === [[Pirineo_navarro|Navarran Pyrenees]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Basaburua_Menor|Basaburua Menor]] | |
− | + | *[[Valle_de_Baztan1|Baztan Valley]] | |
− | + | *[[Valle_de_Esteribar|Esteribar Valley]] | |
− | + | *[[Valle_de_Aezkoa|Aezkoa Valley]] | |
− | + | *[[Valle_de_Salazar1|Salazar Valley]] | |
− | + | *[[Valle_de_Roncal1|Roncal Valley]] | |
=== [[Navarra_Media_y_Bardenas|Navarra Media and Bardenas]] === | === [[Navarra_Media_y_Bardenas|Navarra Media and Bardenas]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Sanguesa1|Sangüesa]] | |
− | + | *[[San_Martin_de_Unx1|San Martín de Unx]] | |
− | + | *[[Allo1|Allo]] | |
− | + | *[[Valle_de_Aoiz|Aoiz Valley]] | |
− | + | *[[Bardenas|Bardenas]] | |
− | + | *[[Melida1|Mélida]] | |
=== [[Montes_de_Alava|Álava mountains]] === | === [[Montes_de_Alava|Álava mountains]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Valderejo|Valderejo]] | |
− | + | *[[Sierra_de_Arcamo|Sierra de Árcamo mountain range]] | |
− | + | *[[Sierra_Salvada|Sierra Salvada mountain range]] | |
− | + | *[[Sierra_de_Guibijo|Sierra de Guibijo mountain range]] | |
− | + | *[[Sierra_Brava_de_Badaia|Sierra Brava de Badaia mountain range]] | |
− | + | *[[Treviño|Treviño]] | |
− | + | *[[Sierra_de_Toloño|Sierra de Toloño mountain range]] | |
− | + | *[[Sierra_de_Izki|Sierra de Izki mountain range]] | |
− | + | *[[Rioja_Alavesa._Moreda|Rioja Alavesa. Moreda]] | |
− | + | *[[Sierra_de_Codes1|Sierra de Codés mountain range]] | |
=== [[Pais_Vasco_continental_La_organizacion_del_espacio_en_la_montaña|The Northern Basque Country: Space organisation on the mountain]] === | === [[Pais_Vasco_continental_La_organizacion_del_espacio_en_la_montaña|The Northern Basque Country: Space organisation on the mountain]] === | ||
− | + | *[[El_triple_habitat|The triple habitat]] | |
− | + | *[[Lapurdi|Lapurdi]] | |
**Sara | **Sara | ||
**Azkaine | **Azkaine | ||
− | + | *[[Baja_Navarra|Baja Navarra]] | |
**Aldudes Valley | **Aldudes Valley | ||
Línea 698: | Línea 698: | ||
**Garazi (Cize) | **Garazi (Cize) | ||
− | + | *[[Zuberoa|Zuberoa]] | |
**Liginaga | **Liginaga | ||
Línea 710: | Línea 710: | ||
=== [[El_pastoreo_itinerante|Itinerant grazing]] === | === [[El_pastoreo_itinerante|Itinerant grazing]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Gran_trashumancia._Trashumancia_menor._Transterminancia|Major transhumance. Minor transhumance. Transterminance]] | |
=== [[Itinerancia_a_los_pastos_de_invierno|Moving to winter pastures]] === | === [[Itinerancia_a_los_pastos_de_invierno|Moving to winter pastures]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Trashumancias_invernales_mayores|Major winter transhumance]] | |
**From the Navarran Pyrenean valleys to the Bardenas Reales | **From the Navarran Pyrenean valleys to the Bardenas Reales | ||
Línea 727: | Línea 727: | ||
**Pyrenean-Aquitaine transhumant movements | **Pyrenean-Aquitaine transhumant movements | ||
− | + | *[[Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia_invernales|Winter minor transhumance and transterminance]] | |
**Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Bizkaia | **Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Bizkaia | ||
Línea 736: | Línea 736: | ||
=== [[Itinerancia_a_los_pastos_de_verano|Moving to summer pastures]] === | === [[Itinerancia_a_los_pastos_de_verano|Moving to summer pastures]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Trashumancia_estival_a_las_sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia|Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] | |
− | + | *[[Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia_estivales|Summer minor transhumance and transterminance]] | |
**Álava mountains | **Álava mountains | ||
Línea 749: | Línea 749: | ||
=== [[Vida_en_los_pastos_de_invierno|Life in the winter pastures]] === | === [[Vida_en_los_pastos_de_invierno|Life in the winter pastures]] === | ||
− | + | *[[El_pastor_bardenero|The shepherds of the Bardenas]] | |
− | + | *[[El_pastor_trashumante_en_los_distintos_territorios|The transhumant shepherd in the different provinces]] | |
=== [[Vida_en_los_pastos_de_verano|Life in the summer pastures]] === | === [[Vida_en_los_pastos_de_verano|Life in the summer pastures]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Trashumancia_estival_a_las_sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia1|Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] | |
− | + | *[[Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia|Minor transhumance and transterminance]] | |
**Álava and Bizkaia mountains | **Álava and Bizkaia mountains | ||
Línea 765: | Línea 765: | ||
=== [[Disponibilidad_de_los_pastos_invernales|Winter grazing availability]] === | === [[Disponibilidad_de_los_pastos_invernales|Winter grazing availability]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Alava3|Álava]] | |
− | + | *[[Bizkaia3|Bizkaia]] | |
− | + | *[[Gipuzkoa_y_Lapurdi|Gipuzkoa and Lapurdi]] | |
− | + | *[[Navarra3|Navarra]] | |
=== [[Calendario_de_la_itinerancia_pastoril|Itinerant grazing calendar]] === | === [[Calendario_de_la_itinerancia_pastoril|Itinerant grazing calendar]] === | ||
Línea 777: | Línea 777: | ||
==== [[Pirineos_orientales|Eastern Pyrenees]] ==== | ==== [[Pirineos_orientales|Eastern Pyrenees]] ==== | ||
− | + | *[[Pirineos_occidentales|Western Pyrenees]] | |
− | + | *[[Sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia1|Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] | |
− | + | *[[Sierras_de_Aizkorri_y_Aralar|Aizkorri and Aralar mountain ranges]] | |
− | + | *[[Montes_de_Bizkaia|Bizkaia mountains]] | |
=== [[Las_vias_pecuarias|The bridleways]] === | === [[Las_vias_pecuarias|The bridleways]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Caminos_sendas._Ardibideak|Tracks, paths]] | |
− | + | *[[Cañadas._Altxubideak|Drovers' trails]] | |
**Drovers' trails in Álava | **Drovers' trails in Álava | ||
Línea 816: | Línea 816: | ||
=== [[Pastores_de_rebaño_propio|Shepherds with their own flock]] === | === [[Pastores_de_rebaño_propio|Shepherds with their own flock]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Zagales._Hijos_de_pastores|Shepherd boy. Shepherds' children]] | |
− | + | *[[Asociaciones_pastoriles_partzuerrak|Shepherding associations]] | |
=== [[Pastores_de_grandes_rebaños|Largo flock shepherds]] === | === [[Pastores_de_grandes_rebaños|Largo flock shepherds]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Pastores_asalariados|Shepherds on a wage]] | |
− | + | *[[Criados|Paid help]] | |
− | + | *[[El_mayoral|Farm manager]] | |
− | + | *[[Consideracion_social|Social standing]] | |
=== [[Pastores_concejiles|Council shepherds]] === | === [[Pastores_concejiles|Council shepherds]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Labores|Tasks]] | |
**Álava | **Álava | ||
**Navarra | **Navarra | ||
− | + | *[[Condiciones_contractuales|Contractual terms and conditions]] | |
− | + | *[[Salario._Alimentacion._Aguinaldos|Wage. Food. Bonus]] | |
=== [[Cuidado_del_ganado_a_renque|Looking after hobbled livestock]] === | === [[Cuidado_del_ganado_a_renque|Looking after hobbled livestock]] === | ||
Línea 852: | Línea 852: | ||
=== [[Prendas_de_abrigo_tradicionales|Traditional warm clothing]] === | === [[Prendas_de_abrigo_tradicionales|Traditional warm clothing]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Kapusaia._Txartesa._Hongarina|''Kapusaia''. ''Txartesa''. Long cape]] | |
− | + | *[[Espaldero_o_zamarra;_delantero_o_zagon|Sheepskin coat or zamarra; apron or zagón]] | |
− | + | *[[Manta._Pasamontañas._Sombreros|Blanket. Balaclava. Hats]] | |
=== [[Calzados_tradicionales|Traditional footwear]] === | === [[Calzados_tradicionales|Traditional footwear]] === | ||
Línea 863: | Línea 863: | ||
Sandals]] | Sandals]] | ||
− | + | *[[Galtzerdiak_calcetines|Socks]] | |
− | + | *[[Piales_mantak|Piales or thick knitted socks used in summer]] | |
− | + | *[[Polainas_galtzoinak|Gaiters]] | |
− | + | *[[Zuecos._Chanclos|Clogs. Overshoes]] | |
− | + | *[[Raquetas|Snowshoes]] | |
=== [[Indumentaria_actual_del_pastor|The shepherd's apparel today]] === | === [[Indumentaria_actual_del_pastor|The shepherd's apparel today]] === | ||
Línea 877: | Línea 877: | ||
=== [[Utiles_y_armas_del_pastor|The shepherd's implements and weapons]] === | === [[Utiles_y_armas_del_pastor|The shepherd's implements and weapons]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Morral_o_zurron._Alforjas|Backpack or bag Saddlebags]] | |
− | + | *[[Cayado_makila|Staff]] | |
− | + | *[[Honda_y_malote|Sling and pouch]] | |
− | + | *[[Churra._Cachava._Cachiporra|Stout stick. Crook. Blackjack]] | |
− | + | *[[Eltzaorra._Zambomba|Friction drum]] | |
− | + | *[[Burruna._Bramadera|Bullroarer]] | |
− | + | *[[Armas_de_fuego|Fire arms]] | |
  |   | ||
Línea 896: | Línea 896: | ||
=== [[Utensilios_pastoriles|Pastoral utensils]] === | === [[Utensilios_pastoriles|Pastoral utensils]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Recipientes_de_madera|Wooden receptacles]] | |
− | + | *[[Pervivencia|Survival]] | |
− | + | *[[Kaikua._Recipiente_de_ordeño|Milking vessel]] | |
− | + | *[[Kotxua._Cuezo_de_ordeñar|Milking ladle]] | |
− | + | *[[Iragazkia._Colador|Strainer]] | |
− | + | *[[Abatza|''Abatza'']] | |
− | + | *[[Maletxa._Batidor|Whisk]] | |
− | + | *[[Epakia._Espada|Dagger]] | |
− | + | *[[Encella._Zimitza_gaztazala|Cheese strainer]] | |
− | + | *[[Txurka._Soporte|Stand]] | |
=== [[Gaztandegia._Quesera|''Gaztandegia''. Cheese production]] === | === [[Gaztandegia._Quesera|''Gaztandegia''. Cheese production]] === | ||
Línea 922: | Línea 922: | ||
=== [[Vasijas_y_cubiertos|Pottery and cutlery]] === | === [[Vasijas_y_cubiertos|Pottery and cutlery]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Cucharas|Spoons]] | |
− | + | *[[Platos_Txalia_Taloaska|Plates]] | |
− | + | *[[Oporra_Esne-potoak|''Oporra''. ''Esne-potoak'']] | |
− | + | *[[Saleros._Aceiteros|Saltshakers. Oil holders]] | |
− | + | *[[Recipientes_para_agua|Water containers]] | |
=== [[Labores_manuales|Manual work]] === | === [[Labores_manuales|Manual work]] === | ||
Línea 936: | Línea 936: | ||
=== [[Artesania_de_la_lana|The wool craft]] === | === [[Artesania_de_la_lana|The wool craft]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Perduracion_y_declive|Heyday and decline]] | |
− | + | *[[Seleccion_de_la_lana|Selecting the wool]] | |
− | + | *[[El_lavado|Washing]] | |
− | + | *[[La_carda|Teasing]] | |
− | + | *[[El_hilado|Spinning]] | |
− | + | *[[Tejido|Weaving]] | |
=== [[Cordones_para_abarcas._Trailak|Laces for sandals]] === | === [[Cordones_para_abarcas._Trailak|Laces for sandals]] === | ||
Línea 956: | Línea 956: | ||
=== [[Collares_para_cencerros_uztaiak|Collars for cowbells]] === | === [[Collares_para_cencerros_uztaiak|Collars for cowbells]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Denominaciones5|Names]] | |
− | + | *[[Confeccion_de_collares|Making collars]] | |
− | + | *[[Transicion|Transition]] | |
=== [[Cencerros_y_badajos|Cowbells and clappers]] === | === [[Cencerros_y_badajos|Cowbells and clappers]] === | ||
Línea 969: | Línea 969: | ||
=== [[La_captura_del_lobo|Wolf hunting]] === | === [[La_captura_del_lobo|Wolf hunting]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Desaparicion_del_lobo|Disappearance of the wolf]] | |
− | + | *[[Reaparicion_reciente|Recent reappearance]] | |
− | + | *[[Creencias_y_leyendas_sobre_el_lobo|Beliefs and legends about the wolf]] | |
− | + | *[[Medios_de_defensa|Means of defence]] | |
− | + | *[[Tecnicas_de_caza|Hunting techniques]] | |
**Traps, snares and poisoned bait | **Traps, snares and poisoned bait | ||
Línea 986: | Línea 986: | ||
=== [[La_caza_del_zorro|Fox hunting]] === | === [[La_caza_del_zorro|Fox hunting]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Daños_causados_por_el_zorro|Damage caused by the fox]] | |
− | + | *[[Tecnicas_de_caza1|Hunting techniques]] | |
**Catching using cages | **Catching using cages | ||
Línea 1000: | Línea 1000: | ||
=== [[Depredadores_menores|Minor predators]] === | === [[Depredadores_menores|Minor predators]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Aves|Birds]] | |
− | + | *[[Roedores|Rodents]] | |
− | + | *[[Mustelidos_y_viverridos|Musetelids and viverrids]] | |
=== [[El_oso|Bears]] === | === [[El_oso|Bears]] === | ||
Línea 1019: | Línea 1019: | ||
=== [[Ordeño_batzaldia|Milking]] === | === [[Ordeño_batzaldia|Milking]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Denominaciones_y_lugar_de_ordeño_jeiztegia_eskorta|Milking parlour and names]] | |
− | + | *[[Tiempo_y_forma_de_ordeño._Kukurumuku_jeitzi|Milking time and way]] | |
− | + | *[[Nuevos_metodos_de_ordeño|New milking methods]] | |
− | + | *[[Produccion_de_leche|Milk production]] | |
=== [[Calentar_la_leche_con_piedras_candentes_esne-harriak|Using hot stones to heat the milk]] === | === [[Calentar_la_leche_con_piedras_candentes_esne-harriak|Using hot stones to heat the milk]] === | ||
Línea 1031: | Línea 1031: | ||
=== [[Leche_de_oveja_y_cabra._Su_utilizacion|Goat's and ewe's milk. Its use]] === | === [[Leche_de_oveja_y_cabra._Su_utilizacion|Goat's and ewe's milk. Its use]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Vertiente_atlantica4|Atlantic watershed]] | |
− | + | *[[Vertiente_mediterranea5|Mediterranean watershed]] | |
− | + | *[[Leche_de_cabra|Goat's milk]] | |
=== [[Transiciones_contemporaneas1|Contemporary transitions]] === | === [[Transiciones_contemporaneas1|Contemporary transitions]] === | ||
Línea 1043: | Línea 1043: | ||
=== [[El_ordeño_manual_de_la_vaca_behi-jeiztea|Milking the cow by hand]] === | === [[El_ordeño_manual_de_la_vaca_behi-jeiztea|Milking the cow by hand]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Procedimiento_de_ordeño|Milking procedure]] | |
− | + | *[[Introduccion_de_las_ordeñadoras|Introduction of milking equipment]] | |
=== [[Medicion_de_la_leche_esne-neurriak|Measuring the milk]] === | === [[Medicion_de_la_leche_esne-neurriak|Measuring the milk]] === | ||
Línea 1053: | Línea 1053: | ||
=== [[Transporte_de_los_productos_desde_la_majada|Transporting the products from the upland herds]] === | === [[Transporte_de_los_productos_desde_la_majada|Transporting the products from the upland herds]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Acarreo_de_la_leche_esnetako_hagea|Transporting the milk]] | |
− | + | *[[Acarreo_de_productos|Transporting the products]] | |
  |   | ||
Línea 1062: | Línea 1062: | ||
=== [[Elaboracion_de_queso_de_oveja_ardi-gazta|Making sheep's cheese]] === | === [[Elaboracion_de_queso_de_oveja_ardi-gazta|Making sheep's cheese]] === | ||
− | + | *[[El_cuajo_gatzagia_legarra|The rennet]] | |
− | + | *[[Elaboracion_del_queso_en_la_Vasconia_atlantica|Cheese making in the Atlantic-side of the Basque Country]] | |
**Cheese from the upland herds of Bizkaia and Álava | **Cheese from the upland herds of Bizkaia and Álava | ||
Línea 1071: | Línea 1071: | ||
**Cheese making in the Northern Basque Country | **Cheese making in the Northern Basque Country | ||
− | + | *[[Elaboracion_del_queso_en_la_Vasconia_mediterranea|Cheese making in the Mediterranean-side of the Basque Country]] | |
**Cheese in Álava | **Cheese in Álava | ||
**Cheese in Navarra | **Cheese in Navarra | ||
− | + | *[[Peso_y_forma_de_los_quesos_de_oveja|Weight and shape of sheep's cheese]] | |
− | + | *[[Tipos_de_queso|Cheese types]] | |
**''Gaztazarra'' | **''Gaztazarra'' | ||
Línea 1085: | Línea 1085: | ||
=== [[El_mercado_de_los_quesos|The cheese market]] === | === [[El_mercado_de_los_quesos|The cheese market]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Mercados_del_Pais_Vasco_peninsular|Markets of the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)]] | |
− | + | *[[Mercados_de_Vasconia_continental|Markets of the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)]] | |
=== [[Elaboracion_de_queso_de_cabra_ahuntz-gazta|Making goat's cheese]] === | === [[Elaboracion_de_queso_de_cabra_ahuntz-gazta|Making goat's cheese]] === | ||
Línea 1095: | Línea 1095: | ||
=== [[Otros_productos_lacteos|Other dairy products]] === | === [[Otros_productos_lacteos|Other dairy products]] === | ||
− | + | *[[El_suero_gazura|Whey]] | |
− | + | *[[El_requeson_zenbera|Curd cheese]] | |
− | + | *[[La_cuajada_gaztanbera|Junket]] | |
=== [[Apendice_1__La_jornada_del_pastor_de_Ataun-Aralar_(G)_durante_la_fabricacion_del_queso|Appendix 1: A day in the life of the Ataun-Aralar (G) shepherd during cheese making]] === | === [[Apendice_1__La_jornada_del_pastor_de_Ataun-Aralar_(G)_durante_la_fabricacion_del_queso|Appendix 1: A day in the life of the Ataun-Aralar (G) shepherd during cheese making]] === | ||
Línea 1110: | Línea 1110: | ||
=== [[El_esquileo_ardi-moztea|Shearing]] === | === [[El_esquileo_ardi-moztea|Shearing]] === | ||
− | + | *[[El_tiempo_de_la_esquila_ardi-mozteko_sasoia|Shearing time]] | |
− | + | *[[Medidas_cautelares|Precautionary measures]] | |
− | + | *[[Esquiladores_ardi-moztaileak|Shearers]] | |
− | + | *[[Instrumentos_de_esquileo_ardi-mozteko_artaziak|Shearing instruments]] | |
− | + | *[[Procedimientos_de_esquileo|Shearing procedures]] | |
− | + | *[[El_esquileo_octobrino_urri-moztea|October shearing]] | |
− | + | *[[El_esquileo_hoy|Shearing today]] | |
=== [[La_lana_artilea|Wool, artilea]] === | === [[La_lana_artilea|Wool, artilea]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Venta_de_lana_para_usos_domesticos|Selling wool for household uses]] | |
− | + | *[[Venta_de_lana_a_fabricas_textiles|Selling wool to textile factories]] | |
− | + | *[[Calidad_y_estima_de_la_lana._Haitzeko_ardia|Wool quality and appraisal]] | |
− | + | *[[Produccion_y_precios_de_la_lana|Wool production and prices]] | |
− | + | *[[La_venta_de_lana_hoy|Sale of wool today]] | |
− | + | *[[Industria_lanera_iletegia|Wool industry]] | |
=== [[El_estiercol_de_oveja_ardi-zimaurra|Sheep manure]] === | === [[El_estiercol_de_oveja_ardi-zimaurra|Sheep manure]] === | ||
Línea 1149: | Línea 1149: | ||
=== [[Procedimientos_utilizados_para_la_matanza_domestica|Procedures used for domestic slaughtering]] === | === [[Procedimientos_utilizados_para_la_matanza_domestica|Procedures used for domestic slaughtering]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Matanza_domestica_del_cerdo|Domestic slaughtering of pigs]] | |
− | + | *[[Matanza_domestica_de_corderos_y_cabras|Domestic slaughtering of lambs and goats]] | |
− | + | *[[Matanza_domestica_de_ganado_vacuno|Domestic slaughtering of cattle]] | |
− | + | *[[Matanza_domestica_de_aves_de_corral|Domestic slaughtering of poultry]] | |
− | + | *[[Matanza_domestica_de_conejos|Domestic slaughtering of rabbits]] | |
=== [[La_venta_de_ganado_para_carne|Sale of livestock for meat]] === | === [[La_venta_de_ganado_para_carne|Sale of livestock for meat]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Ganado_ovino_destinado_a_carne|Sheep raised for meat]] | |
− | + | *[[Compradores_de_carne_de_ovino|Buyers of sheepmeat]] | |
**Preferably selling to dealers | **Preferably selling to dealers | ||
**Selling to individuals and at market | **Selling to individuals and at market | ||
− | + | *[[Ganado_vacuno_destinado_a_carne|Cattle raised for meat]] | |
=== [[La_piel_de_las_ovejas_ardi-larrua|Sheepskin, ''ardi-larrua'']] === | === [[La_piel_de_las_ovejas_ardi-larrua|Sheepskin, ''ardi-larrua'']] === | ||
− | + | *[[Compradores_de_pieles|Buyers of skins]] | |
− | + | *[[La_piel_como_melena_del_yugo_estalkia|Skin as yoke decoration]] | |
− | + | *[[Precios_de_la_piel|Skin prices]] | |
  |   | ||
Línea 1183: | Línea 1183: | ||
=== [[Ferias_ganaderas1|Livestock fairs]] === | === [[Ferias_ganaderas1|Livestock fairs]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Ferias_alavesas|Fairs in Álava]] | |
− | + | *[[Ferias_vizcainas|Fairs in Bizkaia]] | |
− | + | *[[Ferias_guipuzcoanas|Fairs in Gipuzkoa]] | |
− | + | *[[Ferias_navarras|Fairs in Navarra]] | |
− | + | *[[Ferias_de_Vasconia_continental|Fairs in the Northern Basque Country]] | |
− | + | *[[Ferias_fuera_de_Vasconia|Fairs outside the Basque Country]] | |
− | + | *[[Transiciones_contemporaneas3|Contemporary transitions]] | |
=== [[Compraventa_mediante_tratantes_y_entre_ganaderos|Buying and selling using dealers and between livestock farmers]] === | === [[Compraventa_mediante_tratantes_y_entre_ganaderos|Buying and selling using dealers and between livestock farmers]] === | ||
Línea 1201: | Línea 1201: | ||
=== [[El_acuerdo_de_compra|The purchase agreement]] === | === [[El_acuerdo_de_compra|The purchase agreement]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Inspeccion_de_las_reses|Inspecting the cattle]] | |
− | + | *[[Regateo|Bargaining]] | |
− | + | *[[Cierre_del_trato_tratura_heldu|Closing the deal]] | |
− | + | *[[Chocar_las_manos_bostekoa_eman|Shaking hands]] | |
− | + | *[[El_alboroque_o_robla|The ''alboroque'' or ''rolba'' refreshments to seal the deal]] | |
− | + | *[[Adquisicion_condicional_y_cuarentena_del_ganado|Conditional purchase and quarantine of the livestock]] | |
− | + | *[[Formas_de_adquirir_el_ganado|Ways of acquiring livestock]] | |
=== [[El_precio_del_ganado|The price of the livestock]] === | === [[El_precio_del_ganado|The price of the livestock]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Modalidades_y_forma_de_pago|Payment methods and terms]] | |
− | + | *[[Unidad_monetaria_de_la_transaccion|Monetary unit of the transaction]] | |
=== [[Importancia_de_la_ganaderia_en_la_economia_familiar|Importance of livestock farming in the family economy]] === | === [[Importancia_de_la_ganaderia_en_la_economia_familiar|Importance of livestock farming in the family economy]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Relevancia_del_ganado|Importance of the livestock]] | |
− | + | *[[Complementariedad_de_la_ganaderia_con_otras_actividades|Complementary relationship between livestock farming and other activities]] | |
− | + | *[[Cambios_actuales|Current changes]] | |
  |   | ||
Línea 1234: | Línea 1234: | ||
=== [[La_cria_de_abejas|Bee-keeping]] === | === [[La_cria_de_abejas|Bee-keeping]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Extension_del_cultivo_de_abejas|The spread of bee-keeping]] | |
− | + | *[[La_trashumancia|Transhumance]] | |
=== [[Fabricacion_y_tipos_de_colmenas_erlauntza|Making and types of beehives]] === | === [[Fabricacion_y_tipos_de_colmenas_erlauntza|Making and types of beehives]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Colmenas_de_tronco_cuezos_cepos|Trap, log and trunk beehives]] | |
− | + | *[[Colmenas_de_tabla_erlauntza|Frame beehives]] | |
− | + | *[[Colmenas_tejidas_con_vegetales_erle-kofoina|Bee skeps]] | |
− | + | *[[Colmenas_en_oquedades|Hives in hollows]] | |
=== [[El_colmenar_abejar_erlategia|The apiary]] === | === [[El_colmenar_abejar_erlategia|The apiary]] === | ||
Línea 1252: | Línea 1252: | ||
=== [[Captura_de_enjambres_erlakumea_harrapatu|Catching swarms]] === | === [[Captura_de_enjambres_erlakumea_harrapatu|Catching swarms]] === | ||
− | + | *[[La_salida_del_enjambre|Swarming]] | |
− | + | *[[Detencion_del_enjambre|Stopping the swarm]] | |
− | + | *[[Recogida_del_enjambre|Collecting the swarm]] | |
− | + | *[[Propiedad_y_marcado_de_enjambres|Ownership and marking swarms]] | |
− | + | *[[Adquisicion_de_enjambres|Acquiring swarms]] | |
=== [[Cuidado_de_la_colmena|Maintaining the beehive]] === | === [[Cuidado_de_la_colmena|Maintaining the beehive]] === | ||
Línea 1266: | Línea 1266: | ||
=== [[Recoleccion_de_los_panales._Abaraskak|Harvesting the honeycombs]] === | === [[Recoleccion_de_los_panales._Abaraskak|Harvesting the honeycombs]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Epoca_de_recoleccion|Harvest time]] | |
− | + | *[[Procedimientos_de_recoleccion._Catar_la_miel|Harvesting procedures Tasting the honey]] | |
− | + | *[[Medios_de_proteccion|Means of protection]] | |
=== [[Obtencion_de_los_productos_apicolas|Obtaining apiculture products]] === | === [[Obtencion_de_los_productos_apicolas|Obtaining apiculture products]] === | ||
− | + | *[[La_miel_eztia|Honey]] | |
− | + | *[[La_cera_argizaria|Wax]] | |
=== [[Uso_de_los_productos_apicolas|Use of apiculture products]] === | === [[Uso_de_los_productos_apicolas|Use of apiculture products]] === | ||
− | + | *[[La_miel|Honey]] | |
− | + | *[[El_aguamiel|Mead]] | |
− | + | *[[La_cera|Wax]] | |
− | + | *[[El_veneno|Honey bee venom]] | |
=== [[Creencias_y_saberes_sobre_las_abejas|Beliefs and lore about bees]] === | === [[Creencias_y_saberes_sobre_las_abejas|Beliefs and lore about bees]] === | ||
Línea 1297: | Línea 1297: | ||
=== [[San_Antonio_Abad_patrono_del_ganado|St. Anthony Abbot, patron saint of livestock]] === | === [[San_Antonio_Abad_patrono_del_ganado|St. Anthony Abbot, patron saint of livestock]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Dia_festivo_para_los_animales|Feast day for animals]] | |
− | + | *[[Ritos_en_su_festividad|Rites on his feast day]] | |
**St. Anthony bonfires and smoke offerings | **St. Anthony bonfires and smoke offerings | ||
Línea 1311: | Línea 1311: | ||
**St. Anthony Cross round-ups | **St. Anthony Cross round-ups | ||
− | + | *[[Invocaciones_y_ofrendas_al_Santo|Praying and offerings to the Saints]] | |
− | + | *[[Estampas_y_cruces_en_establos|Engravings and crosses in stables]] | |
=== [[San_Blas|St. Blaise]] === | === [[San_Blas|St. Blaise]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Ritos_y_bendiciones_en_su_festividad|Rites and blessings on his feast day]] | |
=== [[San_Juan_Bautista_protector_de_los_rebaños|St. John the Baptist, protector of the herds]] === | === [[San_Juan_Bautista_protector_de_los_rebaños|St. John the Baptist, protector of the herds]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Ramos_y_flores_en_la_mañana_del_solsticio_de_verano|Branches and flowers on the morning of the summer solstice]] | |
=== [[Simbolos_protectores_contra_el_rayo|Symbols to protect against lightning]] === | === [[Simbolos_protectores_contra_el_rayo|Symbols to protect against lightning]] === | ||
− | + | *[[El_espino_albar_elorria|Hawthorn]] | |
− | + | *[[El_laurel_bendecido_erramua|Blessed bay leaves]] | |
− | + | *[[Quema_del_laurel|Burning bay leaves]] | |
− | + | *[[Santa_Cruz_de_mayo|Holy May Cross]] | |
− | + | *[[Las_candelas_bendecidas|Blessed candles]] | |
− | + | *[[Otros_procedimientos_y_prevenciones|Other procedures and prevention]] | |
− | + | *[[El_hacha_primitiva|The early axe]] | |
=== [[Bendiciones_rituales|Ritual blessings]] === | === [[Bendiciones_rituales|Ritual blessings]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Txabolas_y_rebaños|''Txabolas'' and herds]] | |
− | + | *[[Establos_y_corrales|Stables and pens]] | |
− | + | *[[Pasturajes_del_monte|Upland pastures]] | |
=== [[Ofrendas|Offerings]] === | === [[Ofrendas|Offerings]] === | ||
Línea 1358: | Línea 1358: | ||
=== [[Sobre_la_incubacion_de_las_gallinas|Regarding hens hatching their eggs]] === | === [[Sobre_la_incubacion_de_las_gallinas|Regarding hens hatching their eggs]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Numero_impar_de_huevos|Odd number of eggs]] | |
− | + | *[[El_signo_de_la_cruz|The sign of the cross]] | |
− | + | *[[Epoca_idonea_para_la_incubacion|Ideal time for hatching]] | |
=== [[Sobre_la_procreacion|Regarding breeding]] === | === [[Sobre_la_procreacion|Regarding breeding]] === | ||
Línea 1380: | Línea 1380: | ||
=== [[Ritos_de_adaptacion_a_la_casa|Rites to adapt to the homestead]] === | === [[Ritos_de_adaptacion_a_la_casa|Rites to adapt to the homestead]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Ganado|Livestock]] | |
− | + | *[[Gallinas_y_gatos|Hens and cats]] | |
=== [[Bildots-lorra_ayuda_mutua|''Bildots-lorra'': mutual help]] === | === [[Bildots-lorra_ayuda_mutua|''Bildots-lorra'': mutual help]] === | ||
Línea 1401: | Línea 1401: | ||
=== [[Juegos_de_pelota|Ball games]] === | === [[Juegos_de_pelota|Ball games]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Pelota-jokoa|''Pelota-jokoa'']] | |
− | + | *[[Urdanka|''Urdanka'']] | |
− | + | *[[El_chute|El chute - fast traditional game]] | |
=== [[Juegos_de_lanzamiento|Throwing games]] === | === [[Juegos_de_lanzamiento|Throwing games]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Makilak_zeharkatzea|''Makilak zeharkatzea'']] | |
− | + | *[[Makila-jokoa|''Makila-jokoa'']] | |
− | + | *[[Zotzaldatzea|''Zotzaldatzea'']] | |
− | + | *[[Al_palo|Stick throwing]] | |
− | + | *[[Lanzamiento_de_barras|Basque bar throwing]] | |
− | + | *[[Harrika|''Harrika'']] | |
− | + | *[[Burruna|''Burruna'']] | |
− | + | *[[Lanzamiento_de_piedras._Honda|Rock throwing. Honda]] | |
=== [[Juegos_de_fuerza|Games of strength]] === | === [[Juegos_de_fuerza|Games of strength]] === | ||
Línea 1435: | Línea 1435: | ||
=== [[Juegos_de_mesa|Table games]] === | === [[Juegos_de_mesa|Table games]] === | ||
− | + | *[[Cartas|Cards]] | |
− | + | *[[Artzain-jokoa._Tres_en_raya|''Artzain-jokoa''. Noughts and Crosses]] | |
=== [[Espantos|Ghost stories]] === | === [[Espantos|Ghost stories]] === | ||
Línea 1443: | Línea 1443: | ||
=== [[Cantos_e_instrumentos_musicales|Songs and musical instruments]] === | === [[Cantos_e_instrumentos_musicales|Songs and musical instruments]] === | ||
− | + | *[[El_canto|Singing]] | |
− | + | *[[Instrumentos_musicos_de_los_pastores|Musical instruments of the shepherds]] | |
**Horns | **Horns |
Revisión del 10:20 21 feb 2019
Contenido de esta página
- 1 I. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
- 2 II. ANIMAL BREEDS
- 3 III. NAMES OF THE ANIMALS
- 4 IV. LANGUAGE AND HOW THE ANIMALS ARE TREATED
- 5 V. STABLES AND ENCLOSURES FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
- 6 VI. FEELING STABLED LIVESTOCK
- 7 VII. BREEDING AND LOOKING AFTER THE ANIMALS
- 8 VIII. UPLAND LIVESTOCK
- 9 IX. DRIVING FLOCKS TO UPLAND PASTURES
- 10 X. BRANDING
- 11 XI. COMMON PASTURE LAND
- 11.1 Characteristics and evolution
- 11.2 USE OF THE COMMON PASTURE LAND
- 11.3 Common land in Bizkaia
- 11.4 Commons associations and brotherhoods in Álava
- 11.5 Parzonerías (supramunicipal land usage system) in Gipuzkoa and Álava
- 11.6 Ernio and Jaizkibel uplands
- 11.7 Unions in the Sierra de Aralar mountain range
- 11.8 Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
- 11.9 Navarra Pyrenees
- 11.10 Corrals
- 11.11 Facerías (cross-border grazing agreements)
- 11.12 The Northern Basque Country
- 11.13 Appendix: Folds in the Basque Country
- 12 XII. MOUNTAIN PASTORAL ESTABLISHMENTS
- 12.1 Carranza Mountains
- 12.2 Sierra de Gorbea mountain range
- 12.3 Anboto and Aramotz mountain ranges
- 12.4 Mount Oiz
- 12.5 Sierra de Aizkorri mountain range
- 12.6 Sierra de Izarraitz mountain range and Mount Ernio
- 12.7 Sierra de Aralar mountain range
- 12.8 Sierra de Urbasa mountain range
- 12.9 Sierra de Andia mountain range
- 12.10 Sierra de Entzia mountain range
- 12.11 Navarran Pyrenees
- 12.12 Navarra Media and Bardenas
- 12.13 Álava mountains
- 12.14 The Northern Basque Country: Space organisation on the mountain
- 13 XIII. TRANSHUMANCE AND TRANSTERMINANCE
- 14 XIV. THE SHEEPDOG. ARDI-TXAKURRA
- 15 XV. TYPES OF SHEPHERDS
- 16 XVI. SHEPHERD'S APPAREL
- 17 XVII. SHEPHERD CRAFT ITEMS AND BELONGINGS
- 18 XVIII. HUNTING VERMIN
- 19 XIX. MILKING THE SHEEP
- 20 XX. PRODUCING CHEESE
- 20.1 Making sheep's cheese
- 20.2 The cheese market
- 20.3 Making goat's cheese
- 20.4 Contemporary transitions
- 20.5 Other dairy products
- 20.6 Appendix 1: A day in the life of the Ataun-Aralar (G) shepherd during cheese making
- 20.7 Appendix 2: Traditional method for making mountain cheese by hand, bortü-gazna, in Zuberoa
- 21 XXI. SHEARING
- 22 XXII. DOMESTIC SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS
- 23 XXIII. LIVESTOCK FAIRS AND BUYING AND SELLING LIVESTOCK
- 24 XXIV. BEES, ERLEA
- 25 XXV. SACRED PROTECTION OF THE LIVESTOCK
- 26 XXVI. BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS
- 26.1 Regarding hens hatching their eggs
- 26.2 Regarding breeding
- 26.3 Regarding atmospheric changes
- 26.4 Omens of death
- 26.5 Customs relating to mourning
- 26.6 Witch omens
- 26.7 Regarding driving livestock to upland grazing
- 26.8 Protecting against vermin
- 26.9 Rites to adapt to the homestead
- 26.10 Bildots-lorra: mutual help
- 26.11 Other customs
- 26.12 Shepherd festivities
- 26.13 Gifts and donations
- 26.14 Places of worship in grazing areas
- 27 XXVII. SHEPHERDS' GAMES
I. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Traditional animal husbandry and contemporary changes
Atlantic watershed
Mediterranean watershed
II. ANIMAL BREEDS
Cows and oxen
Sheep
- Latxa and manexa
- Carranzana, sasi-ardia and Basque-Bearnese
- Coexistence of lacha, churra and merina breeds
- Navarra breed
Nanny goats
Pigs
Mares, donkeys and mules
Hens, doves, ducks and other poultry
Other small animals: rabbits, dogs and cats
Appendix: Betizu, wild cow
III. NAMES OF THE ANIMALS
Names according to species, age and sex
- Young
- Adults
- Other names
- Young
- Adults
- Young
- Adults
- Young
- Adults
- Young
- Adults
- Young
- Adults
- Young
- Adults
- Young
- Adults
- Sundry animals
IV. LANGUAGE AND HOW THE ANIMALS ARE TREATED
Names by which domesticated animals are known
- Due to the physical characteristics
- Due to their character
- Due to the place of birth or associated to events
- Names of relatives, acquaintances or celebrities
- Concatenated names
- Due to the physical characteristics
- Names of people and place of origin
- Due to their character
- Due to the colour of the coat
- Due to the look and character
- Due to the colour of the fur
- Due to the look, character and astral aspects
Language and how the animals are treated
- Patting
- Cows
- Mares and assess
- Sheep and nanny goats
- Dogs and cats
- Hens, ducks and pigs
- Sheep
- Other animals
- Goad. Pole
- Grid, railing
- Whip, lash or zurriago
V. STABLES AND ENCLOSURES FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
The traditional stable
- Characteristics of the stable
- Divisions in the stable
- Tying animals at the managers
- Gates or grids
- Hayrack
Modern stables. Changes occurred
Enclosures for animal husbandry
- Roosts
- Nest boxes
VI. FEELING STABLED LIVESTOCK
Feeding the homestead's livestock
- Atlantic watershed
- Mediterranean watershed
- Water supply
Feeding the young
Feeding the livestock out in the fields
- Tether or chain tied to a stake
- Hobbling
- Fetters
- Fencing the meadows
VII. BREEDING AND LOOKING AFTER THE ANIMALS
The reproductive cycle of domesticated animals
- Coming into season and covering
- Gestation
- Delivery
- Looking after the calved cow
- Coming into season and covering
- Gestation and delivery
- Coming into season
- Gestation and delivery
- Determining the sex
- Laying
- Fertilisation and broody state
- Incubation
- Hatching the eggs
Procedures to calculate the age of the livestock
Handling the body of the animals
- Bulls
- Male donkeys and horse stallions
- Rams and young goats
- Boars and sows
- Chickens
Shoeing
- Horses
- Cattle
VIII. UPLAND LIVESTOCK
Bizkaia
Gipuzkoa
Northern Basque Country
Álava
Navarra
Rounding up the upland livestock
Appendix: Use of the pasture land in Lezaun (N)
IX. DRIVING FLOCKS TO UPLAND PASTURES
Taking the flocks up
The shepherd migrating to the uplands alone or accompanied
Animal retinue of the shepherd
The best pasture for the flock
Annual cycle of the shepherd and stay on the mountain
Bringing the flock down
X. BRANDING
Livestock branding
- Types and names of the notches
- Notches in cattle and horses
- Iron branding on horns, hooves or nose
Cowbells and large bells
- Sheep
- Transhumance
- Nanny goats
- Cows and mares
Livestock adornments
- When carrying the harvest
- For other farm work
- Plating the horses' manes and tails
XI. COMMON PASTURE LAND
Characteristics and evolution
USE OF THE COMMON PASTURE LAND
Common land in Bizkaia
Commons associations and brotherhoods in Álava
Parzonerías (supramunicipal land usage system) in Gipuzkoa and Álava
Ernio and Jaizkibel uplands
Unions in the Sierra de Aralar mountain range
Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
Navarra Pyrenees
- Grazing bans
- Portions and passes
- Panificado, casalenco (system of fallow and grazing land) and commons
Corrals
Facerías (cross-border grazing agreements)
The Northern Basque Country
Appendix: Folds in the Basque Country
XII. MOUNTAIN PASTORAL ESTABLISHMENTS
Carranza Mountains
Sierra de Gorbea mountain range
Anboto and Aramotz mountain ranges
Mount Oiz
Sierra de Aizkorri mountain range
Sierra de Izarraitz mountain range and Mount Ernio
Sierra de Aralar mountain range
Sierra de Urbasa mountain range
Sierra de Andia mountain range
Sierra de Entzia mountain range
Navarran Pyrenees
Navarra Media and Bardenas
Álava mountains
The Northern Basque Country: Space organisation on the mountain
- Sara
- Azkaine
- Aldudes Valley
- Ibarre
- Garazi (Cize)
- Liginaga
- Muskildi
- Zunharreta
- Etxebarre
XIII. TRANSHUMANCE AND TRANSTERMINANCE
Itinerant grazing
Moving to winter pastures
- From the Navarran Pyrenean valleys to the Bardenas Reales
- Grazing right
- Using the drovers' trails
- Preparations and droving order
- Incidents and food along the drover's trail.
- Entry to and time spent at the Bardenas. The return
- Other transhumant movements in Navarra
- Pyrenean-Aquitaine transhumant movements
- Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Bizkaia
- Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Gipuzkoa
- Pyrenean transhumance to the valleys and coast
- Ribera Navarra transhumance
Moving to summer pastures
- Álava mountains
- Bizkaia mountains
- Aralar and Aizkorri mountain ranges
- Mounts Ernio and Izarraitz
- Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
- Northern Basque Country
Life in the winter pastures
Life in the summer pastures
- Álava and Bizkaia mountains
- Sierra de Aralar mountain range
- Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
Winter grazing availability
Itinerant grazing calendar
Eastern Pyrenees
The bridleways
- Drovers' trails in Álava
- Drovers' trails in Navarra
Appendix: Drovers' trails in Navarra today
XIV. THE SHEEPDOG. ARDI-TXAKURRA
The Mastiff
Introduction of the sheepdog
Types of sheepdogs
Uses of the sheepdog
Dogs used to herd other livestock
Appendix: Sheepdog trials
XV. TYPES OF SHEPHERDS
Shepherds with their own flock
Largo flock shepherds
Council shepherds
- Álava
- Navarra
Looking after hobbled livestock
Appendix 1: Livestock herding hand in Irati at 11 years old
Appendix 2: Charter town livestock herders contract. 1890. Berganzo (A)
XVI. SHEPHERD'S APPAREL
Traditional warm clothing
Traditional footwear
The shepherd's apparel today
The shepherd's implements and weapons
XVII. SHEPHERD CRAFT ITEMS AND BELONGINGS
Pastoral utensils
Gaztandegia. Cheese production
Shepherd's cups
Pottery and cutlery
Manual work
The wool craft
Laces for sandals
Twines, ropes and pack saddles
Crooks and walking sticks
Collars for cowbells
Cowbells and clappers
XVIII. HUNTING VERMIN
Wolf hunting
- Traps, snares and poisoned bait
- Pursuing the quarry and shotgun hunting
Lairs
Fox hunting
- Catching using cages
- Snares
- Traps
- Poisoned bait
- Shotgun hunting
Wild dogs
Minor predators
Bears
Contracting vermin hunters
Payment for the captured animals
Appendix: Description of some lairs
XIX. MILKING THE SHEEP
Milking
Using hot stones to heat the milk
Goat's and ewe's milk. Its use
Contemporary transitions
Cow's milk
Milking the cow by hand
Measuring the milk
Distribution and sale of cow's milk
Transporting the products from the upland herds
XX. PRODUCING CHEESE
Making sheep's cheese
- Cheese from the upland herds of Bizkaia and Álava
- Cheese in areas close to the coast
- Cheese in Urbia and Aralar
- Cheese making in the Northern Basque Country
- Cheese in Álava
- Cheese in Navarra
- Gaztazarra
- Roncal cheese and Urbasa cheese
The cheese market
Making goat's cheese
Contemporary transitions
Other dairy products
Appendix 1: A day in the life of the Ataun-Aralar (G) shepherd during cheese making
Appendix 2: Traditional method for making mountain cheese by hand, bortü-gazna, in Zuberoa
XXI. SHEARING
Shearing
Wool, artilea
Sheep manure
Appendix: Description of a modern shearing method
XXII. DOMESTIC SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS
Domestic slaughtering of animals on specific dates
Procedures used for domestic slaughtering
Sale of livestock for meat
- Preferably selling to dealers
- Selling to individuals and at market
Sheepskin, ardi-larrua
XXIII. LIVESTOCK FAIRS AND BUYING AND SELLING LIVESTOCK
Livestock fairs
Buying and selling using dealers and between livestock farmers
The purchase agreement
The price of the livestock
Importance of livestock farming in the family economy
XXIV. BEES, ERLEA
Bee-keeping
Making and types of beehives
The apiary
Catching swarms
Maintaining the beehive
Harvesting the honeycombs
Obtaining apiculture products
Use of apiculture products
Beliefs and lore about bees
Contemporary changes
XXV. SACRED PROTECTION OF THE LIVESTOCK
St. Anthony Abbot, patron saint of livestock
- St. Anthony bonfires and smoke offerings
- Livestock gatherings in front of churches
- Navarra
- Álava
- Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia
- Blessing food and cowbells
- St. Anthony Cross round-ups
St. Blaise
St. John the Baptist, protector of the herds
Symbols to protect against lightning
Ritual blessings
Offerings
Charms
Animal protectors
XXVI. BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS
Regarding hens hatching their eggs
Regarding breeding
Regarding atmospheric changes
Omens of death
Customs relating to mourning
Witch omens
Regarding driving livestock to upland grazing
Protecting against vermin
Rites to adapt to the homestead
Bildots-lorra: mutual help
Other customs
Shepherd festivities
Gifts and donations
Places of worship in grazing areas
XXVII. SHEPHERDS' GAMES
Venues for the games
Ball games
Throwing games
Games of strength
Jumping games
Races
Bowling games
Table games
Ghost stories
Songs and musical instruments
- Horns
- Whistles and flutes
- Basque single-reed woodwind instrument
- Alboka