Diferencia entre revisiones de «Indice Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia/en»

Revisión del 10:12 21 feb 2019 (ver código) Admin (discusión | contribuciones) m (Texto reemplazado: «\*\[\[(.*)\]\]» por «==== $1 ====») ← Edición anterior		Revisión del 10:20 21 feb 2019 (ver código) Admin (discusión | contribuciones) m (Texto reemplazado: «\*\[\[(.*)\]\]» por «==== $1 ====») Edición siguiente →
Línea 7:		Línea 7:
	=== [[Vertiente_atlantica_crianza|Atlantic watershed]] ===		=== [[Vertiente_atlantica_crianza|Atlantic watershed]] ===
−	==== [[Bizkaia|Bizkaia]] ====	+	*[[Bizkaia|Bizkaia]]
−	==== [[Gipuzkoa|Gipuzkoa]] ====	+	*[[Gipuzkoa|Gipuzkoa]]
−	==== [[Vasconia_continental|Northern Basque Country (lying within France)]] ====	+	*[[Vasconia_continental|Northern Basque Country (lying within France)]]
	=== [[Vertiente_mediterranea|Mediterranean watershed]] ===		=== [[Vertiente_mediterranea|Mediterranean watershed]] ===
−	==== [[Alava|Alava]] ====	+	*[[Alava|Alava]]
−	==== [[Navarra|Navarra]] ====	+	*[[Navarra|Navarra]]
	 		 
Línea 24:		Línea 24:
	=== [[Vacas_y_bueyes|Cows and oxen]] ===		=== [[Vacas_y_bueyes|Cows and oxen]] ===
−	==== [[Betizu|''Betizu'']] ====	+	*[[Betizu|''Betizu'']]
−	==== [[Monchina|Monchina]] ====	+	*[[Monchina|Monchina]]
−	==== [[Terreña|Terreña]] ====	+	*[[Terreña|Terreña]]
−	==== [[Pirenaica|Pyrenean]] ====	+	*[[Pirenaica|Pyrenean]]
−	==== [[Evolucion_de_la_cabaña_bovina|Evolution of the cattle population]] ====	+	*[[Evolucion_de_la_cabaña_bovina|Evolution of the cattle population]]
−	==== [[Apendice1_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====	+	*[[Apendice1_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]]
	=== [[Ovejas|Sheep]] ===		=== [[Ovejas|Sheep]] ===
−	==== [[Razas_de_la_vertiente_atlantica|Breeds of the Atlantic watershed]] ====	+	*[[Razas_de_la_vertiente_atlantica|Breeds of the Atlantic watershed]]
	**''Latxa'' and ''manexa''		**''Latxa'' and ''manexa''
	**Carranzana, ''sasi-ardia'' and Basque-Bearnese		**Carranzana, ''sasi-ardia'' and Basque-Bearnese
−	==== [[Razas_de_la_vertiente_mediterranea|Breeds of the Mediterranean watershed]] ====	+	*[[Razas_de_la_vertiente_mediterranea|Breeds of the Mediterranean watershed]]
	**Coexistence of lacha, churra and merina breeds		**Coexistence of lacha, churra and merina breeds
	**Navarra breed		**Navarra breed
−	==== [[Apendice2_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====	+	*[[Apendice2_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]]
	=== [[Cabras|Nanny goats]] ===		=== [[Cabras|Nanny goats]] ===
−	==== [[Apendice3_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====	+	*[[Apendice3_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]]
	=== [[Cerdos|Pigs]] ===		=== [[Cerdos|Pigs]] ===
−	==== [[Apendice4_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====	+	*[[Apendice4_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]]
	=== [[Yeguas_burros_y_mulos|Mares, donkeys and mules]] ===		=== [[Yeguas_burros_y_mulos|Mares, donkeys and mules]] ===
−	==== [[Apendice5_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====	+	*[[Apendice5_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]]
	=== [[Gallinas_palomas_patos_y_otras_aves|Hens, doves, ducks and other poultry]] ===		=== [[Gallinas_palomas_patos_y_otras_aves|Hens, doves, ducks and other poultry]] ===
Línea 66:		Línea 66:
	=== [[Otros_animales_menores_conejos_perros_y_gatos|Other small animals: rabbits, dogs and cats]] ===		=== [[Otros_animales_menores_conejos_perros_y_gatos|Other small animals: rabbits, dogs and cats]] ===
−	==== [[Apendice6_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]] ====	+	*[[Apendice6_Descripcion_de_las_razas_autoctonas|Appendix: Description of the native breeds]]
	=== [[Apendice_Betizu_vaca_salvaje|Appendix: Betizu, wild cow]] ===		=== [[Apendice_Betizu_vaca_salvaje|Appendix: Betizu, wild cow]] ===
Línea 75:		Línea 75:
	=== [[Denominaciones_segun_especie_edad_y_sexo|Names according to species, age and sex]] ===		=== [[Denominaciones_segun_especie_edad_y_sexo|Names according to species, age and sex]] ===
−	==== [[Ganado_ovino|Sheep]] ====	+	*[[Ganado_ovino|Sheep]]
	**Young		**Young
Línea 81:		Línea 81:
	**Other names		**Other names
−	==== [[Ganado_vacuno|Cattle]] ====	+	*[[Ganado_vacuno|Cattle]]
	**Young		**Young
	**Adults		**Adults
−	==== [[Ganado_porcino|Pigs]] ====	+	*[[Ganado_porcino|Pigs]]
	**Young		**Young
	**Adults		**Adults
−	==== [[Ganado_caprino|Goats]] ====	+	*[[Ganado_caprino|Goats]]
	**Young		**Young
	**Adults		**Adults
−	==== [[Ganado_caballar|Horses]] ====	+	*[[Ganado_caballar|Horses]]
	**Young		**Young
	**Adults		**Adults
−	==== [[Ganado_asnal|Donkeys and Asses]] ====	+	*[[Ganado_asnal|Donkeys and Asses]]
	**Young		**Young
	**Adults		**Adults
−	==== [[Ganado_mular|Mules]] ====	+	*[[Ganado_mular|Mules]]
	**Young		**Young
	**Adults		**Adults
−	==== [[Ganado_aviar|Poultry]] ====	+	*[[Ganado_aviar|Poultry]]
	**Young		**Young
Línea 117:		Línea 117:
	**Sundry animals		**Sundry animals
−	==== [[Animales_varios|Other animals]] ====	+	*[[Animales_varios|Other animals]]
	 		 
Línea 124:		Línea 124:
	=== [[Nombres_impuestos_a_los_animales_domesticos|Names by which domesticated animals are known]] ===		=== [[Nombres_impuestos_a_los_animales_domesticos|Names by which domesticated animals are known]] ===
−	==== [[Ovejas_lenguaje|Sheep]] ====	+	*[[Ovejas_lenguaje|Sheep]]
	**Due to the physical characteristics		**Due to the physical characteristics
Línea 132:		Línea 132:
	**Concatenated names		**Concatenated names
−	==== [[Vacas_y_bueyes_lenguaje|Cows and oxen]] ====	+	*[[Vacas_y_bueyes_lenguaje|Cows and oxen]]
	**Due to the physical characteristics		**Due to the physical characteristics
Línea 138:		Línea 138:
	**Due to their character		**Due to their character
−	==== [[Caballos_lenguaje|Horses]] ====	+	*[[Caballos_lenguaje|Horses]]
	**Due to the colour of the coat		**Due to the colour of the coat
	**Due to the look and character		**Due to the look and character
−	==== [[Perros_lenguaje|Dogs]] ====	+	*[[Perros_lenguaje|Dogs]]
	**Due to the colour of the fur		**Due to the colour of the fur
	**Due to the look, character and astral aspects		**Due to the look, character and astral aspects
−	==== [[Nombres_de_cabras_burros_gatos_y_cerdos_lenguaje|Names of nanny goats, donkeys, cats and pigs]] ====	+	*[[Nombres_de_cabras_burros_gatos_y_cerdos_lenguaje|Names of nanny goats, donkeys, cats and pigs]]
	=== [[Lenguaje_y_modo_de_tratar_a_los_animales|Language and how the animals are treated]] ===		=== [[Lenguaje_y_modo_de_tratar_a_los_animales|Language and how the animals are treated]] ===
−	==== [[El_trato_con_los_animales|How the animals are treated]] ====	+	*[[El_trato_con_los_animales|How the animals are treated]]
	**Patting		**Patting
−	==== [[Lenguaje_empleado_con_los_animales_domesticos|Language used with domesticated animals]] ====	+	*[[Lenguaje_empleado_con_los_animales_domesticos|Language used with domesticated animals]]
	**Cows		**Cows
Línea 164:		Línea 164:
	**Hens, ducks and pigs		**Hens, ducks and pigs
−	==== [[Silbidos|Whistling]] ====	+	*[[Silbidos|Whistling]]
	**Sheep		**Sheep
	**Other animals		**Other animals
−	==== [[Utensilios_para_aguijar_el_ganado|Utensils to prod the livestock]] ====	+	*[[Utensilios_para_aguijar_el_ganado|Utensils to prod the livestock]]
	**Goad. Pole		**Goad. Pole
Línea 180:		Línea 180:
	=== [[El_establo_tradicional|The traditional stable]] ===		=== [[El_establo_tradicional|The traditional stable]] ===
−	==== [[Establos_ubicados_en_el_propio_caserio_la_cuadra|Stables located in the homestead itself: the pen]] ====	+	*[[Establos_ubicados_en_el_propio_caserio_la_cuadra|Stables located in the homestead itself: the pen]]
	**Characteristics of the stable		**Characteristics of the stable
	**Divisions in the stable		**Divisions in the stable
−	==== [[Establos_exentos_de_la_casa|Stables separate from the house]] ====	+	*[[Establos_exentos_de_la_casa|Stables separate from the house]]
−	==== [[Pesebres|Mangers]] ====	+	*[[Pesebres|Mangers]]
	**Tying animals at the managers		**Tying animals at the managers
Línea 193:		Línea 193:
	**Hayrack		**Hayrack
−	==== [[El_estiercol|Manure]] ====	+	*[[El_estiercol|Manure]]
	=== [[Los_modernos_establos._Transformaciones_operadas|Modern stables. Changes occurred]] ===		=== [[Los_modernos_establos._Transformaciones_operadas|Modern stables. Changes occurred]] ===
Línea 199:		Línea 199:
	=== [[Recintos_para_la_cria_de_animales_domesticos|Enclosures for animal husbandry]] ===		=== [[Recintos_para_la_cria_de_animales_domesticos|Enclosures for animal husbandry]] ===
−	==== [[Cochiqueras|Pigsties]] ====	+	*[[Cochiqueras|Pigsties]]
−	==== [[Gallineros|Hen houses]] ====	+	*[[Gallineros|Hen houses]]
	**Roosts		**Roosts
	**Nest boxes		**Nest boxes
−	==== [[Conejeras|Rabbit hutches]] ====	+	*[[Conejeras|Rabbit hutches]]
−	==== [[Palomares|Dovecotes]] ====	+	*[[Palomares|Dovecotes]]
	 		 
Línea 215:		Línea 215:
	=== [[Alimentacion_del_ganado_en_la_casa|Feeding the homestead's livestock]] ===		=== [[Alimentacion_del_ganado_en_la_casa|Feeding the homestead's livestock]] ===
−	==== [[Vacas|Cows]] ====	+	*[[Vacas|Cows]]
	**Atlantic watershed		**Atlantic watershed
Línea 221:		Línea 221:
	**Water supply		**Water supply
−	==== [[Bueyes|Oxen]] ====	+	*[[Bueyes|Oxen]]
−	==== [[Caballerias|Horse herds]] ====	+	*[[Caballerias|Horse herds]]
−	==== [[Ovejas_y_cabras|Sheep and nanny goats]] ====	+	*[[Ovejas_y_cabras|Sheep and nanny goats]]
−	==== [[Cerdos_Alimentacion|Pigs]] ====	+	*[[Cerdos_Alimentacion|Pigs]]
−	==== [[Gallinas_y_otras_aves|Hens and other poultry]] ====	+	*[[Gallinas_y_otras_aves|Hens and other poultry]]
−	==== [[Conejos_Alimentacion|Rabbits]] ====	+	*[[Conejos_Alimentacion|Rabbits]]
−	==== [[Perros_y_gatos|Dogs and cats]] ====	+	*[[Perros_y_gatos|Dogs and cats]]
	=== [[Alimentacion_de_las_crias|Feeding the young]] ===		=== [[Alimentacion_de_las_crias|Feeding the young]] ===
−	==== [[Terneras|Calves]] ====	+	*[[Terneras|Calves]]
−	==== [[Corderas|Lambs]] ====	+	*[[Corderas|Lambs]]
−	==== [[Cabritas|Kids]] ====	+	*[[Cabritas|Kids]]
−	==== [[Cerdos_crias|Piglets]] ====	+	*[[Cerdos_crias|Piglets]]
−	==== [[Potras_y_burros|Foals (horse and donkey)]] ====	+	*[[Potras_y_burros|Foals (horse and donkey)]]
−	==== [[Pollitas|Chickens]] ====	+	*[[Pollitas|Chickens]]
−	==== [[Conejos_crias|Rabbits]] ====	+	*[[Conejos_crias|Rabbits]]
−	==== [[Cachorros_y_gatos|Puppies and kittens]] ====	+	*[[Cachorros_y_gatos|Puppies and kittens]]
	=== [[Alimentacion_del_ganado_en_el_campo|Feeding the livestock out in the fields]] ===		=== [[Alimentacion_del_ganado_en_el_campo|Feeding the livestock out in the fields]] ===
−	==== [[Vertiente_mediterranea_alimentacion|Mediterranean watershed]] ====	+	*[[Vertiente_mediterranea_alimentacion|Mediterranean watershed]]
−	==== [[Vertiente_atlantica_alimentacion|Atlantic watershed]] ====	+	*[[Vertiente_atlantica_alimentacion|Atlantic watershed]]
−	==== [[Control_de_los_animales_en_los_prados|Controlling the animals in the meadows]] ====	+	*[[Control_de_los_animales_en_los_prados|Controlling the animals in the meadows]]
	**Tether or chain tied to a stake		**Tether or chain tied to a stake
Línea 271:		Línea 271:
	=== [[El_ciclo_reproductor_de_los_animales_domesticos|The reproductive cycle of domesticated animals]] ===		=== [[El_ciclo_reproductor_de_los_animales_domesticos|The reproductive cycle of domesticated animals]] ===
−	==== [[Vacas1|Cows]] ====	+	*[[Vacas1|Cows]]
	**Coming into season and covering		**Coming into season and covering
Línea 278:		Línea 278:
	**Looking after the calved cow		**Looking after the calved cow
−	==== [[Ovejas1|Sheep]] ====	+	*[[Ovejas1|Sheep]]
	**Coming into season and covering		**Coming into season and covering
	**Gestation and delivery		**Gestation and delivery
−	==== [[Cabras1|Nanny goats]] ====	+	*[[Cabras1|Nanny goats]]
−	==== [[Yeguas|Mares]] ====	+	*[[Yeguas|Mares]]
	**Coming into season		**Coming into season
	**Gestation and delivery		**Gestation and delivery
−	==== [[Burras|Female donkeys]] ====	+	*[[Burras|Female donkeys]]
−	==== [[Obtencion_de_mulos|Obtaining mules]] ====	+	*[[Obtencion_de_mulos|Obtaining mules]]
−	==== [[Cerdas|Sows]] ====	+	*[[Cerdas|Sows]]
−	==== [[Conejas|Does (rabbit)]] ====	+	*[[Conejas|Does (rabbit)]]
−	==== [[Gallinas_y_palomas|Hens and doves]] ====	+	*[[Gallinas_y_palomas|Hens and doves]]
	**Determining the sex		**Determining the sex
Línea 306:		Línea 306:
	**Hatching the eggs		**Hatching the eggs
−	==== [[Perras|Female dogs]] ====	+	*[[Perras|Female dogs]]
−	==== [[Gatas|Female cats]] ====	+	*[[Gatas|Female cats]]
−	==== [[Las_paradas_y_la_inseminacion_artificial|Studs and artificial insemination]] ====	+	*[[Las_paradas_y_la_inseminacion_artificial|Studs and artificial insemination]]
	=== [[Procedimientos_para_calcular_la_edad_del_ganado|Procedures to calculate the age of the livestock]] ===		=== [[Procedimientos_para_calcular_la_edad_del_ganado|Procedures to calculate the age of the livestock]] ===
−	==== [[Vacas2|Cows]] ====	+	*[[Vacas2|Cows]]
−	==== [[Ovejas2|Sheep]] ====	+	*[[Ovejas2|Sheep]]
	=== [[Manipulaciones_del_cuerpo_de_los_animales|Handling the body of the animals]] ===		=== [[Manipulaciones_del_cuerpo_de_los_animales|Handling the body of the animals]] ===
−	==== [[Corte_del_rabo_a_las_corderas|Cutting the tails of the lambs]] ====	+	*[[Corte_del_rabo_a_las_corderas|Cutting the tails of the lambs]]
−	==== [[Otras_amputaciones_cortes_y_perforaciones|Other amputations, cuts and perforations]] ====	+	*[[Otras_amputaciones_cortes_y_perforaciones|Other amputations, cuts and perforations]]
−	==== [[Supresion_de_los_cuernos|Removing horns]] ====	+	*[[Supresion_de_los_cuernos|Removing horns]]
−	==== [[Castracion|Castration]] ====	+	*[[Castracion|Castration]]
	**Bulls		**Bulls
Línea 336:		Línea 336:
	=== [[Herrado|Shoeing]] ===		=== [[Herrado|Shoeing]] ===
−	==== [[Proceso_de_herrado|Shoeing process]] ====	+	*[[Proceso_de_herrado|Shoeing process]]
	**Horses		**Horses
	**Cattle		**Cattle
−	==== [[Herraduras_y_clavos|Shoes and nails]] ====	+	*[[Herraduras_y_clavos|Shoes and nails]]
−	==== [[Otras_operaciones_efectuadas_por_los_herradores|Other operations performed by farriers]] ====	+	*[[Otras_operaciones_efectuadas_por_los_herradores|Other operations performed by farriers]]
	 		 
Línea 360:		Línea 360:
	=== [[La_captura_del_ganado_de_monte|Rounding up the upland livestock]] ===		=== [[La_captura_del_ganado_de_monte|Rounding up the upland livestock]] ===
−	==== [[El_lazo_urka-bilurra|The lasso]] ====	+	*[[El_lazo_urka-bilurra|The lasso]]
−	==== [[Sal_y_pan|Salt and bread]] ====	+	*[[Sal_y_pan|Salt and bread]]
−	==== [[Gritos_y_ruidos|Shouts and noise]] ====	+	*[[Gritos_y_ruidos|Shouts and noise]]
−	==== [[Uso_de_perros_de_presa|Using catch dogs]] ====	+	*[[Uso_de_perros_de_presa|Using catch dogs]]
	=== [[Apendice_El_aprovechamiento_de_los_pastos_en_Lezaun_(N)|Appendix: Use of the pasture land in Lezaun (N)]] ===		=== [[Apendice_El_aprovechamiento_de_los_pastos_en_Lezaun_(N)|Appendix: Use of the pasture land in Lezaun (N)]] ===
Línea 375:		Línea 375:
	=== [[La_subida_del_rebaño|Taking the flocks up]] ===		=== [[La_subida_del_rebaño|Taking the flocks up]] ===
−	==== [[Influencia_del_clima_y_de_los_pastos|Influence of the climate and the pastures]] ====	+	*[[Influencia_del_clima_y_de_los_pastos|Influence of the climate and the pastures]]
−	==== [[Ascension_al_monte_en_funcion_de_las_caracteristicas_del_ganado|Driving the flocks to the upland pastures according to the characteristics of the livestock]] ====	+	*[[Ascension_al_monte_en_funcion_de_las_caracteristicas_del_ganado|Driving the flocks to the upland pastures according to the characteristics of the livestock]]
−	==== [[Pastoreo_de_ciclo_diario|Daily cycle shepherding]] ====	+	*[[Pastoreo_de_ciclo_diario|Daily cycle shepherding]]
−	==== [[Reglamentacion_aplicable|Applicable regulations]] ====	+	*[[Reglamentacion_aplicable|Applicable regulations]]
−	==== [[El_pastoreo_en_la_actualidad|Shepherding today]] ====	+	*[[El_pastoreo_en_la_actualidad|Shepherding today]]
	=== [[Ascension_del_pastor_en_solitario_o_acompañado|The shepherd migrating to the uplands alone or accompanied]] ===		=== [[Ascension_del_pastor_en_solitario_o_acompañado|The shepherd migrating to the uplands alone or accompanied]] ===
Línea 391:		Línea 391:
	=== [[Los_mejores_pastos_para_el_rebaño|The best pasture for the flock]] ===		=== [[Los_mejores_pastos_para_el_rebaño|The best pasture for the flock]] ===
−	==== [[Pastos_veraniegos_o_de_altura|Mountain or summer pastures]] ====	+	*[[Pastos_veraniegos_o_de_altura|Mountain or summer pastures]]
−	==== [[Pastos_invernales_o_de_valle|Valley or winter pastures]] ====	+	*[[Pastos_invernales_o_de_valle|Valley or winter pastures]]
−	==== [[Vertiente_mediterranea4|Mediterranean watershed]] ====	+	*[[Vertiente_mediterranea4|Mediterranean watershed]]
−	==== [[Pastos_perjudiciales|Harmful pastures]] ====	+	*[[Pastos_perjudiciales|Harmful pastures]]
	=== [[Ciclo_anual_del_pastor_y_estancia_en_la_montaña|Annual cycle of the shepherd and stay on the mountain]] ===		=== [[Ciclo_anual_del_pastor_y_estancia_en_la_montaña|Annual cycle of the shepherd and stay on the mountain]] ===
−	==== [[El_pastor_de_Gorbea_(B)|The Gorbea (B) shepherd]] ====	+	*[[El_pastor_de_Gorbea_(B)|The Gorbea (B) shepherd]]
−	==== [[El_pastor_de_Urbia_y_el_de_Aizkorri_(G)|The Urbia and the Aizkorri (G) shepherds]] ====	+	*[[El_pastor_de_Urbia_y_el_de_Aizkorri_(G)|The Urbia and the Aizkorri (G) shepherds]]
−	==== [[El_pastor_suletino|The Souletin shepherd]] ====	+	*[[El_pastor_suletino|The Souletin shepherd]]
−	==== [[El_pastor_de_Allo_(N)|The Allo (N) shepherd]] ====	+	*[[El_pastor_de_Allo_(N)|The Allo (N) shepherd]]
	=== [[La_bajada_del_rebaño|Bringing the flock down]] ===		=== [[La_bajada_del_rebaño|Bringing the flock down]] ===
Línea 416:		Línea 416:
	=== [[Marcas_de_propiedad_del_ganado|Livestock branding]] ===		=== [[Marcas_de_propiedad_del_ganado|Livestock branding]] ===
−	==== [[Corte_en_la_oreja._Akatsa|Ear notches]] ====	+	*[[Corte_en_la_oreja._Akatsa|Ear notches]]
	**Types and names of the notches		**Types and names of the notches
	**Notches in cattle and horses		**Notches in cattle and horses
−	==== [[Señales_con_pintura|Paint branding]] ====	+	*[[Señales_con_pintura|Paint branding]]
−	==== [[Marca_de_pez_o_brea._Empego|Tar branding Pitch branding]] ====	+	*[[Marca_de_pez_o_brea._Empego|Tar branding Pitch branding]]
−	==== [[Marca_de_hierro|Iron branding]] ====	+	*[[Marca_de_hierro|Iron branding]]
	**Iron branding on horns, hooves or nose		**Iron branding on horns, hooves or nose
−	==== [[Cambios_operados_en_el_marcaje_del_ganado._El_crotal|Changes occurred in the branding of livestock. The eartag]] ====	+	*[[Cambios_operados_en_el_marcaje_del_ganado._El_crotal|Changes occurred in the branding of livestock. The eartag]]
	=== [[Cencerros_o_esquilones._Arranak_zintzarriak|Cowbells and large bells]] ===		=== [[Cencerros_o_esquilones._Arranak_zintzarriak|Cowbells and large bells]] ===
−	==== [[El_sonido_de_los_cencerros|The sound off the cowbells]] ====	+	*[[El_sonido_de_los_cencerros|The sound off the cowbells]]
−	==== [[Clases_de_cencerros_y_esquilas|Types of cowbells and shearing]] ====	+	*[[Clases_de_cencerros_y_esquilas|Types of cowbells and shearing]]
	**Sheep		**Sheep
Línea 444:		Línea 444:
	=== [[Adornos_del_ganado|Livestock adornments]] ===		=== [[Adornos_del_ganado|Livestock adornments]] ===
−	==== [[Collares_de_campanillas_y_cascabeles|Collars for chimes and bells]] ====	+	*[[Collares_de_campanillas_y_cascabeles|Collars for chimes and bells]]
	**When carrying the harvest		**When carrying the harvest
	**For other farm work		**For other farm work
−	==== [[Caballerias_enjaezadas|Harnessed horses]] ====	+	*[[Caballerias_enjaezadas|Harnessed horses]]
−	==== [[Engalanamiento_del_ganado|Adorning the livestock]] ====	+	*[[Engalanamiento_del_ganado|Adorning the livestock]]
	**Plating the horses' manes and tails		**Plating the horses' manes and tails
Línea 460:		Línea 460:
	=== [[Caracteristicas_y_evolucion|Characteristics and evolution]] ===		=== [[Caracteristicas_y_evolucion|Characteristics and evolution]] ===
−	==== [[Reduccion_y_perdida_de_comunales|Depletion and loss of common land]] ====	+	*[[Reduccion_y_perdida_de_comunales|Depletion and loss of common land]]
−	==== [[Reforestacion_y_cierres|Reforesting and enclosures]] ====	+	*[[Reforestacion_y_cierres|Reforesting and enclosures]]
−	==== [[Rastrojeras|Stubble fields]] ====	+	*[[Rastrojeras|Stubble fields]]
−	==== [[Intervencion_municipal_y_foral|Provincial and municipal intervention]] ====	+	*[[Intervencion_municipal_y_foral|Provincial and municipal intervention]]
−	==== [[Condiciones_de_disfrute|Conditions of sue]] ====	+	*[[Condiciones_de_disfrute|Conditions of sue]]
	=== [[APROVECHAMIENTO_DE_LOS_PASTOS_COMUNALES|''USE OF THE COMMON PASTURE LAND'']] ===		=== [[APROVECHAMIENTO_DE_LOS_PASTOS_COMUNALES|''USE OF THE COMMON PASTURE LAND'']] ===
Línea 474:		Línea 474:
	=== [[Comunales_en_Bizkaia|Common land in Bizkaia]] ===		=== [[Comunales_en_Bizkaia|Common land in Bizkaia]] ===
−	==== [[Sierra_de_Gorbea|Gorbea mountain range]] ====	+	*[[Sierra_de_Gorbea|Gorbea mountain range]]
−	==== [[Sierras_de_Anboto_y_Oiz|Anboto and Oiz mountain ranges]] ====	+	*[[Sierras_de_Anboto_y_Oiz|Anboto and Oiz mountain ranges]]
−	==== [[Encartaciones|Las Encartaciones]] ====	+	*[[Encartaciones|Las Encartaciones]]
−	==== [[Valle_de_Carranza|Carranza Valley]] ====	+	*[[Valle_de_Carranza|Carranza Valley]]
	=== [[Hermandades_y_comunidades_de_pastos_en_Alava|Commons associations and brotherhoods in Álava]] ===		=== [[Hermandades_y_comunidades_de_pastos_en_Alava|Commons associations and brotherhoods in Álava]] ===
−	==== [[Comunidad_de_Sierra_Salvada|Sierra Salvada commons association]] ====	+	*[[Comunidad_de_Sierra_Salvada|Sierra Salvada commons association]]
−	==== [[Comunidad_de_la_Sierra_Brava_de_Badaia|Sierra Brava de Badaia commons association]] ====	+	*[[Comunidad_de_la_Sierra_Brava_de_Badaia|Sierra Brava de Badaia commons association]]
−	==== [[Comunidad_de_Guibijo|Guibijo commons association]] ====	+	*[[Comunidad_de_Guibijo|Guibijo commons association]]
−	==== [[Comunales_de_Urkabustaiz|Urkabustaiz commons]] ====	+	*[[Comunales_de_Urkabustaiz|Urkabustaiz commons]]
−	==== [[Junta_de_la_Sierra_de_Arcamo|Sierra de Árcamo Board]] ====	+	*[[Junta_de_la_Sierra_de_Arcamo|Sierra de Árcamo Board]]
−	==== [[Valle_de_Valdegovia|Valdegovía Valley]] ====	+	*[[Valle_de_Valdegovia|Valdegovía Valley]]
−	==== [[Sierra_de_Valderejo|Sierra de Valderejo mountain range]] ====	+	*[[Sierra_de_Valderejo|Sierra de Valderejo mountain range]]
−	==== [[Comunales_de_Berganzo|Berganzo commons]] ====	+	*[[Comunales_de_Berganzo|Berganzo commons]]
−	==== [[Monte_comunero_en_Toloño|Common upland in Toloño]] ====	+	*[[Monte_comunero_en_Toloño|Common upland in Toloño]]
−	==== [[Monte_comunero_La_Isla|La Isla common upland]] ====	+	*[[Monte_comunero_La_Isla|La Isla common upland]]
−	==== [[Comunal_del_monte_de_Hernan_Ruiz|Hernán Ruiz common upland]] ====	+	*[[Comunal_del_monte_de_Hernan_Ruiz|Hernán Ruiz common upland]]
−	==== [[Antiguas_comunidades_de_Izki_Alto_e_Izki_Bajo|Izki Alto and Izki Bajo former commons associations]] ====	+	*[[Antiguas_comunidades_de_Izki_Alto_e_Izki_Bajo|Izki Alto and Izki Bajo former commons associations]]
−	==== [[Monte_comunero_de_Laguardia_y_su_Tierra|Laguardia and its region common upland]] ====	+	*[[Monte_comunero_de_Laguardia_y_su_Tierra|Laguardia and its region common upland]]
−	==== [[Comuneros_de_Moreda_y_Viana|Moreda and Viana commons]] ====	+	*[[Comuneros_de_Moreda_y_Viana|Moreda and Viana commons]]
−	==== [[Sierra_de_Codes|Sierra de Codés mountain range]] ====	+	*[[Sierra_de_Codes|Sierra de Codés mountain range]]
	=== [[Parzonerias_en_Gipuzkoa_y_Alava|Parzonerías (supramunicipal land usage system) in Gipuzkoa and Álava]] ===		=== [[Parzonerias_en_Gipuzkoa_y_Alava|Parzonerías (supramunicipal land usage system) in Gipuzkoa and Álava]] ===
−	==== [[Parzoneria_General_de_Gipuzkoa_y_Alava|Gipuzkoa and Álava General Parzonería]] ====	+	*[[Parzoneria_General_de_Gipuzkoa_y_Alava|Gipuzkoa and Álava General Parzonería]]
−	==== [[Parzoneria_Menor_o_Komun_Txikia|Minor Parzonería]] ====	+	*[[Parzoneria_Menor_o_Komun_Txikia|Minor Parzonería]]
−	==== [[Parzoneria_General_de_Entzia|Entzia General Parzonería]] ====	+	*[[Parzoneria_General_de_Entzia|Entzia General Parzonería]]
−	==== [[Parzoneria_de_Iturrieta|Iturrieta Parzonería]] ====	+	*[[Parzoneria_de_Iturrieta|Iturrieta Parzonería]]
	=== [[Montes_de_Ernio_y_Jaizkibel|Ernio and Jaizkibel uplands]] ===		=== [[Montes_de_Ernio_y_Jaizkibel|Ernio and Jaizkibel uplands]] ===
Línea 528:		Línea 528:
	=== [[Uniones_en_la_Sierra_de_Aralar|Unions in the Sierra de Aralar mountain range]] ===		=== [[Uniones_en_la_Sierra_de_Aralar|Unions in the Sierra de Aralar mountain range]] ===
−	==== [[Mancomunidad_de_Enirio-Aralar|Enirio-Aralar supramunicipal district]] ====	+	*[[Mancomunidad_de_Enirio-Aralar|Enirio-Aralar supramunicipal district]]
−	==== [[La_Union_de_Aralar|Aralar Union]] ====	+	*[[La_Union_de_Aralar|Aralar Union]]
	=== [[Sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia|Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] ===		=== [[Sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia|Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] ===
−	==== [[Comunales_de_las_Amescoas|Las Améscoas commons]] ====	+	*[[Comunales_de_las_Amescoas|Las Améscoas commons]]
−	==== [[Sierra_de_Lokiz|Sierra de Lokiz mountain range]] ====	+	*[[Sierra_de_Lokiz|Sierra de Lokiz mountain range]]
−	==== [[Comunales_de_Lezaun_y_Ultzama|Lezaun and Ultzama commons]] ====	+	*[[Comunales_de_Lezaun_y_Ultzama|Lezaun and Ultzama commons]]
	=== [[Pirineo_de_Navarra|Navarra Pyrenees]] ===		=== [[Pirineo_de_Navarra|Navarra Pyrenees]] ===
−	==== [[Valle_de_Baztan|Baztan Valley]] ====	+	*[[Valle_de_Baztan|Baztan Valley]]
−	==== [[Valle_de_Erro|Erro Valley]] ====	+	*[[Valle_de_Erro|Erro Valley]]
−	==== [[Aoiz_y_Valle_de_Longuida|Aoiz and Lónguida Valley]] ====	+	*[[Aoiz_y_Valle_de_Longuida|Aoiz and Lónguida Valley]]
−	==== [[Valle_de_Salazar|Salazar Valley]] ====	+	*[[Valle_de_Salazar|Salazar Valley]]
−	==== [[Valle_de_Roncal|Roncal Valley]] ====	+	*[[Valle_de_Roncal|Roncal Valley]]
	**Grazing bans		**Grazing bans
Línea 556:		Línea 556:
	**Panificado, casalenco (system of fallow and grazing land) and commons		**Panificado, casalenco (system of fallow and grazing land) and commons
−	==== [[Los_pastos_de_las_Bardenas_Reales|Bardenas Reales grazing land]] ====	+	*[[Los_pastos_de_las_Bardenas_Reales|Bardenas Reales grazing land]]
	=== [[Corralizas|Corrals]] ===		=== [[Corralizas|Corrals]] ===
−	==== [[Sanguesa|Sangüesa]] ====	+	*[[Sanguesa|Sangüesa]]
−	==== [[San_Martin_de_Unx|San Martín de Unx]] ====	+	*[[San_Martin_de_Unx|San Martín de Unx]]
−	==== [[Melida|Mélida]] ====	+	*[[Melida|Mélida]]
−	==== [[Lodosa|Lodosa]] ====	+	*[[Lodosa|Lodosa]]
−	==== [[Allo|Allo]] ====	+	*[[Allo|Allo]]
	=== [[Facerias|Facerías (cross-border grazing agreements)]] ===		=== [[Facerias|Facerías (cross-border grazing agreements)]] ===
−	==== [[Facerias_interpirenaicas|Inter-Pyrenean ''facerías'']] ====	+	*[[Facerias_interpirenaicas|Inter-Pyrenean ''facerías'']]
−	==== [[Tributo_de_las_Tres_Vacas|Tribute of the Three Cows]] ====	+	*[[Tributo_de_las_Tres_Vacas|Tribute of the Three Cows]]
	=== [[Pais_Vasco_continental|The Northern Basque Country]] ===		=== [[Pais_Vasco_continental|The Northern Basque Country]] ===
−	==== [[Los_Sindicatos_territoriales|The Territorial Grazing Syndicates]] ====	+	*[[Los_Sindicatos_territoriales|The Territorial Grazing Syndicates]]
−	==== [[El_kaiolar|The ''kaiolar'']] ====	+	*[[El_kaiolar|The ''kaiolar'']]
	=== [[Apendice_Seles_en_Vasconia|Appendix: Folds in the Basque Country]] ===		=== [[Apendice_Seles_en_Vasconia|Appendix: Folds in the Basque Country]] ===
Línea 589:		Línea 589:
	=== [[Montes_de_Carranza|Carranza Mountains]] ===		=== [[Montes_de_Carranza|Carranza Mountains]] ===
−	==== [[Cabañas_y_casetas|Cabins and huts]] ====	+	*[[Cabañas_y_casetas|Cabins and huts]]
	=== [[Sierra_de_Gorbea1|Sierra de Gorbea mountain range]] ===		=== [[Sierra_de_Gorbea1|Sierra de Gorbea mountain range]] ===
−	==== [[Zeanuri|Zeanuri]] ====	+	*[[Zeanuri|Zeanuri]]
−	==== [[Orozko|Orozko]] ====	+	*[[Orozko|Orozko]]
−	==== [[Valle_de_Zuya|Zuya Valley]] ====	+	*[[Valle_de_Zuya|Zuya Valley]]
	=== [[Sierras_de_Anboto_y_Aramotz|Anboto and Aramotz mountain ranges]] ===		=== [[Sierras_de_Anboto_y_Aramotz|Anboto and Aramotz mountain ranges]] ===
Línea 605:		Línea 605:
	=== [[Sierra_de_Aizkorri|Sierra de Aizkorri mountain range]] ===		=== [[Sierra_de_Aizkorri|Sierra de Aizkorri mountain range]] ===
−	==== [[Urbia-Oltza|Urbia-Oltza]] ====	+	*[[Urbia-Oltza|Urbia-Oltza]]
−	==== [[Degurixa-Alabieta|Degurixa-Alabieta]] ====	+	*[[Degurixa-Alabieta|Degurixa-Alabieta]]
−	==== [[Arriurdin|Arriurdin]] ====	+	*[[Arriurdin|Arriurdin]]
	=== [[Sierra_de_Izarraitz_y_Ernio|Sierra de Izarraitz mountain range and Mount Ernio]] ===		=== [[Sierra_de_Izarraitz_y_Ernio|Sierra de Izarraitz mountain range and Mount Ernio]] ===
Línea 615:		Línea 615:
	=== [[Sierra_de_Aralar|Sierra de Aralar mountain range]] ===		=== [[Sierra_de_Aralar|Sierra de Aralar mountain range]] ===
−	==== [[Beasain|Beasain]] ====	+	*[[Beasain|Beasain]]
−	==== [[Ataun_(1927)|Ataun (1927)]] ====	+	*[[Ataun_(1927)|Ataun (1927)]]
−	==== [[Ataun_(1955)|Ataun (1955)]] ====	+	*[[Ataun_(1955)|Ataun (1955)]]
−	==== [[Abaltzisketa_(1955)|Abaltzisketa (1955)]] ====	+	*[[Abaltzisketa_(1955)|Abaltzisketa (1955)]]
−	==== [[Valle_de_Larraun|Larraun Valley]] ====	+	*[[Valle_de_Larraun|Larraun Valley]]
−	==== [[Rediles_cupulares._Arkuak|Domed folds]] ====	+	*[[Rediles_cupulares._Arkuak|Domed folds]]
	=== [[Sierra_de_Urbasa|Sierra de Urbasa mountain range]] ===		=== [[Sierra_de_Urbasa|Sierra de Urbasa mountain range]] ===
Línea 635:		Línea 635:
	=== [[Pirineo_navarro|Navarran Pyrenees]] ===		=== [[Pirineo_navarro|Navarran Pyrenees]] ===
−	==== [[Basaburua_Menor|Basaburua Menor]] ====	+	*[[Basaburua_Menor|Basaburua Menor]]
−	==== [[Valle_de_Baztan1|Baztan Valley]] ====	+	*[[Valle_de_Baztan1|Baztan Valley]]
−	==== [[Valle_de_Esteribar|Esteribar Valley]] ====	+	*[[Valle_de_Esteribar|Esteribar Valley]]
−	==== [[Valle_de_Aezkoa|Aezkoa Valley]] ====	+	*[[Valle_de_Aezkoa|Aezkoa Valley]]
−	==== [[Valle_de_Salazar1|Salazar Valley]] ====	+	*[[Valle_de_Salazar1|Salazar Valley]]
−	==== [[Valle_de_Roncal1|Roncal Valley]] ====	+	*[[Valle_de_Roncal1|Roncal Valley]]
	=== [[Navarra_Media_y_Bardenas|Navarra Media and Bardenas]] ===		=== [[Navarra_Media_y_Bardenas|Navarra Media and Bardenas]] ===
−	==== [[Sanguesa1|Sangüesa]] ====	+	*[[Sanguesa1|Sangüesa]]
−	==== [[San_Martin_de_Unx1|San Martín de Unx]] ====	+	*[[San_Martin_de_Unx1|San Martín de Unx]]
−	==== [[Allo1|Allo]] ====	+	*[[Allo1|Allo]]
−	==== [[Valle_de_Aoiz|Aoiz Valley]] ====	+	*[[Valle_de_Aoiz|Aoiz Valley]]
−	==== [[Bardenas|Bardenas]] ====	+	*[[Bardenas|Bardenas]]
−	==== [[Melida1|Mélida]] ====	+	*[[Melida1|Mélida]]
	=== [[Montes_de_Alava|Álava mountains]] ===		=== [[Montes_de_Alava|Álava mountains]] ===
−	==== [[Valderejo|Valderejo]] ====	+	*[[Valderejo|Valderejo]]
−	==== [[Sierra_de_Arcamo|Sierra de Árcamo mountain range]] ====	+	*[[Sierra_de_Arcamo|Sierra de Árcamo mountain range]]
−	==== [[Sierra_Salvada|Sierra Salvada mountain range]] ====	+	*[[Sierra_Salvada|Sierra Salvada mountain range]]
−	==== [[Sierra_de_Guibijo|Sierra de Guibijo mountain range]] ====	+	*[[Sierra_de_Guibijo|Sierra de Guibijo mountain range]]
−	==== [[Sierra_Brava_de_Badaia|Sierra Brava de Badaia mountain range]] ====	+	*[[Sierra_Brava_de_Badaia|Sierra Brava de Badaia mountain range]]
−	==== [[Treviño|Treviño]] ====	+	*[[Treviño|Treviño]]
−	==== [[Sierra_de_Toloño|Sierra de Toloño mountain range]] ====	+	*[[Sierra_de_Toloño|Sierra de Toloño mountain range]]
−	==== [[Sierra_de_Izki|Sierra de Izki mountain range]] ====	+	*[[Sierra_de_Izki|Sierra de Izki mountain range]]
−	==== [[Rioja_Alavesa._Moreda|Rioja Alavesa. Moreda]] ====	+	*[[Rioja_Alavesa._Moreda|Rioja Alavesa. Moreda]]
−	==== [[Sierra_de_Codes1|Sierra de Codés mountain range]] ====	+	*[[Sierra_de_Codes1|Sierra de Codés mountain range]]
	=== [[Pais_Vasco_continental_La_organizacion_del_espacio_en_la_montaña|The Northern Basque Country: Space organisation on the mountain]] ===		=== [[Pais_Vasco_continental_La_organizacion_del_espacio_en_la_montaña|The Northern Basque Country: Space organisation on the mountain]] ===
−	==== [[El_triple_habitat|The triple habitat]] ====	+	*[[El_triple_habitat|The triple habitat]]
−	==== [[Lapurdi|Lapurdi]] ====	+	*[[Lapurdi|Lapurdi]]
	**Sara		**Sara
	**Azkaine		**Azkaine
−	==== [[Baja_Navarra|Baja Navarra]] ====	+	*[[Baja_Navarra|Baja Navarra]]
	**Aldudes Valley		**Aldudes Valley
Línea 698:		Línea 698:
	**Garazi (Cize)		**Garazi (Cize)
−	==== [[Zuberoa|Zuberoa]] ====	+	*[[Zuberoa|Zuberoa]]
	**Liginaga		**Liginaga
Línea 710:		Línea 710:
	=== [[El_pastoreo_itinerante|Itinerant grazing]] ===		=== [[El_pastoreo_itinerante|Itinerant grazing]] ===
−	==== [[Gran_trashumancia._Trashumancia_menor._Transterminancia|Major transhumance. Minor transhumance. Transterminance]] ====	+	*[[Gran_trashumancia._Trashumancia_menor._Transterminancia|Major transhumance. Minor transhumance. Transterminance]]
	=== [[Itinerancia_a_los_pastos_de_invierno|Moving to winter pastures]] ===		=== [[Itinerancia_a_los_pastos_de_invierno|Moving to winter pastures]] ===
−	==== [[Trashumancias_invernales_mayores|Major winter transhumance]] ====	+	*[[Trashumancias_invernales_mayores|Major winter transhumance]]
	**From the Navarran Pyrenean valleys to the Bardenas Reales		**From the Navarran Pyrenean valleys to the Bardenas Reales
Línea 727:		Línea 727:
	**Pyrenean-Aquitaine transhumant movements		**Pyrenean-Aquitaine transhumant movements
−	==== [[Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia_invernales|Winter minor transhumance and transterminance]] ====	+	*[[Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia_invernales|Winter minor transhumance and transterminance]]
	**Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Bizkaia		**Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Bizkaia
Línea 736:		Línea 736:
	=== [[Itinerancia_a_los_pastos_de_verano|Moving to summer pastures]] ===		=== [[Itinerancia_a_los_pastos_de_verano|Moving to summer pastures]] ===
−	==== [[Trashumancia_estival_a_las_sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia|Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] ====	+	*[[Trashumancia_estival_a_las_sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia|Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]]
−	==== [[Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia_estivales|Summer minor transhumance and transterminance]] ====	+	*[[Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia_estivales|Summer minor transhumance and transterminance]]
	**Álava mountains		**Álava mountains
Línea 749:		Línea 749:
	=== [[Vida_en_los_pastos_de_invierno|Life in the winter pastures]] ===		=== [[Vida_en_los_pastos_de_invierno|Life in the winter pastures]] ===
−	==== [[El_pastor_bardenero|The shepherds of the Bardenas]] ====	+	*[[El_pastor_bardenero|The shepherds of the Bardenas]]
−	==== [[El_pastor_trashumante_en_los_distintos_territorios|The transhumant shepherd in the different provinces]] ====	+	*[[El_pastor_trashumante_en_los_distintos_territorios|The transhumant shepherd in the different provinces]]
	=== [[Vida_en_los_pastos_de_verano|Life in the summer pastures]] ===		=== [[Vida_en_los_pastos_de_verano|Life in the summer pastures]] ===
−	==== [[Trashumancia_estival_a_las_sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia1|Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] ====	+	*[[Trashumancia_estival_a_las_sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia1|Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]]
−	==== [[Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia|Minor transhumance and transterminance]] ====	+	*[[Trashumancia_menor_y_transterminancia|Minor transhumance and transterminance]]
	**Álava and Bizkaia mountains		**Álava and Bizkaia mountains
Línea 765:		Línea 765:
	=== [[Disponibilidad_de_los_pastos_invernales|Winter grazing availability]] ===		=== [[Disponibilidad_de_los_pastos_invernales|Winter grazing availability]] ===
−	==== [[Alava3|Álava]] ====	+	*[[Alava3|Álava]]
−	==== [[Bizkaia3|Bizkaia]] ====	+	*[[Bizkaia3|Bizkaia]]
−	==== [[Gipuzkoa_y_Lapurdi|Gipuzkoa and Lapurdi]] ====	+	*[[Gipuzkoa_y_Lapurdi|Gipuzkoa and Lapurdi]]
−	==== [[Navarra3|Navarra]] ====	+	*[[Navarra3|Navarra]]
	=== [[Calendario_de_la_itinerancia_pastoril|Itinerant grazing calendar]] ===		=== [[Calendario_de_la_itinerancia_pastoril|Itinerant grazing calendar]] ===
Línea 777:		Línea 777:
	==== [[Pirineos_orientales|Eastern Pyrenees]] ====		==== [[Pirineos_orientales|Eastern Pyrenees]] ====
−	==== [[Pirineos_occidentales|Western Pyrenees]] ====	+	*[[Pirineos_occidentales|Western Pyrenees]]
−	==== [[Sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia1|Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]] ====	+	*[[Sierras_de_Urbasa_y_Andia1|Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges]]
−	==== [[Sierras_de_Aizkorri_y_Aralar|Aizkorri and Aralar mountain ranges]] ====	+	*[[Sierras_de_Aizkorri_y_Aralar|Aizkorri and Aralar mountain ranges]]
−	==== [[Montes_de_Bizkaia|Bizkaia mountains]] ====	+	*[[Montes_de_Bizkaia|Bizkaia mountains]]
	=== [[Las_vias_pecuarias|The bridleways]] ===		=== [[Las_vias_pecuarias|The bridleways]] ===
−	==== [[Caminos_sendas._Ardibideak|Tracks, paths]] ====	+	*[[Caminos_sendas._Ardibideak|Tracks, paths]]
−	==== [[Cañadas._Altxubideak|Drovers' trails]] ====	+	*[[Cañadas._Altxubideak|Drovers' trails]]
	**Drovers' trails in Álava		**Drovers' trails in Álava
Línea 816:		Línea 816:
	=== [[Pastores_de_rebaño_propio|Shepherds with their own flock]] ===		=== [[Pastores_de_rebaño_propio|Shepherds with their own flock]] ===
−	==== [[Zagales._Hijos_de_pastores|Shepherd boy. Shepherds' children]] ====	+	*[[Zagales._Hijos_de_pastores|Shepherd boy. Shepherds' children]]
−	==== [[Asociaciones_pastoriles_partzuerrak|Shepherding associations]] ====	+	*[[Asociaciones_pastoriles_partzuerrak|Shepherding associations]]
	=== [[Pastores_de_grandes_rebaños|Largo flock shepherds]] ===		=== [[Pastores_de_grandes_rebaños|Largo flock shepherds]] ===
−	==== [[Pastores_asalariados|Shepherds on a wage]] ====	+	*[[Pastores_asalariados|Shepherds on a wage]]
−	==== [[Criados|Paid help]] ====	+	*[[Criados|Paid help]]
−	==== [[El_mayoral|Farm manager]] ====	+	*[[El_mayoral|Farm manager]]
−	==== [[Consideracion_social|Social standing]] ====	+	*[[Consideracion_social|Social standing]]
	=== [[Pastores_concejiles|Council shepherds]] ===		=== [[Pastores_concejiles|Council shepherds]] ===
−	==== [[Labores|Tasks]] ====	+	*[[Labores|Tasks]]
	**Álava		**Álava
	**Navarra		**Navarra
−	==== [[Condiciones_contractuales|Contractual terms and conditions]] ====	+	*[[Condiciones_contractuales|Contractual terms and conditions]]
−	==== [[Salario._Alimentacion._Aguinaldos|Wage. Food. Bonus]] ====	+	*[[Salario._Alimentacion._Aguinaldos|Wage. Food. Bonus]]
	=== [[Cuidado_del_ganado_a_renque|Looking after hobbled livestock]] ===		=== [[Cuidado_del_ganado_a_renque|Looking after hobbled livestock]] ===
Línea 852:		Línea 852:
	=== [[Prendas_de_abrigo_tradicionales|Traditional warm clothing]] ===		=== [[Prendas_de_abrigo_tradicionales|Traditional warm clothing]] ===
−	==== [[Kapusaia._Txartesa._Hongarina|''Kapusaia''. ''Txartesa''. Long cape]] ====	+	*[[Kapusaia._Txartesa._Hongarina|''Kapusaia''. ''Txartesa''. Long cape]]
−	==== [[Espaldero_o_zamarra;_delantero_o_zagon|Sheepskin coat or zamarra; apron or  zagón]] ====	+	*[[Espaldero_o_zamarra;_delantero_o_zagon|Sheepskin coat or zamarra; apron or  zagón]]
−	==== [[Manta._Pasamontañas._Sombreros|Blanket. Balaclava. Hats]] ====	+	*[[Manta._Pasamontañas._Sombreros|Blanket. Balaclava. Hats]]
	=== [[Calzados_tradicionales|Traditional footwear]] ===		=== [[Calzados_tradicionales|Traditional footwear]] ===
Línea 863:		Línea 863:
	Sandals]]		Sandals]]
−	==== [[Galtzerdiak_calcetines|Socks]] ====	+	*[[Galtzerdiak_calcetines|Socks]]
−	==== [[Piales_mantak|Piales or thick knitted socks used in summer]] ====	+	*[[Piales_mantak|Piales or thick knitted socks used in summer]]
−	==== [[Polainas_galtzoinak|Gaiters]] ====	+	*[[Polainas_galtzoinak|Gaiters]]
−	==== [[Zuecos._Chanclos|Clogs. Overshoes]] ====	+	*[[Zuecos._Chanclos|Clogs. Overshoes]]
−	==== [[Raquetas|Snowshoes]] ====	+	*[[Raquetas|Snowshoes]]
	=== [[Indumentaria_actual_del_pastor|The shepherd's apparel today]] ===		=== [[Indumentaria_actual_del_pastor|The shepherd's apparel today]] ===
Línea 877:		Línea 877:
	=== [[Utiles_y_armas_del_pastor|The shepherd's implements and weapons]] ===		=== [[Utiles_y_armas_del_pastor|The shepherd's implements and weapons]] ===
−	==== [[Morral_o_zurron._Alforjas|Backpack or bag Saddlebags]] ====	+	*[[Morral_o_zurron._Alforjas|Backpack or bag Saddlebags]]
−	==== [[Cayado_makila|Staff]] ====	+	*[[Cayado_makila|Staff]]
−	==== [[Honda_y_malote|Sling and pouch]] ====	+	*[[Honda_y_malote|Sling and pouch]]
−	==== [[Churra._Cachava._Cachiporra|Stout stick. Crook. Blackjack]] ====	+	*[[Churra._Cachava._Cachiporra|Stout stick. Crook. Blackjack]]
−	==== [[Eltzaorra._Zambomba|Friction drum]] ====	+	*[[Eltzaorra._Zambomba|Friction drum]]
−	==== [[Burruna._Bramadera|Bullroarer]] ====	+	*[[Burruna._Bramadera|Bullroarer]]
−	==== [[Armas_de_fuego|Fire arms]] ====	+	*[[Armas_de_fuego|Fire arms]]
	 		 
Línea 896:		Línea 896:
	=== [[Utensilios_pastoriles|Pastoral utensils]] ===		=== [[Utensilios_pastoriles|Pastoral utensils]] ===
−	==== [[Recipientes_de_madera|Wooden receptacles]] ====	+	*[[Recipientes_de_madera|Wooden receptacles]]
−	==== [[Pervivencia|Survival]] ====	+	*[[Pervivencia|Survival]]
−	==== [[Kaikua._Recipiente_de_ordeño|Milking vessel]] ====	+	*[[Kaikua._Recipiente_de_ordeño|Milking vessel]]
−	==== [[Kotxua._Cuezo_de_ordeñar|Milking ladle]] ====	+	*[[Kotxua._Cuezo_de_ordeñar|Milking ladle]]
−	==== [[Iragazkia._Colador|Strainer]] ====	+	*[[Iragazkia._Colador|Strainer]]
−	==== [[Abatza|''Abatza'']] ====	+	*[[Abatza|''Abatza'']]
−	==== [[Maletxa._Batidor|Whisk]] ====	+	*[[Maletxa._Batidor|Whisk]]
−	==== [[Epakia._Espada|Dagger]] ====	+	*[[Epakia._Espada|Dagger]]
−	==== [[Encella._Zimitza_gaztazala|Cheese strainer]] ====	+	*[[Encella._Zimitza_gaztazala|Cheese strainer]]
−	==== [[Txurka._Soporte|Stand]] ====	+	*[[Txurka._Soporte|Stand]]
	=== [[Gaztandegia._Quesera|''Gaztandegia''. Cheese production]] ===		=== [[Gaztandegia._Quesera|''Gaztandegia''. Cheese production]] ===
Línea 922:		Línea 922:
	=== [[Vasijas_y_cubiertos|Pottery and cutlery]] ===		=== [[Vasijas_y_cubiertos|Pottery and cutlery]] ===
−	==== [[Cucharas|Spoons]] ====	+	*[[Cucharas|Spoons]]
−	==== [[Platos_Txalia_Taloaska|Plates]] ====	+	*[[Platos_Txalia_Taloaska|Plates]]
−	==== [[Oporra_Esne-potoak|''Oporra''. ''Esne-potoak'']] ====	+	*[[Oporra_Esne-potoak|''Oporra''. ''Esne-potoak'']]
−	==== [[Saleros._Aceiteros|Saltshakers. Oil holders]] ====	+	*[[Saleros._Aceiteros|Saltshakers. Oil holders]]
−	==== [[Recipientes_para_agua|Water containers]] ====	+	*[[Recipientes_para_agua|Water containers]]
	=== [[Labores_manuales|Manual work]] ===		=== [[Labores_manuales|Manual work]] ===
Línea 936:		Línea 936:
	=== [[Artesania_de_la_lana|The wool craft]] ===		=== [[Artesania_de_la_lana|The wool craft]] ===
−	==== [[Perduracion_y_declive|Heyday and decline]] ====	+	*[[Perduracion_y_declive|Heyday and decline]]
−	==== [[Seleccion_de_la_lana|Selecting the wool]] ====	+	*[[Seleccion_de_la_lana|Selecting the wool]]
−	==== [[El_lavado|Washing]] ====	+	*[[El_lavado|Washing]]
−	==== [[La_carda|Teasing]] ====	+	*[[La_carda|Teasing]]
−	==== [[El_hilado|Spinning]] ====	+	*[[El_hilado|Spinning]]
−	==== [[Tejido|Weaving]] ====	+	*[[Tejido|Weaving]]
	=== [[Cordones_para_abarcas._Trailak|Laces for sandals]] ===		=== [[Cordones_para_abarcas._Trailak|Laces for sandals]] ===
Línea 956:		Línea 956:
	=== [[Collares_para_cencerros_uztaiak|Collars for cowbells]] ===		=== [[Collares_para_cencerros_uztaiak|Collars for cowbells]] ===
−	==== [[Denominaciones5|Names]] ====	+	*[[Denominaciones5|Names]]
−	==== [[Confeccion_de_collares|Making collars]] ====	+	*[[Confeccion_de_collares|Making collars]]
−	==== [[Transicion|Transition]] ====	+	*[[Transicion|Transition]]
	=== [[Cencerros_y_badajos|Cowbells and clappers]] ===		=== [[Cencerros_y_badajos|Cowbells and clappers]] ===
Línea 969:		Línea 969:
	=== [[La_captura_del_lobo|Wolf hunting]] ===		=== [[La_captura_del_lobo|Wolf hunting]] ===
−	==== [[Desaparicion_del_lobo|Disappearance of the wolf]] ====	+	*[[Desaparicion_del_lobo|Disappearance of the wolf]]
−	==== [[Reaparicion_reciente|Recent reappearance]] ====	+	*[[Reaparicion_reciente|Recent reappearance]]
−	==== [[Creencias_y_leyendas_sobre_el_lobo|Beliefs and legends about the wolf]] ====	+	*[[Creencias_y_leyendas_sobre_el_lobo|Beliefs and legends about the wolf]]
−	==== [[Medios_de_defensa|Means of defence]] ====	+	*[[Medios_de_defensa|Means of defence]]
−	==== [[Tecnicas_de_caza|Hunting techniques]] ====	+	*[[Tecnicas_de_caza|Hunting techniques]]
	**Traps, snares and poisoned bait		**Traps, snares and poisoned bait
Línea 986:		Línea 986:
	=== [[La_caza_del_zorro|Fox hunting]] ===		=== [[La_caza_del_zorro|Fox hunting]] ===
−	==== [[Daños_causados_por_el_zorro|Damage caused by the fox]] ====	+	*[[Daños_causados_por_el_zorro|Damage caused by the fox]]
−	==== [[Tecnicas_de_caza1|Hunting techniques]] ====	+	*[[Tecnicas_de_caza1|Hunting techniques]]
	**Catching using cages		**Catching using cages
Línea 1000:		Línea 1000:
	=== [[Depredadores_menores|Minor predators]] ===		=== [[Depredadores_menores|Minor predators]] ===
−	==== [[Aves|Birds]] ====	+	*[[Aves|Birds]]
−	==== [[Roedores|Rodents]] ====	+	*[[Roedores|Rodents]]
−	==== [[Mustelidos_y_viverridos|Musetelids and viverrids]] ====	+	*[[Mustelidos_y_viverridos|Musetelids and viverrids]]
	=== [[El_oso|Bears]] ===		=== [[El_oso|Bears]] ===
Línea 1019:		Línea 1019:
	=== [[Ordeño_batzaldia|Milking]] ===		=== [[Ordeño_batzaldia|Milking]] ===
−	==== [[Denominaciones_y_lugar_de_ordeño_jeiztegia_eskorta|Milking parlour and names]] ====	+	*[[Denominaciones_y_lugar_de_ordeño_jeiztegia_eskorta|Milking parlour and names]]
−	==== [[Tiempo_y_forma_de_ordeño._Kukurumuku_jeitzi|Milking time and way]] ====	+	*[[Tiempo_y_forma_de_ordeño._Kukurumuku_jeitzi|Milking time and way]]
−	==== [[Nuevos_metodos_de_ordeño|New milking methods]] ====	+	*[[Nuevos_metodos_de_ordeño|New milking methods]]
−	==== [[Produccion_de_leche|Milk production]] ====	+	*[[Produccion_de_leche|Milk production]]
	=== [[Calentar_la_leche_con_piedras_candentes_esne-harriak|Using hot stones to heat the milk]] ===		=== [[Calentar_la_leche_con_piedras_candentes_esne-harriak|Using hot stones to heat the milk]] ===
Línea 1031:		Línea 1031:
	=== [[Leche_de_oveja_y_cabra._Su_utilizacion|Goat's and ewe's milk. Its use]] ===		=== [[Leche_de_oveja_y_cabra._Su_utilizacion|Goat's and ewe's milk. Its use]] ===
−	==== [[Vertiente_atlantica4|Atlantic watershed]] ====	+	*[[Vertiente_atlantica4|Atlantic watershed]]
−	==== [[Vertiente_mediterranea5|Mediterranean watershed]] ====	+	*[[Vertiente_mediterranea5|Mediterranean watershed]]
−	==== [[Leche_de_cabra|Goat's milk]] ====	+	*[[Leche_de_cabra|Goat's milk]]
	=== [[Transiciones_contemporaneas1|Contemporary transitions]] ===		=== [[Transiciones_contemporaneas1|Contemporary transitions]] ===
Línea 1043:		Línea 1043:
	=== [[El_ordeño_manual_de_la_vaca_behi-jeiztea|Milking the cow by hand]] ===		=== [[El_ordeño_manual_de_la_vaca_behi-jeiztea|Milking the cow by hand]] ===
−	==== [[Procedimiento_de_ordeño|Milking procedure]] ====	+	*[[Procedimiento_de_ordeño|Milking procedure]]
−	==== [[Introduccion_de_las_ordeñadoras|Introduction of milking equipment]] ====	+	*[[Introduccion_de_las_ordeñadoras|Introduction of milking equipment]]
	=== [[Medicion_de_la_leche_esne-neurriak|Measuring the milk]] ===		=== [[Medicion_de_la_leche_esne-neurriak|Measuring the milk]] ===
Línea 1053:		Línea 1053:
	=== [[Transporte_de_los_productos_desde_la_majada|Transporting the products from the upland herds]] ===		=== [[Transporte_de_los_productos_desde_la_majada|Transporting the products from the upland herds]] ===
−	==== [[Acarreo_de_la_leche_esnetako_hagea|Transporting the milk]] ====	+	*[[Acarreo_de_la_leche_esnetako_hagea|Transporting the milk]]
−	==== [[Acarreo_de_productos|Transporting the products]] ====	+	*[[Acarreo_de_productos|Transporting the products]]
	 		 
Línea 1062:		Línea 1062:
	=== [[Elaboracion_de_queso_de_oveja_ardi-gazta|Making sheep's cheese]] ===		=== [[Elaboracion_de_queso_de_oveja_ardi-gazta|Making sheep's cheese]] ===
−	==== [[El_cuajo_gatzagia_legarra|The rennet]] ====	+	*[[El_cuajo_gatzagia_legarra|The rennet]]
−	==== [[Elaboracion_del_queso_en_la_Vasconia_atlantica|Cheese making in the Atlantic-side of the Basque Country]] ====	+	*[[Elaboracion_del_queso_en_la_Vasconia_atlantica|Cheese making in the Atlantic-side of the Basque Country]]
	**Cheese from the upland herds of Bizkaia and Álava		**Cheese from the upland herds of Bizkaia and Álava
Línea 1071:		Línea 1071:
	**Cheese making in the Northern Basque Country		**Cheese making in the Northern Basque Country
−	==== [[Elaboracion_del_queso_en_la_Vasconia_mediterranea|Cheese making in the Mediterranean-side of the Basque Country]] ====	+	*[[Elaboracion_del_queso_en_la_Vasconia_mediterranea|Cheese making in the Mediterranean-side of the Basque Country]]
	**Cheese in Álava		**Cheese in Álava
	**Cheese in Navarra		**Cheese in Navarra
−	==== [[Peso_y_forma_de_los_quesos_de_oveja|Weight and shape of sheep's cheese]] ====	+	*[[Peso_y_forma_de_los_quesos_de_oveja|Weight and shape of sheep's cheese]]
−	==== [[Tipos_de_queso|Cheese types]] ====	+	*[[Tipos_de_queso|Cheese types]]
	**''Gaztazarra''		**''Gaztazarra''
Línea 1085:		Línea 1085:
	=== [[El_mercado_de_los_quesos|The cheese market]] ===		=== [[El_mercado_de_los_quesos|The cheese market]] ===
−	==== [[Mercados_del_Pais_Vasco_peninsular|Markets of the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)]] ====	+	*[[Mercados_del_Pais_Vasco_peninsular|Markets of the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)]]
−	==== [[Mercados_de_Vasconia_continental|Markets of the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)]] ====	+	*[[Mercados_de_Vasconia_continental|Markets of the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)]]
	=== [[Elaboracion_de_queso_de_cabra_ahuntz-gazta|Making goat's cheese]] ===		=== [[Elaboracion_de_queso_de_cabra_ahuntz-gazta|Making goat's cheese]] ===
Línea 1095:		Línea 1095:
	=== [[Otros_productos_lacteos|Other dairy products]] ===		=== [[Otros_productos_lacteos|Other dairy products]] ===
−	==== [[El_suero_gazura|Whey]] ====	+	*[[El_suero_gazura|Whey]]
−	==== [[El_requeson_zenbera|Curd cheese]] ====	+	*[[El_requeson_zenbera|Curd cheese]]
−	==== [[La_cuajada_gaztanbera|Junket]] ====	+	*[[La_cuajada_gaztanbera|Junket]]
	=== [[Apendice_1__La_jornada_del_pastor_de_Ataun-Aralar_(G)_durante_la_fabricacion_del_queso|Appendix 1: A day in the life of the Ataun-Aralar (G) shepherd during cheese making]] ===		=== [[Apendice_1__La_jornada_del_pastor_de_Ataun-Aralar_(G)_durante_la_fabricacion_del_queso|Appendix 1: A day in the life of the Ataun-Aralar (G) shepherd during cheese making]] ===
Línea 1110:		Línea 1110:
	=== [[El_esquileo_ardi-moztea|Shearing]] ===		=== [[El_esquileo_ardi-moztea|Shearing]] ===
−	==== [[El_tiempo_de_la_esquila_ardi-mozteko_sasoia|Shearing time]] ====	+	*[[El_tiempo_de_la_esquila_ardi-mozteko_sasoia|Shearing time]]
−	==== [[Medidas_cautelares|Precautionary measures]] ====	+	*[[Medidas_cautelares|Precautionary measures]]
−	==== [[Esquiladores_ardi-moztaileak|Shearers]] ====	+	*[[Esquiladores_ardi-moztaileak|Shearers]]
−	==== [[Instrumentos_de_esquileo_ardi-mozteko_artaziak|Shearing instruments]] ====	+	*[[Instrumentos_de_esquileo_ardi-mozteko_artaziak|Shearing instruments]]
−	==== [[Procedimientos_de_esquileo|Shearing procedures]] ====	+	*[[Procedimientos_de_esquileo|Shearing procedures]]
−	==== [[El_esquileo_octobrino_urri-moztea|October shearing]] ====	+	*[[El_esquileo_octobrino_urri-moztea|October shearing]]
−	==== [[El_esquileo_hoy|Shearing today]] ====	+	*[[El_esquileo_hoy|Shearing today]]
	=== [[La_lana_artilea|Wool, artilea]] ===		=== [[La_lana_artilea|Wool, artilea]] ===
−	==== [[Venta_de_lana_para_usos_domesticos|Selling wool for household uses]] ====	+	*[[Venta_de_lana_para_usos_domesticos|Selling wool for household uses]]
−	==== [[Venta_de_lana_a_fabricas_textiles|Selling wool to textile factories]] ====	+	*[[Venta_de_lana_a_fabricas_textiles|Selling wool to textile factories]]
−	==== [[Calidad_y_estima_de_la_lana._Haitzeko_ardia|Wool quality and appraisal]] ====	+	*[[Calidad_y_estima_de_la_lana._Haitzeko_ardia|Wool quality and appraisal]]
−	==== [[Produccion_y_precios_de_la_lana|Wool production and prices]] ====	+	*[[Produccion_y_precios_de_la_lana|Wool production and prices]]
−	==== [[La_venta_de_lana_hoy|Sale of wool today]] ====	+	*[[La_venta_de_lana_hoy|Sale of wool today]]
−	==== [[Industria_lanera_iletegia|Wool industry]] ====	+	*[[Industria_lanera_iletegia|Wool industry]]
	=== [[El_estiercol_de_oveja_ardi-zimaurra|Sheep manure]] ===		=== [[El_estiercol_de_oveja_ardi-zimaurra|Sheep manure]] ===
Línea 1149:		Línea 1149:
	=== [[Procedimientos_utilizados_para_la_matanza_domestica|Procedures used for domestic slaughtering]] ===		=== [[Procedimientos_utilizados_para_la_matanza_domestica|Procedures used for domestic slaughtering]] ===
−	==== [[Matanza_domestica_del_cerdo|Domestic slaughtering of pigs]] ====	+	*[[Matanza_domestica_del_cerdo|Domestic slaughtering of pigs]]
−	==== [[Matanza_domestica_de_corderos_y_cabras|Domestic slaughtering of lambs and goats]] ====	+	*[[Matanza_domestica_de_corderos_y_cabras|Domestic slaughtering of lambs and goats]]
−	==== [[Matanza_domestica_de_ganado_vacuno|Domestic slaughtering of cattle]] ====	+	*[[Matanza_domestica_de_ganado_vacuno|Domestic slaughtering of cattle]]
−	==== [[Matanza_domestica_de_aves_de_corral|Domestic slaughtering of poultry]] ====	+	*[[Matanza_domestica_de_aves_de_corral|Domestic slaughtering of poultry]]
−	==== [[Matanza_domestica_de_conejos|Domestic slaughtering of rabbits]] ====	+	*[[Matanza_domestica_de_conejos|Domestic slaughtering of rabbits]]
	=== [[La_venta_de_ganado_para_carne|Sale of livestock for meat]] ===		=== [[La_venta_de_ganado_para_carne|Sale of livestock for meat]] ===
−	==== [[Ganado_ovino_destinado_a_carne|Sheep raised for meat]] ====	+	*[[Ganado_ovino_destinado_a_carne|Sheep raised for meat]]
−	==== [[Compradores_de_carne_de_ovino|Buyers of sheepmeat]] ====	+	*[[Compradores_de_carne_de_ovino|Buyers of sheepmeat]]
	**Preferably selling to dealers		**Preferably selling to dealers
	**Selling to individuals and at market		**Selling to individuals and at market
−	==== [[Ganado_vacuno_destinado_a_carne|Cattle raised for meat]] ====	+	*[[Ganado_vacuno_destinado_a_carne|Cattle raised for meat]]
	=== [[La_piel_de_las_ovejas_ardi-larrua|Sheepskin, ''ardi-larrua'']] ===		=== [[La_piel_de_las_ovejas_ardi-larrua|Sheepskin, ''ardi-larrua'']] ===
−	==== [[Compradores_de_pieles|Buyers of skins]] ====	+	*[[Compradores_de_pieles|Buyers of skins]]
−	==== [[La_piel_como_melena_del_yugo_estalkia|Skin as yoke decoration]] ====	+	*[[La_piel_como_melena_del_yugo_estalkia|Skin as yoke decoration]]
−	==== [[Precios_de_la_piel|Skin prices]] ====	+	*[[Precios_de_la_piel|Skin prices]]
	 		 
Línea 1183:		Línea 1183:
	=== [[Ferias_ganaderas1|Livestock fairs]] ===		=== [[Ferias_ganaderas1|Livestock fairs]] ===
−	==== [[Ferias_alavesas|Fairs in Álava]] ====	+	*[[Ferias_alavesas|Fairs in Álava]]
−	==== [[Ferias_vizcainas|Fairs in Bizkaia]] ====	+	*[[Ferias_vizcainas|Fairs in Bizkaia]]
−	==== [[Ferias_guipuzcoanas|Fairs in Gipuzkoa]] ====	+	*[[Ferias_guipuzcoanas|Fairs in Gipuzkoa]]
−	==== [[Ferias_navarras|Fairs in Navarra]] ====	+	*[[Ferias_navarras|Fairs in Navarra]]
−	==== [[Ferias_de_Vasconia_continental|Fairs in the Northern Basque Country]] ====	+	*[[Ferias_de_Vasconia_continental|Fairs in the Northern Basque Country]]
−	==== [[Ferias_fuera_de_Vasconia|Fairs outside the Basque Country]] ====	+	*[[Ferias_fuera_de_Vasconia|Fairs outside the Basque Country]]
−	==== [[Transiciones_contemporaneas3|Contemporary transitions]] ====	+	*[[Transiciones_contemporaneas3|Contemporary transitions]]
	=== [[Compraventa_mediante_tratantes_y_entre_ganaderos|Buying and selling using dealers and between livestock farmers]] ===		=== [[Compraventa_mediante_tratantes_y_entre_ganaderos|Buying and selling using dealers and between livestock farmers]] ===
Línea 1201:		Línea 1201:
	=== [[El_acuerdo_de_compra|The purchase agreement]] ===		=== [[El_acuerdo_de_compra|The purchase agreement]] ===
−	==== [[Inspeccion_de_las_reses|Inspecting the cattle]] ====	+	*[[Inspeccion_de_las_reses|Inspecting the cattle]]
−	==== [[Regateo|Bargaining]] ====	+	*[[Regateo|Bargaining]]
−	==== [[Cierre_del_trato_tratura_heldu|Closing the deal]] ====	+	*[[Cierre_del_trato_tratura_heldu|Closing the deal]]
−	==== [[Chocar_las_manos_bostekoa_eman|Shaking hands]] ====	+	*[[Chocar_las_manos_bostekoa_eman|Shaking hands]]
−	==== [[El_alboroque_o_robla|The ''alboroque'' or ''rolba'' refreshments to seal the deal]] ====	+	*[[El_alboroque_o_robla|The ''alboroque'' or ''rolba'' refreshments to seal the deal]]
−	==== [[Adquisicion_condicional_y_cuarentena_del_ganado|Conditional purchase and quarantine of the livestock]] ====	+	*[[Adquisicion_condicional_y_cuarentena_del_ganado|Conditional purchase and quarantine of the livestock]]
−	==== [[Formas_de_adquirir_el_ganado|Ways of acquiring livestock]] ====	+	*[[Formas_de_adquirir_el_ganado|Ways of acquiring livestock]]
	=== [[El_precio_del_ganado|The price of the livestock]] ===		=== [[El_precio_del_ganado|The price of the livestock]] ===
−	==== [[Modalidades_y_forma_de_pago|Payment methods and terms]] ====	+	*[[Modalidades_y_forma_de_pago|Payment methods and terms]]
−	==== [[Unidad_monetaria_de_la_transaccion|Monetary unit of the transaction]] ====	+	*[[Unidad_monetaria_de_la_transaccion|Monetary unit of the transaction]]
	=== [[Importancia_de_la_ganaderia_en_la_economia_familiar|Importance of livestock farming in the family economy]] ===		=== [[Importancia_de_la_ganaderia_en_la_economia_familiar|Importance of livestock farming in the family economy]] ===
−	==== [[Relevancia_del_ganado|Importance of the livestock]] ====	+	*[[Relevancia_del_ganado|Importance of the livestock]]
−	==== [[Complementariedad_de_la_ganaderia_con_otras_actividades|Complementary relationship between livestock farming and other activities]] ====	+	*[[Complementariedad_de_la_ganaderia_con_otras_actividades|Complementary relationship between livestock farming and other activities]]
−	==== [[Cambios_actuales|Current changes]] ====	+	*[[Cambios_actuales|Current changes]]
	 		 
Línea 1234:		Línea 1234:
	=== [[La_cria_de_abejas|Bee-keeping]] ===		=== [[La_cria_de_abejas|Bee-keeping]] ===
−	==== [[Extension_del_cultivo_de_abejas|The spread of bee-keeping]] ====	+	*[[Extension_del_cultivo_de_abejas|The spread of bee-keeping]]
−	==== [[La_trashumancia|Transhumance]] ====	+	*[[La_trashumancia|Transhumance]]
	=== [[Fabricacion_y_tipos_de_colmenas_erlauntza|Making and types of beehives]] ===		=== [[Fabricacion_y_tipos_de_colmenas_erlauntza|Making and types of beehives]] ===
−	==== [[Colmenas_de_tronco_cuezos_cepos|Trap, log and trunk beehives]] ====	+	*[[Colmenas_de_tronco_cuezos_cepos|Trap, log and trunk beehives]]
−	==== [[Colmenas_de_tabla_erlauntza|Frame beehives]] ====	+	*[[Colmenas_de_tabla_erlauntza|Frame beehives]]
−	==== [[Colmenas_tejidas_con_vegetales_erle-kofoina|Bee skeps]] ====	+	*[[Colmenas_tejidas_con_vegetales_erle-kofoina|Bee skeps]]
−	==== [[Colmenas_en_oquedades|Hives in hollows]] ====	+	*[[Colmenas_en_oquedades|Hives in hollows]]
	=== [[El_colmenar_abejar_erlategia|The apiary]] ===		=== [[El_colmenar_abejar_erlategia|The apiary]] ===
Línea 1252:		Línea 1252:
	=== [[Captura_de_enjambres_erlakumea_harrapatu|Catching swarms]] ===		=== [[Captura_de_enjambres_erlakumea_harrapatu|Catching swarms]] ===
−	==== [[La_salida_del_enjambre|Swarming]] ====	+	*[[La_salida_del_enjambre|Swarming]]
−	==== [[Detencion_del_enjambre|Stopping the swarm]] ====	+	*[[Detencion_del_enjambre|Stopping the swarm]]
−	==== [[Recogida_del_enjambre|Collecting the swarm]] ====	+	*[[Recogida_del_enjambre|Collecting the swarm]]
−	==== [[Propiedad_y_marcado_de_enjambres|Ownership and marking swarms]] ====	+	*[[Propiedad_y_marcado_de_enjambres|Ownership and marking swarms]]
−	==== [[Adquisicion_de_enjambres|Acquiring swarms]] ====	+	*[[Adquisicion_de_enjambres|Acquiring swarms]]
	=== [[Cuidado_de_la_colmena|Maintaining the beehive]] ===		=== [[Cuidado_de_la_colmena|Maintaining the beehive]] ===
Línea 1266:		Línea 1266:
	=== [[Recoleccion_de_los_panales._Abaraskak|Harvesting the honeycombs]] ===		=== [[Recoleccion_de_los_panales._Abaraskak|Harvesting the honeycombs]] ===
−	==== [[Epoca_de_recoleccion|Harvest time]] ====	+	*[[Epoca_de_recoleccion|Harvest time]]
−	==== [[Procedimientos_de_recoleccion._Catar_la_miel|Harvesting procedures Tasting the honey]] ====	+	*[[Procedimientos_de_recoleccion._Catar_la_miel|Harvesting procedures Tasting the honey]]
−	==== [[Medios_de_proteccion|Means of protection]] ====	+	*[[Medios_de_proteccion|Means of protection]]
	=== [[Obtencion_de_los_productos_apicolas|Obtaining apiculture products]] ===		=== [[Obtencion_de_los_productos_apicolas|Obtaining apiculture products]] ===
−	==== [[La_miel_eztia|Honey]] ====	+	*[[La_miel_eztia|Honey]]
−	==== [[La_cera_argizaria|Wax]] ====	+	*[[La_cera_argizaria|Wax]]
	=== [[Uso_de_los_productos_apicolas|Use of apiculture products]] ===		=== [[Uso_de_los_productos_apicolas|Use of apiculture products]] ===
−	==== [[La_miel|Honey]] ====	+	*[[La_miel|Honey]]
−	==== [[El_aguamiel|Mead]] ====	+	*[[El_aguamiel|Mead]]
−	==== [[La_cera|Wax]] ====	+	*[[La_cera|Wax]]
−	==== [[El_veneno|Honey bee venom]] ====	+	*[[El_veneno|Honey bee venom]]
	=== [[Creencias_y_saberes_sobre_las_abejas|Beliefs and lore about bees]] ===		=== [[Creencias_y_saberes_sobre_las_abejas|Beliefs and lore about bees]] ===
Línea 1297:		Línea 1297:
	=== [[San_Antonio_Abad_patrono_del_ganado|St. Anthony Abbot, patron saint of livestock]] ===		=== [[San_Antonio_Abad_patrono_del_ganado|St. Anthony Abbot, patron saint of livestock]] ===
−	==== [[Dia_festivo_para_los_animales|Feast day for animals]] ====	+	*[[Dia_festivo_para_los_animales|Feast day for animals]]
−	==== [[Ritos_en_su_festividad|Rites on his feast day]] ====	+	*[[Ritos_en_su_festividad|Rites on his feast day]]
	**St. Anthony bonfires and smoke offerings		**St. Anthony bonfires and smoke offerings
Línea 1311:		Línea 1311:
	**St. Anthony Cross round-ups		**St. Anthony Cross round-ups
−	==== [[Invocaciones_y_ofrendas_al_Santo|Praying and offerings to the Saints]] ====	+	*[[Invocaciones_y_ofrendas_al_Santo|Praying and offerings to the Saints]]
−	==== [[Estampas_y_cruces_en_establos|Engravings and crosses in stables]] ====	+	*[[Estampas_y_cruces_en_establos|Engravings and crosses in stables]]
	=== [[San_Blas|St. Blaise]] ===		=== [[San_Blas|St. Blaise]] ===
−	==== [[Ritos_y_bendiciones_en_su_festividad|Rites and blessings on his feast day]] ====	+	*[[Ritos_y_bendiciones_en_su_festividad|Rites and blessings on his feast day]]
	=== [[San_Juan_Bautista_protector_de_los_rebaños|St. John the Baptist, protector of the herds]] ===		=== [[San_Juan_Bautista_protector_de_los_rebaños|St. John the Baptist, protector of the herds]] ===
−	==== [[Ramos_y_flores_en_la_mañana_del_solsticio_de_verano|Branches and flowers on the morning of the summer solstice]] ====	+	*[[Ramos_y_flores_en_la_mañana_del_solsticio_de_verano|Branches and flowers on the morning of the summer solstice]]
	=== [[Simbolos_protectores_contra_el_rayo|Symbols to protect against lightning]] ===		=== [[Simbolos_protectores_contra_el_rayo|Symbols to protect against lightning]] ===
−	==== [[El_espino_albar_elorria|Hawthorn]] ====	+	*[[El_espino_albar_elorria|Hawthorn]]
−	==== [[El_laurel_bendecido_erramua|Blessed bay leaves]] ====	+	*[[El_laurel_bendecido_erramua|Blessed bay leaves]]
−	==== [[Quema_del_laurel|Burning bay leaves]] ====	+	*[[Quema_del_laurel|Burning bay leaves]]
−	==== [[Santa_Cruz_de_mayo|Holy May Cross]] ====	+	*[[Santa_Cruz_de_mayo|Holy May Cross]]
−	==== [[Las_candelas_bendecidas|Blessed candles]] ====	+	*[[Las_candelas_bendecidas|Blessed candles]]
−	==== [[Otros_procedimientos_y_prevenciones|Other procedures and prevention]] ====	+	*[[Otros_procedimientos_y_prevenciones|Other procedures and prevention]]
−	==== [[El_hacha_primitiva|The early axe]] ====	+	*[[El_hacha_primitiva|The early axe]]
	=== [[Bendiciones_rituales|Ritual blessings]] ===		=== [[Bendiciones_rituales|Ritual blessings]] ===
−	==== [[Txabolas_y_rebaños|''Txabolas'' and herds]] ====	+	*[[Txabolas_y_rebaños|''Txabolas'' and herds]]
−	==== [[Establos_y_corrales|Stables and pens]] ====	+	*[[Establos_y_corrales|Stables and pens]]
−	==== [[Pasturajes_del_monte|Upland pastures]] ====	+	*[[Pasturajes_del_monte|Upland pastures]]
	=== [[Ofrendas|Offerings]] ===		=== [[Ofrendas|Offerings]] ===
Línea 1358:		Línea 1358:
	=== [[Sobre_la_incubacion_de_las_gallinas|Regarding hens hatching their eggs]] ===		=== [[Sobre_la_incubacion_de_las_gallinas|Regarding hens hatching their eggs]] ===
−	==== [[Numero_impar_de_huevos|Odd number of eggs]] ====	+	*[[Numero_impar_de_huevos|Odd number of eggs]]
−	==== [[El_signo_de_la_cruz|The sign of the cross]] ====	+	*[[El_signo_de_la_cruz|The sign of the cross]]
−	==== [[Epoca_idonea_para_la_incubacion|Ideal time for hatching]] ====	+	*[[Epoca_idonea_para_la_incubacion|Ideal time for hatching]]
	=== [[Sobre_la_procreacion|Regarding breeding]] ===		=== [[Sobre_la_procreacion|Regarding breeding]] ===
Línea 1380:		Línea 1380:
	=== [[Ritos_de_adaptacion_a_la_casa|Rites to adapt to the homestead]] ===		=== [[Ritos_de_adaptacion_a_la_casa|Rites to adapt to the homestead]] ===
−	==== [[Ganado|Livestock]] ====	+	*[[Ganado|Livestock]]
−	==== [[Gallinas_y_gatos|Hens and cats]] ====	+	*[[Gallinas_y_gatos|Hens and cats]]
	=== [[Bildots-lorra_ayuda_mutua|''Bildots-lorra'': mutual help]] ===		=== [[Bildots-lorra_ayuda_mutua|''Bildots-lorra'': mutual help]] ===
Línea 1401:		Línea 1401:
	=== [[Juegos_de_pelota|Ball games]] ===		=== [[Juegos_de_pelota|Ball games]] ===
−	==== [[Pelota-jokoa|''Pelota-jokoa'']] ====	+	*[[Pelota-jokoa|''Pelota-jokoa'']]
−	==== [[Urdanka|''Urdanka'']] ====	+	*[[Urdanka|''Urdanka'']]
−	==== [[El_chute|El chute - fast traditional game]] ====	+	*[[El_chute|El chute - fast traditional game]]
	=== [[Juegos_de_lanzamiento|Throwing games]] ===		=== [[Juegos_de_lanzamiento|Throwing games]] ===
−	==== [[Makilak_zeharkatzea|''Makilak zeharkatzea'']] ====	+	*[[Makilak_zeharkatzea|''Makilak zeharkatzea'']]
−	==== [[Makila-jokoa|''Makila-jokoa'']] ====	+	*[[Makila-jokoa|''Makila-jokoa'']]
−	==== [[Zotzaldatzea|''Zotzaldatzea'']] ====	+	*[[Zotzaldatzea|''Zotzaldatzea'']]
−	==== [[Al_palo|Stick throwing]] ====	+	*[[Al_palo|Stick throwing]]
−	==== [[Lanzamiento_de_barras|Basque bar throwing]] ====	+	*[[Lanzamiento_de_barras|Basque bar throwing]]
−	==== [[Harrika|''Harrika'']] ====	+	*[[Harrika|''Harrika'']]
−	==== [[Burruna|''Burruna'']] ====	+	*[[Burruna|''Burruna'']]
−	==== [[Lanzamiento_de_piedras._Honda|Rock throwing. Honda]] ====	+	*[[Lanzamiento_de_piedras._Honda|Rock throwing. Honda]]
	=== [[Juegos_de_fuerza|Games of strength]] ===		=== [[Juegos_de_fuerza|Games of strength]] ===
Línea 1435:		Línea 1435:
	=== [[Juegos_de_mesa|Table games]] ===		=== [[Juegos_de_mesa|Table games]] ===
−	==== [[Cartas|Cards]] ====	+	*[[Cartas|Cards]]
−	==== [[Artzain-jokoa._Tres_en_raya|''Artzain-jokoa''. Noughts and Crosses]] ====	+	*[[Artzain-jokoa._Tres_en_raya|''Artzain-jokoa''. Noughts and Crosses]]
	=== [[Espantos|Ghost stories]] ===		=== [[Espantos|Ghost stories]] ===
Línea 1443:		Línea 1443:
	=== [[Cantos_e_instrumentos_musicales|Songs and musical instruments]] ===		=== [[Cantos_e_instrumentos_musicales|Songs and musical instruments]] ===
−	==== [[El_canto|Singing]] ====	+	*[[El_canto|Singing]]
−	==== [[Instrumentos_musicos_de_los_pastores|Musical instruments of the shepherds]] ====	+	*[[Instrumentos_musicos_de_los_pastores|Musical instruments of the shepherds]]
	**Horns		**Horns

---

Revisión del 10:20 21 feb 2019

I. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Traditional animal husbandry and contemporary changes

Atlantic watershed

• Bizkaia

• Gipuzkoa

• Northern Basque Country (lying within France)

Mediterranean watershed

• Alava

• Navarra

 

II. ANIMAL BREEDS

Cows and oxen

• Betizu

• Monchina

• Terreña

• Pyrenean

• Evolution of the cattle population

• Appendix: Description of the native breeds

Sheep

• Breeds of the Atlantic watershed

• • Latxa and manexa
  • Carranzana, sasi-ardia and Basque-Bearnese

• Breeds of the Mediterranean watershed

• • Coexistence of lacha, churra and merina breeds
  • Navarra breed

• Appendix: Description of the native breeds

Nanny goats

• Appendix: Description of the native breeds

Pigs

• Appendix: Description of the native breeds

Mares, donkeys and mules

• Appendix: Description of the native breeds

Hens, doves, ducks and other poultry

Other small animals: rabbits, dogs and cats

• Appendix: Description of the native breeds

Appendix: Betizu, wild cow

 

III. NAMES OF THE ANIMALS

Names according to species, age and sex

• Sheep

• • Young
  • Adults
  • Other names

• Cattle

• • Young
  • Adults

• Pigs

• • Young
  • Adults

• Goats

• • Young
  • Adults

• Horses

• • Young
  • Adults

• Donkeys and Asses

• • Young
  • Adults

• Mules

• • Young
  • Adults

• Poultry

• • Young
  • Adults
  • Sundry animals

• Other animals

 

IV. LANGUAGE AND HOW THE ANIMALS ARE TREATED

Names by which domesticated animals are known

• Sheep

• • Due to the physical characteristics
  • Due to their character
  • Due to the place of birth or associated to events
  • Names of relatives, acquaintances or celebrities
  • Concatenated names

• Cows and oxen

• • Due to the physical characteristics
  • Names of people and place of origin
  • Due to their character

• Horses

• • Due to the colour of the coat
  • Due to the look and character

• Dogs

• • Due to the colour of the fur
  • Due to the look, character and astral aspects

• Names of nanny goats, donkeys, cats and pigs

Language and how the animals are treated

• How the animals are treated

• • Patting

• Language used with domesticated animals

• • Cows
  • Mares and assess
  • Sheep and nanny goats
  • Dogs and cats
  • Hens, ducks and pigs

• Whistling

• • Sheep
  • Other animals

• Utensils to prod the livestock

• • Goad. Pole
  • Grid, railing
  • Whip, lash or zurriago

 

V. STABLES AND ENCLOSURES FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

The traditional stable

• Stables located in the homestead itself: the pen

• • Characteristics of the stable
  • Divisions in the stable

• Stables separate from the house

• Mangers

• • Tying animals at the managers
  • Gates or grids
  • Hayrack

• Manure

Modern stables. Changes occurred

Enclosures for animal husbandry

• Pigsties

• Hen houses

• • Roosts
  • Nest boxes

• Rabbit hutches

• Dovecotes

 

VI. FEELING STABLED LIVESTOCK

Feeding the homestead's livestock

• Cows

• • Atlantic watershed
  • Mediterranean watershed
  • Water supply

• Oxen

• Horse herds

• Sheep and nanny goats

• Pigs

• Hens and other poultry

• Rabbits

• Dogs and cats

Feeding the young

• Calves

• Lambs

• Kids

• Piglets

• Foals (horse and donkey)

• Chickens

• Rabbits

• Puppies and kittens

Feeding the livestock out in the fields

• Mediterranean watershed

• Atlantic watershed

• Controlling the animals in the meadows

• • Tether or chain tied to a stake
  • Hobbling
  • Fetters
  • Fencing the meadows

 

VII. BREEDING AND LOOKING AFTER THE ANIMALS

The reproductive cycle of domesticated animals

• Cows

• • Coming into season and covering
  • Gestation
  • Delivery
  • Looking after the calved cow

• Sheep

• • Coming into season and covering
  • Gestation and delivery

• Nanny goats

• Mares

• • Coming into season
  • Gestation and delivery

• Female donkeys

• Obtaining mules

• Sows

• Does (rabbit)

• Hens and doves

• • Determining the sex
  • Laying
  • Fertilisation and broody state
  • Incubation
  • Hatching the eggs

• Female dogs

• Female cats

• Studs and artificial insemination

Procedures to calculate the age of the livestock

• Cows

• Sheep

Handling the body of the animals

• Cutting the tails of the lambs

• Other amputations, cuts and perforations

• Removing horns

• Castration

• • Bulls
  • Male donkeys and horse stallions
  • Rams and young goats
  • Boars and sows
  • Chickens

Shoeing

• Shoeing process

• • Horses
  • Cattle

• Shoes and nails

• Other operations performed by farriers

 

VIII. UPLAND LIVESTOCK

Bizkaia

Gipuzkoa

Northern Basque Country

Álava

Navarra

Rounding up the upland livestock

• The lasso

• Salt and bread

• Shouts and noise

• Using catch dogs

Appendix: Use of the pasture land in Lezaun (N)

 

IX. DRIVING FLOCKS TO UPLAND PASTURES

Taking the flocks up

• Influence of the climate and the pastures

• Driving the flocks to the upland pastures according to the characteristics of the livestock

• Daily cycle shepherding

• Applicable regulations

• Shepherding today

The shepherd migrating to the uplands alone or accompanied

Animal retinue of the shepherd

The best pasture for the flock

• Mountain or summer pastures

• Valley or winter pastures

• Mediterranean watershed

• Harmful pastures

Annual cycle of the shepherd and stay on the mountain

• The Gorbea (B) shepherd

• The Urbia and the Aizkorri (G) shepherds

• The Souletin shepherd

• The Allo (N) shepherd

Bringing the flock down

 

X. BRANDING

Livestock branding

• Ear notches

• • Types and names of the notches
  • Notches in cattle and horses

• Paint branding

• Tar branding Pitch branding

• Iron branding

• • Iron branding on horns, hooves or nose

• Changes occurred in the branding of livestock. The eartag

Cowbells and large bells

• The sound off the cowbells

• Types of cowbells and shearing

• • Sheep
  • Transhumance
  • Nanny goats
  • Cows and mares

Livestock adornments

• Collars for chimes and bells

• • When carrying the harvest
  • For other farm work

• Harnessed horses

• Adorning the livestock

• • Plating the horses' manes and tails

 

XI. COMMON PASTURE LAND

Characteristics and evolution

• Depletion and loss of common land

• Reforesting and enclosures

• Stubble fields

• Provincial and municipal intervention

• Conditions of sue

USE OF THE COMMON PASTURE LAND

Common land in Bizkaia

• Gorbea mountain range

• Anboto and Oiz mountain ranges

• Las Encartaciones

• Carranza Valley

Commons associations and brotherhoods in Álava

• Sierra Salvada commons association

• Sierra Brava de Badaia commons association

• Guibijo commons association

• Urkabustaiz commons

• Sierra de Árcamo Board

• Valdegovía Valley

• Sierra de Valderejo mountain range

• Berganzo commons

• Common upland in Toloño

• La Isla common upland

• Hernán Ruiz common upland

• Izki Alto and Izki Bajo former commons associations

• Laguardia and its region common upland

• Moreda and Viana commons

• Sierra de Codés mountain range

Parzonerías (supramunicipal land usage system) in Gipuzkoa and Álava

• Gipuzkoa and Álava General Parzonería

• Minor Parzonería

• Entzia General Parzonería

• Iturrieta Parzonería

Ernio and Jaizkibel uplands

Unions in the Sierra de Aralar mountain range

• Enirio-Aralar supramunicipal district

• Aralar Union

Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges

• Las Améscoas commons

• Sierra de Lokiz mountain range

• Lezaun and Ultzama commons

Navarra Pyrenees

• Baztan Valley

• Erro Valley

• Aoiz and Lónguida Valley

• Salazar Valley

• Roncal Valley

• • Grazing bans
  • Portions and passes
  • Panificado, casalenco (system of fallow and grazing land) and commons

• Bardenas Reales grazing land

Corrals

• Sangüesa

• San Martín de Unx

• Mélida

• Lodosa

• Allo

Facerías (cross-border grazing agreements)

• Inter-Pyrenean facerías

• Tribute of the Three Cows

The Northern Basque Country

• The Territorial Grazing Syndicates

• The kaiolar

Appendix: Folds in the Basque Country

 

XII. MOUNTAIN PASTORAL ESTABLISHMENTS

Carranza Mountains

• Cabins and huts

Sierra de Gorbea mountain range

• Zeanuri

• Orozko

• Zuya Valley

Anboto and Aramotz mountain ranges

Mount Oiz

Sierra de Aizkorri mountain range

• Urbia-Oltza

• Degurixa-Alabieta

• Arriurdin

Sierra de Izarraitz mountain range and Mount Ernio

Sierra de Aralar mountain range

• Beasain

• Ataun (1927)

• Ataun (1955)

• Abaltzisketa (1955)

• Larraun Valley

• Domed folds

Sierra de Urbasa mountain range

Sierra de Andia mountain range

Sierra de Entzia mountain range

Navarran Pyrenees

• Basaburua Menor

• Baztan Valley

• Esteribar Valley

• Aezkoa Valley

• Salazar Valley

• Roncal Valley

Navarra Media and Bardenas

• Sangüesa

• San Martín de Unx

• Allo

• Aoiz Valley

• Bardenas

• Mélida

Álava mountains

• Valderejo

• Sierra de Árcamo mountain range

• Sierra Salvada mountain range

• Sierra de Guibijo mountain range

• Sierra Brava de Badaia mountain range

• Treviño

• Sierra de Toloño mountain range

• Sierra de Izki mountain range

• Rioja Alavesa. Moreda

• Sierra de Codés mountain range

The Northern Basque Country: Space organisation on the mountain

• The triple habitat

• Lapurdi

• • Sara
  • Azkaine

• Baja Navarra

• • Aldudes Valley
  • Ibarre
  • Garazi (Cize)

• Zuberoa

• • Liginaga
  • Muskildi
  • Zunharreta
  • Etxebarre

 

XIII. TRANSHUMANCE AND TRANSTERMINANCE

Itinerant grazing

• Major transhumance. Minor transhumance. Transterminance

Moving to winter pastures

• Major winter transhumance

• • From the Navarran Pyrenean valleys to the Bardenas Reales

• • • Grazing right
    • Using the drovers' trails
    • Preparations and droving order
    • Incidents and food along the drover's trail.
    • Entry to and time spent at the Bardenas. The return

• • Other transhumant movements in Navarra
  • Pyrenean-Aquitaine transhumant movements

• Winter minor transhumance and transterminance

• • Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Bizkaia
  • Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Gipuzkoa
  • Pyrenean transhumance to the valleys and coast
  • Ribera Navarra transhumance

Moving to summer pastures

• Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges

• Summer minor transhumance and transterminance

• • Álava mountains
  • Bizkaia mountains
  • Aralar and Aizkorri mountain ranges
  • Mounts Ernio and Izarraitz
  • Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
  • Northern Basque Country

Life in the winter pastures

• The shepherds of the Bardenas

• The transhumant shepherd in the different provinces

Life in the summer pastures

• Summer transhumance to the Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges

• Minor transhumance and transterminance

• • Álava and Bizkaia mountains
  • Sierra de Aralar mountain range
  • Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges

Winter grazing availability

• Álava

• Bizkaia

• Gipuzkoa and Lapurdi

• Navarra

Itinerant grazing calendar

Eastern Pyrenees

• Western Pyrenees

• Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges

• Aizkorri and Aralar mountain ranges

• Bizkaia mountains

The bridleways

• Tracks, paths

• Drovers' trails

• • Drovers' trails in Álava
  • Drovers' trails in Navarra

Appendix: Drovers' trails in Navarra today

 

XIV. THE SHEEPDOG. ARDI-TXAKURRA

The Mastiff

Introduction of the sheepdog

Types of sheepdogs

Uses of the sheepdog

Dogs used to herd other livestock

Appendix: Sheepdog trials

 

XV. TYPES OF SHEPHERDS

Shepherds with their own flock

• Shepherd boy. Shepherds' children

• Shepherding associations

Largo flock shepherds

• Shepherds on a wage

• Paid help

• Farm manager

• Social standing

Council shepherds

• Tasks

• • Álava
  • Navarra

• Contractual terms and conditions

• Wage. Food. Bonus

Looking after hobbled livestock

Appendix 1: Livestock herding hand in Irati at 11 years old

Appendix 2: Charter town livestock herders contract. 1890. Berganzo (A)

 

XVI. SHEPHERD'S APPAREL

Traditional warm clothing

• Kapusaia. Txartesa. Long cape

• Sheepskin coat or zamarra; apron or zagón

• Blanket. Balaclava. Hats

Traditional footwear

• Traditional footwear Sandals

• Socks

• Piales or thick knitted socks used in summer

• Gaiters

• Clogs. Overshoes

• Snowshoes

The shepherd's apparel today

The shepherd's implements and weapons

• Backpack or bag Saddlebags

• Staff

• Sling and pouch

• Stout stick. Crook. Blackjack

• Friction drum

• Bullroarer

• Fire arms

 

XVII. SHEPHERD CRAFT ITEMS AND BELONGINGS

Pastoral utensils

• Wooden receptacles

• Survival

• Milking vessel

• Milking ladle

• Strainer

• Abatza

• Whisk

• Dagger

• Cheese strainer

• Stand

Gaztandegia. Cheese production

Shepherd's cups

Pottery and cutlery

• Spoons

• Plates

• Oporra. Esne-potoak

• Saltshakers. Oil holders

• Water containers

Manual work

The wool craft

• Heyday and decline

• Selecting the wool

• Washing

• Teasing

• Spinning

• Weaving

Laces for sandals

Twines, ropes and pack saddles

Crooks and walking sticks

Collars for cowbells

• Names

• Making collars

• Transition

Cowbells and clappers

 

XVIII. HUNTING VERMIN

Wolf hunting

• Disappearance of the wolf

• Recent reappearance

• Beliefs and legends about the wolf

• Means of defence

• Hunting techniques

• • Traps, snares and poisoned bait
  • Pursuing the quarry and shotgun hunting

Lairs

Fox hunting

• Damage caused by the fox

• Hunting techniques

• • Catching using cages
  • Snares
  • Traps
  • Poisoned bait
  • Shotgun hunting

Wild dogs

Minor predators

• Birds

• Rodents

• Musetelids and viverrids

Bears

Contracting vermin hunters

Payment for the captured animals

Appendix: Description of some lairs

 

XIX. MILKING THE SHEEP

Milking

• Milking parlour and names

• Milking time and way

• New milking methods

• Milk production

Using hot stones to heat the milk

Goat's and ewe's milk. Its use

• Atlantic watershed

• Mediterranean watershed

• Goat's milk

Contemporary transitions

Cow's milk

Milking the cow by hand

• Milking procedure

• Introduction of milking equipment

Measuring the milk

Distribution and sale of cow's milk

Transporting the products from the upland herds

• Transporting the milk

• Transporting the products

 

XX. PRODUCING CHEESE

Making sheep's cheese

• The rennet

• Cheese making in the Atlantic-side of the Basque Country

• • Cheese from the upland herds of Bizkaia and Álava
  • Cheese in areas close to the coast
  • Cheese in Urbia and Aralar
  • Cheese making in the Northern Basque Country

• Cheese making in the Mediterranean-side of the Basque Country

• • Cheese in Álava
  • Cheese in Navarra

• Weight and shape of sheep's cheese

• Cheese types

• • Gaztazarra
  • Roncal cheese and Urbasa cheese

The cheese market

• Markets of the Southern Basque Country (lying within Spain)

• Markets of the Northern Basque Country (lying within France)

Making goat's cheese

Contemporary transitions

Other dairy products

• Whey

• Curd cheese

• Junket

Appendix 1: A day in the life of the Ataun-Aralar (G) shepherd during cheese making

Appendix 2: Traditional method for making mountain cheese by hand, bortü-gazna, in Zuberoa

 

XXI. SHEARING

Shearing

• Shearing time

• Precautionary measures

• Shearers

• Shearing instruments

• Shearing procedures

• October shearing

• Shearing today

Wool, artilea

• Selling wool for household uses

• Selling wool to textile factories

• Wool quality and appraisal

• Wool production and prices

• Sale of wool today

• Wool industry

Sheep manure

Appendix: Description of a modern shearing method

 

XXII. DOMESTIC SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS

Domestic slaughtering of animals on specific dates

Procedures used for domestic slaughtering

• Domestic slaughtering of pigs

• Domestic slaughtering of lambs and goats

• Domestic slaughtering of cattle

• Domestic slaughtering of poultry

• Domestic slaughtering of rabbits

Sale of livestock for meat

• Sheep raised for meat

• Buyers of sheepmeat

• • Preferably selling to dealers
  • Selling to individuals and at market

• Cattle raised for meat

Sheepskin, ardi-larrua

• Buyers of skins

• Skin as yoke decoration

• Skin prices

 

XXIII. LIVESTOCK FAIRS AND BUYING AND SELLING LIVESTOCK

Livestock fairs

• Fairs in Álava

• Fairs in Bizkaia

• Fairs in Gipuzkoa

• Fairs in Navarra

• Fairs in the Northern Basque Country

• Fairs outside the Basque Country

• Contemporary transitions

Buying and selling using dealers and between livestock farmers

The purchase agreement

• Inspecting the cattle

• Bargaining

• Closing the deal

• Shaking hands

• The alboroque or rolba refreshments to seal the deal

• Conditional purchase and quarantine of the livestock

• Ways of acquiring livestock

The price of the livestock

• Payment methods and terms

• Monetary unit of the transaction

Importance of livestock farming in the family economy

• Importance of the livestock

• Complementary relationship between livestock farming and other activities

• Current changes

 

XXIV. BEES, ERLEA

Bee-keeping

• The spread of bee-keeping

• Transhumance

Making and types of beehives

• Trap, log and trunk beehives

• Frame beehives

• Bee skeps

• Hives in hollows

The apiary

Catching swarms

• Swarming

• Stopping the swarm

• Collecting the swarm

• Ownership and marking swarms

• Acquiring swarms

Maintaining the beehive

Harvesting the honeycombs

• Harvest time

• Harvesting procedures Tasting the honey

• Means of protection

Obtaining apiculture products

• Honey

• Wax

Use of apiculture products

• Honey

• Mead

• Wax

• Honey bee venom

Beliefs and lore about bees

Contemporary changes

 

XXV. SACRED PROTECTION OF THE LIVESTOCK

St. Anthony Abbot, patron saint of livestock

• Feast day for animals

• Rites on his feast day

• • St. Anthony bonfires and smoke offerings
  • Livestock gatherings in front of churches

• • • Navarra
    • Álava
    • Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia

• • Blessing food and cowbells
  • St. Anthony Cross round-ups

• Praying and offerings to the Saints

• Engravings and crosses in stables

St. Blaise

• Rites and blessings on his feast day

St. John the Baptist, protector of the herds

• Branches and flowers on the morning of the summer solstice

Symbols to protect against lightning

• Hawthorn

• Blessed bay leaves

• Burning bay leaves

• Holy May Cross

• Blessed candles

• Other procedures and prevention

• The early axe

Ritual blessings

• Txabolas and herds

• Stables and pens

• Upland pastures

Offerings

Charms

Animal protectors

 

XXVI. BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS

Regarding hens hatching their eggs

• Odd number of eggs

• The sign of the cross

• Ideal time for hatching

Regarding breeding

Regarding atmospheric changes

Omens of death

Customs relating to mourning

Witch omens

Regarding driving livestock to upland grazing

Protecting against vermin

Rites to adapt to the homestead

• Livestock

• Hens and cats

Bildots-lorra: mutual help

Other customs

Shepherd festivities

Gifts and donations

Places of worship in grazing areas

 

XXVII. SHEPHERDS' GAMES

Venues for the games

Ball games

• Pelota-jokoa

• Urdanka

• El chute - fast traditional game

Throwing games

• Makilak zeharkatzea

• Makila-jokoa

• Zotzaldatzea

• Stick throwing

• Basque bar throwing

• Harrika

• Burruna

• Rock throwing. Honda

Games of strength

Jumping games

Races

Bowling games

Table games

• Cards

• Artzain-jokoa. Noughts and Crosses

Ghost stories

Songs and musical instruments

• Singing

• Musical instruments of the shepherds

• • Horns
  • Whistles and flutes
  • Basque single-reed woodwind instrument
  • Alboka

Appendix: Description of the botu luzea and urdanka games by a shepherd from Soule