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Revisión del 10:31 21 feb 2019

Otros idiomas:
Inglés • ‎Español • ‎Euskera • ‎Francés

Contenido de esta página

I. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Traditional animal husbandry and contemporary changes

Atlantic watershed

Gipuzkoa

Northern Basque Country (lying within France)

Mediterranean watershed

 

II. ANIMAL BREEDS

Cows and oxen

Betizu

Terreña

Appendix: Description of the native breeds

Sheep

    • Latxa and manexa
    • Carranzana, sasi-ardia and Basque-Bearnese
    • Coexistence of lacha, churra and merina breeds
    • Navarra breed

Nanny goats

Pigs

Mares, donkeys and mules

Hens, doves, ducks and other poultry

Other small animals: rabbits, dogs and cats

Appendix: Description of the native breeds

Appendix: Betizu, wild cow

 

III. NAMES OF THE ANIMALS

Names according to species, age and sex

    • Young
    • Adults
    • Other names
    • Young
    • Adults
    • Young
    • Adults

Goats

    • Young
    • Adults

Horses

    • Young
    • Adults

Donkeys and Asses

    • Young
    • Adults
    • Young
    • Adults

Poultry

    • Young
    • Adults
    • Sundry animals

Other animals

 

IV. LANGUAGE AND HOW THE ANIMALS ARE TREATED

Names by which domesticated animals are known

    • Due to the physical characteristics
    • Due to their character
    • Due to the place of birth or associated to events
    • Names of relatives, acquaintances or celebrities
    • Concatenated names
    • Due to the physical characteristics
    • Names of people and place of origin
    • Due to their character

Horses

    • Due to the colour of the coat
    • Due to the look and character
    • Due to the colour of the fur
    • Due to the look, character and astral aspects

Language and how the animals are treated

    • Patting

Language used with domesticated animals

    • Cows
    • Mares and assess
    • Sheep and nanny goats
    • Dogs and cats
    • Hens, ducks and pigs
    • Sheep
    • Other animals

Utensils to prod the livestock

    • Goad. Pole
    • Grid, railing
    • Whip, lash or zurriago

 

V. STABLES AND ENCLOSURES FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

The traditional stable

    • Characteristics of the stable
    • Divisions in the stable

Mangers

    • Tying animals at the managers
    • Gates or grids
    • Hayrack

Modern stables. Changes occurred

Enclosures for animal husbandry

    • Roosts
    • Nest boxes

 

VI. FEELING STABLED LIVESTOCK

Feeding the homestead's livestock

    • Atlantic watershed
    • Mediterranean watershed
    • Water supply

Oxen

Horse herds

Sheep and nanny goats

Hens and other poultry

Rabbits

Feeding the young

Calves

Foals (horse and donkey)

Chickens

Puppies and kittens

Feeding the livestock out in the fields

    • Tether or chain tied to a stake
    • Hobbling
    • Fetters
    • Fencing the meadows

 

VII. BREEDING AND LOOKING AFTER THE ANIMALS

The reproductive cycle of domesticated animals

    • Coming into season and covering
    • Gestation
    • Delivery
    • Looking after the calved cow

Sheep

    • Coming into season and covering
    • Gestation and delivery

Nanny goats

Mares

    • Coming into season
    • Gestation and delivery

Female donkeys

Obtaining mules

Hens and doves

    • Determining the sex
    • Laying
    • Fertilisation and broody state
    • Incubation
    • Hatching the eggs

Female cats

Studs and artificial insemination

Procedures to calculate the age of the livestock

Cows

Handling the body of the animals

Other amputations, cuts and perforations

    • Bulls
    • Male donkeys and horse stallions
    • Rams and young goats
    • Boars and sows
    • Chickens

Shoeing

Shoeing process

    • Horses
    • Cattle

 

VIII. UPLAND LIVESTOCK

Bizkaia

Gipuzkoa

Northern Basque Country

Álava

Navarra

Rounding up the upland livestock

Salt and bread

Appendix: Use of the pasture land in Lezaun (N)

 

IX. DRIVING FLOCKS TO UPLAND PASTURES

Taking the flocks up

Influence of the climate and the pastures

Driving the flocks to the upland pastures according to the characteristics of the livestock

Applicable regulations

Shepherding today

The shepherd migrating to the uplands alone or accompanied

Animal retinue of the shepherd

The best pasture for the flock

Mountain or summer pastures

Mediterranean watershed

Annual cycle of the shepherd and stay on the mountain

The Gorbea (B) shepherd

The Souletin shepherd

The Allo (N) shepherd

Bringing the flock down

 

X. BRANDING

Livestock branding

    • Types and names of the notches
    • Notches in cattle and horses

Iron branding

    • Iron branding on horns, hooves or nose

Cowbells and large bells

    • Sheep
    • Transhumance
    • Nanny goats
    • Cows and mares

Livestock adornments

    • When carrying the harvest
    • For other farm work

Harnessed horses

    • Plating the horses' manes and tails

 

XI. COMMON PASTURE LAND

Characteristics and evolution

Reforesting and enclosures

Stubble fields

USE OF THE COMMON PASTURE LAND

Common land in Bizkaia

Anboto and Oiz mountain ranges

Las Encartaciones

Carranza Valley

Commons associations and brotherhoods in Álava

Urkabustaiz commons

Sierra de Árcamo Board

Berganzo commons

Common upland in Toloño

La Isla common upland

Hernán Ruiz common upland

Izki Alto and Izki Bajo former commons associations

Laguardia and its region common upland

Sierra de Codés mountain range

Parzonerías (supramunicipal land usage system) in Gipuzkoa and Álava

Gipuzkoa and Álava General Parzonería

Entzia General Parzonería

Iturrieta Parzonería

Ernio and Jaizkibel uplands

Unions in the Sierra de Aralar mountain range

Aralar Union

Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges

Las Améscoas commons

Navarra Pyrenees

Baztan Valley

Aoiz and Lónguida Valley

Salazar Valley

    • Grazing bans
    • Portions and passes
    • Panificado, casalenco (system of fallow and grazing land) and commons

Corrals

Sangüesa

Lodosa

Facerías (cross-border grazing agreements)

The Northern Basque Country

The Territorial Grazing Syndicates

The kaiolar

Appendix: Folds in the Basque Country

 

XII. MOUNTAIN PASTORAL ESTABLISHMENTS

Carranza Mountains

Sierra de Gorbea mountain range

Orozko

Anboto and Aramotz mountain ranges

Mount Oiz

Sierra de Aizkorri mountain range

Urbia-Oltza

Sierra de Izarraitz mountain range and Mount Ernio

Sierra de Aralar mountain range

Ataun (1927)

Ataun (1955)

Sierra de Urbasa mountain range

Sierra de Andia mountain range

Sierra de Entzia mountain range

Navarran Pyrenees

Basaburua Menor

Baztan Valley

Aezkoa Valley

Navarra Media and Bardenas

San Martín de Unx

Allo

Mélida

Álava mountains

Sierra Salvada mountain range

The Northern Basque Country: Space organisation on the mountain

Lapurdi

    • Sara
    • Azkaine
    • Aldudes Valley
    • Ibarre
    • Garazi (Cize)
    • Liginaga
    • Muskildi
    • Zunharreta
    • Etxebarre

 

XIII. TRANSHUMANCE AND TRANSTERMINANCE

Itinerant grazing

Moving to winter pastures

Major winter transhumance

    • From the Navarran Pyrenean valleys to the Bardenas Reales
      • Grazing right
      • Using the drovers' trails
      • Preparations and droving order
      • Incidents and food along the drover's trail.
      • Entry to and time spent at the Bardenas. The return
    • Other transhumant movements in Navarra
    • Pyrenean-Aquitaine transhumant movements

Winter minor transhumance and transterminance

    • Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Bizkaia
    • Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Gipuzkoa
    • Pyrenean transhumance to the valleys and coast
    • Ribera Navarra transhumance

Moving to summer pastures

    • Álava mountains
    • Bizkaia mountains
    • Aralar and Aizkorri mountain ranges
    • Mounts Ernio and Izarraitz
    • Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
    • Northern Basque Country

Life in the winter pastures

Life in the summer pastures

Minor transhumance and transterminance

    • Álava and Bizkaia mountains
    • Sierra de Aralar mountain range
    • Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges

Winter grazing availability

Gipuzkoa and Lapurdi

Itinerant grazing calendar

Eastern Pyrenees

Western Pyrenees

Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges

Aizkorri and Aralar mountain ranges

The bridleways

    • Drovers' trails in Álava
    • Drovers' trails in Navarra

Appendix: Drovers' trails in Navarra today

 

XIV. THE SHEEPDOG. ARDI-TXAKURRA

The Mastiff

Introduction of the sheepdog

Types of sheepdogs

Uses of the sheepdog

Dogs used to herd other livestock

Appendix: Sheepdog trials

 

XV. TYPES OF SHEPHERDS

Shepherds with their own flock

Largo flock shepherds

Paid help

Council shepherds

Tasks

    • Álava
    • Navarra

Looking after hobbled livestock

Appendix 1: Livestock herding hand in Irati at 11 years old

Appendix 2: Charter town livestock herders contract. 1890. Berganzo (A)

 

XVI. SHEPHERD'S APPAREL

Traditional warm clothing

Sheepskin coat or zamarra; apron or zagón

Traditional footwear

Clogs. Overshoes

The shepherd's apparel today

The shepherd's implements and weapons

Backpack or bag Saddlebags

Staff

Stout stick. Crook. Blackjack

Bullroarer

 

XVII. SHEPHERD CRAFT ITEMS AND BELONGINGS

Pastoral utensils

Milking ladle

Strainer

Whisk

Dagger

Gaztandegia. Cheese production

Shepherd's cups

Pottery and cutlery

Spoons

Water containers

Manual work

The wool craft

Heyday and decline

Weaving

Laces for sandals

Twines, ropes and pack saddles

Crooks and walking sticks

Collars for cowbells

Cowbells and clappers

 

XVIII. HUNTING VERMIN

Wolf hunting

Disappearance of the wolf

Recent reappearance

Means of defence

    • Traps, snares and poisoned bait
    • Pursuing the quarry and shotgun hunting

Lairs

Fox hunting

    • Catching using cages
    • Snares
    • Traps
    • Poisoned bait
    • Shotgun hunting

Wild dogs

Minor predators

Musetelids and viverrids

Bears

Contracting vermin hunters

Payment for the captured animals

Appendix: Description of some lairs

 

XIX. MILKING THE SHEEP

Milking

Milking parlour and names

Milk production

Using hot stones to heat the milk

Goat's and ewe's milk. Its use

Atlantic watershed

Contemporary transitions

Cow's milk

Milking the cow by hand

Introduction of milking equipment

Measuring the milk

Distribution and sale of cow's milk

Transporting the products from the upland herds

Transporting the products

 

XX. PRODUCING CHEESE

Making sheep's cheese

    • Cheese from the upland herds of Bizkaia and Álava
    • Cheese in areas close to the coast
    • Cheese in Urbia and Aralar
    • Cheese making in the Northern Basque Country

Cheese making in the Mediterranean-side of the Basque Country

    • Cheese in Álava
    • Cheese in Navarra

Weight and shape of sheep's cheese

    • Gaztazarra
    • Roncal cheese and Urbasa cheese

The cheese market

Making goat's cheese

Contemporary transitions

Other dairy products

Curd cheese

Appendix 1: A day in the life of the Ataun-Aralar (G) shepherd during cheese making

Appendix 2: Traditional method for making mountain cheese by hand, bortü-gazna, in Zuberoa

 

XXI. SHEARING

Shearing

Precautionary measures

Shearing instruments

Wool, artilea

Selling wool for household uses

Wool quality and appraisal

Sheep manure

Appendix: Description of a modern shearing method

 

XXII. DOMESTIC SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS

Domestic slaughtering of animals on specific dates

Procedures used for domestic slaughtering

Domestic slaughtering of pigs

Domestic slaughtering of lambs and goats

Domestic slaughtering of cattle

Sale of livestock for meat

Buyers of sheepmeat

    • Preferably selling to dealers
    • Selling to individuals and at market

Sheepskin, ardi-larrua

Skin as yoke decoration

Skin prices

 

XXIII. LIVESTOCK FAIRS AND BUYING AND SELLING LIVESTOCK

Livestock fairs

Fairs in Álava

Fairs in Bizkaia

Contemporary transitions

Buying and selling using dealers and between livestock farmers

The purchase agreement

Bargaining

Shaking hands

The alboroque or rolba refreshments to seal the deal

The price of the livestock

Importance of livestock farming in the family economy

Importance of the livestock

Complementary relationship between livestock farming and other activities

Current changes

 

XXIV. BEES, ERLEA

Bee-keeping

Making and types of beehives

Frame beehives

Bee skeps

The apiary

Catching swarms

Collecting the swarm

Acquiring swarms

Maintaining the beehive

Harvesting the honeycombs

Harvest time

Harvesting procedures Tasting the honey

Means of protection

Obtaining apiculture products

Honey

Wax

Use of apiculture products

Honey

Mead

Honey bee venom

Beliefs and lore about bees

Contemporary changes

 

XXV. SACRED PROTECTION OF THE LIVESTOCK

St. Anthony Abbot, patron saint of livestock

    • St. Anthony bonfires and smoke offerings
    • Livestock gatherings in front of churches
      • Navarra
      • Álava
      • Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia
    • Blessing food and cowbells
    • St. Anthony Cross round-ups

Engravings and crosses in stables

St. Blaise

St. John the Baptist, protector of the herds

Branches and flowers on the morning of the summer solstice

Symbols to protect against lightning

Hawthorn

Blessed bay leaves

Burning bay leaves

Holy May Cross

Blessed candles

Other procedures and prevention

The early axe

Ritual blessings

Stables and pens

Offerings

Charms

Animal protectors

 

XXVI. BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS

Regarding hens hatching their eggs

Odd number of eggs

Regarding breeding

Regarding atmospheric changes

Omens of death

Customs relating to mourning

Witch omens

Regarding driving livestock to upland grazing

Protecting against vermin

Rites to adapt to the homestead

Livestock

Bildots-lorra: mutual help

Other customs

Shepherd festivities

Gifts and donations

Places of worship in grazing areas

 

XXVII. SHEPHERDS' GAMES

Venues for the games

Ball games

El chute - fast traditional game

Throwing games

Zotzaldatzea

Games of strength

Jumping games

Races

Bowling games

Table games

Cards

Ghost stories

Songs and musical instruments

Singing

Musical instruments of the shepherds

    • Horns
    • Whistles and flutes
    • Basque single-reed woodwind instrument
    • Alboka

Appendix: Description of the botu luzea and urdanka games by a shepherd from Soule

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