Diferencia entre revisiones de «Indice Ganaderia y pastoreo en vasconia/en»
De Atlas Etnográfico de Vasconia
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=== [[Procedimientos_para_calcular_la_edad_del_ganado|Procedures to calculate the age of the livestock]] === | === [[Procedimientos_para_calcular_la_edad_del_ganado|Procedures to calculate the age of the livestock]] === | ||
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*[[Ovejas|Sheep]] | *[[Ovejas|Sheep]] | ||
Revisión del 07:57 2 jul 2018
Contenido de esta página
- 1 I. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
- 2 II. ANIMAL BREEDS
- 3 III. NAMES OF THE ANIMALS
- 4 IV. LANGUAGE AND HOW THE ANIMALS ARE TREATED
- 5 V. STABLES AND ENCLOSURES FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
- 6 VI. FEELING STABLED LIVESTOCK
- 7 VII. BREEDING AND LOOKING AFTER THE ANIMALS
- 8 VIII. UPLAND LIVESTOCK
- 9 IX. DRIVING FLOCKS TO UPLAND PASTURES
- 10 X. BRANDING
- 11 XI. COMMON PASTURE LAND
- 11.1 Characteristics and evolution
- 11.2 USE OF THE COMMON PASTURE LAND
- 11.3 Common land in Bizkaia
- 11.4 Commons associations and brotherhoods in Álava
- 11.5 Parzonerías (supramunicipal land usage system) in Gipuzkoa and Álava
- 11.6 Ernio and Jaizkibel uplands
- 11.7 Unions in the Sierra de Aralar mountain range
- 11.8 Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
- 11.9 Navarra Pyrenees
- 11.10 Corrals
- 11.11 Facerías (cross-border grazing agreements)
- 11.12 The Northern Basque Country
- 11.13 Appendix: Folds in the Basque Country
- 12 XII. MOUNTAIN PASTORAL ESTABLISHMENTS
- 12.1 Carranza Mountains
- 12.2 Sierra de Gorbea mountain range
- 12.3 Anboto and Aramotz mountain ranges
- 12.4 Mount Oiz
- 12.5 Sierra de Aizkorri mountain range
- 12.6 Sierra de Izarraitz mountain range and Mount Ernio
- 12.7 Sierra de Aralar mountain range
- 12.8 Sierra de Urbasa mountain range
- 12.9 Sierra de Andia mountain range
- 12.10 Sierra de Entzia mountain range
- 12.11 Navarran Pyrenees
- 12.12 Navarra Media and Bardenas
- 12.13 Álava mountains
- 12.14 The Northern Basque Country: Space organisation on the mountain
- 13 XIII. TRANSHUMANCE AND TRANSTERMINANCE
- 14 XIV. THE SHEEPDOG. ARDI-TXAKURRA
- 15 XV. TYPES OF SHEPHERDS
- 16 XVI. SHEPHERD'S APPAREL
- 17 XVII. SHEPHERD CRAFT ITEMS AND BELONGINGS
- 18 XVIII. HUNTING VERMIN
- 19 XIX. MILKING THE SHEEP
- 20 XX. PRODUCING CHEESE
- 20.1 Making sheep's cheese
- 20.2 The cheese market
- 20.3 Making goat's cheese
- 20.4 Contemporary transitions
- 20.5 Other dairy products
- 20.6 Appendix 1: A day in the life of the Ataun-Aralar (G) shepherd during cheese making
- 20.7 Appendix 2: Traditional method for making mountain cheese by hand, bortü-gazna, in Zuberoa
- 21 XXI. SHEARING
- 22 XXII. DOMESTIC SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS
- 23 XXIII. LIVESTOCK FAIRS AND BUYING AND SELLING LIVESTOCK
- 24 XXIV. BEES, ERLEA
- 25 XXV. SACRED PROTECTION OF THE LIVESTOCK
- 26 XXVI. BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS
- 26.1 Regarding hens hatching their eggs
- 26.2 Regarding breeding
- 26.3 Regarding atmospheric changes
- 26.4 Omens of death
- 26.5 Customs relating to mourning
- 26.6 Witch omens
- 26.7 Regarding driving livestock to upland grazing
- 26.8 Protecting against vermin
- 26.9 Rites to adapt to the homestead
- 26.10 Bildots-lorra: mutual help
- 26.11 Other customs
- 26.12 Shepherd festivities
- 26.13 Gifts and donations
- 26.14 Places of worship in grazing areas
- 27 XXVII. SHEPHERDS' GAMES
I. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Traditional animal husbandry and contemporary changes
Atlantic watershed
Mediterranean watershed
II. ANIMAL BREEDS
Cows and oxen
Sheep
- Latxa and manexa
- Carranzana, sasi-ardia and Basque-Bearnese
- Coexistence of lacha, churra and merina breeds
- Navarra breed
Nanny goats
Pigs
Mares, donkeys and mules
Hens, doves, ducks and other poultry
Other small animals: rabbits, dogs and cats
Appendix: Betizu, wild cow
III. NAMES OF THE ANIMALS
Names according to species, age and sex
- Young
- Adults
- Other names
- Young
- Adults
- Young
- Adults
- Young
- Adults
- Young
- Adults
- Young
- Adults
- Young
- Adults
- Young
- Adults
- Sundry animals
IV. LANGUAGE AND HOW THE ANIMALS ARE TREATED
Names by which domesticated animals are known
- Due to the physical characteristics
- Due to their character
- Due to the place of birth or associated to events
- Names of relatives, acquaintances or celebrities
- Concatenated names
- Due to the physical characteristics
- Names of people and place of origin
- Due to their character
- Due to the colour of the coat
- Due to the look and character
- Due to the colour of the fur
- Due to the look, character and astral aspects
Language and how the animals are treated
- Patting
- Cows
- Mares and assess
- Sheep and nanny goats
- Dogs and cats
- Hens, ducks and pigs
- Sheep
- Other animals
- Goad. Pole
- Grid, railing
- Whip, lash or zurriago
V. STABLES AND ENCLOSURES FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
The traditional stable
- Characteristics of the stable
- Divisions in the stable
- Tying animals at the managers
- Gates or grids
- Hayrack
Modern stables. Changes occurred
Enclosures for animal husbandry
- Roosts
- Nest boxes
VI. FEELING STABLED LIVESTOCK
Feeding the homestead's livestock
- Atlantic watershed
- Mediterranean watershed
- Water supply
Feeding the young
Feeding the livestock out in the fields
- Tether or chain tied to a stake
- Hobbling
- Fetters
- Fencing the meadows
VII. BREEDING AND LOOKING AFTER THE ANIMALS
The reproductive cycle of domesticated animals
- Coming into season and covering
- Gestation
- Delivery
- Looking after the calved cow
- Coming into season and covering
- Gestation and delivery
- Coming into season
- Gestation and delivery
- Determining the sex
- Laying
- Fertilisation and broody state
- Incubation
- Hatching the eggs
Procedures to calculate the age of the livestock
Handling the body of the animals
- Bulls
- Male donkeys and horse stallions
- Rams and young goats
- Boars and sows
- Chickens
Shoeing
- Horses
- Cattle
VIII. UPLAND LIVESTOCK
Bizkaia
Gipuzkoa
Northern Basque Country
Álava
Navarra
Rounding up the upland livestock
Appendix: Use of the pasture land in Lezaun (N)
IX. DRIVING FLOCKS TO UPLAND PASTURES
Taking the flocks up
The shepherd migrating to the uplands alone or accompanied
Animal retinue of the shepherd
The best pasture for the flock
Annual cycle of the shepherd and stay on the mountain
Bringing the flock down
X. BRANDING
Livestock branding
- Types and names of the notches
- Notches in cattle and horses
- Iron branding on horns, hooves or nose
Cowbells and large bells
- Sheep
- Transhumance
- Nanny goats
- Cows and mares
Livestock adornments
- When carrying the harvest
- For other farm work
- Plating the horses' manes and tails
XI. COMMON PASTURE LAND
Characteristics and evolution
USE OF THE COMMON PASTURE LAND
Common land in Bizkaia
Commons associations and brotherhoods in Álava
Parzonerías (supramunicipal land usage system) in Gipuzkoa and Álava
Ernio and Jaizkibel uplands
Unions in the Sierra de Aralar mountain range
Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
Navarra Pyrenees
- Grazing bans
- Portions and passes
- Panificado, casalenco (system of fallow and grazing land) and commons
Corrals
Facerías (cross-border grazing agreements)
The Northern Basque Country
Appendix: Folds in the Basque Country
XII. MOUNTAIN PASTORAL ESTABLISHMENTS
Carranza Mountains
Sierra de Gorbea mountain range
Anboto and Aramotz mountain ranges
Mount Oiz
Sierra de Aizkorri mountain range
Sierra de Izarraitz mountain range and Mount Ernio
Sierra de Aralar mountain range
Sierra de Urbasa mountain range
Sierra de Andia mountain range
Sierra de Entzia mountain range
Navarran Pyrenees
Navarra Media and Bardenas
Álava mountains
The Northern Basque Country: Space organisation on the mountain
- Sara
- Azkaine
- Aldudes Valley
- Ibarre
- Garazi (Cize)
- Liginaga
- Muskildi
- Zunharreta
- Etxebarre
XIII. TRANSHUMANCE AND TRANSTERMINANCE
Itinerant grazing
Moving to winter pastures
- From the Navarran Pyrenean valleys to the Bardenas Reales
- Grazing right
- Using the drovers' trails
- Preparations and droving order
- Incidents and food along the drover's trail.
- Entry to and time spent at the Bardenas. The return
- Other transhumant movements in Navarra
- Pyrenean-Aquitaine transhumant movements
- Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Bizkaia
- Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Gipuzkoa
- Pyrenean transhumance to the valleys and coast
- Ribera Navarra transhumance
Moving to summer pastures
- Álava mountains
- Bizkaia mountains
- Aralar and Aizkorri mountain ranges
- Mounts Ernio and Izarraitz
- Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
- Northern Basque Country
Life in the winter pastures
Life in the summer pastures
- Álava and Bizkaia mountains
- Sierra de Aralar mountain range
- Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
Winter grazing availability
Itinerant grazing calendar
The bridleways
- Drovers' trails in Álava
- Drovers' trails in Navarra
Appendix: Drovers' trails in Navarra today
XIV. THE SHEEPDOG. ARDI-TXAKURRA
The Mastiff
Introduction of the sheepdog
Types of sheepdogs
Uses of the sheepdog
Dogs used to herd other livestock
Appendix: Sheepdog trials
XV. TYPES OF SHEPHERDS
Shepherds with their own flock
Largo flock shepherds
Council shepherds
- Álava
- Navarra
Looking after hobbled livestock
Appendix 1: Livestock herding hand in Irati at 11 years old
Appendix 2: Charter town livestock herders contract. 1890. Berganzo (A)
XVI. SHEPHERD'S APPAREL
Traditional warm clothing
Traditional footwear
The shepherd's apparel today
The shepherd's implements and weapons
XVII. SHEPHERD CRAFT ITEMS AND BELONGINGS
Pastoral utensils
Gaztandegia. Cheese production
Shepherd's cups
Pottery and cutlery
Manual work
The wool craft
Laces for sandals
Twines, ropes and pack saddles
Crooks and walking sticks
Collars for cowbells
Cowbells and clappers
XVIII. HUNTING VERMIN
Wolf hunting
- Traps, snares and poisoned bait
- Pursuing the quarry and shotgun hunting
Lairs
Fox hunting
- Catching using cages
- Snares
- Traps
- Poisoned bait
- Shotgun hunting
Wild dogs
Minor predators
Bears
Contracting vermin hunters
Payment for the captured animals
Appendix: Description of some lairs
XIX. MILKING THE SHEEP
Milking
Using hot stones to heat the milk
Goat's and ewe's milk. Its use
Contemporary transitions
Cow's milk
Milking the cow by hand
Measuring the milk
Distribution and sale of cow's milk
Transporting the products from the upland herds
XX. PRODUCING CHEESE
Making sheep's cheese
- Cheese from the upland herds of Bizkaia and Álava
- Cheese in areas close to the coast
- Cheese in Urbia and Aralar
- Cheese making in the Northern Basque Country
- Cheese in Álava
- Cheese in Navarra
- Gaztazarra
- Roncal cheese and Urbasa cheese
The cheese market
Making goat's cheese
Contemporary transitions
Other dairy products
Appendix 1: A day in the life of the Ataun-Aralar (G) shepherd during cheese making
Appendix 2: Traditional method for making mountain cheese by hand, bortü-gazna, in Zuberoa
XXI. SHEARING
Shearing
Wool, artilea
Sheep manure
Appendix: Description of a modern shearing method
XXII. DOMESTIC SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS
Domestic slaughtering of animals on specific dates
Procedures used for domestic slaughtering
Sale of livestock for meat
- Preferably selling to dealers
- Selling to individuals and at market
Sheepskin, ardi-larrua
XXIII. LIVESTOCK FAIRS AND BUYING AND SELLING LIVESTOCK
Livestock fairs
Buying and selling using dealers and between livestock farmers
The purchase agreement
The price of the livestock
Importance of livestock farming in the family economy
XXIV. BEES, ERLEA
Bee-keeping
Making and types of beehives
The apiary
Catching swarms
Maintaining the beehive
Harvesting the honeycombs
Obtaining apiculture products
Use of apiculture products
Beliefs and lore about bees
Contemporary changes
XXV. SACRED PROTECTION OF THE LIVESTOCK
St. Anthony Abbot, patron saint of livestock
- St. Anthony bonfires and smoke offerings
- Livestock gatherings in front of churches
- Navarra
- Álava
- Gipuzkoa and Bizkaia
- Blessing food and cowbells
- St. Anthony Cross round-ups
St. Blaise
St. John the Baptist, protector of the herds
Symbols to protect against lightning
Ritual blessings
Offerings
Charms
Animal protectors
XXVI. BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS
Regarding hens hatching their eggs
Regarding breeding
Regarding atmospheric changes
Omens of death
Customs relating to mourning
Witch omens
Regarding driving livestock to upland grazing
Protecting against vermin
Rites to adapt to the homestead
Bildots-lorra: mutual help
Other customs
Shepherd festivities
Gifts and donations
Places of worship in grazing areas
XXVII. SHEPHERDS' GAMES
Venues for the games
Ball games
Throwing games
Games of strength
Jumping games
Races
Bowling games
Table games
Ghost stories
Songs and musical instruments
- Horns
- Whistles and flutes
- Basque single-reed woodwind instrument
- Alboka
