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Revisión del 08:55 7 nov 2017

Otros idiomas:
Inglés • ‎Español • ‎Euskera • ‎Francés

Contenido de esta página

I. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Traditional animal husbandry and contemporary changes

Atlantic watershed

Mediterranean watershed

 

II. ANIMAL BREEDS

Cows and oxen

Sheep

    • Latxa and manexa
    • Carranzana, sasi-ardia and Basque-Bearnese
    • Coexistence of lacha, churra and merina breeds

Nanny goats

Pigs

Mares, donkeys and mules

Hens, doves, ducks and other poultry

Other small animals: rabbits, dogs and cats

Appendix: Betizu, wild cow

 

III. NAMES OF THE ANIMALS

Names according to species, age and sex

    • Young
    • Adults
    • Other names
    • Young
    • Adults
    • Young
    • Adults
    • Young
    • Adults
    • Young
    • Adults
    • Young
    • Adults
    • Young
    • Adults
    • Young
    • Adults
    • Sundry animals

 

IV. LANGUAGE AND HOW THE ANIMALS ARE TREATED

Names by which domesticated animals are known

    • Due to the physical characteristics
    • Due to their character
    • Due to the place of birth or associated to events
    • Names of relatives, acquaintances or celebrities
    • Concatenated names
    • Due to the physical characteristics
    • Names of people and place of origin
    • Due to their character
    • Due to the colour of the coat
    • Due to the look and character
    • Due to the colour of the fur
    • Due to the look, character and astral aspects

Language and how the animals are treated

    • Patting
    • Cows
    • Mares and assess
    • Sheep and nanny goats
    • Dogs and cats
    • Hens, ducks and pigs
    • Sheep
    • Other animals
    • Goad. Pole
    • Grid, railing
    • Whip, lash or zurriago

 

V. STABLES AND ENCLOSURES FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

The traditional stable

    • Characteristics of the stable
    • Divisions in the stable
    • Tying animals at the managers
    • Gates or grids
    • Hayrack

Modern stables. Changes occurred

Enclosures for animal husbandry

    • Roosts
    • Nest boxes

 

VI. FEELING STABLED LIVESTOCK

Feeding the homestead's livestock

    • Atlantic watershed
    • Mediterranean watershed
    • Water supply

Feeding the young

Feeding the livestock out in the fields

    • Tether or chain tied to a stake
    • Hobbling
    • Fetters
    • Fencing the meadows

 

VII. BREEDING AND LOOKING AFTER THE ANIMALS

The reproductive cycle of domesticated animals

    • Coming into season and covering
    • Gestation
    • Delivery
    • Looking after the calved cow
    • Coming into season and covering
    • Gestation and delivery
    • Coming into season
    • Gestation and delivery
    • Determining the sex
    • Laying
    • Fertilisation and broody state
    • Incubation
    • Hatching the eggs

Procedures to calculate the age of the livestock

Handling the body of the animals

    • Bulls
    • Male donkeys and horse stallions
    • Rams and young goats
    • Boars and sows
    • Chickens

Shoeing

    • Horses
    • Cattle

 

VIII. UPLAND LIVESTOCK

Bizkaia

Gipuzkoa

Northern Basque Country

Álava

Navarra

Rounding up the upland livestock

Appendix: Use of the pasture land in Lezaun (N)

 

IX. DRIVING FLOCKS TO UPLAND PASTURES

Taking the flocks up

The shepherd migrating to the uplands alone or accompanied

Animal retinue of the shepherd

The best pasture for the flock

Annual cycle of the shepherd and stay on the mountain

Bringing the flock down

 

X. BRANDING

Livestock branding

    • Types and names of the notches
    • Notches in cattle and horses
    • Iron branding on horns, hooves or nose

Cowbells and large bells

    • Sheep
    • Transhumance
    • Nanny goats
    • Cows and mares

Livestock adornments

    • When carrying the harvest
    • For other farm work
    • Plating the horses' manes and tails

 

XI. COMMON PASTURE LAND

Characteristics and evolution

USE OF THE COMMON PASTURE LAND

Common land in Bizkaia

Commons associations and brotherhoods in Álava

Parzonerías (supramunicipal land usage system) in Gipuzkoa and Álava

Ernio and Jaizkibel uplands

Unions in the Sierra de Aralar mountain range

Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges

Navarra Pyrenees

    • Grazing bans
    • Portions and passes
    • Panificado, casalenco (system of fallow and grazing land) and commons

Corrals

Facerías (cross-border grazing agreements)

The Northern Basque Country

Appendix: Folds in the Basque Country

 

XII. MOUNTAIN PASTORAL ESTABLISHMENTS

Carranza Mountains

Sierra de Gorbea mountain range

Anboto and Aramotz mountain ranges

Mount Oiz

Sierra de Aizkorri mountain range

Sierra de Izarraitz mountain range and Mount Ernio

Sierra de Aralar mountain range

Sierra de Urbasa mountain range

Sierra de Andia mountain range

Sierra de Entzia mountain range

Navarran Pyrenees

Navarra Media and Bardenas

Álava mountains

The Northern Basque Country: Space organisation on the mountain

    • Sara
    • Azkaine
    • Aldudes Valley
    • Ibarre
    • Garazi (Cize)
    • Liginaga
    • Muskildi
    • Zunharreta
    • Etxebarre

 

XIII. TRANSHUMANCE AND TRANSTERMINANCE

Itinerant grazing

Moving to winter pastures

    • From the Navarran Pyrenean valleys to the Bardenas Reales
      • Grazing right
      • Using the drovers' trails
      • Preparations and droving order
      • Incidents and food along the drover's trail.
      • Entry to and time spent at the Bardenas. The return
    • Other transhumant movements in Navarra
    • Pyrenean-Aquitaine transhumant movements
    • Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Bizkaia
    • Transhumance to the valleys and coast of Gipuzkoa
    • Pyrenean transhumance to the valleys and coast
    • Ribera Navarra transhumance

Moving to summer pastures

    • Álava mountains
    • Bizkaia mountains
    • Aralar and Aizkorri mountain ranges
    • Mounts Ernio and Izarraitz
    • Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges
    • Northern Basque Country

Life in the winter pastures

Life in the summer pastures

    • Álava and Bizkaia mountains
    • Sierra de Aralar mountain range
    • Urbasa and Andia mountain ranges

Winter grazing availability

Itinerant grazing calendar

The bridleways

    • Drovers' trails in Álava
    • Drovers' trails in Navarra

Appendix: Drovers' trails in Navarra today

 

XIV. THE SHEEPDOG. ARDI-TXAKURRA

The Mastiff

Introduction of the sheepdog

Types of sheepdogs

Uses of the sheepdog

Dogs used to herd other livestock

Appendix: Sheepdog trials

 

XV. TYPES OF SHEPHERDS

Shepherds with their own flock

Largo flock shepherds

Council shepherds

    • Álava
    • Navarra

Looking after hobbled livestock

Appendix 1: Livestock herding hand in Irati at 11 years old

Appendix 2: Charter town livestock herders contract. 1890. Berganzo (A)

 

XVI. SHEPHERD'S APPAREL

Traditional warm clothing

Traditional footwear

The shepherd's apparel today

The shepherd's implements and weapons

 

XVII. SHEPHERD CRAFT ITEMS AND BELONGINGS

Pastoral utensils

Gaztandegia. Cheese production

Shepherd's cups

Pottery and cutlery

Manual work

The wool craft

Laces for sandals

Twines, ropes and pack saddles

Crooks and walking sticks

Collars for cowbells

Cowbells and clappers

 

XVIII. HUNTING VERMIN

Wolf hunting

    • Traps, snares and poisoned bait
    • Pursuing the quarry and shotgun hunting

Lairs

Fox hunting

    • Catching using cages
    • Snares
    • Traps
    • Poisoned bait
    • Shotgun hunting

Wild dogs

Minor predators

Bears

Contracting vermin hunters

Payment for the captured animals

Appendix: Description of some lairs

 

XIX. MILKING THE SHEEP

Milking

Using hot stones to heat the milk

Goat's and ewe's milk. Its use

Contemporary transitions

Cow's milk

Milking the cow by hand

Measuring the milk

Distribution and sale of cow's milk

Transporting the products from the upland herds

 

XX. PRODUCING CHEESE

Making sheep's cheese

    • Cheese from the upland herds of Bizkaia and Álava
    • Cheese in areas close to the coast
    • Cheese in Urbia and Aralar
    • Cheese making in the Northern Basque Country
    • Cheese in Álava
    • Cheese in Navarra
    • Gaztazarra
    • Roncal cheese and Urbasa cheese

The cheese market

Making goat's cheese

Contemporary transitions

Other dairy products

Appendix 1: A day in the life of the Ataun-Aralar (G) shepherd during cheese making

Appendix 2: Traditional method for making mountain cheese by hand, bortü-gazna, in Zuberoa

 

XXI. SHEARING

Shearing

Wool, artilea

Sheep manure

Appendix: Description of a modern shearing method

 

XXII. DOMESTIC SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS

Domestic slaughtering of animals on specific dates

Procedures used for domestic slaughtering

La venta de ganado para carne

    • Venta preferente a tratantes
    • Venta a particulares y en los mercados

La piel de las ovejas, ardi-larrua

 

XXIII. FERIAS GANADERAS Y COMPRAVENTA DE GANADO

Ferias ganaderas

Compraventa mediante tratantes y entre ganaderos

El acuerdo de compra

El precio del ganado

Importancia de la ganadería en la economía familiar

 

XXIV. LAS ABEJAS. ERLEA

La cría de abejas

Fabricación y tipos de colmenas, erlauntza

El colmenar, abejar, erlategia

Captura de enjambres, erlakumea harrapatu

Cuidado de la colmena

Recolección de los panales. Abaraskak

Obtención de los productos apícolas

Uso de los productos apícolas

Creencias y saberes sobre las abejas

Transformaciones contemporáneas

 

XXV. PROTECCIÓN CREENCIAL DEL GANADO

San Antonio Abad, patrono del ganado

    • Sahumerios y hogueras de San Antón
    • Concentraciones de ganado ante las iglesias
      • Navarra
      • Álava
      • Gipuzkoa y Bizkaia
    • Bendición de alimentos y cencerros
    • Rodeos a la Cruz de San Antón

San Blas

San Juan Bautista, protector de los rebaños

Símbolos protectores contra el rayo

Bendiciones rituales

Ofrendas

Amuletos

Animales protectores

 

XXVI. CREENCIAS Y COSTUMBRES

Sobre la incubación de las gallinas

Sobre la procreación

Sobre los cambios atmosféricos

Presagios de muerte

Costumbres en relación con el luto

Presagios de brujas

Sobre la subida del ganado al monte

Prevenciones contra los animales dañinos

Ritos de adaptación a la casa

Bildots-lorra: ayuda mutua

Otras costumbres

Fiestas de pastores

Obsequios y donativos

Lugares de culto en zonas de pastos

 

XXVII. JUEGOS DE PASTORES

Lugares donde se practican los juegos

Juegos de pelota

Juegos de lanzamiento

Juegos de fuerza

Juegos de salto

Juegos de carreras

Juegos de bolos

Juegos de mesa

Espantos

Cantos e instrumentos musicales

    • Cuernos
    • Silbos y flautas
    • Sumpriño
    • Alboka

Apéndice: Descripción de los juegos botu luzea y urdanka por un pastor suletino

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